{"paper_id":"4466a9be-002e-4d66-be35-e51f4f147a80","body_text":"Experimental Analysis on Inclined Heat Pipe With Alternative Fluids | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Analysis on Inclined Heat Pipe With Alternative Fluids G. Vanya Sree This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5923367/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In most cases, heat pipes are utilized to transport heat effectively between two solid contacts. In order to accommodate the current trends of power and flux level of upcoming micro devices, an efficient thermal management system is required. Currently, experimental studies are being conducted to determine the thermal performance of a Thermosyphon heat pipe. First, it was explored how operational conditions affected the thermal efficiency of the Thermosyphon heat pipe. A thermosyphon heat pipe measuring 16mm in diameter and 570mm in length will be used for the experimental investigation, and de-ionized water will be used as the working fluid at a flow rate of 10 milliliters per second, 15 milliliters per second, and 20 milliliters per second for different heat inputs of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 milliliters per second. Using water as the working fluid, an ideal flow rate and an ideal heat input for the system have been measured. The tilt angle of the heat pipe is taken to be 45 0 . Second, the impact of working fluids on thermosyphon heat pipe performance was investigated. Ammonia, DI water, and methanol were three of the working fluids that were used. The results of the study were compared with those obtained with the use of ammonia or methanol as working fluids, in order to show that the results obtained with de-ionized water were more reliable. Ammonia has less resistance than the other two working fluids, according to a comparison of the resistance, efficiency, and heat transfer coefficient of heat pipes for the three fluids. Heat pipe Resistance Working fluids inclination angle Thermosyphon Two Phase Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. INTRODUCTION Within closed-loop systems, heat pipes are efficient means of moving heat from one place to another. They serve as heat recovery systems, spaceship thermal control systems, and cooling elements for electronic devices. A passive device called a heat pipe transmits heat using capillary action and the principles of thermodynamics. It consists of a working fluid and wick structure that are both housed inside of an evacuated tube. In order for the working fluid to be transferred from the cold end to the hot end of the heat pipe, the material of the tube must be thermally conductive. Figure 1shows Thermosyphon heat pipe with evaporative, condensation and adiabatic zoneAn evaporation zone, an adiabatic zone, and a condensation zone make up the three zones in a heat pipe. There is a process known as heat absorption. This results in the liquid that comes into contact with the evaporation zone evaporating and when the vapor moves along the heat pipe to the condensation zone and condenses back into liquid, it releases the latent heat that it had been absorbing along the way. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND OBJECTIVE According to AkshayKundan, et al.,[ 1 ]Heat pipes are being investigated for use with crucial spaceship components. According to G.Kumaresan et al.,[ 2 ] Experimental research is done to determine how a copper sintered wick heat pipe's improved heat transmission properties result from the use of surfactant-free Cu-Onano particles suspended in DI water. The vapour core and heat pipe surface in the evaporator section are found to be 5.1 0 C apart in temperature. According to Leonard L.Vasiliev et al.,[ 3 ] When it comes to efficient thermal control, heat pipes are extremely flexible ion systems. It is through this method that their heat transfer coefficients are between 10 − 3 and 10 − 5 watts per square meter in the evaporator and condenser zones, and their heat pipe thermal resistance is between 0.01–0.03 kilowatts, which result in smaller and lighter heat exchangers. A small and micro heat pipe can be used to cool electronic components and to control two-phase thermal systems in space, as well as cooling electronic components and controlling two-phase thermal systems on earth. According to TaoufikBrahim et al.,[ 4 ] It was one of the main objectives of this study to examine and evaluate the potential impacts of the adiabatic area of the heat pipe on the performance of the flow and heat transfer at different settings for the evaporater and condenser during the course of this study, with a view to providing a detailed analysis and evaluation. XueZhihu et al.,[ 5 ] studied the performance of closed loop pulsing heat pipes (CLPHP) and ammonia as the working fluid is being tried. Known as a six-turn, tested CLPHP, it is characterized by its encasement of quartz glass tubes with inner diameters of 2 mm and external diameters of 6 mm, and an overall length of 390 mm. The tubes are composed entirely of quartz glass tubes with identical cross-sections. R. Senthilkumar et al., [ 6 ] has done research on the impact of the filling ratio of heat pipes on thermal performance, including an experimental investigation of thermal efficiency using copper nanofluid. Due to their exceptional performance, heat pipes are frequently employed for the thermal regulation of electrical devices. The copper nanofluid employed in this investigation. De-ionized water served as the primary working fluid for this experimental investigation. According to