{"paper_id":"4643bb5f-fac5-4f1d-ad77-637bc7b138b2","body_text":"Incidence Rates, Infection Sites, and Pathogen Distribution of Nosocomial infections Among Hospitalised Patients of Different Age Groups | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Incidence Rates, Infection Sites, and Pathogen Distribution of Nosocomial infections Among Hospitalised Patients of Different Age Groups Hongmin Chen, Mingchun Shi, Jiangjiang Xu, Xiaoyu Chai, Rui Li, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6927343/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Comparative studies on nosocomial infections across hospital units and age groups is limited, hindering precise prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to investigate differences in the incidence rates, infection sites, and pathogen distribution of nosocomial infections among hospitalised patients of different age groups, providing a scientific basis for precise prevention and control. Methods Hospitalised patients diagnosed with nosocomial infections at two tertiary hospitals between 2017 and 2023 were included and categorized into four age groups: neonatal (≤ 28 days), paediatric (29 days–14 years), adult (15–60 years), and older adult (> 60 years). A retrospective study was conducted to examine differences among the four groups in terms of incidence rates, infection sites, and pathogen detection of nosocomial infections. Findings: A total of 3,354 nosocomial infections cases were confirmed, with an incidence rate highest in neonates (1.1%) and lowest in adults (0.3%). The main infection sites involved lower respiratory tract infections, bloodstream infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) for the neonatal, adult, and older adults groups, and lower respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and upper respiratory tract infections for the paediatric group. Catheter-related bloodstream infections(CRBSI) were most prevalent in the neonatal group, whereas VAP and catheter-associated urinary tract infections(CAUTI) were most common in the adult group. The predominant pathogens by group were as follows: neonatal, Klebsiella pneumoniae (32.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (11.9%), Escherichia coli (11.9%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.5%); paediatric, rotavirus (53.3%); adult, Escherichia coli (16.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.4%), coagulase negative staphylococcus (14.0%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (10.6%); and older adult, Escherichia coli (17.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (11.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.4%). Conclusion Significant differences in nosocomial infections characteristics exist across age groups. Healthcare institutions should implement stratified and precise prevention and control strategies based on specific population needs. Nosocomial infection Age stratification Catheter-related infection Enterobacter cloacae Acinetobacter baumannii Pseudomonas aeruginosa Introduction Nosocomial infection is a significant public health issue that threatens medical safety. It not only prolongs hospital stays and increases healthcare costs but can also leads to patient mortality[ 1 – 4 ]. Neonates, owing to their underdeveloped immune systems and weak skin and mucosal barriers, along with older adults who commonly experience comorbidities and age-related immune decline, are considered high-risk groups for nosocomial infections[ 5 – 8 ]. Moreover, with the widespread application of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in modern medical technology, device-related infections such as catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) have become focal points and sources of challenges in the prevention and control of nosocomial infections[ 9 , 10 ]. However, systematic comparative studies on the characteristics of nosocomial infections, including the incidence rates, infection site distribution, and pathogen spectrum, among hospitalised patients of different age groups are lacking. This research gap directly hinders the development of precise prevention and control strategies tailored to specific populations in clinical practice and significantly restricts the improvement of nosocomial infection management efficiency. Therefore, we retrospectively analysed the clinical data of hospitalised patients diagnosed with nosocomial infections between 2017 and 2023, focusing on three areas: differences in the incidence rates of nosocomial infections among age groups; epidemiological characteristics of infection site distribution across age groups; and age distribution patterns of major pathogens. The study results are expected to provide an evidence-based foundation for establishing a system based on population characteristics, designed for precise prevention and control of nosocomial infections, with the aim of optimizing infection management practices in healthcare institutions. Methods Study Design This retrospective study was conducted at Bozhou People's Hospital and Bozhou Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Children's Hospital in Anhui Province between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2023.The patients diagnosed with nosocomial infections were divided into four age groups: neonatal (≤ 28 days), paediatric (29 days–14 years), adult (15–60 years), and older adult (> 60 years). In addition, the total number of discharged patients in each age group during the same period was extracted from the medical record system and used for calculating the incidence of hospital infections. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine differences among the four groups in terms of incidence rates, onset time, and infection sites of nosocomial infections, along with pathogen submission and detection. Nosocomial Infection Criteria Nosocomial infections were determined based on a comprehensive assessment of epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and laboratory test results. The following three principals were adhered to: 1) Infections with no definite incubation period occur 48 hours after hospital admission; 2) Superficial surgical site infections occur within 30 days post-operation or deep organ (cavity) surgical site infections occur within 90 days post-operation; 3) Catheter-related infections are defined as primary infections that occur during catheterization or within 48 hours after catheter removal, and that are unrelated to infections at other sites. Specimen Sources and Pathogen Detection Methods The clinical specimen types used in this study included respiratory secretions (sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), body fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, ascitic fluid, and drainage fluid), excretions (faeces), microbial swabs (nasopharyngeal swabs and anal swabs), and implant-related specimens (catheter tips). The pathogen detection techniques employed included traditional microbial culture techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and pathogen-specific antigen-antibody immunological assays. Statistical Methods Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Owing to non-normal distribution, continuous data were expressed as medians with interquartile ranges, and groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Categorical data were expressed as counts and percentages, and groups were compared using the χ² test. A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Basic Characteristics of Patients A total of 3,354 patients with nosocomial infections cases were confirmed, among which males accounted for 60.9%. Patient distribution across age groups was as follows: the neonatal group 5.1%, the paediatric group 13.4%, the adult group 30.3%, and the older adult group 51.2%. The seasonal distribution and diagnosis of patients in this cohort were listed in Table 1 . (Table 1 ) Table 1 Population Characteristics of Nosocomial Infection Cases Characteristic Group Nosocomial Infection Cases (n) Percentage (%) Sex Male 2044 60.9 Female 1310 39.1 Age ≤ 28 days 171 5.1 29 days–14 years 449 13.4 15–60 years 1015 30.3 > 60 years 1719 51.2 Season Spring 847 25.2 Summer 789 23.5 Autumn 805 24.0 Winter 914 27.2 Diagnosis Cerebral Infarction 529 15.8 Cerebral Haemorrhage 468 13.9 Craniocerebral Diseases 4 0.1 Cardiovascular Diseases 258 7.7 Infectious Diseases 390 11.6 Tumours 361 10.8 Accidental Injuries or Poisoning 300 8.9 Neonatal Diseases 167 5.0 Other 137 4.1 Leukaemia 124 3.7 Digestive System Diseases 106 3.2 Haematological Diseases 96 2.9 Respiratory System Diseases 81 2.4 Genetic Metabolic Diseases 77 2.3 Urinary System Diseases 77 2.3 Surgery Department 68 2.0 Obstetrics Department 47 1.4 Neuromuscular Diseases 29 0.9 Immune System Diseases 24 0.7 Congenital Diseases 11 0.3 Incidence Rates and Infection Site Distribution of Nosocomial Infections The incidence rate of nosocomial infections was highest in the neonatal group at 1.1% (171/16,060), followed by the older adult group at 0.7% (1,719/239,370), and the paediatric group at 0.6% (449/75,089). The lowest rate was observed in the adult group at only 0.3% (1,015/303,830). Significant differences were observed among all age groups (χ² = 471.398, p < 0.001). The neonatal group had the longest median time from hospital admission to nosocomial infection onset at 16 days (7, 25), followed by the adult group 9 days (5, 15), the older adult group 8 days (5, 13), and the paediatric group 6 days (4, 8). These differences were statistically significant (χ² = 193.179, p < 0.001). The 3,354 patients with nosocomial infections experienced a total of 3,488 infection episodes. The top three infection sites for both the neonatal and adult groups involved lower respiratory tract infections, bloodstream infections, and VAP. CRBSI was significantly more common in the neonatal group than in the other groups (χ² = 15.454, p < 0.001). In the paediatric group, over 60% had respiratory infections, and approximately 30% (29.6%) had gastrointestinal infections, significantly higher than those in other groups (χ² = 594.692, p < 0.001). The adult group had the highest prevalence of VAP and CAUTI among all groups, and the second highest prevalence of CRBSI, following the neonatal group. In the older adult group, the most common infection sites involved lower respiratory tract infections (57.6%), followed by bloodstream infections (9.3%) and urinary tract infections (6.8%). (Table 2 ) Table 2 Infection Site Distribution Across Nosocomial Infection Cases in Different Age Groups [n(%)] Infection Sites Total Episodes (n = 3488) ≤ 28 days (n = 178) 29 days–14 years (n = 452) 15–60 years (n = 1084) > 60 years (n = 1774) χ 2 value p -value Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 1666(47.8) 112(62.9) 227(50.2) 305(28.1) 1022(57.6) 253.789 < 0.001 Bloodstream Infections 399(11.4) 33(18.5) 5(1.1) 196(18.1) 165(9.3) 111.706 < 0.001 Ventilator-associated Pneumonia 226(6.5) 10(5.6) 4(0.9) 114(10.5) 98(5.5) 55.393 < 0.001 Urinary Tract Infections 195(5.6) 3(1.7) 4(0.9) 68(6.3) 120(6.8) 29.693 < 0.001 Gastrointestinal Infections 190(5.4) 9(5.1) 134(29.6) 22(2.0) 25(1.4) 594.692 < 0.001 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 160(4.6) 0 57(12.6) 47(4.3) 56(3.2) 70.856 < 0.001 Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections 138(4.0) 0 1(0.2) 66(6.1) 71(4.0) 27.752 < 0.001 Central Nervous System 131(3.8) 3(1.7) 2(0.4) 67(6.2) 59(3.3) 34.381 < 0.001 Surgical Site Infections 118(3.4) 0 2(0.4) 58(5.4) 58(3.3) 23.323 < 0.00 Skin and Soft Tissue 99(2.8) 1(0.6) 5(1.1) 51(4.7) 42(2.4) 23.382 < 0.001 Abdominal (Pelvic) Cavity 72(2.1) 0 2(0.4) 45(4.2) 25(1.4) 31.161 < 0.001 Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections 39(1.1) 5(2.8) 1(0.2) 20(1.8) 13(0.7) 15.454 < 0.001 Oral Cavity Infections 28(0.8) 1(0.6) 7(1.5) 9(0.8) 11(0.6) 4.042 0.251 Others 15(0.4) 1(0.6) 1(0.2) 5(0.5) 8(0.5) 0.575 0.952 Reproductive System Infections 12(0.3) 0 0 11(1.0) 1(0.1) 12.578 < 0.001 Specimen Submission and Pathogen Distribution The pathogen submission rate for nosocomial infections episodes was 77.2% (2,691/3,488), and the positive rate of the specimens was 65.6% (1,771/2,701). The neonatal group had a specimen submission rate of 93.3% (166/178) and a positive rate of 53.6% (90/168); the paediatric group had a specimen submission rate of 41.6% (188/452) and a positive rate of 68.6% (129/188); the adult group had a specimen submission rate of 85.0% (921/1,084) and a positive rate of 70.5% (651/923); and the older adult group had a specimen submission rate of 79.8% (1,416/1,774) and a positive rate of 63.4% (901/1,422). Significant differences existed among the four groups in both pathogen submission rates and positive rates (χ² = 393.078 and 24.620, respectively, all p < 0.001). Among the 1,771 positive specimens, a total of 1,938 pathogens were detected. In both the neonatal and older adult groups, Gram-negative bacteria (G − bacteria) were overwhelmingly dominant and accounted for 90.1% and 74.1%, respectively. In the paediatric group, approximately 60% of pathogens were viruses. In the adult group, G − bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria (G + bacteria) accounted for 68.6% and 26.3%, respectively. The top five pathogens detected in the neonatal group were Klebsiella pneumoniae (32.