{"paper_id":"4be8e338-6c0f-4e9e-9ca0-2406141e770a","body_text":"Pain across the lifespan: global and regional reference curves from 6.1 million individuals in 118 countries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Pain across the lifespan: global and regional reference curves from 6.1 million individuals in 118 countries Etienne Vachon-Presseau, Matt Fillingim, Christophe Tanguay-Sabourin, and 87 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9510059/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, yet no harmonised self-reported reference framework exists to characterise how its burden is distributed across the lifespan and world regions. Here, we harmonised individual-level self-reported pain data from 6,075,021 participants across 894 population-based data sources in 118 countries to establish global reference trajectories of pain. We implemented these trajectories in an open-access benchmarking platform for positioning external datasets against global pain norms. Pain prevalence ranged from 2.5% for facial pain to 45.0% for back pain, was consistently higher in women across all eleven anatomical sites (risk ratio range 1.09 to 1.83), and increased most steeply before age 55 years. Contrary to existing estimates that generally project higher prevalence of pain conditions in higher Human Development Index (HDI) regions, we found that individuals in the lowest HDI countries experienced nearly twice the late-life prevalence of any bodily pain compared with those in the highest (risk difference 31.8 percentage points [95% CI 30.1–33.6]). Globally, 18.3% of pain burden across anatomical sites was attributable to three modifiable risk factors (smoking, obesity, and low income) but this varied from 12.6% in sub-Saharan Africa to 27.1% in eastern Europe, indicating that the drivers of pain in lower-HDI settings remain poorly characterised. Health sciences/Signs and symptoms/Pain Health sciences/Risk factors Full Text Additional Declarations Yes there is potential Competing Interest. TT reports research funding, consulting fees, or lecture fees from Daiichi Sankyo Healthcare Co., Ltd., Johnson & Johnson K.K., Data Seed Inc., Workout-Plus LLC, EMMA Co., Ltd., Addness Inc., and CotoIT Inc. within the past 36 months. TB reports advisory or consultancy roles for AGB Pharma, Eyelevel, Infectopharm, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, and Takeda; conference support or speaker fees from Janssen-Cilag, Medice, and Takeda; and royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, and Oxford University Press. GJB reports honoraria from GE Healthcare for teaching on scanner programming courses. LP reports advisory or consultancy roles for Roche and Vifor Pharma, speaker fees from Shire, and royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, and Schattauer. All other authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files ExtendedFiguresNM.pdf Extended figures SupplementaryNM.pdf Supplementary material Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9510059\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":631974977,\"identity\":\"e5ef88e1-3303-45f1-9e28-62d53d38f19b\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Etienne Vachon-Presseau\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,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\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Multiple institution with multiple PIs\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Etienne\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Vachon-Presseau\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974978,\"identity\":\"e06538a0-58c4-4d36-a10f-ac9e4b0a2f30\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Matt Fillingim\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Mcgill\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Matt\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Fillingim\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974979,\"identity\":\"4361db25-748a-40d2-a13f-f9b3fecebcd7\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Christophe Tanguay-Sabourin\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-8322\",\"institution\":\"McGill University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Christophe\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Tanguay-Sabourin\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974980,\"identity\":\"a2614e85-f4a9-493c-b26a-c1d5bbdef27a\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Azin Zare\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"McGill University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Azin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Zare\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974981,\"identity\":\"25284461-9c63-4024-90fa-3782e1f67857\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Jax Norman\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"McGill University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jax\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Norman\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974982,\"identity\":\"6523e27c-14da-49e4-a337-b8882e502b07\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Gianluca Guglietti\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"McGill University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Gianluca\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Guglietti\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974983,\"identity\":\"54e12b50-3b2d-4567-967d-6196f6ee5eed\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Lindsay Neurt\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"McGill University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Lindsay\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Neurt\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974984,\"identity\":\"35efc204-1347-4585-a967-8bca0089640e\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Lise Hobeika\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-7187\",\"institution\":\"McGill University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Lise\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Hobeika\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974985,\"identity\":\"9a829575-9912-403c-a603-874b58fd4865\",\"order_by\":8,\"name\":\"Abimbola Ayorinde\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Warwick\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Abimbola\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Ayorinde\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974986,\"identity\":\"cc4cfa0e-4d7a-4574-951a-851271f90c51\",\"order_by\":9,\"name\":\"Ahmad Salimzadeh\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tehran University