{"paper_id":"4a979036-8082-4b74-ac64-3f3a20902c56","body_text":"Synonyms\nFemale Reproductive Organ Pain Model; Gynecological Pain Model; Endometriosis Model; Labor Pain Model; Dyspareunia Model; Vaginal Hyperalgesia Model; Chronic Pelvic Pain Model\nDefinition\nA “model” of pain refers to a non-human animal treated in a manner that mimics a painful human condition or disease. The model can then be used both to improve knowledge of mechanisms that might underlie the condition/disease and its relation to pain and to develop better treatments. Models of visceral pain usually refer to animals that currently have or have had some type of pathophysiology of an internal organ. For female reproductive organs, the models would have been treated in ways that can mimic pain associated with female reproductive organs; i.e. gynecological pain. Of utmost importance in interpreting results from studies using animal models is recognition of limitations inherent in translating results to humans.\nCharacteristics\nIn general, there are five main procedural steps for...\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nReferences\nBerkley KJ, Wood E, Scofield SL, Little M (1995) Behavioral Responses to Uterine or Vaginal Distension in the Rat. Pain 61:121–131\nBradshaw HB, Berkley KJ (2002) Estrogen Replacement Reverses Ovariectomy-Induced Vaginal Hyperalgesia in the Rat. Maturitas 41:157–165\nBradshaw HB, Berkley KJ (2003) The Influence of Ovariectomy with or without Estrogen Replacement on Responses of Rat Gracile Nucleus Neurons to Stimulation of Hindquarter Skin and Pelvic Viscera. Brain Res 986:82–90\nBradshaw HB, Temple JL, Wood E, Berkley KJ (1999) Estrous Variations in Behavioral Responses to Vaginal and Uterine Distention in the Rat. Pain 82:187–197\nCason AM, Samuelsen CL, Berkley KJ (2003) Estrous Changes in Vaginal Nociception in a Rat Model of Endometriosis. Horm Behav 44:123–131\nGiamberardino MA, Berkley KJ, Affaitati G, Lerza R, Centurione L, Lapenna D, Vecchiet L (2002) Influence of Endometriosis on Pain Behaviors and Muscle Hyperalgesia Induced by a Ureteral Calculosis in Female Rats. Pain 95:247–257\nGiamberardino MA, Valente R, de Bigontina P, Vecchiet L (1995) Artificial Ureteral Calculosis in Rats: Behavioural Characterization of Visceral Pain Episodes and their Relationship with Referred Lumbar Muscle Hyperalgesia. Pain 61:459–469\nGintzler AR, Komisaruk BR (1991) Analgesia is Produced by Uterocervical Mechanostimulation in Rats: Roles of Afferent Nerves and Implications for Analgesia of Pregnancy and Parturition. Brain Res 566:299–302\nSandner-Kiesling A, Pan HL, Chen SR, James RL, DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Dewan DM, Eisenach JC (2003) Effect of Kappa Opioid Agonists on Visceral Nociception Induced by Uterine Cervical Distension in Rats. Pain 96:13–22\nShin SW, Sandner-Kiesling A, Eisenach JC (2003) Systemic, but not Intrathecal Ketorolac is Antinociceptive to Uterine Cervical Distension in Rats. Pain 105:109–114\nTemple JL, Bradshaw HB, Wood E, Berkley KJ (1999) Effects of Hypogastric Neurectomy on Escape Responses to Uterine Distention in the Rat. Pain Suppl 6:S13–S20\nTong C, Ma W, Shin SW, James RL, Eisenach JC (2003) Uterine Cervical Distension Induces cFos Expression in Deep Dorsal Horn Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord. Anesthesiology 99:205–211\nVernon MW, Wilson EA (1985) Studies on the Surgical Induction of Endometriosis in the Rat. Fertil Steril 44:684–694\nWesselmann U, Czakanski PP, Affaitati G, Giamberardino MA (1998) Uterine Inflammation as a Noxious Visceral Stimulus: Behavioral Characterization in the Rat. Neurosci Lett 246:73–76\nWesselmann U, Lai J (1997) Mechanisms of Referred Visceral Pain: Uterine Inflammation in the Adult Virgin Rat Results in Neurogenic Plasma Extravasation in the Skin. Pain 73:309–317\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg\nAbout this entry\nCite this entry\nBerkley, K. (2007). Visceral Pain Models, Female Reproductive Organ Pain. In: Schmidt, R., Willis, W. (eds) Encyclopedia of Pain. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_4799\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_4799\nPublisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg\nPrint ISBN: 978-3-540-43957-8\nOnline ISBN: 978-3-540-29805-2\neBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}