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (11.9%), Escherichia coli (11.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.9%), and other Klebsiella species (6.9%). In the paediatric group, the top five pathogens were rotavirus (53.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.9%), Escherichia coli (5.1%), and influenza virus (5.1%). In the adult group, the top five pathogens were Escherichia coli (16.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.4%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (14.0%), Acinetobacter baumannii (10.6%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%). In the older adult group, the top five pathogens were Escherichia coli (17.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (11.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.2%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (8.6%). (Table 3 ) Table 3 Pathogen Distribution Across Nosocomial Infection Cases in Different Age Groups [n(%)] Pathogen Detection Overview Total Episodes (n = 1938) ≤ 28 days (n = 101) 29 days–14 years (n = 136) 15–60 years (n = 708) > 60 years (n = 993) χ 2 value p -value Gram-Positive Bacteria 395(20.4) 8(7.9) 19(14.0) 184(26.0) 184(18.5) 28.924 < 0.001 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 189(9.8) 1(1.0) 4(2.9) 99(14.0) 85(8.6) 31.982 < 0.001 Staphylococcus aureus 136(7.0) 3(3.0) 12(8.8) 55(7.8) 66(6.6) 4.036 0.258 Enterococcus faecium 19(1.0) 2(2.0) 0 6(0.8) 11(1.1) 1.147 0.563 Streptococcus pneumoniae 19(1.0) 0 2(1.5) 7(1.0) 10(1.0) 0.274 0.872 Enterococcus faecalis 17(0.9) 2(2.0) 1(0.7) 9(1.3) 5(0.5) 4.799 0.146 Other Gram-Positive Cocci 7(0.4) 0 0 5(0.7) 2(0.2) / / Other Streptococci 4(0.2) 0 0 1(0.1) 3(0.3) / / Viridans Streptococci 2(0.1) 0 0 1(0.1) 1(0.1) / / Other Enterococcus Species 2(0.1) 0 0 1(0.1) 1(0.1) / / Gram-Negative Bacteria 1347(69.5) 91(90.1) 32(23.5) 488(68.9) 736(74.4) 165.921 < 0.001 Klebsiella pneumoniae 316(16.3) 33(32.7) 8(5.9) 109(15.4) 166(16.7) 31.207 < 0.001 Escherichia coli 308(15.9) 12(11.9) 7(5.1) 114(16.1) 175(17.6) 15.212 0.002 Acinetobacter baumannii 193(10.0) 5(5.0) 2(1.5) 75(10.6) 111(11.2) 15.717 0.001 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 165(8.5) 11(10.9) 3(2.2) 48(6.8) 103(10.4) 14.819 0.002 Enterobacter cloacae 64(3.3) 12(11.9) 0 24(3.4) 28(2.8) 22.064 < 0.001 Other Klebsiella Species 63(3.3) 8(7.9) 3(2.2) 24(3.4) 28(2.8) 6.688 0.074 Proteus mirabilis 55(2.8) 0 1(0.7) 22(3.1) 32(3.2) 2.599 0.273 Other Gram-Negative Bacilli 42(2.2) 5(5.0) 1(0.7) 17(2.4) 19(1.9) 4.890 0.512 Haemophilus influenzae 32(1.7) 0 5(3.7) 8(1.1) 19(1.9) 4.693 0.096 Serratia marcescens 24(1.2) 0 0 10(1.4) 14(1.4) 0.000 0.996 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 22(1.1) 2(2.0) 0 8(1.1) 12(1.2) 0.533 0.766 Burkholderia cepacia 16(0.8) 0 0 10(1.4) 6(0.6) 2.897 0.089 Other Acinetobacter Species 11(0.6) 2(2.0) 0 3(0.4) 6(0.6) 3.356 0.165 Aeromonas Species 9(0.5) 0 0 3(0.4) 6(0.6) 0.028 0.868 Other Enterobacteriaceae 9(0.5) 0 0 5(0.7) 4(0.4) 0.261 0.609 Moraxella catarrhalis (G − Cocci) 6(0.3) 1(1.0) 1(0.7) 0 4(0.4) 1.967 0.327 Other Pseudomonas Species 5(0.3) 0 0 5(0.7) 0 / / Other Gram-Positive Bacilli 4(0.2) 0 0 2(0.3) 2(0.2) / / Other Proteus Species 2(0.1) 0 0 1(0.1) 1(0.1) / / Shigella Species 1(0.1) 0 1(0.7) 0 0 / / Fungi 92(4.7) 2(2.0) 4(2.9) 27(3.8) 59(5.9) 7.189 0.066 Candida albicans 47(2.4) 2(2.0) 4(2.9) 11(1.6) 30(3.0) 4.125 0.239 Candida tropicalis 19(1.0) 0 0 6(0.8) 13(1.3) 0.798 0.372 Aspergillus Species 12(0.6) 0 0 4(0.6) 8(0.8) 0.085 0.771 Candida glabrata 4(0.2) 0 0 1(0.1) 3(0.3) / / Candida parapsilosis 4(0.2) 0 0 3(0.4) 1(0.1) / / Other Candida Species 4(0.2) 0 0 2(0.3) 2(0.2) / / Candida krusei 2(0.1) 0 0 0 2(0.2) / / Viruses 104(5.4) 0 81(59.6) 9(1.3) 14(1.4) 798.866 < 0.001 Rotavirus 74(3.8) 0 73(53.3) 1(0.1) 0 408.764 < 0.001 Influenza Virus 28(1.4) 0 7(5.1) 8(1.1) 13(1.3) 12.931 0.002 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 2(0.1) 0 1(0.7) 0 1(0.1) / / Discussion This study showed that the incidence rate of nosocomial infections in neonates was 1.1%, the highest among all age groups, and significantly exceeded the 0.69% reported in a global systematic review[ 11 ]. The prevalence of CRBSI was higher in neonates than in other age groups. This phenomenon is related to two key factors. First, immature organ development in neonates leads to a high dependence on invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Second, neonates are a special group in which clinical practices often include the use of femoral vein catheterization (a significant risk factor for CRBSI [ 10 ]) and the prohibition of chlorhexidine dressings (which can cause contact dermatitis[ 12 ]). In recent years, research on neonatal CRBSI has been a focal point in the field of infection prevention and control. Consistently establishing sterile barriers [ 10 , 13 ], providing neonatal oral care [ 14 ], and performing routine instrument disinfection twice daily [ 15 ] have all proven effective in reducing neonatal CRBSI. As the second most common pathogen detected in neonates, although the carbapenem resistance rate of Enterobacter cloacae was relatively low [ 16 , 17 ], the resulting bloodstream infections have a worse prognosis compared with those caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae [ 18 ]. Additionally, outbreaks of Enterobacter cloacae infections in neonatal intensive care units have been reported both domestically and internationally [ 19 , 20 ]. This indicates a need for heightened vigilance regarding the threat this strain poses to neonates. The main characteristics of paediatric infections in this study include: (1) rapid onset after hospital admission, with these infections primarily involving acute respiratory infections and gastrointestinal infections, and (2) high percentage of viral infections (approximately 60%), with rotavirus being the most prominent among these viral infections. Rotavirus is highly contagious; it can be transmitted through multiple routes and even lead to secondary bacteraemia [ 21 ]. Although vaccination can significantly reduce infection[ 22 , 23 ] and hospitalization [ 24 , 25 ] rates, rotavirus remains a major pathogen causing diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age [ 23 ], possibly due to low vaccination coverage [ 26 , 27 ]. Therefore, during the peak season of rotavirus infections, in addition to implementing strict contact isolation measures, emphasizing hand hygiene, and environmental disinfection in paediatric wards, vaccination promotion for children under 5 years old should be emphasized. Notably, the paediatric group had the lowest specimen submission rate for etiological diagnosis (41.6%). The possible reasons include: firstly, viral infections are predominant in children, so clinicians often prefer empirical treatment; secondly, it is common for paediatric patients and their parents often refuse to get tested. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen paediatricians’ awareness of specimen submission for etiological diagnosis and enhance parents' understanding and cooperation in pathogen testing through clarifying the importance of early pathogen identification for precise treatment and infection prevention and control. Compared with other age groups, the adult group had the lowest incidence rate of nosocomial infections at only 0.3%. However, catheter-related infections were prominent in this group: VAP and CAUTI were the most common, and CRBSI ranked second only to that in the neonatal group. The adult group had complex variety of pathogens, with common NI-associated G − bacteria, as well as coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus , two major pathogens of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections [ 28 ], ranked among the top five. This further highlights the significant role of catheter-related infections in the adult group. Nonetheless, most device-related infections can be prevented through optimized catheter management [ 6 ]. Specifically, in addition to the strict implementation of hand hygiene, adherence to aseptic techniques, and enhanced catheter assessment with early removal of unnecessary catheters, it is advisable to actively introduce new evidence-based medical technologies, such as ultrasound-guided catheter placement to replace traditional anatomical landmark techniques [ 29 ], and selective use of antimicrobial dressings [ 12 ], to reduce the incidence of VAP, CAUTI, and CRBSI. In this study, the incidence rate of nosocomial infections in the older adult group was 0.7%, and this rate was second only to that of neonates. The top four pathogens were common bacteria that pose a significant burden due to their antibiotic resistance in hospital settings: Escherichia coli , Acinetobacter baumannii , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . It is noteworthy that Acinetobacter baumannii ranked sixth among pathogens in the adult group but rose to second place in the older adult group. According to 2023 China antimicrobial resistance surveillance data[ 30 ], its carbapenem resistance rate (55.5%) is much higher than that of Escherichia coli (1.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.8%). Among hospitalised patients aged 65 years and older, Acinetobacter baumannii shows the most significant resistance changes [ 31 ], suggesting that multidrug-resistant strains should be a focus for prevention and control of nosocomial infections in these hospitalised patients. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranked fourth in the pathogen spectrum of nosocomial infections in both the older adult and the neonatal groups. As a common opportunistic environmental pathogen, it has a relatively high detection rate in the water systems of healthcare institutions (a 22% positive rate in water samples and a 28% positive rate in biofilms) [ 32 ]. Research indicates that while routine water safety measures can reduce the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae , they have limited effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ 33 ], which may be related to its strong biofilm-forming ability and environmental adaptability [ 34 ]. Importantly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits significant resistance to low concentrations of chlorine-containing disinfectants (0.5 ppm) [ 32 ]. Therefore, infection prevention and control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be prioritized in older adult and neonates. Specific measures include avoiding routine bathing for neonates[ 35 ], increasing the concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectants and extending the contact time of these disinfectants [ 32 ], and establishing environmental screening mechanisms [ 36 ]. A key advantage of this study is the use of a large sample of nosocomial infections cases, stratified by age, to discuss the incidence of nosocomial infections among different age groups and provide detailed pathogen analysis. The methodology, particularly the age stratification and detailed pathogen analysis, is relatively rare in previous research. However, the study has a certain limitation. Specifically, its single-centre design may restrict the extrapolation of results. This limitation underscores the need for future multi-centre collaborative research across hospitals in different regions. Conclusion Significant differences exist in the incidence rates, infection sites, and pathogen distribution of nosocomial infections among hospitalised patients of different age groups. Neonatal and older adult patients are key focus groups for infection prevention and control. Medical institutions should implement stratified and precise infection prevention and control strategies based on population characteristics. In neonatal wards, there should be a focus on preventing outbreaks of Enterobacter cloacae infections. For paediatric patients, seasonal prevention and control of viral diarrhoea should be strengthened. Interventions should be intensified during epidemic periods. Adult patients require continuous optimization of catheter-related infection management. For older adult patients, attention should be given to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant G − bacteria. Abbreviations VAP Ventilator-associated pneumonia CRBSI Catheter-related bloodstream infections CAUTI Catheter-associated urinary tract infections G − bacteria Gram-negative bacteria G + bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bozhou People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University (Approval No: 2025-153). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All data were kept confidential without patient identifiers. The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Clinical Trial Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and material The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding None Author contributions CHM and SMC developed the methodology, analyzed and interpreted the patient data and wrote the original draft. XJJ conceived, designed the study, supervised the research, edited the manuscript, approved the final version, and take final responsibility for the manuscript. CXY and LR coordinated the study and performed data analysis. SSJ, ZQZ, LML, XL, SD and CLY conducted nosocomial infection monitoring and curated data.WYY implemented software tools and created visualizations. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable Conflict of interest statement None Funding statement None References Raycheva R, Rangelova V, Kevorkyan A. Cost analysis for patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in the neonatal intensive care unit. Healthc. 2022;10(6):980–90. Marty D, Sorum K, Smith K, Nicoski P, Sayyed BA, Amin S. Nosocomial Infections in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. NeoReviews. 2024;25(5):e254–264. 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Puig-Asensio M, Marra AR, Childs CA, Kukla ME, Perencevich EN, Schweizer ML, et al. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine dressings to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections. Does one size fit all? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(12):1388–95. Su LT, Huang HC, Liu YC, Chang HY, Ou-Yang MC, Chen CC, et al. The appropriate frequency of dressing for percutaneous central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related blood stream infection in NICU–A randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Neonatology. 2021;62(3):292–7. Ludovichetti FS, Zuccon A, Positello P, Zerman N, Gracco A, Stellini E, et al. Preventive oral hygiene and ventilator-associated pneumonia in paediatric intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr Dentistry. 2022;23(4):298–302. Oh Y, Oh KW, Lim G. Routine scrubbing reduced central line associated bloodstream infection in NICU. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(10):1179–83. Liu YY, Li YS, Yu L, Yang Y, Wu T, Yin J, et al. HuiNet report of 2023: The distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates in Anhui. Chin J Clin Infect Dis. 2024;17(2):113–25. Mauritz MD, Claus B, Forster J, Petzold M, Schneitler S, Halfmann A, et al. The EC-COMPASS: Long-term, multicentre surveillance of Enterobacter cloacae complex–a clinical perspective. J Hosp Infect. 2024;148:11–9. Guedes M, Gathara D, López-Hernández I, Pérez-Crespo PMM, Pérez-Rodríguez MT, Sousa A, et al. Differences in clinical outcomes of bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae: a multicentre cohort study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2024;23(1):42–52. Hua J, Wang WY, Wang J, Tang HF, Zhu HL, Li JB. Effect of multidisciplinary team intervention on outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae infection in neonates. Chin J Nosocomiol. 2018;28(22):3505–8. Rahal A, Andreo A, Le Gallou F, Bourigault C, Bouchand C, Ferriot C, et al. Enterobacter cloacae complex outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: multifaceted investigations and preventive measures are needed. J Hosp Infect. 2021;116:87–90. Gün E, Kendirli T, Öztürk AG, Botan E, Vatansever G, Arga G, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of children admitted to the PICU due to rotavirus infection. Turkish archives Pediatr. 2021;56(6):591–5. Le Saux N, Bettinger J, Shulha HP, Sadarangani M, Coyle D, Booth TF, et al. The success of publicly funded rotavirus vaccine programs for preventing community-and hospital-acquired rotavirus infections in Canadian pediatric hospitals: an observational study. Can Med Association Open Access J. 2023;11(6):e1156–63. Saha R, Lo M, De P, Deb AK, Indwar P, Miyoshi SI, et al. Epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis in children and genetic diversity of rotavirus strains in Kolkata, West Bengal after introduction of rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine. 2025;45:1–16. Cohen AL, Platts-Mills JA, Nakamura T, Operario DJ, Antoni S, Mwenda JM, et al. Aetiology and incidence of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age in 28 low-income and middle-income countries: findings from the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network. BMJ global health. 2022;7(9):1–12. Olsson-Åkefeldt S, Rotzén-Östlund M, Hammas B, Eriksson M, Bennet R. All-cause gastroenteritis hospitalisations of children decreased after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Stockholm. Infect Dis. 2022;54(2):120–7. Black RE, Perin J, Yeung D, Rajeev T, Miller J, Elwood SE, et al. Estimated global and regional causes of deaths from diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years during 2000–21: a systematic review and Bayesian multinomial analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2024;12(6):e919–28. Zhang H, Lai X, Mak J, Sriudomporn S, Zhang H, Fang H, et al. Coverage and equity of childhood vaccines in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):1–15. Pérez-Crespo PMM, Lanz-García JF, Bravo-Ferrer J, Cantón-Bulnes ML, Domínguez AS, Aguirre JG, et al. Revisiting the epidemiology of bloodstream infections and healthcare-associated episodes: results from a multicentre prospective cohort in Spain (PRO-BAC Study). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;58(1):1–8. Boulet N, Pensier J, Occean BV, Peray PF, Mimoz O, Rickard CM, et al. Central venous catheter-related infections: a systematic review, meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis and meta-regression comparing ultrasound guidance and landmark technique for insertion. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):378–90. 2023 China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Report (Brief Version). China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, Chinese Pharmacist Association, 18 Nov. 2024. https://www.carss.cn/Report/Details?aId=978 Yang HN, Yang HN, Huang SY, Zhang N, Guo DL, Zhang ZY. Epidemiologic characteristics of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in elderly hospitalized patients in general hospital. Chin J Nosocomiol. 2024;34(23):3562–6. Gholipour S, Nikaeen M, Mehdipour M, Mohammadi F, Rabbani D. Occurrence of chlorine-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems: threat of waterborne infections for patients. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2024;13(1):111–20. Shaw E, Gavaldà L, Càmara J, Gasull R, Gallego S, Tubau F, et al. Control of endemic multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria after removal of sinks and implementing a new water-safe policy in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2018;98(3):275–81. Jurado-Martín I, Sainz-Mejías M, McClean S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an audacious pathogen with an adaptable arsenal of virulence factors. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):3128–62. Tracy M, Ryan L, Samarasekara H, Leroi M, Polkinghorne A, Branley J. Removal of sinks and bathing changes to control multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit: a retrospective investigation. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(4):508–10. Catho G, Martischang R, Boroli F, Chraïti MN, Martin Y, Koyluk Tomsuk Z, et al. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing VIM carbapenemase in an intensive care unit and its termination by implementation of waterless patient care. Crit Care. 2021;25(301):1–10. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6927343\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":492882692,\"identity\":\"4af6daa7-9e80-4efb-9c27-ed5906a67b67\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Hongmin Chen\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Children's Hospital Campus of Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Hongmin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chen\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882693,\"identity\":\"a4952f11-45af-45b9-bfe2-ebce3de63cad\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Mingchun Shi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mingchun\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Shi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882694,\"identity\":\"05dad39b-2383-474b-aabd-634698a25ab7\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Jiangjiang Xu\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIie3PIQvCQBTA8XcMXBmsbsV9hTcMKvhhLpk0WRYMJ8IZdN2PMZs25YGWiVVxYclsVBiiJxgMGxcF7x8OHtyPxwMwmX4zjldYA1qW8LRJOH8Tpk/AchQBXYJHng86RRY0bTY6R1EG7mTK4b4sJ/6c80ZfXsLVmI3baXoBL90nLE7LiespIogjMemPJAF6/cRispzUFGkVH/LQIO8tUPsQoUH8Wc7DWFKY0OsWsSVH3bKJKwjuel28FRTggTYnMaS6O4kX+b2CADhd/BrVs64CADbl1R9MJpPp73sCwURV2FGy3EUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jiangjiang\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Xu\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882695,\"identity\":\"813e79b6-a4ff-488f-9b68-dd9e3059e279\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Xiaoyu Chai\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Xiaoyu\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chai\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882696,\"identity\":\"6e1c4943-e823-48b9-b47d-d82a97c30d78\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Rui Li\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Rui\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Li\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882697,\"identity\":\"7c832942-b424-4391-ae46-94833073a2bf\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Shangjing Song\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Shangjing\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Song\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882698,\"identity\":\"9b081819-015a-4441-8677-c7b145ae192d\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Zhenqi Zhang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Zhenqi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Zhang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882699,\"identity\":\"83ee231d-2003-4f05-afdb-6e238d14fbf6\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Minglu Li\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Children's Hospital Campus of Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Minglu\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Li\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882700,\"identity\":\"ce9641df-e7a0-47a0-a8d8-e342bd416a6a\",\"order_by\":8,\"name\":\"Ling Xu\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ling\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Xu\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882701,\"identity\":\"0cc13d83-49f6-42da-b2d3-f643185b3a90\",\"order_by\":9,\"name\":\"Dan Song\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Dan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Song\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882702,\"identity\":\"0fb6c0d6-f574-4b8a-ab6a-70b2344502cd\",\"order_by\":10,\"name\":\"Liying Chen\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Liying\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chen\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":492882703,\"identity\":\"a812c629-8634-404a-802d-bc131a6f286a\",\"order_by\":11,\"name\":\"Yuanyuan Wang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yuanyuan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Wang\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-06-19 04:23:28\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6927343/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6927343/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":109612412,\"identity\":\"8bbe755b-8b5f-426e-97bf-a57f775d042c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-20 07:56:25\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":462257,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6927343/v1/8d1884c7-0485-4fe5-9ec2-e0f6cf19262a.