{"paper_id":"4a813eb0-9215-41ff-b082-d15e5314e27f","body_text":"Comparison of Disaster Management Practices in Indonesia: A Study of Resilience in Garut and Majene Districts | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparison of Disaster Management Practices in Indonesia: A Study of Resilience in Garut and Majene Districts Ulfiah Syukri, Nandang Alamsah Deliarnoor, Ida Widianingsih This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5670963/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As natural hazards related occur more frequently, disaster management in Indonesia is becoming a more pressing issue. This study compares the disaster management and mitigation methods used in Majene Regency and Garut Regency. Interviews, document analysis, and the exploration of certain crucial facts are all part of the qualitative methodology. Additionally, we used NVivo 12 Plus to visualize the theme analysis. According to the findings, Majene and Garut have put disaster management plans into action, which include community initiatives and municipal laws. However, the absence of comprehensive catastrophe insurance, including both private sector policies and public sector coverage, along with the lack of administrative competence and resources, are the biggest obstacles to effective mitigation. Logistical and access issues in outlying places significantly slowed down the evacuation and relief distribution process during the reaction phase. With an emphasis on debris removal, rehabilitation, and economic and psychological empowerment, post-disaster recovery in both regions also demonstrated the value of cooperation between government agencies, NGOs, private sector, and communities. This research advances disaster management literature by promoting community preparedness, enhancing inter-agency collaboration, and implementing disaster insurance to increase future disaster management efficacy. These findings align with disaster management theories and practices that underscore the need for inter-sectoral collaboration in enhancing community resilience to catastrophes. Clinical trial number: not applicable. Disaster Mitigation Disaster Preparedness Local Government Response Benchmarking Analysis Governance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Natural disasters are a global threat that can cause significant damage to human life, property, the economy and the environment (Abdillah et al., 2025a ; Ali et al., 2020 ; Walz et al., 2021 ). Disruptions to basic services such as communications, waste management, energy, water, health and transportation can result from disasters (Danzi et al., 2024 ; Miri et al., 2024 ; Seneviratne et al., 2024 ). According to the latest data from The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), from 1900 to 2025, disasters worldwide affected 3,783,142,530 individuals, leading to 883,242 fatalities and 3,728,938 injuries (EM-DAT, 2025 ). Indonesia is acknowledged as the most disaster-prone country in the world, especially regarding natural disasters, due to its geographical and geological characteristics. From 1900 to 2025, EM-DAT reports that disasters affected 44,904,312 individuals, causing 190,031 fatalities and 187,700 injuries (EM-DAT, 2025 ; Setiawan & Mahendra, 2024 ). In light of the escalating risk of disasters, an effective disaster management framework is essential for planning, responding, and recovering post-disaster (Abdillah et al., 2025a ; Bosher et al., 2021 ; Finucane et al., 2020 ). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030 offers a holistic strategy for global disaster risk reduction, encompassing four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery (Nekoei-Moghadam et al., 2024 ). Notwithstanding this systematic methodology for disaster management, significant obstacles persist in each of these stages. Challenges frequently emerge from insufficient community engagement and inadequate resources to execute successful interventions (Abdillah et al., 2025b ; McCourt et al., 2019 ). During the preparedness phase, problems encompass insufficient personnel training and the absence of a comprehensive disaster management plan (Abdillah et al., 2024b ; Nofal et al., 2018 ). In the reaction phase, issues typically include resource allocation, coordination among diverse groups, and effective communication (Abdillah et al., 2024b , 2025b ; Schumacher et al., 2022 ). During the recovery phase, issues frequently involve addressing the long-term mental health requirements of the impacted population, particularly vulnerable populations such as women (Abdillah et al., 2024b , 2024a ; Akter et al., 2023 ). An essential factor in comprehending these problems is the particular context of each disaster-affected region. The choice of Garut and Majene as research sites is predicated on three fundamental reasons. First, both Garut and Majene have significant vulnerabilities to natural disasters, but with different characteristics and geological backgrounds. Majene Regency is located along the boundary of active tectonic plates, making it highly vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis, as recorded in the EM-DAT data of the 2021 earthquake disaster significantly affected approximately 99,827 people (Arisbaya et al., 2021 ; Khaerah & Nur, 2022 ). In contrast, Garut is located in an equally seismically active region, but often experiences higher frequency earthquakes, which have caused major damage in the past, e.g. EM-DAT data from 1900–2025 disasters impacted 5000 people due to floods, earthquakes, and vulcanic disasters (Arisbaya et al., 2021 ; EM-DAT, 2025 ). Thus, although both regions face high disaster risks, the type and frequency of disasters occurring in each provides a different context to analyze. Second, Garut district integrates local knowledge and community traditions into the disaster management system, which allows the community to be more adaptive in facing disasters (Pek et al., 2020 ). In contrast, Majene applies a more centralized approach, relying on coordination and assistance from the central government and national institutions to manage disaster risk (Barasa et al., 2018 ). This difference creates an opportunity to compare the effectiveness of two different approaches in improving community resilience to disasters. This research seeks to make a new contribution to the field of holistic disaster management. Many previous studies have focused on one aspect of disaster management, such as mitigation or response, without considering the relationships between phases in the overall disaster cycle (Dasallas et al., 2024 ; Ghosh et al., 2024 ; Saadi et al., 2023 ; A. Shi et al., 2024 ). In addition, comparative evaluations of disaster management models, policies and systems are limited, so there is no holistic approach that integrates the various determinants of community resilience (Diaz-Sarachaga & Jato-Espino, 2019 ; Ner et al., 2023 ; Saadi et al., 2023 ; Y. Shi et al., 2019 ; Sina et al., 2019 ). Thus, this research fills the gap by comparing the practice of disaster management strategies in two regions with different risk characteristics. This practice analysis allows assessing the effectiveness of community-based and centralized approaches, and exploring the relationships between phases. Ultimately, it can inform the development of more adaptive and inclusive policies in a more comprehensive context. For the purpose of comparing the two regions in this study, researchers used a research framework that refers to the four phases of disaster management. A research framework is essential to cultivate a mentality that facilitates comprehension of the research subject (please refer to Fig. 1 ). We categorize it into three distinct streams. The figure above compares disaster management practices in Garut and Majene through four main stages including mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. In mitigation, Garut emphasizes strengthening Regional Regulations ( Peraturan Daerah, Perda ), while Majene focuses more on mapping disaster-prone areas. In preparedness, Garut prioritizes the training of emergency response personnel, while Majene focuses more on logistical readiness and community mutual assistance. In response, Majene tends to prioritize rapid evacuation, while Garut focuses more on the initial assessment of disaster impacts. In recovery, Garut prioritizes social and economic rehabilitation of the community, while Majene focuses more on debris removal and damage assessment before reconstruction. These differences reflect the geographical characteristics, dominant disaster types, as well as resource readiness in each region. Although there are similarities in approach, the main focus of each region indicates a strategy that is tailored to its local conditions. This research aims to compare disaster management strategies in Garut and Majene, identify barriers in policy implementation, and provide recommendations to improve the effectiveness of emergency response and disaster recovery in both regions. In addition, this research also proposes the application of a more in-depth methodological approach, using NVivo 12 Plus for thematic analysis, which allows for better thematic mapping and visualization compared to other approaches more commonly used in previous research (Nasir et al., 2023 ). Overview Site: Cases in Garut and Majene Regency Natural disasters pose a significant problem, especially in Indonesia, which is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The regions of Garut and Majene in Indonesia are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. We provide a chronology of significant disasters that transpired in these two locations. Since 1994, Garut has experienced calamities including floods and landslides, leading to fatalities, infrastructural damage, and displacement (Fanggidae et al., 2021b ). In 2009, floods occurred once more, exacerbating water resource management and urban development issues. In 2016, landslides resulting from intense rainfall inflicted damage on residences and agricultural grounds (Shabira & Giyarsih, 2021 ). ). From 2017 to 2022, flash floods and landslides persisted as a result of intense rainfall and strong winds, causing damage to towns and agricultural areas (Fanggidae et al., 2021a ; Kamanda et al., 2024 ). In 2023, the Garut administration prioritized disaster risk mitigation in response to flash floods (Kamanda et al., 2024 ). The zenith of catastrophe severity was in 2024, featuring two significant earthquakes: one measuring M6.5 and the other M4.9, resulting in damage to 204 residences (Putra, 2024 ). Meanwhile, Majene District, West Sulawesi, is a disaster-prone area with a significant disaster history (see Fig. 3). On 23 February 1969, an M6.9 earthquake was followed by a 1–6 meter tsunami, leaving 600 people dead, 97 injured, and 189 missing, as well as damaging 1,290 houses and 4 villages (Fanani & Ibrahim, 2018 ; Susanto et al., 2020 ). In 2016, two consecutive earthquakes (M5.1 and M6.3) damaged infrastructure and homes, disrupting the lives of residents (Galindo-Zaldivar et al., 2018 ; Pietrzak et al., 2012 ). In addition, Majene is often hit by seasonal floods and flash floods due to high rainfall. In 2021, another M6.2 earthquake struck amid the COVID-19 pandemic, killing 84 people and damaging 279 homes and public facilities, causing widespread displacement (Gunawan et al., 2022 ; Khoirunnisa et al., 2021 ). Garut and Majene persist in encountering difficulties in disaster preparedness and response due to their susceptibility to earthquakes, floods, and landslides. The historical occurrences of disasters in these two locations underscore the necessity for ongoing enhancements in preparedness systems and emergency response tactics. Consequently, we developed a systematic research technique in order to examine and elucidate disaster management in the Garut and Majene areas. Methodology Research Design This research is a thorough examination of participants' perspectives, making it suitable for understanding the subjective dimensions of crisis management strategies (Pfefferbaum et al., 2013 ). We used a comparative case study methodology to examine disaster management practices in Garut and Majene regions. This method was chosen because it allows in-depth exploration of the subjective dimensions and complexities of disaster policies, which are difficult to measure using only quantitative approaches (Tanguid & Tanguid, 2023 ; Yuan & Zeng, 2017 ). In addition, a qualitative study was chosen for the following specific reasons 1) Disaster Policy Complexity: Understanding disaster management strategies requires analyzing interactions between actors, local policies, and the role of communities, which cannot be fully explained through quantitative data alone, 2) Stakeholders' Subjective Experiences: This approach allows for direct perspectives from BPBD officials, local communities, and volunteers, providing richer insights than mere statistical analysis (Cresswell & Poth, 2018 ). And 3) Document Analysis and In-Depth Interviews: The combination of semi-structured interviews and document analysis provides a more holistic understanding of disaster management practices and the factors that influence them. While quantitative or mixed methods can be used, a qualitative approach is more appropriate as the focus of this research is on understanding the processes and experiences of local actors in dealing with disasters, rather than measuring specific variables (Putera et al., 2022 ). Overview Data: Data Collection and Data Source Semi-structured interviews and document analysis as data collection methods allow researchers to elaborate primary and secondary data sources according to research needs (see Table 1 ) (Mustangimah et al., 2021 ; Prihatin, 2018 ; Putera et al., 2022 ). Interviews were conducted from January to March 2024 with informants from BPBD Majene Regency, namely Junior Expert Planner and Head of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Division, while from BPBD Garut Regency, namely expert staff. In addition, we involved 3 people from the community, namely 2 young people from The Faculty Of Industrial Engineering (FTI) Universitas Muslim Indonesia in Majene and Garut locations, and 1 community member in each region. Informants were selected using purposive sampling technique based on 1) their knowledge, 2) direct involvement and 3) authority. Interviews with BPBD Majene Regency and community volunteers from each region were conducted in person, while for BPBD Garut Regency and the Garut community were conducted online due to the situation and distance with an average duration of 1 hour per session, depending on the informant's time availability and the flow of the conversation. Each interview was recorded with the informant's permission and then transcribed for further analysis. In addition, document analysis was conducted to complement data from interviews (Putera et al., 2022 ). The documents analyzed included local policy regulations related to disasters, official reports from government and humanitarian organizations, and community documents related to disaster mitigation and response efforts (please see Table 1 ). The document analysis process was conducted systematically using the content analysis method, which aimed to identify relevant patterns and themes in disaster management strategies in both regions. The documents analyzed cover the period 2015–2024, allowing for a longitudinal study of the development of disaster policies and strategies over time. Table 1 Overview Data No Data Set Data Type Data Form Data Source 1 Policy and regulation data Secondary Data District/City Regional Regulation (Peraturan Daerah) Garut and Majene government copy archives 2 Disaster location point data Secondary data • Disaster Risk Assessment ( Penilaian Resiko Bencana ) • Disaster Risk Map ( Peta Resiko Bencana ) • Map of disaster-prone coordinates • National Disaster Prevention Board (BNPB) Sulawesi Barat • BNPB Jawa Barat • Local Government Disaster Prevention Body (BPBD) & Statistics Indonesia (BPS) Garut District • BPBD & Statistics Indonesia (BPS) Majene District 3 Data (Phases of Disaster Management) Primary and Secondary Data • Rundown of activities in each phase of disaster management • BPBD Majene District (in interview). • BPBD Garut District • Online Media (Audio-visual and text). 