M. Karthikeyan et al., [ 7 ] closed thermosyphon is experimentally examined in this work using a range of inclinations and heat input. Two copper thermosyphons with dimensions of 1000 mm in length, 17 mm in diameter inside, and 19 mm outside are created for this experiment. De-ionized water (DI) is charged into one thermosyphon, and an aqueous n-butanol solution into the other. The aqueous solution of n-butanol has been found to have a higher coefficient of heat transfer than deionized water, which is due to its higher molecular weight. H. Mirshahi et al.,[ 8 ] did research on a 1m copper tube used to construct a rig and it has been observed that the thermosyphon loses efficiency. The entire study demonstrates that heat loads can have a major impact on thermosyphon performance because there is trapped air present. Dao Danh Tung et al .,[ 9 ] investigated the effectiveness of heat transport and the impact of inclinations on a self-oscillating heat pipe constructed. Pure water is used as the working fluid in this experiment. A heat pipe is made up of a heating segment, a cooling segment, and an adiabatic section. The size of the heating and cooling portions are the same, and four parallel circular pipes connect them. The adiabatic section consists of four parallel circular pipes with the following measurements: 6 mm for the exterior diameter, 5 mm for the interior diameter, and 45 mm for the length. SomponWongtom et al., [ 10 ], thermosyphon heat pipe has been explored using sound waves as a means of simulating the evaporation process to increase the heat transfer rate of the heat pipe as a whole. On a single thermosyphon with a sound wave, the experiment was conducted. The evaporator and condenser sections of a 0.45 m long, bare copper tube with an outside diameter of 0.0223 m made up the experimental setup. R-123 was the thermosyphon's working fluid, and the inlet hot air temperature ranged between 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90oC. The thermosyphon had filling fractions of 60, 70, and 80%. The findings of this experiment demonstrated that, in the best situation, a heat pipe at a 15° slope, hot water at a 70°C temperature, a frequency of 100 Hz, and a filling ratio of 70% working fluid could boost the rate of heat transfer by around 67.65%. S. Sichamnan et al ., [ 12 ][ 14 ] investigated several two-phase flow patterns that influence the rate of heat transfer within a two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) and found that the flow patterns influenced the rate of heat transfer differently. This experiment evaluated the evaporator temperature at 50, 70, and 900C, and the inclination angle of the evaporator at 0, 800, and 900 degrees.In the results of the experiment, it was found that the largest rate of heat transfer occurred at 900C for evaporation and 800 inclination angles respectively. Valentin Guichet, et al .,[ 13 ]chosen the most appropriate and dependable connection after a thorough review of recently released equations relating to decreasing film heat transfer. Most of the investigations for thermosyphon heat pipe were conducted at an angle of 90° with water as working fluid. Hence, in the present work, experimental and numerical investigations are carried out at an inclination angle of 45° with different working fluids namely methanol and Ammonia in addition to water. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using de-ionized water as the working fluid, an experiment is conducted to assess the thermal performance of a thermosyphon heat pipe with a 5/8\" OD and 570 mm in length. The apparatus applies controlled wattage through a variac while using a tube heater as its heat input source. A fractional HP water pump is used to supply the cooling water jacket, and it has the ability to control the flow of water through the jacket by turning two valves. By giving the water jacket an angle, the thermosyphon's inclination angle can be adjusted. Orient the water jacket so the condenser end is lower than the heater end (evaporator).To turn on the temperature indicators, turn the incoming power breaker on. If you have the heatpipe condenser inserted into the water jacket, make sure to check the flow control valve setting and insert the cone-shaped sealing end. Using a J-Type thermocouple clamped at the extreme ends of the heat pipe, the temperature of the evaporator and the condenser can be measured directly on the temperature indicators that correspond to these temperaturesIn the experiment now underway, the behavior of the heat pipe is being tracked by observing the temperature measurements displayed on temperature indicators at predetermined intervals to determine how the pipe is responding. Record the final temperature readings after running the machine continuously for 30 minutes or until the temperature at the evaporator and condenser ends stabilizes. Using two thermosyphon heat pipes with ammonia and methanol as the working fluids, the experimental process was repeated. As a comparison, ethanol and methanol were used as fluids to be used in the heat pipe. They were then compared with a thermosyphon heat pipe, which used deionized water for the working fluid. With this experiment, the primary aim is to measure the effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient, and thermal resistance of an evaporator and condenser by modifying their inlet water flow and heat inputs. The specifications of equipment has shown in Table 1 Table 1 Specifications of the equipment Description Specification Manufacturer of the heat pipe Capri cables private ltd. heat pipe