{"paper_id":"45114f37-8a94-4b6e-8151-de702bcb9b7c","body_text":"Filling observational gaps in spaceborne precipitation radars | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Filling observational gaps in spaceborne precipitation radars Masafumi Hirose, Shoichi Shige, Takuji Kubota, Shinta Seto, Vasco Mantas, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8272812/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study analyzed long-term data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) and the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) aboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory to determine inconsistencies in observation characteristics and irregular statistics related to precipitation intensity. Reference statistics were employed to quantify the effects of three observational gaps: the low-level precipitation profile (LPP) and shallow precipitation deficiency (SPD), both arising from incidence angle dependence, and weak precipitation deficiency (WPD), attributable to limited sensor sensitivity. The findings revealed that LPP, SPD, and WPD contributed to considerable underestimation of precipitation, particularly at large incidence angles, in high-latitude areas, low-precipitation zones, and mountainous regions. Adjusting for these gaps increased overall TRMM PR precipitation estimates by approximately 12% and GPM DPR Ku-band Precipitation Radar (KuPR) precipitation estimates at higher latitudes by approximately 19%, owing to improvements in the vertical representation of precipitation intensity at low altitudes and greater consistency in shallow and weak precipitation statistics. Compared to TRMM PR, GPM DPR KuPR demonstrated stronger correction effects for LPP and SPD, whereas the influence of WPD was less substantial. By accounting for these effects, along with sensitivity degradation and increased clutter altitude following the orbit boosts of both satellites, the reliability of long-term, large-scale variability data is improved. Overall, this study underscores the importance of sustaining and enhancing high-precision observations of precipitation structure to resolve statistical patterns that are otherwise challenging to capture. Spaceborne precipitation radar Retrieval uncertainty Incidence-angle dependency Shallow storm detection Probability density function Orbit boost effect Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Hirosesupplements.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 03 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8272812\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":562252924,\"identity\":\"9c9b0acd-b94a-4fdf-8440-6a6197f098ad\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Masafumi 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radars\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"journal-of-the-meteorological-society-of-japan\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"44394\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44394/3\",\"title\":\"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Open\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Spaceborne precipitation radar, Retrieval uncertainty, Incidence-angle dependency, Shallow storm detection, Probability density function, Orbit boost effect\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8272812/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8272812/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study analyzed long-term data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) and the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) aboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory to determine inconsistencies in observation characteristics and irregular statistics related to precipitation intensity. Reference statistics were employed to quantify the effects of three observational gaps: the low-level precipitation profile (LPP) and shallow precipitation deficiency (SPD), both arising from incidence angle dependence, and weak precipitation deficiency (WPD), attributable to limited sensor sensitivity. The findings revealed that LPP, SPD, and WPD contributed to considerable underestimation of precipitation, particularly at large incidence angles, in high-latitude areas, low-precipitation zones, and mountainous regions. Adjusting for these gaps increased overall TRMM PR precipitation estimates by approximately 12% and GPM DPR Ku-band Precipitation Radar (KuPR) precipitation estimates at higher latitudes by approximately 19%, owing to improvements in the vertical representation of precipitation intensity at low altitudes and greater consistency in shallow and weak precipitation statistics. Compared to TRMM PR, GPM DPR KuPR demonstrated stronger correction effects for LPP and SPD, whereas the influence of WPD was less substantial. By accounting for these effects, along with sensitivity degradation and increased clutter altitude following the orbit boosts of both satellites, the reliability of long-term, large-scale variability data is improved. Overall, this study underscores the importance of sustaining and enhancing high-precision observations of precipitation structure to resolve statistical patterns that are otherwise challenging to capture.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Filling observational gaps in spaceborne precipitation radars\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-23 19:42:46\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8272812/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-03-06T02:41:24+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-03-05T15:04:38+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-02-01T05:28:04+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"67460935825737912068103353281350819442\",\"date\":\"2026-01-23T08:52:45+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"185600403306149934563120300736336076719\",\"date\":\"2026-01-07T12:52:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-18T08:44:41+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-06T11:11:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-06T01:52:53+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan\",\"date\":\"2025-12-03T17:18:03+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"journal-of-the-meteorological-society-of-japan\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"44394\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44394/3\",\"title\":\"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Open\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"10319ee5-3dee-4900-85b3-049fe331711a\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 23rd, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-05T05:38:28+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-23 19:42:46\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8272812\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8272812\",\"identity\":\"rs-8272812\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}