4 Complementary data for argumentation Secondary data Adapting to each practical argument • Scopus Database • Google Schoolar Database Data Analysis Framework NVivo 12 Plus was used for thematic coding. The process included: (1) familiarization with interview transcripts and policy documents, (2) open coding to identify key patterns, (3) development of thematic categories, and (4) validation through peer review, 5) naming themes, and 6) reporting findings (Dawadi, 2020 ; Imesha Dharmasena et al., 2020 ). This structured approach ensures that emerging themes accurately reflect participants' experiences and policy implications (Dawadi, 2020 ; Lee, 2016 ). We will use NVivo 12 Plus as qualitative software to visualize analysis results, manage large data sets, and extract insights from multiple sources, including text documents and multimedia content (Dalkin et al., 2021 ; Khalid et al., 2024 ; Kraiwanit & Pongsakorn Siripipatthanakul, 2023 ). In addition, to ensure the validity of the research results, data triangulation was conducted by comparing the interview results with local policy documents, official reports from BNPB and BPBD, and academic publications related to disaster management strategies in Garut and Majene. In addition, validation of the findings was also conducted through peer review, where the results of the analysis were consulted with other researchers to ensure objectivity and consistency in data interpretation (Heale & Forbes, 2013 ). Results Disaster Patterns and Vulnerability in Indonesia: A Review of Garut and Majene Districts Every region in Indonesia possesses distinct physical, demographic, and catastrophe risk attributes, influencing their capacity to manage the effects of disasters (Abdillah et al., 2023 , 2024b ; Barua et al., 2021 ). We found numerous critical criteria to delineate the disaster features in the Garut and Majene districts (please refer to Table 2 ). The analysis of this data allows for an in-depth understanding of disaster characteristics, which serves as an initial step in determining disaster management practices. Table 2 A Review of Disaster Characteristics in Garut and Majene Districts Aspect Garut District Majene District Geographic Challenges Hydrometerological disasters are mainly floods, landslides and earthquakes. Earthquake dan Tsunami Geographical Challenges Flood • High rainfall intensity • Inadequate Drainage System • Activity of Cimanuk river that flows through Garut Landslides • High rainfall intensity • Topography of the arrowroot region Earthquake • Seisimic Activity Earthquake • Seisimic Activity Tsunami • Tsunami fault dan Coastal Zone Disaster timeline Flood • 2009, • 2016 Landslides • 2000–2010 • 2010–2020 • 2020–2024 Earthquake • 2000–2010 • 2010–2020 • 2021–2024 Earthquake • 1996 • 2021 Tsunami • 1996 Source : Retrieved and analysed from various sources by the researchers, 2024 Garut Regency in West Java is prone to natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes (Arida, 2024 ; Torpus et al., 2024 ). From 2005 to 2015, hydrometeorological disasters increased, culminating in severe flash floods in 2016, which left 34 people dead and 787 families displaced (Sunarti et al., 2022 ). These floods were caused by heavy rains and inadequate drainage channels (Fanggidae et al., 2021a ; Faradiba, 2021 ). The Cimanuk River often causes flooding that has a major impact on the agricultural sector (Bestari et al., 2018 ). In addition to flooding, Garut also experienced landslides in 2017, especially in Cihurip, which resulted in one fatality and about 190 million in material damage (Ghani, 2024 b). In 2023, an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.3 occurred in Banjarwangi sub-district, which damaged houses (Purnama, 2023 ). In 2024, two earthquakes occurred; the first in April with a magnitude of 6.2, which damaged 41 houses and public facilities (Ghani, 2024 ). The second earthquake occurred in September 2024 with a magnitude of 5.0 (Purnama, 2024 ). Meanwhile, Majene is an area prone to disasters, especially earthquakes and tsunamis. On February 23, 1969, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 shook the Makassar Strait and caused a tsunami that hit the coast of Majene, resulting in 64 deaths and infrastructure damage (Khoirunnisa et al., 2021 ).This earthquake demonstrated its vulnerability to seismic and tsunami threats. In addition, in 1996, a large earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 from the North Sulawesi Megathrust triggered a powerful tsunami, demonstrating the link between seismic and tsunami events in this region (Khoirunnisa et al., 2021 ). Historical data shows nine major tsunami events between 1800 and 1999, most of which were triggered by earthquake-induced submarine landslides. On January 15, 2021, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake occurred in Majene, damaging buildings and infrastructure, complicating post-disaster recovery efforts (Razak & Raqibah, 2023 ). Disaster Management Practices (Phases): In Garut and Majene Districts Preliminary analysis of disaster characteristics is essential for developing successful disaster management methods (refer to Fig. 6 ). This guarantees the efficient and precise implementation of each phase of catastrophe management, which facilitates a suitable recovery. One assessment metric is the Disaster Management Cycle (DMC), which emphasizes preparation to alleviate disaster consequences (Abid et al., 2021 ). The figure above was developed based on the results of primary data analysis from interviews with stakeholders in Garut and Majene, as well as analysis of policy documents and official reports from BNPB, BPBD, and related academic sources. A comparative approach was used to identify disaster management patterns in both regions by considering four main phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Improving Disaster Resilience: A Study of Mitigation in Garut and Majene Districts Enhancing resilience is the primary strategy in catastrophe management. Both territories possess existing local regulations. Disaster resilience in Garut is defined by a community-centric strategy and local engagement among diverse community members. Majene emphasizes preparedness through internal capacity enhancement and intersectoral collaboration. Garut Regency faces challenges in disaster management due to its geographical vulnerability and socio-economic conditions. In an effort to build disaster resilience, the mitigation strategy in Garut emphasizes a community-based approach and active involvement of the community in every stage of disaster management. As a form of mitigation, the Garut Regional Government has issued Regional Regulations ( Peraturan Daerah ) No. 3/2015 and No. 12/2022, which cover disaster management strategies, consultation services, early warning systems, community empowerment, and disaster resilient infrastructure development. One of the concrete steps in community-based mitigation is the development of a disaster risk map that can be accessed by the community through the Garut BPBD website (Buchari, 2021 ). The map aims to raise people's awareness of disaster-prone spots, so that they can actively participate in prevention efforts. In addition, the government also encourages the development of settlements that are more adaptive to disaster risks by involving the community in its planning and implementation. However, there are several obstacles in the implementation of these mitigation measures. First, although disaster risk maps are available, the level of utilization is still low among communities due to limited internet access and lack of socialization on how to read and utilize them in emergency planning. As a result, residents are not yet fully capable of using this information as a guide for mitigation actions. Second, in the development of more disaster-responsive settlements, a key challenge is the limited resources and funding for communities to implement more disaster-resistant construction standards. Although regulations on building standards have been set, implementation is still constrained by the high cost of materials and lack of supervision on compliance with these regulations. Third, although early warning systems have been implemented, their effectiveness still depends on the readiness of the community to respond to warning signals. The lack of regular training for residents leads to a lack of preparedness in taking appropriate evacuation steps. This suggests that disaster education and simulations need to be further strengthened for the early warning system to function optimally. Finally, although community-based mitigation has been implemented in various initiatives, there is no adequate financial protection for communities after a disaster. Disaster insurance schemes that can provide economic security for disaster victims are still not available in Garut. This is due to the absence of supporting regulations, the low level of public trust in insurance schemes, and the lack of insurance providers willing to offer protection in high-risk areas. Meanwhile, in Majene district, mitigation measures are also reflected in the existence of Regional Regulation ( Peraturan Daerah, PERDA ) No.9/2019 which covers protocols before, during and after disasters. Regarding before disasters, the government has created a disaster risk map that identifies threats such as earthquakes, flash floods, extreme weather and landslides. In addition, the government developed the Water Front City project that aims to increase resilience to tsunamis and tidal waves through spatial planning based on disaster risk mitigation (Gaus et al., 2023). And also a disaster early warning system that has been installed at the BPBD office in Majene Regency. However, the effective implementation of both projects still faces challenges, especially in terms of internal capacity, inter-sectoral coordination, and budget. As stated by the Head of the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Division of BPBD Majene District in an interview: We have created a disaster risk map, but each lacks the budget to conduct mitigation programs at the village level. In fact, there are some spots in Majene that are most vulnerable to tsunamis and landslides need more attention. This statement confirms that budget constraints are a major impediment to the implementation of mitigation programs, especially at the village level, which has a high risk of tsunamis and landslides. As a result, several mitigation initiatives that have been designed have not been optimally implemented. One aspect of mitigation that has not been widely implemented is disaster insurance. To date, there is no clear regulation regarding financial protection schemes for disaster-affected communities. In addition, the low interest from insurance providers to offer disaster insurance products in Majene is a major inhibiting factor. In fact, if implemented, this scheme can be a solution in reducing the economic burden of disaster-affected communities and accelerating post-disaster recovery. Building Disaster Preparedness in Local Areas Disaster preparedness in Garut and Majene districts highlighted the importance of planning and community involvement. In Garut, BPBD is developing a local logistics system and training to cope with disasters such as floods and landslides. Meanwhile, Majene faces challenges such as lack of information and procurement of supplies. Here is more about the two regions. Key indicators in the disaster preparedness phase in Garut, Indonesia, show that disaster supplies play a very important role in the disaster preparedness and response system. This is mainly due to their vulnerability to natural disasters such as floods and landslides. One of the main challenges in disaster supply management is the placement of supplies in strategic locations, which enables a rapid response in the event of a disaster. As expressed by one of the expert staff of BPBD Garut Regency: We have prepared logistics warehouses for food and medicine at several strategic points. However, we are still constrained in terms of distributing supplies to isolated areas when a major disaster occurs. In response to this challenge, BPBD Garut Regency is developing better supply depots and logistics systems to ensure the availability of essential items such as food, water, medical supplies, and protection materials during disasters. This initiative is important given that Garut is prone to sudden floods and landslides (Hutagalung, 2023 ; Kamanda et al., 2024 ). In addition, BPBD together with village officials have also established a local network in Rancabango Village to provide training to local residents. In 2016, the Karyamekar community established a disaster organization involving around 200 people, including community administrators, Family Walfare Development (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, PKK) and young leaders. Information on disaster preparedness and response was disseminated through village forums (Buchari, 2021 ). In 2022, BPBD also provided emergency response training to staff and disaster-prone communities at the village and sub-district levels (Humaspemkab Garut, 2024 ). Meanwhile, in Majene District, the availability of information on disaster preparedness and response is still limited, which hinders the community's understanding of the steps that need to be taken when a disaster occurs. This affects the effectiveness of disaster response and recovery. As stated by the expert staff of BPBD Majene District: Our preparedness is still limited to disaster simulations that are not regularly scheduled. Sometimes simulations can be done every week, but there are times in a month when there are none at all. We need more frequent drills and improved logistical capacity, especially to deal with disasters that come very quickly. This underscores the need for more regular drills and improved logistical capacity to deal with sudden-onset disasters. Currently, BPBD Majene also faces challenges in procuring adequate supplies to support emergency response. Disaster preparedness in Garut and Majene districts highlighted the importance of careful planning and community involvement in preparing for disasters. In Garut, BPBD is developing a better logistics system and conducting local trainings to deal with disasters such as floods and landslides. Majene, on the other hand, still faces shortcomings in the provision of information and procurement of supplies needed for quick and effective disaster response. Disaster Management: Swift Interventions in Garut and Majene Districts The response to disasters in each region is determined by different dynamics. In Garut, the emergency response showed effective coordination from a collaborative team that carried out a quick and organized evacuation, involved many parties, and increased community self-reliance. Meanwhile, inter-regional cooperation is an example of disaster response in Majene. Here is the explanation. Evacuation by joint teams during the emergency response phase is critical to the success of rescue operations. A Search and Rescue (SAR) team, consisting of military personnel, police, the National Search and Rescue Agency ( Basarnas ), Local Disaster Prevention Board ( Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah, BPBD) , National Disaster Prevention Board ( Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, BNPB ), volunteers, and Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI) , conducted evacuations and searches after a flash flood in Garut in 2021. The next day, the SAR team searched the Cimanuk River and surrounding houses. This evacuation succeeded in finding 23 dead victims and 13 people who were still missing. Although military personnel sent assistance to the evacuation site, the shortage of tents and aid forced local residents to set up tents independently. In the 2023 earthquake, a joint team conducted evacuation and data collection in two affected sub-districts, Samarang and Pasirwangi. The team reported 495 damaged houses and 1,531 people affected. After the aftershock in September 2024 with a magnitude of 6.2, the joint team conducted patrols, collected damage data, and facilitated the evacuation of victims and debris clearance. Although many structures were damaged, there were no fatalities in this incident. In addition, the proper allocation of aid is also an important factor in disaster response. In the 2024 earthquake, Garut Need Refreshment Foundation channeled aid to Pada Waas Village, while BNPB, BPBD Garut, Acting Regent ( PJ Bupati ), and Military Regional Command III/Siliwangi provided financial support of IDR 250 million and logistical resources for Pasirwangi. Meanwhile, in the Majene earthquake that occurred on January 15 with a magnitude of 5.9, followed by an aftershock with a magnitude of 6.2, Basarnas personnel from various regions, including Makassar, Jakarta, Balikpapan, and Palu, were involved in the evacuation. The evacuation focused on several locations, especially at the collapsed Mitra Manakara Hospital, using heavy equipment. Initial evaluation from BPBD Majene recorded 20 houses destroyed, 8 fatalities in Malunda sub-district, and many injured treated at the West Sulawesi Resort Police (Kepolisian Resor , POLRES) emergency hospital. In response to the impact of the disaster, the collaborative team with the community set up evacuation tents in several locations, including Malunda sub-district office, with the help of community self-help. The West Sulawesi Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB) also provided generators for lighting in the tents, while BPBD distributed food aid, blankets, and medicines to evacuees in Malunda, Sendana, and the center of Majene, with the assistance of an Airfoce helicopter for areas that were difficult to reach by land. Additional support came from various parties, including Telkomsel which helped restore communication networks, the Cilacap Regency Government which distributed IDR 171 million worth of aid, as well as Pertamina and other organizations. However, BPBD Majene faced major challenges in aid distribution. The Head of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Division