Thermosyphon Thermocouple used J-Type Thermocouple Working fluid used De-ionized water, Ammonia, methanol Material used for heat pipe Copper Supply of water HP water pump Heat pipe length 570mm Diameter of heat pipe 5/8” OD 3.1 Working Fluid For this experiment, the working fluids are water, ammonia, and methanol. Because of its high surface tension and excellent compatibility, water is employed as a working fluid. More capillary pressure will be provided by high surface tension. methanol and ammonia are utilized because of its high thermal conductivity. Thermo-physical properties of water, Ammonia, methanol are shown in Table 2 Table 2 Thermo physical properties of Water, Ammonia and Methanol Description Symbol Water liquid Water vapour Methyl alcohol liquid Methyl alcohol vapour Units Density Ρ 1000 0.5522 785 1.43 kg/m3 Specific Heat Cp 4183 2015 2534 1820 J/kg K Thermal Conductivity K 0.6 0.0251 0.2022 0.0163 W/m K Dynamic Viscosity µ 0.001013 0.0000124 0.000545 0.0000135 kg/ms 3.2 Temperature measurement A thermocouple of the J type was used to measure the temperature. An array of thermocouples is attached to the various thermosyphon heat pipe locations for measuring the thermal activity of the heat pipe and for analyzing its thermal behavior. Figure 2 shows experimental set up for heat pipe. 3.3 Analysis of Heat Transfer To comprehend the thermosyphon heat pipe's operating efficacy, heat transfer analysis must be performed. The evaporator receives a homogeneous heat flux. The working fluid is partially evaporated using some of the applied heat, and the remaining heat is sent to the compensation chamber, where it is used for heat loss from the system. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In Fig. 3 , we see how the resistance of methanol and water changes as the heat input increases at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec. Despite the fact that ammonia has a lower resistance to heat than methanol for a variety of heat inputs, and since resistance also decreases with increasing heat inputs, ammonia's thermosyphon heat pipe also possesses a higher heat transfer rate than methanol's heat pipe, which rate likewise rises with increasing heat input. Under 15 ml/sec flow, Fig. 4 shows the fluctuation in resistance between ammonia and water. In addition to the fact that the thermosyphon heat pipe has a higher heat transfer rate when it is filled with ammonia than when it is filled with water, the heat transfer rate also increases as the heat input increases, as water has a lower resistance for different heat inputs than ethanol does, and it decreases with increasing heat input as well. Figure 5 illustrates how resistance between ammonia and water changes as a function of heat input at a flow rate of 20 ml/sec. Compared to water, ammonia has a lower resistance for a variety of heat inputs, and it also gets lower as the heat input increases, resulting in a thermosyphon heat pipe with ammonia that transfers heat more quickly than one with water. At a flow rate of 10 ml/sec for methanol and ammonia, Fig. 6 illustrates how these compounds' resistance changes with thermal input in response to heat input. For a wide range of heat inputs, its resistance will be higher than that of ammonia for a wide range of heat inputs, and it will decline as the heat input increases as well. Consequently, a thermosyphon heat pipe that is fuelled by ammonia is more efficient at transferring heat than one which uses methanol, and the efficiency increases as the amount of heat input is increased. In Fig. 7 at a flow rate of 15 ml/sec, this graph shows the change in resistance of methanol and ammonia with heat input, as the flow rate changes.. In thermosyphon heat pipes with Ammonia, the heat transfer rate is greater than that of methanol and also rises with increasing heat input because the resistance for methanol is higher than that of Ammonia for various heat inputs and also reduces with increasing heat input. In Fig. 8 with a water flow rate of 20ml/sec, it displays a change in the resistance of methanol and ammonia with heat input at the same time. There is a greater heat transfer rate when using ammonia as a gas in thermosyphon heat pipes than when using methanol, and this rate increases with increasing heat input as the resistance decreases with the increase in heat input 5. CONCLUSION For the aim of heat recovery, these pipes are employed in industrial facilities. For the cooling and stabilization of spacecraft's temperature in aerospace. These pipes are used to keep electronic parts cold. Oven and furnace heat is transported through these pipes. Using a thermosyphon heat pipe with a tilt angle of 45 0 , dimensions of 16 mm OD and 570 mm length, and working fluids of deionized water, ammonia, and methanol, experimental research is conducted. In the evaporator section, variable heat inputs of 100 W, 150 W, 200 W, 250 W, and 300 W correspond to varying cooling water flow rates of 10 ml/sec, 15 ml/sec, and 20 ml/sec over the condenser section, respectively. By performing experiments using water, ammonia, and methanol as working fluids at various heat inputs and flow rates, the temperatures of the evaporator and condenser are determined. The change in resistances caused by the use of the three working fluids is then contrasted. Observations have been made that the maximum resistance of heat pipes is found to exist at 100 W of heat input. At for a 100 W heat input capacity ,thermal resistance observed with de-ionized water was 0.0795°C /W and Ammonia was 0.0339°C/W and with methanol was 0.05895°C /W. By