of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ahmad\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Salimzadeh\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974987,\"identity\":\"e445fc9c-0a42-4f42-951f-b3ab145a9953\",\"order_by\":10,\"name\":\"Ahmad-reza Jamshidi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tehran University of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ahmad-reza\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Jamshidi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974988,\"identity\":\"4f0c6d63-5ccd-49c3-a854-613c05c07b33\",\"order_by\":11,\"name\":\"Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tehran University of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Arash\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Tehrani-Banihashemi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974989,\"identity\":\"71f86df0-268f-4c7b-862a-fc5f3b923c7d\",\"order_by\":12,\"name\":\"Beatriz Olaya\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Beatriz\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Olaya\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974990,\"identity\":\"38a0bbd0-ded7-42b2-b146-792701d6e04b\",\"order_by\":13,\"name\":\"Benjamin Longo Mbenza\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Université de Kinshasa\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Benjamin\",\"middleName\":\"Longo\",\"lastName\":\"Mbenza\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974991,\"identity\":\"5940d8ab-4a27-487d-b1d0-32c53c24172f\",\"order_by\":14,\"name\":\"Bibilola Oladeji\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Ibadan\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Bibilola\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Oladeji\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974992,\"identity\":\"1f0ed343-1bda-4eea-8470-054ec544dd67\",\"order_by\":15,\"name\":\"brenda penninx\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-9672\",\"institution\":\"Amsterdam UMC\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"brenda\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"penninx\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974993,\"identity\":\"6aee7a13-f3d1-4cf0-bb38-b2812f7c3072\",\"order_by\":16,\"name\":\"Buddhi Paudyal\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Patan Academy of Health Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Buddhi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Paudyal\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974994,\"identity\":\"a2345244-3685-4558-b278-7ee872514fd6\",\"order_by\":17,\"name\":\"Caique de Melo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidade Cidade de São Paulo\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Caique\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"de Melo\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974995,\"identity\":\"76a25731-f646-4993-a09a-938d05d45d1c\",\"order_by\":18,\"name\":\"Monique Chaaya\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"American University of Beirut\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Monique\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chaaya\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974996,\"identity\":\"653412e8-c021-4dd0-ae56-506f1668636a\",\"order_by\":19,\"name\":\"Chantal Berna-Renella\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Lausanne\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Chantal\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Berna-Renella\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974997,\"identity\":\"67ae3af6-5c68-4921-9959-ff7eeaf69666\",\"order_by\":20,\"name\":\"Clarissa Humberg\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Witten/Herdecke University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Clarissa\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Humberg\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974998,\"identity\":\"1592608e-c257-49ad-a42f-8c818f137bfa\",\"order_by\":21,\"name\":\"Pascal Claudepierre\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pascal\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Claudepierre\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631974999,\"identity\":\"8c29352a-5c43-4196-b40b-988f4a5c70cf\",\"order_by\":22,\"name\":\"Elisa Smith\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Aberdeen\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Elisa\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Smith\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975000,\"identity\":\"8c6c507a-2ee8-4783-939a-48d774906216\",\"order_by\":23,\"name\":\"Elizabeth VanDenKerkhof\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Queen's University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Elizabeth\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"VanDenKerkhof\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975001,\"identity\":\"735b5cc2-313a-44c1-8482-3db454fe2bd4\",\"order_by\":24,\"name\":\"Erik Giltay\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Leiden University Medical Center\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Erik\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Giltay\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975002,\"identity\":\"0c75fe01-7b72-4b1e-bf4d-09420e17f6ba\",\"order_by\":25,\"name\":\"Esther Garcia-Esquinas\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Instituto de Salud Carlos III\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Esther\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Garcia-Esquinas\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975003,\"identity\":\"fb87b4bf-a540-4d22-957c-cc05d5e545d8\",\"order_by\":26,\"name\":\"Faisal Parlindungan\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universitas Indonesia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Faisal\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Parlindungan\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975004,\"identity\":\"2809285f-7cb8-4544-af81-6558dc5efd47\",\"order_by\":27,\"name\":\"Fatima Qayyum Abbasi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Fatima\",\"middleName\":\"Qayyum\",\"lastName\":\"Abbasi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975005,\"identity\":\"e4b15214-528a-4deb-aa5f-3af943e8a294\",\"order_by\":28,\"name\":\"Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"CIBERESP and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Idipaz, Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Fernando\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Rodriguez-Artalejo\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975006,\"identity\":\"6bdf1ac2-979c-4f17-a1f3-79c613075fe6\",\"order_by\":29,\"name\":\"Gareth