of BPBD Majene stated: The evacuation after the 2021 earthquake went well, but we faced major problems in terms of heavy equipment to remove debris. We are also struggling to access some remote areas that were isolated after the earthquake. Although the joint team in Garut was successful in evacuating and searching for victims, the shortage of tents and logistical resources became a major problem that hampered the process. In Majene, although the joint team managed to set up evacuation tents and distribute aid, the big challenge lies in the limitation of heavy equipment to clear the debris and the difficulty of access to remote areas. Post-Disaster Recovery: Recovery Efforts in Garut and Majene Districts The recovery phase in both regions has shown improvements in various aspects. However, there is a striking difference between the two, where Garut prioritizes gotong royong and community-based recovery as it relies heavily on the solidarity and participation of local communities. On the other hand, Majene Regency is more focused on the massive repair of damaged vital infrastructure, involving big actors first. Efforts to clean up debris after the 2016 flash floods were carried out through gotong royong by residents, with the help of volunteers and officials using various tools such as saws, hammers, axes, brooms, and excavators. After the 2024 earthquake, Garut Police together with a joint team cleared debris in Barusari and Padaawas villages, three days after the disaster. For heavy debris, heavy equipment such as excavators were deployed by the provincial and district governments. On September 30, the Garut Regional Government, based on data from the Housing and Settlement Area Agency (Disperkim) and the Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency (PUPR), conducted an assessment of damage to houses, public facilities, and social facilities affected by the earthquake. The joint team consisting of Garut Police, BNPB, West Java Provincial BPBD, Garut BPBD, and Forkopimcam Pasirwangi conducted further assessment of damaged houses using the inventory method. In addition, community development efforts were carried out through psychosocial services for children and the general public, as well as independent business development programs to improve the economy. One example, in August 2024, the National Board of Zakat (BAZNAS) Garut launched the “Garut Pedulit” program with 622 million funds to renovate 73 uninhabitable houses (Rutilahu) for beneficiaries. In Majene Regency, the 2021 post-earthquake debris cleanup began after the emergency response status was lifted. The Ministry of Public Work and Communit Settlement (KemenPUPR) deployed heavy equipment in Mamuju and Majene, including 9 excavators, 1 backhoe loader, 1 dozer, 1 tronton, 5 dump trucks, and 1 crane to clean up damaged buildings. In addition, damage audits were conducted on public buildings and infrastructure, such as government offices, hospitals, markets, and irrigation, which will form the basis of rehabilitation and reconstruction programs to accelerate West Sulawesi's economic recovery. A shortage of heavy equipment, especially from Mamuju, hampered evacuation efforts in Majene. In addition, access constraints are also a challenge for logistics distribution. As the following opinion of The Faculty of Industrial Engineering ( Fakultas Teknik Industri , FTI), Universitas Muslim Indonesia volunteers: One of our obstacles in distributing aid during the earthquake was access because some places were isolated. Some even had to use helicopters Evacuation by joint teams was crucial in the disaster response efforts in Garut and Majene. In Garut, although the joint team was successful in evacuation and search, the shortage of evacuation tents and logistical resources became a major problem. In Majene, although the joint team was successful in setting up evacuation tents and distributing aid, challenges in reaching remote communities and a shortage of heavy equipment hampered the evacuation process. Both areas emphasized the importance of collaboration in disaster management, but logistical and accessibility challenges need to be overcome to improve the effectiveness of disaster response. DISCUSSION Garut and Majene districts demonstrate substantial dedication to managing the many phases of disaster management, including mitigation, readiness, response, and recovery. Nonetheless, despite the implementation of several significant policies and initiatives, issues persist, indicating opportunities for enhancement in the effectiveness and efficiency of disaster management. Transitioning from Mitigation to Preparedness: Preliminary Disaster Management Strategies Disaster mitigation is one of the main strategies in building disaster resilience in Garut and Majene districts. In Garut, the existence of regulations and the government have developed disaster risk maps that can be accessed by the community, encouraged the development of settlements adaptive to disaster risk, and developed an early warning system. However, the implementation of some of these strategies still faces challenges, one of which is the development of an early warning system. Nasaruddin said that interactive disaster risk information systems aim to empower local communities but face challenges in technology adoption and the skills needed for effective use (Nasaruddin et al., 2016). This is because early warning systems should not only focus on technological advances, but should prioritize community understanding of hazards, risks and response protocols (Husna et al., 2022 ; Sunarto et al., 2024). Meanwhile, Majene district also faces similar challenges despite having disaster mitigation regulations. The government has developed a Water Front City project to improve tsunami resilience and installed an early warning system at the BPBD Majene office. In cities such as Chile, similar principles have guided the integration of disaster risk reduction into urban planning practices, improving physical and community resilience (Herrmann-Lunecke & Villagra, 2020 ; Real et al., 2014 ). However, the effectiveness of this strategy in Majene is plagued by budget constraints, weak inter-sectoral coordination, and a lack of internal capacity to manage mitigation projects. In addition to these factors, the government must also consider factors such as technology, and infrastructure and accessibility (Koop & van Leeuwen, 2017 ). In addition, another thing that was discussed in both regions was disaster insurance schemes. Insurance plays a role in transferring risks that are uncertain or unmeasurable. However, if the loss is due to a certain disaster such as flooding due to climate change, it is difficult to insure the risk because there is no certainty that would allow insurance to play an effective role (Kousky, 2019 ). The studies of Galeotti et al. (2013) and Zhao, et.al (2020), found that catastrophe insurance is not a priority to realize because each set of processes must encapsulate the use of big data and AI by insurance companies and other entities, and with the level of uncertainty related to catastrophic risks, it is difficult to accurately price financial risk transfer products and set appropriate terms (Sheehan et al., 2023 ). Despite these theoretical studies, both regions have not implemented disaster insurance because there are no clear regulations regarding financial protection for disaster victims, lack of interest from insurance providers and low levels of public trust in insurance schemes. In fact, the implementation of disaster insurance can be an important solution in accelerating the economic recovery of disaster-affected communities and reducing the burden on the government in post-disaster management (Islam et al., 2021 ). From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that mitigation efforts in Garut and Majene have been running with different approaches, but still face similar challenges in terms of implementation, limited resources, and post-disaster financial protection. Related to disaster preparedness in Garut and Majene districts illustrate two different, but complementary approaches in dealing with natural disaster obstacles. As in Garut district, which provides logistics depots at strategic points. Logistics depots for natural disasters serve as important centers for managing relief supplies, coordination, and distribution during and after disasters (Ye et al., 2020 ). However, a major challenge faced is the distribution of supplies to isolated areas when a major disaster occurs. This highlights the importance of logistics infrastructure that can reach not only nearby areas but also more difficult-to-access regions. Koesuma, et.al ( 2017 ) introduced the Disaster Logistics System (dLOGIS) that facilitates real-time monitoring of logistics needs, inventory levels, and the condition of affected populations. Such a system is essential for making timely decisions on resource allocation and distribution (Koesuma et al., 2017 ). Despite the advantages of logistics depots, challenges remain due to the capacity of Human Resources (HR) as was the case in Majene district. Preparedness that is limited to inconsistent disaster simulations reduces its effectiveness, so that the community and related officers are less prepared to face disasters that can come at any time. Reaction to calamity The disaster responses in Garut and Majene show that although the two regions faced different challenges, both illustrate the importance of good coordination between the various parties involved in disaster response, as well as the need to understand local dynamics to improve the effectiveness of rescue and recovery. For example, in Garut, the disaster response showed effective coordination between a joint team consisting of various government agencies, Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) , volunteers, and the community. The success of rapid and organized evacuation, despite limited resources, became an important key in rescuing victims after the flash flood that occurred in 2021. In this disaster response, challenges were not only found in limited resources but also limited heavy equipment to clear debris as well as difficulties in reaching remote areas. The allocation of heavy equipment is often a significant challenge during disasters where different agencies compete for limited resources. According to Thomas et al. (2017), the fragmented nature of disaster response makes it difficult to achieve coordinated resource management, leading to inefficient utilization and potential evacuation delays (Ye et al., 2020 ). A study by McEntire, et.al (2018) emphasized that training personnel to handle heavy equipment is paramount. McEntire, et.al (2018) illustrated that preparedness training can significantly improve the efficiency of emergency response teams during evacuation scenarios and ensure that machine operators master emergency evacuation protocols (Masudin et al., 2021 ). Restoration following catastrophe Post-disaster recovery in Garut and Majene showcased joint efforts involving debris clearance and heavy equipment deployment by authorities. In Garut, community cooperation and heavy equipment facilitated cleanup after the 2016 flash floods and 2024 earthquake. The Garut National Board of Zakat ( Badan Amil Zakat Nasional , BAZNAS) initiative supported economic recovery through renovation of uninhabitable houses and empowerment of independent businesses. This Garut BAZNAS initiative facilitates economic recovery through renovation of uninhabitable houses and empowerment of independent businesses. We also provide psychosocial assistance to support the psychological recovery of the community. Zain et al. (2023) emphasized the importance of inter-agency communication and coordination to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian logistical support, which is crucial in recovery (Mohammed Zain et al., 2023 ). After the 2021 earthquake in Majene, debris clearance was carried out using heavy equipment, including damage assessment to document the affected infrastructure as a basis for recovery and reconstruction. Koks et al. (2020) emphasized that understanding the economic impact of infrastructure degradation facilitates more efficient resource allocation (Snowden et al., 2020 ). We can use advanced methods, such as coordinated wave transformation (Amezquita-Sanchez & Adeli, 2015 ) to identify damage to multi-storey structures; however, there are still barriers to damage assessment, mainly related to limited resources and availability of skilled labor (Nepal et al., 2021 ). Economic recovery in Majene involves empowering fisherwomen and developing MSMEs that effectively export local products, such as coconut fiber. In addition, Majene also implemented trauma recovery programs for children and communities affected by the earthquake. Conclusion The vurnability of Majene and Garut Districts to natural catastrophes is a critical element exacerbating the difficulties in disaster management. Moreover, socioeconomic situations further intensify the challenges. Both regions have executed mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery measures; yet, obstacles persist in their execution. Significant challenges encompass an absence of disaster insurance, restricted administrative capability, and resource limitations that obstruct efficient policy execution. Logistical constraints, deficiencies in heavy machinery, and challenges in accessing remote areas impede evacuation and aid distribution efforts; yet, the significance of collaborative teams in disaster response persists. Post-disaster recovery initiatives underscored the necessity for robust collaboration among government agencies, communities, and pertinent organizations. The primary objectives of these initiatives are debris removal, infrastructure restoration, and the economic and emotional empowerment of impacted communities. This study emphasizes the advantages of augmenting inter-agency collaboration, bolstering community readiness, and broadening access to catastrophe insurance. Although disaster insurance, offered by commercial entities, governmental bodies, or international organizations, can enhance community resilience, its execution necessitates meticulous evaluation of the local context and practicality. Limitations of Research Researchers acknowledge that, particularly in the data collecting phase, this study still has certain constraints. One of the key challenges was gathering historical disaster-related data for both areas. Generally, data on past disasters is no longer accessible unless it is obtained from national archives or from interviews with certain people who might possess the knowledge. The data discovered was therefore somewhat limited, thus scholars solely depended on literature from websites that were not always reliable. Furthermore, there were limitations in the field where certain needed papers were missing. This decreased the range of evidence that may support the conclusions of this study and constrained the thorough investigation of past catastrophes. Declarations Author's Contribution : \"Conceptualization, U.S., I.W, and N.A.D ; methodology, U.S., I.W.; software, U.S. ; validation, U.S., and IW; formal analysis, U.S., I.W, and N.A.D resource, U,S. .; data curation, N.A.D. and I.W.; writing preparation of the original draft, U.S.; writing reviews and editing, U.S. , IW., and N.A.D.; visualization, U.S.; supervision, N.A.D. and I.W., ; project administration, I.W.; acquisition of funding, U.S. and I.W. All authors have read and approved the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This study received no external funding according to the Review Board statement. Institusional: the Local Government Disaster Prevention Body (BPBD) of Majene Regency Data Availability: The results of this study are shown in the figure attached to the article. The data set used to support the findings of this study is available from the appropriate authors upon request. C onflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgements: This research is part of the Academic Research Grant led by Prof Ida Widianingsih of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. Ethics approval statement: This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Local Government Disaster Prevention Body (BPBD) of Majene Regency. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set by the ethics committee. Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable. References Abdillah, A., Buchari, R. A., Widianingsih, I., & Nurasa, H. (2023). Climate change governance for urban resilience for Indonesia: A systematic literature review. 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Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , 14 (6), 733–738. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.134 Pfefferbaum, R. L., Pfefferbaum, B., Van Horn, R. L., Klomp, R. W., Norris, F. H., & Reissman, D. B. (2013). The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART): An Intervention to Build Community Resilience to Disasters. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice , 19 (3), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e318268aed8 Pietrzak, R. H., Southwick, S. M., Tracy, M., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (2012). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Perceived Needs for Psychological Care in Older Persons Affected by Hurricane Ike. Journal of Affective Disorders , 138 (1–2), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.018 Prihatin, R. B. (2018). Masyarakat Sadar Bencana: Pembelajaran dari Karo, Banjarnegara, dan Jepang. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial , 9 (2), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v9i2.1106 Purnama, F. (2023). Gempa bumi menyebabkan kerusakan rumah warga di Garut . Antaranews. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3891090/gempa-bumi-menyebabkan-kerusakan-rumah-warga-di-garut Purnama, F. (2024). BPBD Garut Cek Dampak Gempa Bumi Bandung . Antaranews. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4341019/bpbd-garut-cek-dampak-gempa-bumi-bandung Putera, P. B., Suryanto, S., Ningrum, S., Widianingsih, I., & Rianto, Y. (2022). Using Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods and Datasets for Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Dynamics Research in Indonesia. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development , 39 (2). https://doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.845 Putra, W. (2024). Update Dampak Gempa di Kabupaten Garut dan Bandung: 1.007 Rumah Rusak . Detiknews. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7547345/update-dampak-gempa-di-kabupaten-garut-dan-bandung-1-007-rumah-rusak Razak, F. S. H., & Raqibah, N. (2023). Inovasi Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Majene dalam Pemulihan dan Peningkatan Perekonomian Rakyat (Survivalitas Nelayan di Tengah Bencana). Journal of Social and Policy Issues , 1 , 19–22. https://doi.org/10.58835/jspi.v3i1.131 Real, C. R., Johnson, L., Jones, L. M., & Ross, S. (2014). Improving Tsunami Resiliency: California’s Tsunami Policy Working Group (pp. 377–386). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7269-4_21 Saadi, S. A., Gökce, U., & Dunay, A. (2023). Sustainable Project Management for Humanitarian Disasters and Refugee Crisis Management: Bibliometric Analysis. Problems and Perspectives in Management , 21 (3), 543–557. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.43 Schumacher, L., Senhaji, S., Gartner, B. A., Carrez, L., Dupuis, A., Bonnabry, P., & Widmer, N. (2022). Full-scale simulations to improve disaster preparedness in hospital pharmacies. BMC Health Services Research , 22 (1), 853. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08230-9 Seneviratne, K., Nadeeshani, M., Senaratne, S., & Perera, S. (2024). Use of Social Media in Disaster Management: Challenges and Strategies. Sustainability , 16 (11), 4824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114824 Setiawan, E., & Mahendra, T. M. (2024). Formulating Disaster Mitigation Strategies for Surakarta City, Indonesia by Using Risk Matrix and House of Risk Phase 2. E3S Web of Conferences , 517 , 03002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451703002 Shabira, U. A., & Giyarsih, S. R. (2021). The Adaptation Strategy of Flash Flood Victims in Urban Areas, Garut Kota Sub-District. Forum Geografi , 35 (1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v35i1.13356 Sheehan, B., Mullins, M., Shannon, D., & McCullagh, O. (2023). On the benefits of insurance and disaster risk management integration for improved climate-related natural catastrophe resilience. Environment Systems and Decisions , 43 (4), 639–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-023-09929-8 Shi, A., Lei, J., Tian, L., Lyu, C., Mao, P., & Xu, W. (2024). Benchmarking Physical Model Experiments with Numerical Simulations for the Wangjiashan Landslide-Induced Surge Waves in the Baihetan Reservoir Area. Water (Switzerland) , 16 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131930 Shi, Y., Zhai, G., Xu, L., Zhu, Q., & Deng, J. (2019). Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disasters: A Multi-Level Location-Allocation Modeling Approach. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 11 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164285 Sina, D., Chang-Richards, A. Y., Wilkinson, S., & Potangaroa, R. (2019). A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Livelihood Resilience: Relocation Experience from Aceh, Indonesia. World Development , 117 , 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.003 Snowden, J. A., Saccardi, R., Orchard, K., Ljungman, P., Duarte, R. F., Labopin, M., McGrath, E., Brook, N., de Elvira, C. R., Gordon, D., Poirel, H. A., Ayuk, F., Beguin, Y., Bonifazi, F., Gratwohl, A., Milpied, N., Moore, J., Passweg, J., Rizzo, J. D., … Putter, H. (2020). Benchmarking of Survival Outcomes Following Haematopoietic System cell transplantation: A review of existing processes and the introduction of an international system from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and the Joint Accr. Bone Marrow Transplantation , 55 (4), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-019-0718-7 Sunarti, E., Johan, I. R., Rosullih, M., & Sholikhah, N. F. (2022). Factors Affecting Family Welfare of Garut-Indonesia Flash Flood Survivors: A Case Study of Impact Disaster on SDGs. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences , 10 (3), 968–977. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2022.1003.0260 Susanto, E., Arsyad, M., Subaer, & Setyahagi, A. R. (2020). Pemodelan Waktu Tiba Gelombang Tsunami di Wilayah Pesisir Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fisika PPs Universitas Negeri Makassar , 2 , 80–83. Tanguid, S. B. J., & Tanguid, R. V. (2023). Disaster Resilience and Capability in the Maintenance of Public Order During Disaster of Calamity-Prone Municipalities in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation , 2 (5), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v2i5.2058 Tim Detik.com. (2021). Latest Facts on the Impact of the Majene Earthquake: 35 People Killed-15 Thousand Displaced . News Detik Com. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5335381/fakta-terkini-dampak-gempa-majene-35-orang-tewas-15-ribu-ngungsi Torpus, K., Usta, G., Çinar Özbay, S., & Kanbay, Y. (2024). The Effect of Disaster Preparedness Literacy on Individual Disaster Resilience. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , 18 , e247. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.148 Walz, Y., Janzen, S., Narvaez, L., Ortiz-Vargas, A., Woelki, J., Doswald, N., & Sebesvari, Z. (2021). Disaster-Related Losses of Ecosystems and Their Services. Why and How do Losses Matter for Disaster Risk Reduction? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction , 63 , 102425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102425 Ye, Y., Jiao, W., & Yan, H. (2020). Managing Relief Inventories Responding to Natural Disasters: Gaps Between Practice and Literature. Production and Operations Management , 29 (4), 807–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13136 Yuan, W., & Zeng, Y. (2017). Study of Methods to Improve the Counselors’ Scientific Research. Creative Education , 08 (03), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2017.83024 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-5670963\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":444008045,\"identity\":\"0f4e1ef0-5d49-4c70-8395-26d10f1bf4f1\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Ulfiah Syukri\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,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\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Padjadjaran University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ulfiah\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Syukri\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":444008047,\"identity\":\"d02f0a83-ca34-4a7b-bbe0-c45786a68113\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Nandang Alamsah Deliarnoor\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Padjadjaran University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Nandang\",\"middleName\":\"Alamsah\",\"lastName\":\"Deliarnoor\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":444008050,\"identity\":\"7df9d20e-911e-481d-be44-8536be4c16df\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Ida Widianingsih\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Padjadjaran University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ida\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Widianingsih\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-12-18 16:08:10\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5670963/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5670963/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01526-w\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2025-07-28T16:21:01+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":80790978,\"identity\":\"133cfa97-06c8-44e2-998e-86822887f339\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-04-17 06:45:15\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":94877,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFramework for comparative analysis of disaster management in Garut and Majene Districts\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5670963/v1/d5f29fb5d11bd9010762d5e7.jpg\"},{\"id\":80789825,\"identity\":\"eeccf767-5f00-4484-b384-cb8eba5d5d28\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-04-17 06:37:15\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":97855,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCoordinate points of disaster-prone sub-districts in Garut Regency (Source : google earth, 2024).\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOf the 42 sub-districts recorded in the Central Bureau of Statistics of Garut Regency, according to Local Government Disaster Prevention Body (BPBD) in the last 5 years, 9 sub-districts with the largest number of disaster frequencies in Garut (see figure 2) are Banjarwangi, Talegong, Cibatu, Bayongbong, Cikelet, Malangbong, Cisurupan and Cikajang sub-districts (BPBD Garut, 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5670963/v1/7b04a49ecc069d785feb4774.jpg\"},{\"id\":80789827,\"identity\":\"7fea4ee1-4241-429e-8655-a750aadb9f60\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-04-17 06:37:15\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":91704,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHouse damaged by earthquake in district (Source : bandung.bisnis.com, 2024)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBPBD recorded that as many as 1,238 houses and buildings in Garut Regency were damaged by the earthquake (figure 3 (Baihaqi, 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5670963/v1/e7add58eaecb90cec3d770c4.jpg\"},{\"id\":80789830,\"identity\":\"4395526f-cf0b-4277-92ed-d0c34c72b39b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-04-17 06:37:15\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":93377,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCoordinate points in disaster-prone sub-districts in Majene district (Source : google earth, 2024).\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAccording to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Majene district, in 2021 there were 4 sub-districts that had the largest number of disaster events, namely Majene sub-district, Ulumanda sub-district, Malunda sub-district and Tubo Sendana sub-district (see figure 4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(BPS, 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5670963/v1/44b049767cda0f8c399ba25d.jpg\"},{\"id\":80790986,\"identity\":\"051b0c19-d1f5-46d0-9e7d-431fade23ba3\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-04-17 06:45:15\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":91285,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHouse collapsed due to earthquake in Majene district (Source : news.detik.com, 2024)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAccording to National Disaster Prevention Board (BNPB) West Sulawesi, in Majene sub-district, the earthquake damaged 300 houses (still collecting data), 1 health center (heavily damaged), 1 office of Danramil Malunda (heavily damaged), power outages, intermittent/unstable cellular communication (see figure 5) (Tim Detik.com, 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5670963/v1/3344ad03c9ec7a1f860f4615.jpg\"},{\"id\":80789840,\"identity\":\"6fcd2ef1-43c5-4286-9e31-7f2905b4861e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-04-17 06:37:15\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":75323,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDisaster Management Model:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eA Benchmarking Model\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5670963/v1/70fcefe320043c0fd1700cc5.jpg\"},{\"id\":88268161,\"identity\":\"0f385765-37cd-40d8-924e-cb99436ce656\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-08-04 16:49:42\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1863532,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5670963/v1/9ae0913d-1c6e-4a4d-9e3f-c8910347c13b.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Comparison of Disaster Management Practices in Indonesia: A Study of Resilience in Garut and Majene Districts\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eNatural disasters are a global threat that can cause significant damage to human life, property, the economy and the environment (Abdillah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025a\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ali et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Walz et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR88\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Disruptions to basic services such as communications, waste management, energy, water, health and transportation can result from disasters (Danzi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Miri et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Seneviratne et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR75\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). According to the latest data from The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), from 1900 to 2025, disasters worldwide affected 3,783,142,530 individuals, leading to 883,242 fatalities and 3,728,938 injuries (EM-DAT, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e). Indonesia is acknowledged as the most disaster-prone country in the world, especially regarding natural disasters, due to its geographical and geological characteristics. From 1900 to 2025, EM-DAT reports that disasters affected 44,904,312 individuals, causing 190,031 fatalities and 187,700 injuries (EM-DAT, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e; Setiawan \\u0026amp; Mahendra, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR76\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn light of the escalating risk of disasters, an effective disaster management framework is essential for planning, responding, and recovering post-disaster (Abdillah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025a\\u003c/span\\u003e; Bosher et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Finucane et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015\\u0026ndash;2030 offers a holistic strategy for global disaster risk reduction, encompassing four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery (Nekoei-Moghadam et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR59\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). Notwithstanding this systematic methodology for disaster management, significant obstacles persist in each of these stages. Challenges frequently emerge from insufficient community engagement and inadequate resources to execute successful interventions (Abdillah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025b\\u003c/span\\u003e; McCourt et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). During the preparedness phase, problems encompass insufficient personnel training and the absence of a comprehensive disaster management plan (Abdillah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024b\\u003c/span\\u003e; Nofal et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). In the reaction phase, issues typically include resource allocation, coordination among diverse groups, and effective communication (Abdillah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024b\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025b\\u003c/span\\u003e; Schumacher et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR74\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). During the recovery phase, issues frequently involve addressing the long-term mental health requirements of the impacted population, particularly vulnerable populations such as women (Abdillah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024b\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024a\\u003c/span\\u003e; Akter et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). An essential factor in comprehending these problems is the particular context of each disaster-affected region. The choice of Garut and Majene as research sites is predicated on three fundamental reasons.