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Incidence Rates, Infection Sites, and Pathogen Distribution of Nosocomial infections Among Hospitalised Patients of Different Age Groups\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eNosocomial infection is a significant public health issue that threatens medical safety. It not only prolongs hospital stays and increases healthcare costs but can also leads to patient mortality[\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR2 CR3\\\" citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Neonates, owing to their underdeveloped immune systems and weak skin and mucosal barriers, along with older adults who commonly experience comorbidities and age-related immune decline, are considered high-risk groups for nosocomial infections[\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR6 CR7\\\" citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Moreover, with the widespread application of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in modern medical technology, device-related infections such as catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) have become focal points and sources of challenges in the prevention and control of nosocomial infections[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]. However, systematic comparative studies on the characteristics of nosocomial infections, including the incidence rates, infection site distribution, and pathogen spectrum, among hospitalised patients of different age groups are lacking. This research gap directly hinders the development of precise prevention and control strategies tailored to specific populations in clinical practice and significantly restricts the improvement of nosocomial infection management efficiency.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTherefore, we retrospectively analysed the clinical data of hospitalised patients diagnosed with nosocomial infections between 2017 and 2023, focusing on three areas: differences in the incidence rates of nosocomial infections among age groups; epidemiological characteristics of infection site distribution across age groups; and age distribution patterns of major pathogens. The study results are expected to provide an evidence-based foundation for establishing a system based on population characteristics, designed for precise prevention and control of nosocomial infections, with the aim of optimizing infection management practices in healthcare institutions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eStudy Design\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis retrospective study was conducted at Bozhou People's Hospital and Bozhou Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Children's Hospital in Anhui Province between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2023.The patients diagnosed with nosocomial infections were divided into four age groups: neonatal (\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;28 days), paediatric (29 days\\u0026ndash;14 years), adult (15\\u0026ndash;60 years), and older adult (\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;60 years). In addition, the total number of discharged patients in each age group during the same period was extracted from the medical record system and used for calculating the incidence of hospital infections. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine differences among the four groups in terms of incidence rates, onset time, and infection sites of nosocomial infections, along with pathogen submission and detection.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eNosocomial Infection Criteria\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNosocomial infections were determined based on a comprehensive assessment of epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and laboratory test results. The following three principals were adhered to: 1) Infections with no definite incubation period occur 48 hours after hospital admission; 2) Superficial surgical site infections occur within 30 days post-operation or deep organ (cavity) surgical site infections occur within 90 days post-operation; 3) Catheter-related infections are defined as primary infections that occur during catheterization or within 48 hours after catheter removal, and that are unrelated to infections at other sites.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eSpecimen Sources and Pathogen Detection Methods\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe clinical specimen types used in this study included respiratory secretions (sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), body fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, ascitic fluid, and drainage fluid), excretions (faeces), microbial swabs (nasopharyngeal swabs and anal swabs), and implant-related specimens (catheter tips). The pathogen detection techniques employed included traditional microbial culture techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and pathogen-specific antigen-antibody immunological assays.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eStatistical Methods\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Owing to non-normal distribution, continuous data were expressed as medians with interquartile ranges, and groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Categorical data were expressed as counts and percentages, and groups were compared using the χ\\u0026sup2; test. A \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e-value\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eBasic Characteristics of Patients\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA total of 3,354 patients with nosocomial infections cases were confirmed, among which males accounted for 60.9%. Patient distribution across age groups was as follows: the neonatal group 5.1%, the paediatric group 13.4%, the adult group 30.3%, and the older adult group 51.2%. The seasonal distribution and diagnosis of patients in this cohort were listed in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePopulation Characteristics of Nosocomial Infection Cases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCharacteristic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGroup\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNosocomial Infection Cases (n)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePercentage (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2044\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e60.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1310\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e39.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAge\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;28 days\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e171\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29 days\\u0026ndash;14 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e449\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e13.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u0026ndash;60 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;60 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1719\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e51.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSeason\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSpring\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e847\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSummer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e789\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e23.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAutumn\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e805\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWinter\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e914\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e27.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDiagnosis\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCerebral Infarction\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e529\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCerebral Haemorrhage\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e468\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e13.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCraniocerebral Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCardiovascular Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e258\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eInfectious Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e390\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTumours\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e361\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAccidental Injuries or Poisoning\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e300\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNeonatal Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e137\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eLeukaemia\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e124\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDigestive System Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e106\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHaematological Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory System Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e81\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGenetic Metabolic Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUrinary System Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSurgery Department\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eObstetrics Department\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNeuromuscular Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eImmune System Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCongenital Diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eIncidence Rates and Infection Site Distribution of Nosocomial Infections\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe incidence rate of nosocomial infections was highest in the neonatal group at 1.1% (171/16,060), followed by the older adult group at 0.7% (1,719/239,370), and the paediatric group at 0.6% (449/75,089). The lowest rate was observed in the adult group at only 0.3% (1,015/303,830). Significant differences were observed among all age groups (χ\\u0026sup2; = 471.398, \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001). The neonatal group had the longest median time from hospital admission to nosocomial infection onset at 16 days (7, 25), followed by the adult group 9 days (5, 15), the older adult group 8 days (5, 13), and the paediatric group 6 days (4, 8). These differences were statistically significant (χ\\u0026sup2; = 193.179, \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe 3,354 patients with nosocomial infections experienced a total of 3,488 infection episodes. The top three infection sites for both the neonatal and adult groups involved lower respiratory tract infections, bloodstream infections, and VAP. CRBSI was significantly more common in the neonatal group than in the other groups (χ\\u0026sup2; = 15.454, \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001). In the paediatric group, over 60% had respiratory infections, and approximately 30% (29.6%) had gastrointestinal infections, significantly higher than those in other groups (χ\\u0026sup2; = 594.692, \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001). The adult group had the highest prevalence of VAP and CAUTI among all groups, and the second highest prevalence of CRBSI, following the neonatal group. In the older adult group, the most common infection sites involved lower respiratory tract infections (57.6%), followed by bloodstream infections (9.3%) and urinary tract infections (6.8%). (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eInfection Site Distribution Across Nosocomial Infection Cases in Different Age Groups [n(%)]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eInfection Sites\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal Episodes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;3488)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;28 days\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;178)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29 days\\u0026ndash;14 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;452)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u0026ndash;60 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1084)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;60 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1774)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eχ\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e-value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eLower Respiratory Tract Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1666(47.