Jones\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Aberdeen\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Gareth\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Jones\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975007,\"identity\":\"c5d02287-4fb6-4bd2-9f81-50870efb256d\",\"order_by\":30,\"name\":\"Gary Slade\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of North Carolina\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Gary\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Slade\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975008,\"identity\":\"bca07495-4b23-44dd-bc7a-f032a9ea03dc\",\"order_by\":31,\"name\":\"Hanifa Bouziri\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Université Paris-Cité\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Hanifa\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Bouziri\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975009,\"identity\":\"cc1e45e9-3ca1-4dd0-be3a-97b6db6d0bc7\",\"order_by\":32,\"name\":\"Herta Flor\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4809-5398\",\"institution\":\"Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Herta\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Flor\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975010,\"identity\":\"58bc8bf7-3aae-4a4d-afa5-9a42b61691c8\",\"order_by\":33,\"name\":\"Hiroyasu Iso\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Hiroyasu\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Iso\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975011,\"identity\":\"a3f93dcd-2d23-488d-957b-4b572f7c6475\",\"order_by\":34,\"name\":\"Ian Gilron\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-8792\",\"institution\":\"Queen's University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ian\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Gilron\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975012,\"identity\":\"9c3bb843-0bf6-476c-89ee-f88af3003485\",\"order_by\":35,\"name\":\"Imad Uthman\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"American University of Beirut\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Imad\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Uthman\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975013,\"identity\":\"f94d8b92-3ea9-4c07-ab55-d79e1a6f64ce\",\"order_by\":36,\"name\":\"Ingris Peláez-Ballestas\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hospital General de Mexico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ingris\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Peláez-Ballestas\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975014,\"identity\":\"27ef91b4-39a1-48af-b90e-94b395171d61\",\"order_by\":37,\"name\":\"Jean-Paul Nzambi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Université de Kinshasa\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jean-Paul\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Nzambi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975015,\"identity\":\"eceb92b3-a315-4605-906b-b89cf2460cf2\",\"order_by\":38,\"name\":\"José Luis Ayuso-Mateos\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Autónoma de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"José\",\"middleName\":\"Luis\",\"lastName\":\"Ayuso-Mateos\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975016,\"identity\":\"7df79138-0887-4217-887d-98a6bc10b66a\",\"order_by\":39,\"name\":\"Josep Maria Haro Abad\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Spain Ctr Biomed Res Mental Hlth CIBERSAM\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Josep\",\"middleName\":\"Maria Haro\",\"lastName\":\"Abad\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975017,\"identity\":\"1a6edb79-41b7-4194-9b48-5952cc93811f\",\"order_by\":40,\"name\":\"Julia Wager\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Witten/Herdecke University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Julia\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Wager\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975018,\"identity\":\"b767d567-7c48-44de-ae6c-faf846d27160\",\"order_by\":41,\"name\":\"Juliana Barcellos de Souza\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Juliana\",\"middleName\":\"Barcellos\",\"lastName\":\"de Souza\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975019,\"identity\":\"b1d62014-c2c7-41e9-b723-3df4f3e826d4\",\"order_by\":42,\"name\":\"Kazutoshi Nakamura\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Kazutoshi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Nakamura\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975020,\"identity\":\"f715bd17-6d55-445f-8756-64b95fc4eb33\",\"order_by\":43,\"name\":\"Keiko Yamada\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Keiko\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Yamada\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975021,\"identity\":\"6236b557-4c21-419e-9429-acb05fc1ce52\",\"order_by\":44,\"name\":\"Lisa-Marie Rau\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5144-7166\",\"institution\":\"Witten/Herdecke University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Lisa-Marie\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Rau\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975022,\"identity\":\"c8c069c0-0d6a-4da8-84c6-4ccf65be87bb\",\"order_by\":45,\"name\":\"Makram Talih\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universidade do Porto\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Makram\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Talih\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975023,\"identity\":\"bad81f3a-7c91-4dd5-b339-6f0624bf0d46\",\"order_by\":46,\"name\":\"Marcus Beasley\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Aberdeen\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Marcus\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Beasley\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975024,\"identity\":\"03d343cb-d37a-451e-acc1-9ff169fdc582\",\"order_by\":47,\"name\":\"María Dueñas\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Cadiz\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"María\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Dueñas\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975025,\"identity\":\"efc29a9f-32d0-435f-823c-69640b04c2eb\",\"order_by\":48,\"name\":\"Marie Zins\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4540-4282\",\"institution\":\"Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM UMS11, Villejuif, France.