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFirst, both Garut and Majene have significant vulnerabilities to natural disasters, but with different characteristics and geological backgrounds. Majene Regency is located along the boundary of active tectonic plates, making it highly vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis, as recorded in the EM-DAT data of the 2021 earthquake disaster significantly affected approximately 99,827 people (Arisbaya et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Khaerah \\u0026amp; Nur, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). In contrast, Garut is located in an equally seismically active region, but often experiences higher frequency earthquakes, which have caused major damage in the past, e.g. EM-DAT data from 1900\\u0026ndash;2025 disasters impacted 5000 people due to floods, earthquakes, and vulcanic disasters (Arisbaya et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; EM-DAT, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThus, although both regions face high disaster risks, the type and frequency of disasters occurring in each provides a different context to analyze. Second, Garut district integrates local knowledge and community traditions into the disaster management system, which allows the community to be more adaptive in facing disasters (Pek et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR63\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). In contrast, Majene applies a more centralized approach, relying on coordination and assistance from the central government and national institutions to manage disaster risk (Barasa et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). This difference creates an opportunity to compare the effectiveness of two different approaches in improving community resilience to disasters.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis research seeks to make a new contribution to the field of holistic disaster management. Many previous studies have focused on one aspect of disaster management, such as mitigation or response, without considering the relationships between phases in the overall disaster cycle (Dasallas et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ghosh et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Saadi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR73\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; A. Shi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR79\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition, comparative evaluations of disaster management models, policies and systems are limited, so there is no holistic approach that integrates the various determinants of community resilience (Diaz-Sarachaga \\u0026amp; Jato-Espino, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ner et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR61\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; Saadi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR73\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; Y. Shi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR80\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sina et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR81\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThus, this research fills the gap by comparing the practice of disaster management strategies in two regions with different risk characteristics. This practice analysis allows assessing the effectiveness of community-based and centralized approaches, and exploring the relationships between phases. Ultimately, it can inform the development of more adaptive and inclusive policies in a more comprehensive context. For the purpose of comparing the two regions in this study, researchers used a research framework that refers to the four phases of disaster management. A research framework is essential to cultivate a mentality that facilitates comprehension of the research subject (please refer to Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). We categorize it into three distinct streams.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe figure above compares disaster management practices in Garut and Majene through four main stages including mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. In mitigation, Garut emphasizes strengthening Regional Regulations (\\u003cem\\u003ePeraturan Daerah, Perda\\u003c/em\\u003e), while Majene focuses more on mapping disaster-prone areas. In preparedness, Garut prioritizes the training of emergency response personnel, while Majene focuses more on logistical readiness and community mutual assistance. In response, Majene tends to prioritize rapid evacuation, while Garut focuses more on the initial assessment of disaster impacts.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn recovery, Garut prioritizes social and economic rehabilitation of the community, while Majene focuses more on debris removal and damage assessment before reconstruction. These differences reflect the geographical characteristics, dominant disaster types, as well as resource readiness in each region. Although there are similarities in approach, the main focus of each region indicates a strategy that is tailored to its local conditions. This research aims to compare disaster management strategies in Garut and Majene, identify barriers in policy implementation, and provide recommendations to improve the effectiveness of emergency response and disaster recovery in both regions. In addition, this research also proposes the application of a more in-depth methodological approach, using NVivo 12 Plus for thematic analysis, which allows for better thematic mapping and visualization compared to other approaches more commonly used in previous research (Nasir et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR58\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eOverview Site: Cases in Garut and Majene Regency\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNatural disasters pose a significant problem, especially in Indonesia, which is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The regions of Garut and Majene in Indonesia are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. We provide a chronology of significant disasters that transpired in these two locations. Since 1994, Garut has experienced calamities including floods and landslides, leading to fatalities, infrastructural damage, and displacement (Fanggidae et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021b\\u003c/span\\u003e). In 2009, floods occurred once more, exacerbating water resource management and urban development issues. In 2016, landslides resulting from intense rainfall inflicted damage on residences and agricultural grounds (Shabira \\u0026amp; Giyarsih, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR77\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). ). From 2017 to 2022, flash floods and landslides persisted as a result of intense rainfall and strong winds, causing damage to towns and agricultural areas (Fanggidae et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021a\\u003c/span\\u003e; Kamanda et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). In 2023, the Garut administration prioritized disaster risk mitigation in response to flash floods (Kamanda et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). The zenith of catastrophe severity was in 2024, featuring two significant earthquakes: one measuring M6.5 and the other M4.9, resulting in damage to 204 residences (Putra, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR70\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeanwhile, Majene District, West Sulawesi, is a disaster-prone area with a significant disaster history (see Fig.\\u0026nbsp;3). On 23 February 1969, an M6.9 earthquake was followed by a 1\\u0026ndash;6 meter tsunami, leaving 600 people dead, 97 injured, and 189 missing, as well as damaging 1,290 houses and 4 villages (Fanani \\u0026amp; Ibrahim, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Susanto et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR84\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). In 2016, two consecutive earthquakes (M5.1 and M6.3) damaged infrastructure and homes, disrupting the lives of residents (Galindo-Zaldivar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Pietrzak et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR65\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition, Majene is often hit by seasonal floods and flash floods due to high rainfall. In 2021, another M6.2 earthquake struck amid the COVID-19 pandemic, killing 84 people and damaging 279 homes and public facilities, causing widespread displacement (Gunawan et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Khoirunnisa et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGarut and Majene persist in encountering difficulties in disaster preparedness and response due to their susceptibility to earthquakes, floods, and landslides. The historical occurrences of disasters in these two locations underscore the necessity for ongoing enhancements in preparedness systems and emergency response tactics. Consequently, we developed a systematic research technique in order to examine and elucidate disaster management in the Garut and Majene areas.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methodology\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eResearch Design\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis research is a thorough examination of participants' perspectives, making it suitable for understanding the subjective dimensions of crisis management strategies (Pfefferbaum et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR64\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e). We used a comparative case study methodology to examine disaster management practices in Garut and Majene regions. This method was chosen because it allows in-depth exploration of the subjective dimensions and complexities of disaster policies, which are difficult to measure using only quantitative approaches (Tanguid \\u0026amp; Tanguid, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR85\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yuan \\u0026amp; Zeng, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR90\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition, a qualitative study was chosen for the following specific reasons 1) Disaster Policy Complexity: Understanding disaster management strategies requires analyzing interactions between actors, local policies, and the role of communities, which cannot be fully explained through quantitative data alone, 2) Stakeholders' Subjective Experiences: This approach allows for direct perspectives from BPBD officials, local communities, and volunteers, providing richer insights than mere statistical analysis (Cresswell \\u0026amp; Poth, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). And 3) Document Analysis and In-Depth Interviews: The combination of semi-structured interviews and document analysis provides a more holistic understanding of disaster management practices and the factors that influence them. While quantitative or mixed methods can be used, a qualitative approach is more appropriate as the focus of this research is on understanding the processes and experiences of local actors in dealing with disasters, rather than measuring specific variables (Putera et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR69\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eOverview Data: Data Collection and Data Source\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSemi-structured interviews and document analysis as data collection methods allow researchers to elaborate primary and secondary data sources according to research needs (see Table \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) (Mustangimah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Prihatin, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR66\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Putera et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR69\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Interviews were conducted from January to March 2024 with informants from BPBD Majene Regency, namely Junior Expert Planner and Head of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Division, while from BPBD Garut Regency, namely expert staff. In addition, we involved 3 people from the community, namely 2 young people from The Faculty Of Industrial Engineering (FTI) Universitas Muslim Indonesia in Majene and Garut locations, and 1 community member in each region. Informants were selected using purposive sampling technique based on 1) their knowledge, 2) direct involvement and 3) authority. Interviews with BPBD Majene Regency and community volunteers from each region were conducted in person, while for BPBD Garut Regency and the Garut community were conducted online due to the situation and distance with an average duration of 1 hour per session, depending on the informant's time availability and the flow of the conversation. Each interview was recorded with the informant's permission and then transcribed for further analysis.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn addition, document analysis was conducted to complement data from interviews (Putera et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR69\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). The documents analyzed included local policy regulations related to disasters, official reports from government and humanitarian organizations, and community documents related to disaster mitigation and response efforts (please see Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). The document analysis process was conducted systematically using the content analysis method, which aimed to identify relevant patterns and themes in disaster management strategies in both regions. The documents analyzed cover the period 2015\\u0026ndash;2024, allowing for a longitudinal study of the development of disaster policies and strategies over time.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOverview Data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData Set\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData Type\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData Form\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData Source\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePolicy and regulation data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSecondary Data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDistrict/City Regional Regulation \\u003cem\\u003e(Peraturan Daerah)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGarut and Majene government copy archives\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDisaster location point data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSecondary data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Disaster Risk Assessment (\\u003cem\\u003ePenilaian Resiko Bencana\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Disaster Risk Map (\\u003cem\\u003ePeta Resiko Bencana\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Map of disaster-prone coordinates\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; National Disaster Prevention Board (BNPB) Sulawesi Barat\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; BNPB Jawa Barat\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Local Government Disaster Prevention Body (BPBD) \\u0026amp; Statistics Indonesia (BPS) Garut District\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; BPBD \\u0026amp; Statistics Indonesia (BPS) Majene District\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData (Phases of Disaster Management)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrimary and Secondary Data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Rundown of activities in each phase of disaster management\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; BPBD Majene District (in interview).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; BPBD Garut District\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Online Media (Audio-visual and text).