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e112(62.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e227(50.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e305(28.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1022(57.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e253.789\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBloodstream Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e399(11.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e33(18.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e196(18.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e165(9.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e111.706\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVentilator-associated Pneumonia\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e226(6.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10(5.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e114(10.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e98(5.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e55.393\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUrinary Tract Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e195(5.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(1.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e68(6.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e120(6.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29.693\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGastrointestinal Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e190(5.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9(5.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e134(29.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22(2.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25(1.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e594.692\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUpper Respiratory Tract Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e160(4.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e57(12.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e47(4.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e56(3.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e70.856\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCatheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e138(4.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e66(6.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e71(4.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e27.752\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCentral Nervous System\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e131(3.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(1.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e67(6.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e59(3.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e34.381\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSurgical Site Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e118(3.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e58(5.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e58(3.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e23.323\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSkin and Soft Tissue\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e99(2.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e51(4.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e42(2.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e23.382\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAbdominal (Pelvic) Cavity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e72(2.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e45(4.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25(1.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e31.161\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCatheter-related Bloodstream Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e39(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(2.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20(1.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e13(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15.454\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOral Cavity Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e28(0.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7(1.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9(0.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.042\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.251\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOthers\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(0.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8(0.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.575\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.952\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eReproductive System Infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12(0.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12.578\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eSpecimen Submission and Pathogen Distribution\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe pathogen submission rate for nosocomial infections episodes was 77.2% (2,691/3,488), and the positive rate of the specimens was 65.6% (1,771/2,701). The neonatal group had a specimen submission rate of 93.3% (166/178) and a positive rate of 53.6% (90/168); the paediatric group had a specimen submission rate of 41.6% (188/452) and a positive rate of 68.6% (129/188); the adult group had a specimen submission rate of 85.0% (921/1,084) and a positive rate of 70.5% (651/923); and the older adult group had a specimen submission rate of 79.8% (1,416/1,774) and a positive rate of 63.4% (901/1,422). Significant differences existed among the four groups in both pathogen submission rates and positive rates (χ\\u0026sup2; = 393.078 and 24.620, respectively, all \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAmong the 1,771 positive specimens, a total of 1,938 pathogens were detected. In both the neonatal and older adult groups, Gram-negative bacteria (G\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;bacteria) were overwhelmingly dominant and accounted for 90.1% and 74.1%, respectively. In the paediatric group, approximately 60% of pathogens were viruses. In the adult group, G\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria (G\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;bacteria) accounted for 68.6% and 26.3%, respectively. The top five pathogens detected in the neonatal group were \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (32.7%), \\u003cem\\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\\u003c/em\\u003e (11.9%), \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (11.9%), \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e (10.9%), and other \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella\\u003c/em\\u003e species (6.9%). In the paediatric group, the top five pathogens were rotavirus (53.3%), \\u003cem\\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\\u003c/em\\u003e (8.8%), \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (5.9%), \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (5.1%), and influenza virus (5.1%). In the adult group, the top five pathogens were \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (16.1%), \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (15.4%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (14.0%), \\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e (10.6%), and \\u003cem\\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\\u003c/em\\u003e (7.8%). In the older adult group, the top five pathogens were \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (17.6%), \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (16.7%), \\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e (11.2%), \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e (11.2%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (8.6%). (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePathogen Distribution Across Nosocomial Infection Cases in Different Age Groups [n(%)]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePathogen Detection Overview\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal Episodes (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1938)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;28 days (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;101)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29 days\\u0026ndash;14 years (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;136)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u0026ndash;60 years (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;708)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;60 years (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;993)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eχ\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e-value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eGram-Positive Bacteria\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e395(20.4)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e8(7.9)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e19(14.0)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e184(26.0)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e184(18.5)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e28.924\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCoagulase-Negative Staphylococci\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e189(9.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(2.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e99(14.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e85(8.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e31.982\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e136(7.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(3.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12(8.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e55(7.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e66(6.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.036\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.258\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEnterococcus faecium\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e19(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(2.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6(0.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.147\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.563\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e19(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(1.