\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Marie\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Zins\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975026,\"identity\":\"ae312197-98b3-49ad-bd02-6a9f940314f3\",\"order_by\":49,\"name\":\"Marta Miret\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-854X\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Autónoma de Madrid\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Marta\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Miret\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975027,\"identity\":\"592488fe-ee43-4bcf-87e0-a5be6a45dac0\",\"order_by\":50,\"name\":\"Melissa Wake\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"The University of Melbourne\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Melissa\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Wake\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975028,\"identity\":\"5dc910d9-6f83-49b4-a56d-96263ffdef08\",\"order_by\":51,\"name\":\"Mirza Pratama\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universitas Brawijaya\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mirza\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Pratama\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975029,\"identity\":\"2148c67a-9add-4376-bf8a-98ce56a91173\",\"order_by\":52,\"name\":\"Mohammad Almaki\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"King Salman Armed Forces Hospital\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mohammad\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Almaki\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975030,\"identity\":\"f9a1f65b-85c1-4f39-9b25-0ac72f8ad823\",\"order_by\":53,\"name\":\"Muhammad Anshory\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-5238\",\"institution\":\"Universitas Brawijaya\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Muhammad\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Anshory\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975031,\"identity\":\"37a09318-da21-4587-9dd5-f935f80113c8\",\"order_by\":54,\"name\":\"Naoki Kondo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kyoto University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Naoki\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kondo\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975032,\"identity\":\"e353f19b-7310-4685-98e6-f41be830c32f\",\"order_by\":55,\"name\":\"Navid Moghaddam\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-8195\",\"institution\":\"Tehran University of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Navid\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Moghaddam\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975033,\"identity\":\"ea896cf2-82ac-4810-8da9-fd6a74203726\",\"order_by\":56,\"name\":\"Norma Mansor\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universiti Malaya\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Norma\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Mansor\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975034,\"identity\":\"323f1876-654b-4c5d-b0e3-4a5c2b9bb544\",\"order_by\":57,\"name\":\"Omar Alsaed\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hamad Medical Corporation\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Omar\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Alsaed\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975035,\"identity\":\"29e456eb-8793-4541-9300-51c766ca6b6c\",\"order_by\":58,\"name\":\"Orawan Keeratisiroj\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Faculty of Public Health, Naresuan University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Orawan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Keeratisiroj\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975036,\"identity\":\"cb8ced8d-50ce-4afc-8727-4e88b351ab4c\",\"order_by\":59,\"name\":\"Oye Gureje\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Oye\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Gureje\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975037,\"identity\":\"f2e6e0d6-6ffe-4890-8361-10dc18853629\",\"order_by\":60,\"name\":\"Pande Kurniari\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universitas Udayana\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pande\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kurniari\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975038,\"identity\":\"a69b5bc1-e27e-4527-9012-3f61c2545e36\",\"order_by\":61,\"name\":\"Pardis Noormohammadpour\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tehran University of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pardis\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Noormohammadpour\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975039,\"identity\":\"5c863f4f-459a-4850-b0ed-0024185ab6ca\",\"order_by\":62,\"name\":\"Pierrot Lebughe\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Université de Kinshasa\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pierrot\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Lebughe\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975040,\"identity\":\"e93c0333-1144-4e86-a465-ac86ff9fd4e7\",\"order_by\":63,\"name\":\"Raga Elzahaf\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"College of Medical Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Raga\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Elzahaf\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975041,\"identity\":\"dafb0fc6-42b4-4075-9575-a12e195909f4\",\"order_by\":64,\"name\":\"Ramin Kordi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tehran University of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ramin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kordi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975042,\"identity\":\"5fd1a59c-38a5-4298-b04a-c94cea4eebe0\",\"order_by\":65,\"name\":\"Raquel Lucas\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Portugal\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Raquel\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Lucas\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975043,\"identity\":\"0fb4532c-35fc-4001-b31a-0a0cfe96eaff\",\"order_by\":66,\"name\":\"Rashmi Bhandari\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Stanford University Medical Center\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Rashmi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Bhandari\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975044,\"identity\":\"99050713-8850-4398-b961-08d44036cbcd\",\"order_by\":67,\"name\":\"Rudy Hidayat\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universitas Indonesia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Rudy\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Hidayat\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975045,\"identity\":\"8ca6adec-ca04-4a63-b232-4619eeb742de\",\"order_by\":68,\"name\":\"Saba