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplementary data for argumentation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSecondary data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdapting to each practical argument\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Scopus Database\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Google Schoolar Database\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eData Analysis Framework\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNVivo 12 Plus was used for thematic coding. The process included: (1) familiarization with interview transcripts and policy documents, (2) open coding to identify key patterns, (3) development of thematic categories, and (4) validation through peer review, 5) naming themes, and 6) reporting findings (Dawadi, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Imesha Dharmasena et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). This structured approach ensures that emerging themes accurately reflect participants' experiences and policy implications (Dawadi, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Lee, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). We will use NVivo 12 Plus as qualitative software to visualize analysis results, manage large data sets, and extract insights from multiple sources, including text documents and multimedia content (Dalkin et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Khalid et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Kraiwanit \\u0026amp; Pongsakorn Siripipatthanakul, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn addition, to ensure the validity of the research results, data triangulation was conducted by comparing the interview results with local policy documents, official reports from BNPB and BPBD, and academic publications related to disaster management strategies in Garut and Majene. In addition, validation of the findings was also conducted through peer review, where the results of the analysis were consulted with other researchers to ensure objectivity and consistency in data interpretation (Heale \\u0026amp; Forbes, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eDisaster Patterns and Vulnerability in Indonesia: A Review of Garut and Majene Districts\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEvery region in Indonesia possesses distinct physical, demographic, and catastrophe risk attributes, influencing their capacity to manage the effects of disasters (Abdillah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024b\\u003c/span\\u003e; Barua et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). We found numerous critical criteria to delineate the disaster features in the Garut and Majene districts (please refer to Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The analysis of this data allows for an in-depth understanding of disaster characteristics, which serves as an initial step in determining disaster management practices.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA Review of Disaster Characteristics in Garut and Majene Districts\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAspect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGarut District\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMajene District\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eGeographic Challenges\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHydrometerological disasters are mainly floods, landslides and earthquakes.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEarthquake dan Tsunami\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eGeographical Challenges\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFlood\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; High rainfall intensity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Inadequate Drainage System\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Activity of Cimanuk river that flows through Garut\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eLandslides\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; High rainfall intensity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Topography of the arrowroot region\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEarthquake\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Seisimic Activity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEarthquake\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Seisimic Activity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eTsunami\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; Tsunami fault dan Coastal Zone\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDisaster timeline\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFlood\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2009,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eLandslides\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2000\\u0026ndash;2010\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2010\\u0026ndash;2020\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2020\\u0026ndash;2024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEarthquake\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2000\\u0026ndash;2010\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2010\\u0026ndash;2020\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2021\\u0026ndash;2024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEarthquake\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 1996\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eTsunami\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026bull; 1996\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003eSource : Retrieved and analysed from various sources by the researchers, 2024\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGarut Regency in West Java is prone to natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes (Arida, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Torpus et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR87\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). From 2005 to 2015, hydrometeorological disasters increased, culminating in severe flash floods in 2016, which left 34 people dead and 787 families displaced (Sunarti et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR83\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). These floods were caused by heavy rains and inadequate drainage channels (Fanggidae et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021a\\u003c/span\\u003e; Faradiba, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). The Cimanuk River often causes flooding that has a major impact on the agricultural sector (Bestari et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition to flooding, Garut also experienced landslides in 2017, especially in Cihurip, which resulted in one fatality and about 190\\u0026nbsp;million in material damage (Ghani, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003eb). In 2023, an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.3 occurred in Banjarwangi sub-district, which damaged houses (Purnama, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR67\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). In 2024, two earthquakes occurred; the first in April with a magnitude of 6.2, which damaged 41 houses and public facilities (Ghani, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). The second earthquake occurred in September 2024 with a magnitude of 5.0 (Purnama, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR68\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeanwhile, Majene is an area prone to disasters, especially earthquakes and tsunamis. On February 23, 1969, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 shook the Makassar Strait and caused a tsunami that hit the coast of Majene, resulting in 64 deaths and infrastructure damage (Khoirunnisa et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e).This earthquake demonstrated its vulnerability to seismic and tsunami threats. In addition, in 1996, a large earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 from the North Sulawesi Megathrust triggered a powerful tsunami, demonstrating the link between seismic and tsunami events in this region (Khoirunnisa et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Historical data shows nine major tsunami events between 1800 and 1999, most of which were triggered by earthquake-induced submarine landslides. On January 15, 2021, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake occurred in Majene, damaging buildings and infrastructure, complicating post-disaster recovery efforts (Razak \\u0026amp; Raqibah, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR71\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eDisaster Management Practices (Phases): In Garut and Majene Districts\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePreliminary analysis of disaster characteristics is essential for developing successful disaster management methods (refer to Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e). This guarantees the efficient and precise implementation of each phase of catastrophe management, which facilitates a suitable recovery. One assessment metric is the Disaster Management Cycle (DMC), which emphasizes preparation to alleviate disaster consequences (Abid et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe figure above was developed based on the results of primary data analysis from interviews with stakeholders in Garut and Majene, as well as analysis of policy documents and official reports from BNPB, BPBD, and related academic sources. A comparative approach was used to identify disaster management patterns in both regions by considering four main phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eImproving Disaster Resilience: A Study of Mitigation in Garut and Majene Districts\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEnhancing resilience is the primary strategy in catastrophe management. Both territories possess existing local regulations. Disaster resilience in Garut is defined by a community-centric strategy and local engagement among diverse community members. Majene emphasizes preparedness through internal capacity enhancement and intersectoral collaboration.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGarut Regency faces challenges in disaster management due to its geographical vulnerability and socio-economic conditions. In an effort to build disaster resilience, the mitigation strategy in Garut emphasizes a community-based approach and active involvement of the community in every stage of disaster management. As a form of mitigation, the Garut Regional Government has issued Regional Regulations (\\u003cem\\u003ePeraturan Daerah\\u003c/em\\u003e) No. 3/2015 and No. 12/2022, which cover disaster management strategies, consultation services, early warning systems, community empowerment, and disaster resilient infrastructure development. One of the concrete steps in community-based mitigation is the development of a disaster risk map that can be accessed by the community through the Garut BPBD website (Buchari, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). The map aims to raise people's awareness of disaster-prone spots, so that they can actively participate in prevention efforts. In addition, the government also encourages the development of settlements that are more adaptive to disaster risks by involving the community in its planning and implementation. However, there are several obstacles in the implementation of these mitigation measures. First, although disaster risk maps are available, the level of utilization is still low among communities due to limited internet access and lack of socialization on how to read and utilize them in emergency planning.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs a result, residents are not yet fully capable of using this information as a guide for mitigation actions. Second, in the development of more disaster-responsive settlements, a key challenge is the limited resources and funding for communities to implement more disaster-resistant construction standards. Although regulations on building standards have been set, implementation is still constrained by the high cost of materials and lack of supervision on compliance with these regulations. Third, although early warning systems have been implemented, their effectiveness still depends on the readiness of the community to respond to warning signals.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe lack of regular training for residents leads to a lack of preparedness in taking appropriate evacuation steps. This suggests that disaster education and simulations need to be further strengthened for the early warning system to function optimally. Finally, although community-based mitigation has been implemented in various initiatives, there is no adequate financial protection for communities after a disaster. Disaster insurance schemes that can provide economic security for disaster victims are still not available in Garut. This is due to the absence of supporting regulations, the low level of public trust in insurance schemes, and the lack of insurance providers willing to offer protection in high-risk areas.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeanwhile, in Majene district, mitigation measures are also reflected in the existence of Regional Regulation (\\u003cem\\u003ePeraturan Daerah, PERDA\\u003c/em\\u003e) No.9/2019 which covers protocols before, during and after disasters. Regarding before disasters, the government has created a disaster risk map that identifies threats such as earthquakes, flash floods, extreme weather and landslides. In addition, the government developed the Water Front City project that aims to increase resilience to tsunamis and tidal waves through spatial planning based on disaster risk mitigation (Gaus et al., 2023). And also a disaster early warning system that has been installed at the BPBD office in Majene Regency. However, the effective implementation of both projects still faces challenges, especially in terms of internal capacity, inter-sectoral coordination, and budget. As stated by the Head of the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Division of BPBD Majene District in an interview:\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWe have created a disaster risk map, but each lacks the budget to conduct mitigation programs at the village level. In fact, there are some spots in Majene that are most vulnerable to tsunamis and landslides need more attention.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis statement confirms that budget constraints are a major impediment to the implementation of mitigation programs, especially at the village level, which has a high risk of tsunamis and landslides. As a result, several mitigation initiatives that have been designed have not been optimally implemented. One aspect of mitigation that has not been widely implemented is disaster insurance. To date, there is no clear regulation regarding financial protection schemes for disaster-affected communities. In addition, the low interest from insurance providers to offer disaster insurance products in Majene is a major inhibiting factor. In fact, if implemented, this scheme can be a solution in reducing the economic burden of disaster-affected communities and accelerating post-disaster recovery.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eBuilding Disaster Preparedness in Local Areas\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDisaster preparedness in Garut and Majene districts highlighted the importance of planning and community involvement. In Garut, BPBD is developing a local logistics system and training to cope with disasters such as floods and landslides. Meanwhile, Majene faces challenges such as lack of information and procurement of supplies. Here is more about the two regions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKey indicators in the disaster preparedness phase in Garut, Indonesia, show that disaster supplies play a very important role in the disaster preparedness and response system. This is mainly due to their vulnerability to natural disasters such as floods and landslides. One of the main challenges in disaster supply management is the placement of supplies in strategic locations, which enables a rapid response in the event of a disaster. As expressed by one of the expert staff of BPBD Garut Regency:\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWe have prepared logistics warehouses for food and medicine at several strategic points. However, we are still constrained in terms of distributing supplies to isolated areas when a major disaster occurs.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn response to this challenge, BPBD Garut Regency is developing better supply depots and logistics systems to ensure the availability of essential items such as food, water, medical supplies, and protection materials during disasters. This initiative is important given that Garut is prone to sudden floods and landslides (Hutagalung, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; Kamanda et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition, BPBD together with village officials have also established a local network in Rancabango Village to provide training to local residents. In 2016, the Karyamekar community established a disaster organization involving around 200 people, including community administrators, Family Walfare Development \\u003cem\\u003e(Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, PKK)\\u003c/em\\u003e and young leaders. Information on disaster preparedness and response was disseminated through village forums (Buchari, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). In 2022, BPBD also provided emergency response training to staff and disaster-prone communities at the village and sub-district levels (Humaspemkab Garut, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeanwhile, in Majene District, the availability of information on disaster preparedness and response is still limited, which hinders the community's understanding of the steps that need to be taken when a disaster occurs. This affects the effectiveness of disaster response and recovery. As stated by the expert staff of BPBD Majene District:\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOur preparedness is still limited to disaster simulations that are not regularly scheduled. Sometimes simulations can be done every week, but there are times in a month when there are none at all. We need more frequent drills and improved logistical capacity, especially to deal with disasters that come very quickly.