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.274\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.872\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEnterococcus faecalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e17(0.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(2.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9(1.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(0.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.799\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.146\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther Gram-Positive Cocci\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther Streptococci\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(0.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eViridans Streptococci\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther \\u003cem\\u003eEnterococcus\\u003c/em\\u003e Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eGram-Negative Bacteria\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e1347(69.5)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e91(90.1)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e32(23.5)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e488(68.9)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e736(74.4)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e165.921\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e316(16.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e33(32.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8(5.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e109(15.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e166(16.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e31.207\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e308(15.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12(11.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7(5.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e114(16.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e175(17.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15.212\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e193(10.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(5.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(1.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e75(10.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e111(11.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15.717\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e165(8.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11(10.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(2.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48(6.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e103(10.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e14.819\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e64(3.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12(11.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24(3.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e28(2.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22.064\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella\\u003c/em\\u003e Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e63(3.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8(7.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(2.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24(3.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e28(2.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6.688\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.074\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eProteus mirabilis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e55(2.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22(3.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e32(3.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.599\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.273\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther Gram-Negative Bacilli\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e42(2.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(5.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e17(2.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e19(1.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.890\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.512\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e32(1.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(3.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e19(1.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.693\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.096\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSerratia marcescens\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24(1.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10(1.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e14(1.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.996\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eStenotrophomonas maltophilia\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(2.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12(1.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.533\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.766\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eBurkholderia cepacia\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e16(0.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10(1.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.897\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.089\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther Acinetobacter Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(2.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3.356\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.165\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAeromonas Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9(0.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.028\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.868\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther Enterobacteriaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9(0.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.261\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.609\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMoraxella catarrhalis\\u003c/em\\u003e (G\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;Cocci)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6(0.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.967\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.327\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas\\u003c/em\\u003e Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(0.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther Gram-Positive Bacilli\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther \\u003cem\\u003eProteus\\u003c/em\\u003e Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eShigella\\u003c/em\\u003e Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFungi\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e92(4.7)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e2(2.0)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e4(2.9)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e27(3.8)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e59(5.9)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e7.189\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.066\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCandida albicans\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e47(2.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(2.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(2.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11(1.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30(3.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.239\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCandida tropicalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e19(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6(0.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e13(1.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.798\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.372\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAspergillus\\u003c/em\\u003e Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8(0.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.085\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.771\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCandida glabrata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(0.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCandida parapsilosis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3(0.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOther \\u003cem\\u003eCandida\\u003c/em\\u003e Species\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCandida krusei\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eViruses\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e104(5.4)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e81(59.6)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e9(1.3)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e14(1.4)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e798.866\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRotavirus\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e74(3.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e73(53.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e408.764\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eInfluenza Virus\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e28(1.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7(5.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8(1.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e13(1.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12.931\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory Syncytial Virus\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1(0.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study showed that the incidence rate of nosocomial infections in neonates was 1.1%, the highest among all age groups, and significantly exceeded the 0.69% reported in a global systematic review[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The prevalence of CRBSI was higher in neonates than in other age groups. This phenomenon is related to two key factors. First, immature organ development in neonates leads to a high dependence on invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Second, neonates are a special group in which clinical practices often include the use of femoral vein catheterization (a significant risk factor for CRBSI [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]) and the prohibition of chlorhexidine dressings (which can cause contact dermatitis[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e]). In recent years, research on neonatal CRBSI has been a focal point in the field of infection prevention and control. Consistently establishing sterile barriers [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e], providing neonatal oral care [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e], and performing routine instrument disinfection twice daily [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e] have all proven effective in reducing neonatal CRBSI.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAs the second most common pathogen detected in neonates, although the carbapenem resistance rate of Enterobacter cloacae was relatively low [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e], the resulting bloodstream infections have a worse prognosis compared with those caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Additionally, outbreaks of \\u003cem\\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\\u003c/em\\u003e infections in neonatal intensive care units have been reported both domestically and internationally [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This indicates a need for heightened vigilance regarding the threat this strain poses to neonates.