Samreen\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Saba\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Samreen\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975046,\"identity\":\"99491efe-aa7b-4453-8aa0-7ab7d1e7ca30\",\"order_by\":69,\"name\":\"Samar Al-Emadi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hamad medical corporation\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Samar\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Al-Emadi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975047,\"identity\":\"e7e03e76-5bc5-4988-9592-7ddc753e29b2\",\"order_by\":70,\"name\":\"Shima RoknSharifi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tehran University of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Shima\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"RoknSharifi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975048,\"identity\":\"222135b0-2408-4cb3-8c35-f7c92261e7c5\",\"order_by\":71,\"name\":\"Shinsuke Inoue\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kaguyama Orthopaedic Clinic\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Shinsuke\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Inoue\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975049,\"identity\":\"6b5d2cc0-cc80-4139-bcda-93e113084d20\",\"order_by\":72,\"name\":\"Sudeep Adhikari\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-3425\",\"institution\":\"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Nepal\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sudeep\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Adhikari\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975050,\"identity\":\"98aa53e5-25fa-4871-a177-2141bb7a8451\",\"order_by\":73,\"name\":\"Suryo Anggoro Kusumo Wibowo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universitas Indonesia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Suryo\",\"middleName\":\"Anggoro Kusumo\",\"lastName\":\"Wibowo\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975051,\"identity\":\"417746b7-3143-49b5-989d-8add76b16b2c\",\"order_by\":74,\"name\":\"Sweekriti Sharma\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Sydney\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sweekriti\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Sharma\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975052,\"identity\":\"755d2e58-31cd-424c-843f-e35f7e16af8e\",\"order_by\":75,\"name\":\"Sylvia Villeneuve\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2338-0467\",\"institution\":\"McGill University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sylvia\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Villeneuve\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975053,\"identity\":\"df5bdb6e-2b3e-4fb3-a9d0-98f0db9e5b71\",\"order_by\":76,\"name\":\"Takahiro Tabuchi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-3125\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Takahiro\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Tabuchi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975054,\"identity\":\"3081abbc-b350-4815-81f4-e517052e1ba9\",\"order_by\":77,\"name\":\"Tayyeba Khursheed\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Tayyeba\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Khursheed\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975055,\"identity\":\"53b048b1-d740-4b51-b47d-27716c79682b\",\"order_by\":78,\"name\":\"Tie Yamato\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"The University of Sydney\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Tie\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Yamato\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975056,\"identity\":\"902974b9-0f12-47ae-9f3a-2808509fbbe0\",\"order_by\":79,\"name\":\"Todd Jackson\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Todd\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Jackson\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975057,\"identity\":\"e6aa28f2-3c4c-4fbf-b8d0-704469a49802\",\"order_by\":80,\"name\":\"Veronica Souza Santos\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"McMaster University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Veronica\",\"middleName\":\"Souza\",\"lastName\":\"Santos\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975058,\"identity\":\"ec5a7edb-ca4e-4022-87c6-18874e7609c7\",\"order_by\":81,\"name\":\"Wantana Siritaratiwat\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Khon Kaen University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Wantana\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Siritaratiwat\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975059,\"identity\":\"12a30d2e-64cc-44ac-8a77-b7b48d98f0c6\",\"order_by\":82,\"name\":\"Xianchen Liu\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Shandong University School of Public Health\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Xianchen\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Liu\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975060,\"identity\":\"0f77b12b-50a2-44bf-b35f-106246b56bf4\",\"order_by\":83,\"name\":\"Zhen-Zhen Liu\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Changchun University of Chinese Medicine\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Zhen-Zhen\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Liu\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975061,\"identity\":\"1fb09953-3de0-403e-a3d3-2a2b4e4f6708\",\"order_by\":84,\"name\":\"Imagen Consortium\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-3154\",\"institution\":\"Multiple institution with multiple PIs\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Imagen\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Consortium\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975062,\"identity\":\"21192c54-f729-4913-9bda-ede7a1381412\",\"order_by\":85,\"name\":\"Susan Sawyer\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"The University of Melbourne\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Susan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Sawyer\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975063,\"identity\":\"d6a87f8b-8a76-4794-8d78-c6904ea3cc60\",\"order_by\":86,\"name\":\"Saman Khalatbari-Soltani\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-1906\",\"institution\":\"University of Sydney\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Saman\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Khalatbari-Soltani\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975064,\"identity\":\"5498a73d-8e64-4719-b07e-44fbb374d3c9\",\"order_by\":87,\"name\":\"Olof Steingrimsdottir\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Norwegian Institute of Public