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis underscores the need for more regular drills and improved logistical capacity to deal with sudden-onset disasters. Currently, BPBD Majene also faces challenges in procuring adequate supplies to support emergency response. Disaster preparedness in Garut and Majene districts highlighted the importance of careful planning and community involvement in preparing for disasters. In Garut, BPBD is developing a better logistics system and conducting local trainings to deal with disasters such as floods and landslides. Majene, on the other hand, still faces shortcomings in the provision of information and procurement of supplies needed for quick and effective disaster response.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eDisaster Management: Swift Interventions in Garut and Majene Districts\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe response to disasters in each region is determined by different dynamics. In Garut, the emergency response showed effective coordination from a collaborative team that carried out a quick and organized evacuation, involved many parties, and increased community self-reliance. Meanwhile, inter-regional cooperation is an example of disaster response in Majene. Here is the explanation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEvacuation by joint teams during the emergency response phase is critical to the success of rescue operations. A Search and Rescue (SAR) team, consisting of military personnel, police, the National Search and Rescue Agency (\\u003cem\\u003eBasarnas\\u003c/em\\u003e), Local Disaster Prevention Board (\\u003cem\\u003eBadan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah, BPBD)\\u003c/em\\u003e, National Disaster Prevention Board (\\u003cem\\u003eBadan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, BNPB\\u003c/em\\u003e), volunteers, and Indonesian Red Cross \\u003cem\\u003e(Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI)\\u003c/em\\u003e, conducted evacuations and searches after a flash flood in Garut in 2021. The next day, the SAR team searched the Cimanuk River and surrounding houses. This evacuation succeeded in finding 23 dead victims and 13 people who were still missing. Although military personnel sent assistance to the evacuation site, the shortage of tents and aid forced local residents to set up tents independently.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn the 2023 earthquake, a joint team conducted evacuation and data collection in two affected sub-districts, Samarang and Pasirwangi. The team reported 495 damaged houses and 1,531 people affected. After the aftershock in September 2024 with a magnitude of 6.2, the joint team conducted patrols, collected damage data, and facilitated the evacuation of victims and debris clearance. Although many structures were damaged, there were no fatalities in this incident. In addition, the proper allocation of aid is also an important factor in disaster response. In the 2024 earthquake, Garut Need Refreshment Foundation channeled aid to Pada Waas Village, while BNPB, BPBD Garut, Acting Regent (\\u003cem\\u003ePJ Bupati\\u003c/em\\u003e), and Military Regional Command III/Siliwangi provided financial support of IDR 250\\u0026nbsp;million and logistical resources for Pasirwangi.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeanwhile, in the Majene earthquake that occurred on January 15 with a magnitude of 5.9, followed by an aftershock with a magnitude of 6.2, Basarnas personnel from various regions, including Makassar, Jakarta, Balikpapan, and Palu, were involved in the evacuation. The evacuation focused on several locations, especially at the collapsed Mitra Manakara Hospital, using heavy equipment. Initial evaluation from BPBD Majene recorded 20 houses destroyed, 8 fatalities in Malunda sub-district, and many injured treated at the West Sulawesi Resort Police \\u003cem\\u003e(Kepolisian Resor\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003ePOLRES)\\u003c/em\\u003e emergency hospital.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn response to the impact of the disaster, the collaborative team with the community set up evacuation tents in several locations, including Malunda sub-district office, with the help of community self-help. The West Sulawesi Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB) also provided generators for lighting in the tents, while BPBD distributed food aid, blankets, and medicines to evacuees in Malunda, Sendana, and the center of Majene, with the assistance of an Airfoce helicopter for areas that were difficult to reach by land. Additional support came from various parties, including Telkomsel which helped restore communication networks, the Cilacap Regency Government which distributed IDR 171\\u0026nbsp;million worth of aid, as well as Pertamina and other organizations. However, BPBD Majene faced major challenges in aid distribution. The Head of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Division of BPBD Majene stated:\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe evacuation after the 2021 earthquake went well, but we faced major problems in terms of heavy equipment to remove debris. We are also struggling to access some remote areas that were isolated after the earthquake.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAlthough the joint team in Garut was successful in evacuating and searching for victims, the shortage of tents and logistical resources became a major problem that hampered the process. In Majene, although the joint team managed to set up evacuation tents and distribute aid, the big challenge lies in the limitation of heavy equipment to clear the debris and the difficulty of access to remote areas.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePost-Disaster Recovery: Recovery Efforts in Garut and Majene Districts\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe recovery phase in both regions has shown improvements in various aspects. However, there is a striking difference between the two, where Garut prioritizes gotong royong and community-based recovery as it relies heavily on the solidarity and participation of local communities. On the other hand, Majene Regency is more focused on the massive repair of damaged vital infrastructure, involving big actors first.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEfforts to clean up debris after the 2016 flash floods were carried out through gotong royong by residents, with the help of volunteers and officials using various tools such as saws, hammers, axes, brooms, and excavators. After the 2024 earthquake, Garut Police together with a joint team cleared debris in Barusari and Padaawas villages, three days after the disaster. For heavy debris, heavy equipment such as excavators were deployed by the provincial and district governments. On September 30, the Garut Regional Government, based on data from the Housing and Settlement Area Agency (Disperkim) and the Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency (PUPR), conducted an assessment of damage to houses, public facilities, and social facilities affected by the earthquake.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe joint team consisting of Garut Police, BNPB, West Java Provincial BPBD, Garut BPBD, and Forkopimcam Pasirwangi conducted further assessment of damaged houses using the inventory method. In addition, community development efforts were carried out through psychosocial services for children and the general public, as well as independent business development programs to improve the economy. One example, in August 2024, the National Board of Zakat (BAZNAS) Garut launched the \\u0026ldquo;Garut Pedulit\\u0026rdquo; program with 622\\u0026nbsp;million funds to renovate 73 uninhabitable houses (Rutilahu) for beneficiaries.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn Majene Regency, the 2021 post-earthquake debris cleanup began after the emergency response status was lifted. The Ministry of Public Work and Communit Settlement (KemenPUPR) deployed heavy equipment in Mamuju and Majene, including 9 excavators, 1 backhoe loader, 1 dozer, 1 tronton, 5 dump trucks, and 1 crane to clean up damaged buildings. In addition, damage audits were conducted on public buildings and infrastructure, such as government offices, hospitals, markets, and irrigation, which will form the basis of rehabilitation and reconstruction programs to accelerate West Sulawesi's economic recovery. A shortage of heavy equipment, especially from Mamuju, hampered evacuation efforts in Majene. In addition, access constraints are also a challenge for logistics distribution. As the following opinion of The Faculty of Industrial Engineering (\\u003cem\\u003eFakultas Teknik Industri\\u003c/em\\u003e, FTI), Universitas Muslim Indonesia volunteers:\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOne of our obstacles in distributing aid during the earthquake was access because some places were isolated. Some even had to use helicopters\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEvacuation by joint teams was crucial in the disaster response efforts in Garut and Majene. In Garut, although the joint team was successful in evacuation and search, the shortage of evacuation tents and logistical resources became a major problem. In Majene, although the joint team was successful in setting up evacuation tents and distributing aid, challenges in reaching remote communities and a shortage of heavy equipment hampered the evacuation process. Both areas emphasized the importance of collaboration in disaster management, but logistical and accessibility challenges need to be overcome to improve the effectiveness of disaster response.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eGarut and Majene districts demonstrate substantial dedication to managing the many phases of disaster management, including mitigation, readiness, response, and recovery. Nonetheless, despite the implementation of several significant policies and initiatives, issues persist, indicating opportunities for enhancement in the effectiveness and efficiency of disaster management.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eTransitioning from Mitigation to Preparedness: Preliminary Disaster Management Strategies\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDisaster mitigation is one of the main strategies in building disaster resilience in Garut and Majene districts. In Garut, the existence of regulations and the government have developed disaster risk maps that can be accessed by the community, encouraged the development of settlements adaptive to disaster risk, and developed an early warning system. However, the implementation of some of these strategies still faces challenges, one of which is the development of an early warning system. Nasaruddin said that interactive disaster risk information systems aim to empower local communities but face challenges in technology adoption and the skills needed for effective use (Nasaruddin et al., 2016). This is because early warning systems should not only focus on technological advances, but should prioritize community understanding of hazards, risks and response protocols (Husna et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sunarto et al., 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeanwhile, Majene district also faces similar challenges despite having disaster mitigation regulations. The government has developed a Water Front City project to improve tsunami resilience and installed an early warning system at the BPBD Majene office. In cities such as Chile, similar principles have guided the integration of disaster risk reduction into urban planning practices, improving physical and community resilience (Herrmann-Lunecke \\u0026amp; Villagra, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Real et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR72\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, the effectiveness of this strategy in Majene is plagued by budget constraints, weak inter-sectoral coordination, and a lack of internal capacity to manage mitigation projects. In addition to these factors, the government must also consider factors such as technology, and infrastructure and accessibility (Koop \\u0026amp; van Leeuwen, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn addition, another thing that was discussed in both regions was disaster insurance schemes. Insurance plays a role in transferring risks that are uncertain or unmeasurable. However, if the loss is due to a certain disaster such as flooding due to climate change, it is difficult to insure the risk because there is no certainty that would allow insurance to play an effective role (Kousky, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). The studies of Galeotti et al. (2013) and Zhao, et.al (2020), found that catastrophe insurance is not a priority to realize because each set of processes must encapsulate the use of big data and AI by insurance companies and other entities, and with the level of uncertainty related to catastrophic risks, it is difficult to accurately price financial risk transfer products and set appropriate terms (Sheehan et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR78\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDespite these theoretical studies, both regions have not implemented disaster insurance because there are no clear regulations regarding financial protection for disaster victims, lack of interest from insurance providers and low levels of public trust in insurance schemes. In fact, the implementation of disaster insurance can be an important solution in accelerating the economic recovery of disaster-affected communities and reducing the burden on the government in post-disaster management (Islam et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that mitigation efforts in Garut and Majene have been running with different approaches, but still face similar challenges in terms of implementation, limited resources, and post-disaster financial protection.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRelated to disaster preparedness in Garut and Majene districts illustrate two different, but complementary approaches in dealing with natural disaster obstacles. As in Garut district, which provides logistics depots at strategic points. Logistics depots for natural disasters serve as important centers for managing relief supplies, coordination, and distribution during and after disasters (Ye et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR89\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, a major challenge faced is the distribution of supplies to isolated areas when a major disaster occurs. This highlights the importance of logistics infrastructure that can reach not only nearby areas but also more difficult-to-access regions. Koesuma, et.al (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e) introduced the Disaster Logistics System (dLOGIS) that facilitates real-time monitoring of logistics needs, inventory levels, and the condition of affected populations. Such a system is essential for making timely decisions on resource allocation and distribution (Koesuma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). Despite the advantages of logistics depots, challenges remain due to the capacity of Human Resources (HR) as was the case in Majene district. Preparedness that is limited to inconsistent disaster simulations reduces its effectiveness, so that the community and related officers are less prepared to face disasters that can come at any time.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eReaction to calamity\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe disaster responses in Garut and Majene show that although the two regions faced different challenges, both illustrate the importance of good coordination between the various parties involved in disaster response, as well as the need to understand local dynamics to improve the effectiveness of rescue and recovery. For example, in Garut, the disaster response showed effective coordination between a joint team consisting of various government agencies, Indonesian National Armed Forces \\u003cem\\u003e(Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI)\\u003c/em\\u003e, volunteers, and the community. The success of rapid and organized evacuation, despite limited resources, became an important key in rescuing victims after the flash flood that occurred in 2021.