the Experimental results, the resistance of heat pipe in the presence of Ammonia is lower than that of water and methanol. Hence it is concluded that heat transfer rate for Ammonia is higher than that of water and methanol. By comparing the findings of the current study to the body of literature, the thermosyphon heat pipe with a 45 0 -degree inclination angle is more efficient than one with a 90 0 -degree inclination angle. ABBREVIATIONS m- flow rate L e - evaporator Length L c - condenser Length C p - Specific heat T s - Saturation temperature T wi - temperature of Inlet water T wo - Outlet water temperature Q i - Power input Q o - Power output R th - Thermal resistance q e - Evaporator Heat flux q c - Condenser Heat flux h e - Evaporator Heat transfer co-efficient h c - Condenser Heat transfer co-efficient DECLARATIONS Author Contribution literature survey has conducted then title has developed then experimental work has conducted and results has tabulated. REFERENCES AkshayKundan, Joel L.PlawskyC.WaynerJr,“Thermocapillary Phenomena and Performance Limitations of a Wickless Heat Pipe in Microgravity”,American Physical Society,April 2015. G.Kumaresan, S.Venkatachalapathy, Lazarous Godson Asirvatham “Experimental investigation on enhancement in thermal characteristics of sintered wick heat pipe using CuOnanofluids”, International Journal on Heat and Mass transfer,2014. Leonard L.Vasiliev “ Heat Pipes in modern heat exchangers”, Journal on Applied Thermal Engineering,2003 TaoufikBrahim,AbdelmajidJemni “Effect of heat pipe adiabatic region”,Journal on Heat Transfer. 136(4),April 2014. Xue Zhihu,Qu Wei “Experimental study on effect of inclination angles to ammonia pulsating heat pipe”,Chinese Journal Of Aeronautics,1000-9362,2014. R. Senthilkumar, S. Vaidyanathan, B. Sivaraman “Heat transfer Analysis of two phase closed thermosyphon using aqueous solution of n-butanol”, International journal of Engineering and technology, ISSN: 2049-3444, 2013. M. Karthikeyan, S. Vaidyanathan, B. Sivaraman “Effect of copper nanofluid concentration on thermal performance of heat pipes”, Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP), 4, 013004 (2013) H. Mirshahi, M. Rahimi “Experiment study on the effect of heat loads,fill ratio and extra volume on performance of a partial-vacuumed thermosyphon”,Iranian Journal Of Chemical Engineering,Vol 6,No.4(autum),2009. Dao Danh Tung, Shuichi Torii “Heat transfer performance of a self-oscillating heat pipe using pure water and effect of inclination to this performance”,December 30,2013 SomponWongtom* and TanongkiatKiatsiriroat “Effect of inclined heat transfer rate on thermosyphon heat pipe under sound wave”, As. J. Energy Env. 10(04), 214-220,2009 A Brusly Solomon, K N Shukla, B C Pillai and Mohammed Ibrahim “Thermal performance of cylindrical heat pipe using nano fluids”,48 TH AIAA, January 2010. S. Sichamnan a , T. Chompookham a , T. Parametthanuwat b, “A case study on internal flow patterns of the two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT), Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, January 2020” Valentin Guichet, Hussam Jouhara,”Condensation, evaporation and boiling of falling films in wickless heat pipes (two-phase closed thermosyphons): A critical review of correlations” International Journal of Thermofluids, October 2019 Anthony J. Robinson , Kate Smith , Turlough Hughes, Sauro Filippeschi “ Heat and mass transfer for a small diameter thermosyphon with low fill ratio” International Journal of Thermofluids, February 2020 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-5923367\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":409809864,\"identity\":\"28b4185b-c653-41f3-a7a7-7641fc9a0377\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"G. Vanya Sree\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYAgAGyBmbDxAQBVjAxInDSxAkpbDYBKvFnn3s8cf/GyzyzM4fvzZhw8V5+3Wth8G2lJjE41Li+GZvMTG3rbkYoMzOcYzZ5y5nbztTCJQy7G03AZcWhpyDBt4zjAnbjiQw8zM23Y72ewAUAtjw2HcWvrfGDb+OVOfuOH888fMf/+dSzY7/xC/FnmJHMNmnorDiRtuJBgzA8PKzuwGAVsMJN4YzpapOJ4488YbY8aeY8kJZjeAtiTg8Yt8f47BxzcG1Yl959MfM/yosbM3O5/+8MGHGhvcthyAMhSgjESwygQcysG2NKAx7PEoHgWjYBSMghEKAFeYbEZ296tsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"CVR College of Engineering\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"G.\",\"middleName\":\"Vanya\",\"lastName\":\"Sree\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-01-29 10:08:08\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5923367/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5923367/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":75412154,\"identity\":\"5c289425-e024-47f2-91b9-ed3eb84d511f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:18:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":33727,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThermosyphon heat pipe with 45\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u0026nbsp; \\u003c/sup\\u003einclination angle\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/1a8fe4aca3cdbb118058f84b.png\"},{\"id\":75412155,\"identity\":\"e06895a6-e376-438f-98c9-e71a4e661b86\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:18:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":360779,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eExperimental Set up\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/aa0ce68d1fec8b3d7506c218.png\"},{\"id\":75411381,\"identity\":\"7399f187-99f9-4cf3-bc79-5eee362cf471\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:10:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":51991,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA comparison graph between Ammonia and water for variation in resistance with heat input at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/51b70fa1a777529e9485d9a7.png\"},{\"id\":75411384,\"identity\":\"938c5fe4-dd77-4770-9e82-db36b993e9cf\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:10:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":45499,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ecomparison graph for the variation of resistance with heat input at 15 ml per second between ammonia and water.