{"paper_id":"4c1581f9-dc83-4a8c-9b59-5d09f5f145ef","body_text":"Parameter Calibration and Experiment of Main Stem Model of Red Pepper Cluster Based on Discrete Element Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Parameter Calibration and Experiment of Main Stem Model of Red Pepper Cluster Based on Discrete Element Method Jimei He, Bo Liu, Zhifan Chen, Hanqi Zhao, Yang Liu, Zongran Chen, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403730/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In order to solve the problem of lack of accurate model for discrete element simulation of pepper stems in the current research and development of mechanized picking devices for red pepper, and to improve the accuracy and reliability of discrete element method in guiding the design and optimization of mechanized picking manipulators for red pepper, this paper takes the stems of red pepper cluster picking and clamping as the object, uses the Hertz-Mindlin with bonding contact model in EDEM to establish a discrete element bonding model of red pepper stems and calibrate its parameters. Physical shear tests were carried out on the stems to determine the ultimate shear load (6.272N) and ultimate displacement (1.552mm) of the stems. Based on this, Placket burman, steepest climbing and Box-Behnken tests were designed to determine the optimal combination of bonding parameters of the stem model: normal contact stiffness X 1 is 1.156×10 8 N.m -3 , tangential contact stiffness X 2 is 1.2×10 7 N.m -3 , critical normal stress X 3 is 5×10 7 Pa, critical tangential stress X 4 is 1.2×10 7 Pa and bonding radius X 5 is 1.418mm. The calibration results were used for verification, showing that the relative errors of the simulation ultimate load and ultimate displacement to the physical test were 0.52% and 2.58%, respectively. The torque tester was used to verify the stems, and the error of the verification test was 4.17%, which verified the reliability of the calibration method and provided a reliable discrete element model for mechanized picking of red pepper. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing red pepper clamped stem discrete element method bonding model parameter calibration Nomenclature Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7403730\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":564626449,\"identity\":\"1336b9a0-9537-4563-9e5f-7ab5f411a91e\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Jimei He\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Sichuan Agricultural University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jimei\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"He\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":564626450,\"identity\":\"453fe5c2-3658-4471-ad15-689042945495\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Bo 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Method\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"red pepper, clamped stem, discrete element method, bonding model, parameter calibration Nomenclature\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403730/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403730/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn order to solve the problem of lack of accurate model for discrete element simulation of pepper stems in the current research and development of mechanized picking devices for red pepper, and to improve the accuracy and reliability of discrete element method in guiding the design and optimization of mechanized picking manipulators for red pepper, this paper takes the stems of red pepper cluster picking and clamping as the object, uses the Hertz-Mindlin with bonding contact model in EDEM to establish a discrete element bonding model of red pepper stems and calibrate its parameters. Physical shear tests were carried out on the stems to determine the ultimate shear load (6.272N) and ultimate displacement (1.552mm) of the stems. Based on this, Placket burman, steepest climbing and Box-Behnken tests were designed to determine the optimal combination of bonding parameters of the stem model: normal contact stiffness X\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e is 1.156×10\\u003csup\\u003e8\\u003c/sup\\u003eN.m\\u003csup\\u003e-3\\u003c/sup\\u003e, tangential contact stiffness X\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e is 1.2×10\\u003csup\\u003e7\\u003c/sup\\u003eN.m\\u003csup\\u003e-3\\u003c/sup\\u003e, critical normal stress X\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e is 5×10\\u003csup\\u003e7\\u003c/sup\\u003ePa, critical tangential stress X\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e is 1.2×10\\u003csup\\u003e7\\u003c/sup\\u003ePa and bonding radius X\\u003csub\\u003e5\\u003c/sub\\u003e is 1.418mm. The calibration results were used for verification, showing that the relative errors of the simulation ultimate load and ultimate displacement to the physical test were 0.52% and 2.58%, respectively. The torque tester was used to verify the stems, and the error of the verification test was 4.17%, which verified the reliability of the calibration method and provided a reliable discrete element model for mechanized picking of red pepper.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Parameter Calibration and Experiment of Main Stem Model of Red Pepper Cluster Based on Discrete Element Method\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-25 09:54:19\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403730/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-03-09T07:02:05+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"330026321692430499076820007732121734979\",\"date\":\"2026-02-10T05:50:21+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-02-08T17:06:18+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"167980584055569259299450394102811711782\",\"date\":\"2026-02-07T05:33:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"208974712382426984453407644299008780569\",\"date\":\"2026-01-14T04:02:27+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T08:42:28+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"100402656594407299550964025225920237006\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T08:19:42+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"197165359511904192167816845717275502761\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T03:39:13+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-23T09:48:10+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-29T04:04:53+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-23T02:42:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2025-08-23T02:39:12+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"b3cef6cd-6981-4dc7-8dcf-f2a8d52b2e2e\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 25th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":60118527,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Engineering\"},{\"id\":60118528,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Materials science\"},{\"id\":60118529,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-18T12:38:50+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-25 09:54:19\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7403730\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7403730\",\"identity\":\"rs-7403730\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}