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn this disaster response, challenges were not only found in limited resources but also limited heavy equipment to clear debris as well as difficulties in reaching remote areas. The allocation of heavy equipment is often a significant challenge during disasters where different agencies compete for limited resources. According to Thomas et al. (2017), the fragmented nature of disaster response makes it difficult to achieve coordinated resource management, leading to inefficient utilization and potential evacuation delays (Ye et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR89\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). A study by McEntire, et.al (2018) emphasized that training personnel to handle heavy equipment is paramount. McEntire, et.al (2018) illustrated that preparedness training can significantly improve the efficiency of emergency response teams during evacuation scenarios and ensure that machine operators master emergency evacuation protocols (Masudin et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eRestoration following catastrophe\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePost-disaster recovery in Garut and Majene showcased joint efforts involving debris clearance and heavy equipment deployment by authorities. In Garut, community cooperation and heavy equipment facilitated cleanup after the 2016 flash floods and 2024 earthquake. The Garut National Board of Zakat (\\u003cem\\u003eBadan Amil Zakat Nasional\\u003c/em\\u003e, BAZNAS) initiative supported economic recovery through renovation of uninhabitable houses and empowerment of independent businesses. This Garut BAZNAS initiative facilitates economic recovery through renovation of uninhabitable houses and empowerment of independent businesses. We also provide psychosocial assistance to support the psychological recovery of the community. Zain et al. (2023) emphasized the importance of inter-agency communication and coordination to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian logistical support, which is crucial in recovery (Mohammed Zain et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfter the 2021 earthquake in Majene, debris clearance was carried out using heavy equipment, including damage assessment to document the affected infrastructure as a basis for recovery and reconstruction. Koks et al. (2020) emphasized that understanding the economic impact of infrastructure degradation facilitates more efficient resource allocation (Snowden et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR82\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). We can use advanced methods, such as coordinated wave transformation (Amezquita-Sanchez \\u0026amp; Adeli, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e) to identify damage to multi-storey structures; however, there are still barriers to damage assessment, mainly related to limited resources and availability of skilled labor (Nepal et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Economic recovery in Majene involves empowering fisherwomen and developing MSMEs that effectively export local products, such as coconut fiber. In addition, Majene also implemented trauma recovery programs for children and communities affected by the earthquake.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe vurnability of Majene and Garut Districts to natural catastrophes is a critical element exacerbating the difficulties in disaster management. Moreover, socioeconomic situations further intensify the challenges. Both regions have executed mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery measures; yet, obstacles persist in their execution. Significant challenges encompass an absence of disaster insurance, restricted administrative capability, and resource limitations that obstruct efficient policy execution. Logistical constraints, deficiencies in heavy machinery, and challenges in accessing remote areas impede evacuation and aid distribution efforts; yet, the significance of collaborative teams in disaster response persists.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePost-disaster recovery initiatives underscored the necessity for robust collaboration among government agencies, communities, and pertinent organizations. The primary objectives of these initiatives are debris removal, infrastructure restoration, and the economic and emotional empowerment of impacted communities. This study emphasizes the advantages of augmenting inter-agency collaboration, bolstering community readiness, and broadening access to catastrophe insurance. Although disaster insurance, offered by commercial entities, governmental bodies, or international organizations, can enhance community resilience, its execution necessitates meticulous evaluation of the local context and practicality.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLimitations of Research\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResearchers acknowledge that, particularly in the data collecting phase, this study still has certain constraints. One of the key challenges was gathering historical disaster-related data for both areas. Generally, data on past disasters is no longer accessible unless it is obtained from national archives or from interviews with certain people who might possess the knowledge. The data discovered was therefore somewhat limited, thus scholars solely depended on literature from websites that were not always reliable. Furthermore, there were limitations in the field where certain needed papers were missing. This decreased the range of evidence that may support the conclusions of this study and constrained the thorough investigation of past catastrophes.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor's Contribution\\u003c/strong\\u003e: \\\"Conceptualization, U.S., I.W, and N.A.D ; methodology, U.S., I.W.; software, U.S. ; validation, U.S., and IW; formal analysis, U.S., I.W, and N.A.D resource, U,S. .; data curation, N.A.D. and I.W.; writing preparation of the original draft, U.S.; writing reviews and editing, U.S. , IW., and \\u0026nbsp;N.A.D.; visualization, U.S.; supervision, N.A.D. and I.W., ; project administration, I.W.; acquisition of funding, U.S. and I.W. All authors have read and approved the published version of the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding:\\u003c/strong\\u003e This study received no external funding according to the Review Board statement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInstitusional:\\u003c/strong\\u003e the\\u0026nbsp;Local Government Disaster Prevention Body\\u0026nbsp;(BPBD) of Majene Regency\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData Availability:\\u003c/strong\\u003e The results of this study are shown in the figure attached to the article. The data set used to support the findings of this study is available from the appropriate authors upon request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eC\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eonflict of interest:\\u003c/strong\\u003e The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements:\\u003c/strong\\u003e This research is part of the Academic Research Grant led by Prof Ida Widianingsih of \\u0026nbsp;the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval statement:\\u003c/strong\\u003e This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Local Government Disaster Prevention \\u0026nbsp;Body (BPBD) of Majene Regency. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set by the ethics committee.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInformed Consent:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\\u0026nbsp;Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAbdillah, A., Buchari, R. A., Widianingsih, I., \\u0026amp; Nurasa, H. (2023). Climate change governance for urban resilience for Indonesia: A systematic literature review. \\u003cem\\u003eCogent Social Sciences\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e9\\u003c/em\\u003e(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2235170\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAbdillah, A., Widianingsih, I., Buchari, R. A., \\u0026amp; Nurasa, H. 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Use of Social Media in Disaster Management: Challenges and Strategies. \\u003cem\\u003eSustainability\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e16\\u003c/em\\u003e(11), 4824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114824\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSetiawan, E., \\u0026amp; Mahendra, T. M. (2024). Formulating Disaster Mitigation Strategies for Surakarta City, Indonesia by Using Risk Matrix and House of Risk Phase 2. \\u003cem\\u003eE3S Web of Conferences\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e517\\u003c/em\\u003e, 03002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451703002\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eShabira, U. A., \\u0026amp; Giyarsih, S. R. (2021). The Adaptation Strategy of Flash Flood Victims in Urban Areas, Garut Kota Sub-District. \\u003cem\\u003eForum Geografi\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e35\\u003c/em\\u003e(1), 49\\u0026ndash;56. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v35i1.13356\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSheehan, B., Mullins, M., Shannon, D., \\u0026amp; McCullagh, O. (2023). On the benefits of insurance and disaster risk management integration for improved climate-related natural catastrophe resilience. \\u003cem\\u003eEnvironment Systems and Decisions\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e43\\u003c/em\\u003e(4), 639\\u0026ndash;648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-023-09929-8\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eShi, A., Lei, J., Tian, L., Lyu, C., Mao, P., \\u0026amp; Xu, W. (2024). Benchmarking Physical Model Experiments with Numerical Simulations for the Wangjiashan Landslide-Induced Surge Waves in the Baihetan Reservoir Area. \\u003cem\\u003eWater (Switzerland)\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e16\\u003c/em\\u003e(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131930\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eShi, Y., Zhai, G., Xu, L., Zhu, Q., \\u0026amp; Deng, J. (2019). Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disasters: A Multi-Level Location-Allocation Modeling Approach. \\u003cem\\u003eSustainability (Switzerland)\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e11\\u003c/em\\u003e(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164285\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSina, D., Chang-Richards, A. Y., Wilkinson, S., \\u0026amp; Potangaroa, R. (2019). A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Livelihood Resilience: Relocation Experience from Aceh, Indonesia. \\u003cem\\u003eWorld Development\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e117\\u003c/em\\u003e, 253\\u0026ndash;265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.003\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSnowden, J. A., Saccardi, R., Orchard, K., Ljungman, P., Duarte, R. F., Labopin, M., McGrath, E., Brook, N., de Elvira, C. R., Gordon, D., Poirel, H. A., Ayuk, F., Beguin, Y., Bonifazi, F., Gratwohl, A., Milpied, N., Moore, J., Passweg, J., Rizzo, J. D., \\u0026hellip; Putter, H. (2020). 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News Detik Com. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5335381/fakta-terkini-dampak-gempa-majene-35-orang-tewas-15-ribu-ngungsi\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eTorpus, K., Usta, G., \\u0026Ccedil;inar \\u0026Ouml;zbay, S., \\u0026amp; Kanbay, Y. (2024). The Effect of Disaster Preparedness Literacy on Individual Disaster Resilience. \\u003cem\\u003eDisaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e18\\u003c/em\\u003e, e247. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.148\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWalz, Y., Janzen, S., Narvaez, L., Ortiz-Vargas, A., Woelki, J., Doswald, N., \\u0026amp; Sebesvari, Z. (2021). Disaster-Related Losses of Ecosystems and Their Services. Why and How do Losses Matter for Disaster Risk Reduction? \\u003cem\\u003eInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e63\\u003c/em\\u003e, 102425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102425\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYe, Y., Jiao, W., \\u0026amp; Yan, H. (2020). Managing Relief Inventories Responding to Natural Disasters: Gaps Between Practice and Literature. \\u003cem\\u003eProduction and Operations Management\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e29\\u003c/em\\u003e(4), 807\\u0026ndash;832. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13136\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYuan, W., \\u0026amp; Zeng, Y. (2017). Study of Methods to Improve the Counselors\\u0026rsquo; Scientific Research. \\u003cem\\u003eCreative Education\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e08\\u003c/em\\u003e(03), 305\\u0026ndash;311. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2017.83024\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-sustainability\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"disu\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Discover Sustainability\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Disaster Mitigation, Disaster Preparedness, Local Government Response, Benchmarking Analysis, Governance\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5670963/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5670963/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAs natural hazards related occur more frequently, disaster management in Indonesia is becoming a more pressing issue. This study compares the disaster management and mitigation methods used in Majene Regency and Garut Regency. Interviews, document analysis, and the exploration of certain crucial facts are all part of the qualitative methodology. Additionally, we used NVivo 12 Plus to visualize the theme analysis. According to the findings, Majene and Garut have put disaster management plans into action, which include community initiatives and municipal laws. However, the absence of comprehensive catastrophe insurance, including both private sector policies and public sector coverage, along with the lack of administrative competence and resources, are the biggest obstacles to effective mitigation. Logistical and access issues in outlying places significantly slowed down the evacuation and relief distribution process during the reaction phase. With an emphasis on debris removal, rehabilitation, and economic and psychological empowerment, post-disaster recovery in both regions also demonstrated the value of cooperation between government agencies, NGOs, private sector, and communities. This research advances disaster management literature by promoting community preparedness, enhancing inter-agency collaboration, and implementing disaster insurance to increase future disaster management efficacy. These findings align with disaster management theories and practices that underscore the need for inter-sectoral collaboration in enhancing community resilience to catastrophes.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eClinical trial number: not applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Comparison of Disaster Management Practices in Indonesia: A Study of Resilience in Garut and Majene Districts\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-04-17 06:37:10\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5670963/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2025-05-27T07:03:22+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-05-18T09:17:15+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-04-17T18:24:46+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"205378613060673151644500001654458063579\",\"date\":\"2025-04-17T11:38:02+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"299430359850267447288035394322705378505\",\"date\":\"2025-04-16T18:39:49+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-04-16T10:25:09+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-04-15T04:03:06+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Discover Sustainability\",\"date\":\"2025-03-29T03:34:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-sustainability\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"disu\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Discover Sustainability\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"a9fe7f2e-3411-4f07-b54d-adf6158f42d3\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"April 17th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-08-04T16:40:32+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-5670963\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01526-w\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"discover-sustainability\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Discover Sustainability\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2025-07-28 16:21:01\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"July 28th, 2025\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-04-17 06:37:10\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s43621-025-01526-w\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01526-w\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-5670963\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-5670963\",\"identity\":\"rs-5670963\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}