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe main characteristics of paediatric infections in this study include: (1) rapid onset after hospital admission, with these infections primarily involving acute respiratory infections and gastrointestinal infections, and (2) high percentage of viral infections (approximately 60%), with rotavirus being the most prominent among these viral infections. Rotavirus is highly contagious; it can be transmitted through multiple routes and even lead to secondary bacteraemia [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Although vaccination can significantly reduce infection[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e] and hospitalization [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e] rates, rotavirus remains a major pathogen causing diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e], possibly due to low vaccination coverage [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Therefore, during the peak season of rotavirus infections, in addition to implementing strict contact isolation measures, emphasizing hand hygiene, and environmental disinfection in paediatric wards, vaccination promotion for children under 5 years old should be emphasized. Notably, the paediatric group had the lowest specimen submission rate for etiological diagnosis (41.6%). The possible reasons include: firstly, viral infections are predominant in children, so clinicians often prefer empirical treatment; secondly, it is common for paediatric patients and their parents often refuse to get tested. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen paediatricians\\u0026rsquo; awareness of specimen submission for etiological diagnosis and enhance parents' understanding and cooperation in pathogen testing through clarifying the importance of early pathogen identification for precise treatment and infection prevention and control.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCompared with other age groups, the adult group had the lowest incidence rate of nosocomial infections at only 0.3%. However, catheter-related infections were prominent in this group: VAP and CAUTI were the most common, and CRBSI ranked second only to that in the neonatal group. The adult group had complex variety of pathogens, with common NI-associated G\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;bacteria, as well as coagulase-negative staphylococci and \\u003cem\\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\\u003c/em\\u003e, two major pathogens of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e], ranked among the top five. This further highlights the significant role of catheter-related infections in the adult group. Nonetheless, most device-related infections can be prevented through optimized catheter management [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Specifically, in addition to the strict implementation of hand hygiene, adherence to aseptic techniques, and enhanced catheter assessment with early removal of unnecessary catheters, it is advisable to actively introduce new evidence-based medical technologies, such as ultrasound-guided catheter placement to replace traditional anatomical landmark techniques [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e], and selective use of antimicrobial dressings [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e], to reduce the incidence of VAP, CAUTI, and CRBSI.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, the incidence rate of nosocomial infections in the older adult group was 0.7%, and this rate was second only to that of neonates. The top four pathogens were common bacteria that pose a significant burden due to their antibiotic resistance in hospital settings: \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e, and \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e. It is noteworthy that \\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e ranked sixth among pathogens in the adult group but rose to second place in the older adult group. According to 2023 China antimicrobial resistance surveillance data[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e], its carbapenem resistance rate (55.5%) is much higher than that of \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (1.7%) and \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (10.8%). Among hospitalised patients aged 65 years and older, \\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e shows the most significant resistance changes [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e], suggesting that multidrug-resistant strains should be a focus for prevention and control of nosocomial infections in these hospitalised patients.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e ranked fourth in the pathogen spectrum of nosocomial infections in both the older adult and the neonatal groups. As a common opportunistic environmental pathogen, it has a relatively high detection rate in the water systems of healthcare institutions (a 22% positive rate in water samples and a 28% positive rate in biofilms) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Research indicates that while routine water safety measures can reduce the detection of \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e, they have limited effectiveness against \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e], which may be related to its strong biofilm-forming ability and environmental adaptability [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Importantly, \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e exhibits significant resistance to low concentrations of chlorine-containing disinfectants (0.5 ppm) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Therefore, infection prevention and control of \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e should be prioritized in older adult and neonates. Specific measures include avoiding routine bathing for neonates[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e], increasing the concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectants and extending the contact time of these disinfectants [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e], and establishing environmental screening mechanisms [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA key advantage of this study is the use of a large sample of nosocomial infections cases, stratified by age, to discuss the incidence of nosocomial infections among different age groups and provide detailed pathogen analysis. The methodology, particularly the age stratification and detailed pathogen analysis, is relatively rare in previous research. However, the study has a certain limitation. Specifically, its single-centre design may restrict the extrapolation of results. This limitation underscores the need for future multi-centre collaborative research across hospitals in different regions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSignificant differences exist in the incidence rates, infection sites, and pathogen distribution of nosocomial infections among hospitalised patients of different age groups. Neonatal and older adult patients are key focus groups for infection prevention and control. Medical institutions should implement stratified and precise infection prevention and control strategies based on population characteristics. In neonatal wards, there should be a focus on preventing outbreaks of \\u003cem\\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\\u003c/em\\u003e infections. For paediatric patients, seasonal prevention and control of viral diarrhoea should be strengthened. Interventions should be intensified during epidemic periods. Adult patients require continuous optimization of catheter-related infection management. For older adult patients, attention should be given to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant G\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;bacteria.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Abbreviations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv class=\\\"DefinitionList\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"DefinitionListEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Term\\\"\\u003eVAP\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Description\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVentilator-associated pneumonia\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"DefinitionListEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Term\\\"\\u003eCRBSI\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Description\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCatheter-related bloodstream infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"DefinitionListEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Term\\\"\\u003eCAUTI\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Description\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCatheter-associated urinary tract infections\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"DefinitionListEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Term\\\"\\u003eG\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;bacteria\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Description\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGram-negative bacteria\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"DefinitionListEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Term\\\"\\u003eG\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;bacteria\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Description\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGram-positive bacteria\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bozhou People\\u0026apos;s Hospital of Anhui Medical University (Approval No: 2025-153). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All data were kept confidential without patient identifiers. The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eClinical Trial\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for publication\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of data and material\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNone\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor contributions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCHM and SMC developed the methodology, analyzed and interpreted the patient data and wrote the original draft. XJJ conceived, designed the study, supervised the research, edited the manuscript, approved the final version, and take final responsibility for the manuscript. CXY and LR coordinated the study and performed data analysis. SSJ, ZQZ, LML, XL, SD and CLY conducted nosocomial infection monitoring and curated data.WYY implemented software tools and created visualizations. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflict of interest statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNone\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNone\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRaycheva R, Rangelova V, Kevorkyan A. 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JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178(8):792\\u0026ndash;9.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKartikeswar GAP, Parikh TB, Randive B, Kinikar A, Rajput UC, Valvi C, et al. Bloodstream infections in neonates with central venous catheters in three tertiary neonatal intensive care units in Pune, India. J neonatal-perinatal Med. 2023;16(3):507\\u0026ndash;16.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMathur P, Malpiedi P, Walia K, Srikantiah P, Gupta S, Lohiya A, et al. Health-care-associated bloodstream and urinary tract infections in a network of hospitals in India: a multicentre, hospital-based, prospective surveillance study. Lancet Global Health. 2022;10(9):e1317\\u0026ndash;25.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJara MC, Frediani AV, Zehetmeyer FK, Bruhn FRP, M\\u0026uuml;ller MR, Miller RG, et al. Multidrug-resistant hospital bacteria: epidemiological factors and susceptibility profile. Microb drug Resist. 2021;27(3):433\\u0026ndash;40.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJha T, Khaparde M, Parkhe TS, Purandare B, Lavate R. Incidence Risk Factors and Drug Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates in Patients with Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2025;29(4):338\\u0026ndash;44.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTorres-Mu\\u0026ntilde;oz J, Hoyos IV, Murillo J, Holguin J, D\\u0026aacute;valos D, L\\u0026oacute;pez E, et al. Device-associated infections in neonatal care units in a middle-income country, 2016\\u0026ndash;2018. Jornal de Pediatria. 2023;99(5):485\\u0026ndash;91.