{"paper_id":"4967f35d-d72e-4554-8ae3-1cc9d3b49232","body_text":"Bi-Level Optimal Scheduling for Distribution Network with Electric Vehicles Considering Demand Response and Energy Storage Regulation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bi-Level Optimal Scheduling for Distribution Network with Electric Vehicles Considering Demand Response and Energy Storage Regulation Yanguo Huang, Weifeng Liu, Zhenyu Zhong, Chao Liu, Zijie Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7751921/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The large-scale uncoordinated integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into distribution networks exacerbates the load peak-valley difference and impairs voltage stability, posing significant challenges to the safe and economical operation of distribution networks. This paper proposes a bi-level optimal scheduling method incorporating demand response (DR) and energy storage regulation. A spatiotemporal EV load model is constructed using Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) simulation. By integrating a time-of-use (TOU) price-based DR model and an energy storage regulation strategy, a bi-level optimization model is established: the upper level minimizes the total operating cost of the distribution network operator (DNO) by optimizing electricity pricing and energy storage system (ESS) charge-discharge strategies; the lower level minimizes EV users' charging costs by optimizing their charging behaviors. The Dream Optimization Algorithm (DOA), utilizing a \"memory, forgetting-supplementation, and dream sharing\" strategy, solves this high-dimensional, constrained problem. Comparisons show the method reduces DNO total operating cost by 3.84% (vs. TOU-only pricing) and user charging costs by 4.1% (vs. no optimization), while enhancing renewable energy accommodation, demonstrating its feasibility. Demand Response Energy Storage Regulation Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation Bi-level Optimization Dream Optimization Algorithm Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7751921\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":525428317,\"identity\":\"73e26fe2-f499-48d0-a48c-aa9fed96ee5a\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Yanguo 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