Health\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Olof\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Steingrimsdottir\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975065,\"identity\":\"45401773-54dc-4b6e-a783-338032af8e51\",\"order_by\":88,\"name\":\"Gary Macfarlane\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Aberdeen\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Gary\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Macfarlane\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":631975066,\"identity\":\"235c8c1d-dcd9-48e6-b31b-e1780fc71b46\",\"order_by\":89,\"name\":\"Fiona Blyth\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-6756\",\"institution\":\"The University of Sydney\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Fiona\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Blyth\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2026-04-23 19:36:02\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9510059/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9510059/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":108495079,\"identity\":\"d11e7449-7748-4d3e-b8c1-147be5afb75d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-05 10:08:37\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1664427,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Article File\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ManuscriptNatureMedicinefinal.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9510059/v1_covered_e645c1b2-111b-4f4e-b107-7c31ae71eba9.pdf\"},{\"id\":108492686,\"identity\":\"1a768ec6-2f90-4a98-98e2-0795e7e1d54d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-05 09:58:19\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":2039631,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Extended figures\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ExtendedFiguresNM.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9510059/v1/5c646c70f3ef96371d2a64e7.pdf\"},{\"id\":108380546,\"identity\":\"f37b50fe-792c-43ae-948f-fb74f76e13c0\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-04 04:43:22\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":4913154,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Supplementary material\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SupplementaryNM.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9510059/v1/8bf013b907ae8793333f0b9f.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\\u003cb\\u003eYes\\u003c/b\\u003e there is potential Competing Interest.\\nTT reports research funding, consulting fees, or lecture fees from Daiichi Sankyo Healthcare Co., Ltd., Johnson \\u0026 Johnson K.K., Data Seed Inc., Workout-Plus LLC, EMMA Co., Ltd., Addness Inc., and CotoIT Inc. within the past 36 months. TB reports advisory or consultancy roles for AGB Pharma, Eyelevel, Infectopharm, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, and Takeda; conference support or speaker fees from Janssen-Cilag, Medice, and Takeda; and royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, and Oxford University Press. GJB reports honoraria from GE Healthcare for teaching on scanner programming courses. LP reports advisory or consultancy roles for Roche and Vifor Pharma, speaker fees from Shire, and royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, and Schattauer. All other authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Pain across the lifespan: global and regional reference curves from 6.1 million individuals in 118 countries\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"nature-portfolio\",\"isNatureJournal\":true,\"hasQc\":false,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Nature Portfolio\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":false,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"ejp\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9510059/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9510059/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"Pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, yet no harmonised self-reported reference framework exists to characterise how its burden is distributed across the lifespan and world regions. Here, we harmonised individual-level self-reported pain data from 6,075,021 participants across 894 population-based data sources in 118 countries to establish global reference trajectories of pain. We implemented these trajectories in an open-access benchmarking platform for positioning external datasets against global pain norms. Pain prevalence ranged from 2.5% for facial pain to 45.0% for back pain, was consistently higher in women across all eleven anatomical sites (risk ratio range 1.09 to 1.83), and increased most steeply before age 55 years. Contrary to existing estimates that generally project higher prevalence of pain conditions in higher Human Development Index (HDI) regions, we found that individuals in the lowest HDI countries experienced nearly twice the late-life prevalence of any bodily pain compared with those in the highest (risk difference 31.8 percentage points [95% CI 30.1–33.6]). Globally, 18.3% of pain burden across anatomical sites was attributable to three modifiable risk factors (smoking, obesity, and low income) but this varied from 12.6% in sub-Saharan Africa to 27.1% in eastern Europe, indicating that the drivers of pain in lower-HDI settings remain poorly characterised.\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Pain across the lifespan: global and regional reference curves from 6.1 million individuals in 118 countries\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-05-04 04:43:18\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9510059/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"nature-medicine\",\"isNatureJournal\":true,\"hasQc\":false,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"nm\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Nature Medicine](http://www.nature.com/nm/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Nature Medicine\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"ejp\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Nature Research\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"476cda35-0596-4410-b571-fb4f640cb90c\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 4th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"5\",\"date\":\"2026-04-29T19:04:24+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":67267777,\"name\":\"Health sciences/Signs and symptoms/Pain\"},{\"id\":67267778,\"name\":\"Health sciences/Risk factors\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-04T04:43:18+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-05-04 04:43:18\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-9510059\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-9510059\",\"identity\":\"rs-9510059\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}