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePang Y, Fu J, Tan Y, Zhang L, Bai L, Yan M, et al. Incidence and related factors of catheter-associated bloodstream infection in neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2025;88:1\\u0026ndash;10.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRaoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, Hosseinipalangi Z, Noorani Mejareh Z, Khani S, et al. Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(1):1\\u0026ndash;17.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePuig-Asensio M, Marra AR, Childs CA, Kukla ME, Perencevich EN, Schweizer ML, et al. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine dressings to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections. Does one size fit all? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(12):1388\\u0026ndash;95.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSu LT, Huang HC, Liu YC, Chang HY, Ou-Yang MC, Chen CC, et al. 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Chin J Clin Infect Dis. 2024;17(2):113\\u0026ndash;25.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMauritz MD, Claus B, Forster J, Petzold M, Schneitler S, Halfmann A, et al. The EC-COMPASS: Long-term, multicentre surveillance of Enterobacter cloacae complex\\u0026ndash;a clinical perspective. J Hosp Infect. 2024;148:11\\u0026ndash;9.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGuedes M, Gathara D, L\\u0026oacute;pez-Hern\\u0026aacute;ndez I, P\\u0026eacute;rez-Crespo PMM, P\\u0026eacute;rez-Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez MT, Sousa A, et al. Differences in clinical outcomes of bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae: a multicentre cohort study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2024;23(1):42\\u0026ndash;52.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHua J, Wang WY, Wang J, Tang HF, Zhu HL, Li JB. Effect of multidisciplinary team intervention on outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae infection in neonates. Chin J Nosocomiol. 2018;28(22):3505\\u0026ndash;8.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRahal A, Andreo A, Le Gallou F, Bourigault C, Bouchand C, Ferriot C, et al. Enterobacter cloacae complex outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: multifaceted investigations and preventive measures are needed. J Hosp Infect. 2021;116:87\\u0026ndash;90.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eG\\u0026uuml;n E, Kendirli T, \\u0026Ouml;zt\\u0026uuml;rk AG, Botan E, Vatansever G, Arga G, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of children admitted to the PICU due to rotavirus infection. Turkish archives Pediatr. 2021;56(6):591\\u0026ndash;5.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLe Saux N, Bettinger J, Shulha HP, Sadarangani M, Coyle D, Booth TF, et al. The success of publicly funded rotavirus vaccine programs for preventing community-and hospital-acquired rotavirus infections in Canadian pediatric hospitals: an observational study. Can Med Association Open Access J. 2023;11(6):e1156\\u0026ndash;63.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSaha R, Lo M, De P, Deb AK, Indwar P, Miyoshi SI, et al. Epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis in children and genetic diversity of rotavirus strains in Kolkata, West Bengal after introduction of rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine. 2025;45:1\\u0026ndash;16.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCohen AL, Platts-Mills JA, Nakamura T, Operario DJ, Antoni S, Mwenda JM, et al. Aetiology and incidence of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age in 28 low-income and middle-income countries: findings from the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network. BMJ global health. 2022;7(9):1\\u0026ndash;12.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eOlsson-\\u0026Aring;kefeldt S, Rotz\\u0026eacute;n-\\u0026Ouml;stlund M, Hammas B, Eriksson M, Bennet R. All-cause gastroenteritis hospitalisations of children decreased after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Stockholm. Infect Dis. 2022;54(2):120\\u0026ndash;7.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBlack RE, Perin J, Yeung D, Rajeev T, Miller J, Elwood SE, et al. Estimated global and regional causes of deaths from diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years during 2000\\u0026ndash;21: a systematic review and Bayesian multinomial analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2024;12(6):e919\\u0026ndash;28.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eZhang H, Lai X, Mak J, Sriudomporn S, Zhang H, Fang H, et al. Coverage and equity of childhood vaccines in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):1\\u0026ndash;15.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eP\\u0026eacute;rez-Crespo PMM, Lanz-Garc\\u0026iacute;a JF, Bravo-Ferrer J, Cant\\u0026oacute;n-Bulnes ML, Dom\\u0026iacute;nguez AS, Aguirre JG, et al. Revisiting the epidemiology of bloodstream infections and healthcare-associated episodes: results from a multicentre prospective cohort in Spain (PRO-BAC Study). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;58(1):1\\u0026ndash;8.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBoulet N, Pensier J, Occean BV, Peray PF, Mimoz O, Rickard CM, et al. Central venous catheter-related infections: a systematic review, meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis and meta-regression comparing ultrasound guidance and landmark technique for insertion. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):378\\u0026ndash;90.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003e2023 China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Report (Brief Version). China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, Chinese Pharmacist Association, 18 Nov. 2024. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.carss.cn/Report/Details?aId=978\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.carss.cn/Report/Details?aId=978\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYang HN, Yang HN, Huang SY, Zhang N, Guo DL, Zhang ZY. Epidemiologic characteristics of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in elderly hospitalized patients in general hospital. Chin J Nosocomiol. 2024;34(23):3562\\u0026ndash;6.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGholipour S, Nikaeen M, Mehdipour M, Mohammadi F, Rabbani D. Occurrence of chlorine-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water systems: threat of waterborne infections for patients. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2024;13(1):111\\u0026ndash;20.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eShaw E, Gavald\\u0026agrave; L, C\\u0026agrave;mara J, Gasull R, Gallego S, Tubau F, et al. Control of endemic multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria after removal of sinks and implementing a new water-safe policy in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2018;98(3):275\\u0026ndash;81.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJurado-Mart\\u0026iacute;n I, Sainz-Mej\\u0026iacute;as M, McClean S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an audacious pathogen with an adaptable arsenal of virulence factors. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):3128\\u0026ndash;62.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTracy M, Ryan L, Samarasekara H, Leroi M, Polkinghorne A, Branley J. Removal of sinks and bathing changes to control multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit: a retrospective investigation. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(4):508\\u0026ndash;10.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCatho G, Martischang R, Boroli F, Chra\\u0026iuml;ti MN, Martin Y, Koyluk Tomsuk Z, et al. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing VIM carbapenemase in an intensive care unit and its termination by implementation of waterless patient care. Crit Care. 2021;25(301):1\\u0026ndash;10.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Nosocomial infection, Age stratification, Catheter-related infection, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6927343/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6927343/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eBackground\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eComparative studies on nosocomial infections across hospital units and age groups is limited, hindering precise prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to investigate differences in the incidence rates, infection sites, and pathogen distribution of nosocomial infections among hospitalised patients of different age groups, providing a scientific basis for precise prevention and control.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMethods\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHospitalised patients diagnosed with nosocomial infections at two tertiary hospitals between 2017 and 2023 were included and categorized into four age groups: neonatal (\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;28 days), paediatric (29 days\\u0026ndash;14 years), adult (15\\u0026ndash;60 years), and older adult (\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;60 years). A retrospective study was conducted to examine differences among the four groups in terms of incidence rates, infection sites, and pathogen detection of nosocomial infections.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eFindings:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA total of 3,354 nosocomial infections cases were confirmed, with an incidence rate highest in neonates (1.1%) and lowest in adults (0.3%). The main infection sites involved lower respiratory tract infections, bloodstream infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) for the neonatal, adult, and older adults groups, and lower respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and upper respiratory tract infections for the paediatric group. Catheter-related bloodstream infections(CRBSI) were most prevalent in the neonatal group, whereas VAP and catheter-associated urinary tract infections(CAUTI) were most common in the adult group. The predominant pathogens by group were as follows: neonatal, \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (32.7%), \\u003cem\\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\\u003c/em\\u003e (11.9%), \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (11.9%), and \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e (8.5%); paediatric, rotavirus (53.3%); adult, \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (16.1%), \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (15.4%), coagulase negative staphylococcus (14.0%), and \\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e (10.6%); and older adult, \\u003cem\\u003eEscherichia coli\\u003c/em\\u003e (17.6%), \\u003cem\\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\\u003c/em\\u003e (16.7%), \\u003cem\\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\\u003c/em\\u003e (11.2%), and \\u003cem\\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\\u003c/em\\u003e (10.4%).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSignificant differences in nosocomial infections characteristics exist across age groups. Healthcare institutions should implement stratified and precise prevention and control strategies based on specific population needs.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Incidence Rates, Infection Sites, and Pathogen Distribution of Nosocomial infections Among Hospitalised Patients of Different Age Groups\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-08-01 21:38:11\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6927343/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"c3548106-8c48-4187-af60-a059011a3588\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"August 1st, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Withdrawn\",\"date\":\"2026-05-20T07:41:02+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-20T07:54:51+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-08-01 21:38:11\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6927343\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6927343\",\"identity\":\"rs-6927343\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}