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/f77718efcc7c0f52412d52c5.png\"},{\"id\":75411385,\"identity\":\"e03268e4-fcec-49d0-b929-7df71cf30280\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:10:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":47655,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAn ammonia and water comparison graph showing how resistance varies with heat input at a flow rate of 20ml/sec.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/329ad8f13248f08a2733a9a6.png\"},{\"id\":75411382,\"identity\":\"e4dafafa-8a6d-410f-9c29-1ce6d2489092\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:10:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":47418,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis graph compares the variation of resistance of methanol and ammonia based on a flow rate of 10 ml/sec of water\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/a31b85a21a8f98fb43b7af25.png\"},{\"id\":75411387,\"identity\":\"d9e62a7f-f401-4428-8939-6e455dec78de\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:10:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":50863,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA comparison chart between the resistance of methanol and ammonia with heat input at a flow rate of 15 ml/sec of water is provided.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"7.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/27f133b87f5b5143e84b0d59.png\"},{\"id\":75412156,\"identity\":\"eba19910-efbf-472c-be80-2e71d5189f1a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:18:03\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"Figure 8\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":43718,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA comparison chart between the resistance of methanol and ammonia with heat input at a flow rate of 20 ml/sec of water is provided.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"8.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/5b18c73679228c84c6cd5b5e.png\"},{\"id\":75412160,\"identity\":\"2abf858d-0a8f-4a5f-ba5b-62e946964a2c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-04 09:18:08\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1185630,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5923367/v1/94a24f66-6f55-49ec-a7d8-c4d95c92f2b3.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eExperimental Analysis on Inclined Heat Pipe With Alternative Fluids\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWithin closed-loop systems, heat pipes are efficient means of moving heat from one place to another. They serve as heat recovery systems, spaceship thermal control systems, and cooling elements for electronic devices. A passive device called a heat pipe transmits heat using capillary action and the principles of thermodynamics. It consists of a working fluid and wick structure that are both housed inside of an evacuated tube.\\u0026nbsp;In order for the working fluid to be transferred from the cold end to the hot end of the heat pipe, the material of the tube must be thermally conductive.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure 1shows Thermosyphon heat pipe with evaporative, condensation and adiabatic zoneAn evaporation zone, an adiabatic zone, and a condensation zone make up the three zones in a heat pipe. There is a process known as heat absorption. This results in the liquid that comes into contact with the evaporation zone evaporating and when the vapor moves along the heat pipe to the condensation zone and condenses back into liquid, it releases the latent heat that it had been absorbing along the way.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND OBJECTIVE\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAccording to AkshayKundan, et al.,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]Heat pipes are being investigated for use with crucial spaceship components. According to G.Kumaresan et al.,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e] Experimental research is done to determine how a copper sintered wick heat pipe's improved heat transmission properties result from the use of surfactant-free Cu-Onano particles suspended in DI water. The vapour core and heat pipe surface in the evaporator section are found to be 5.1 \\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003eC apart in temperature.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAccording to Leonard L.Vasiliev et al.,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e] When it comes to efficient thermal control, heat pipes are extremely flexible ion systems. It is through this method that their heat transfer coefficients are between 10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3 and 10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;5 watts per square meter in the evaporator and condenser zones, and their heat pipe thermal resistance is between 0.01\\u0026ndash;0.03 kilowatts, which result in smaller and lighter heat exchangers. A small and micro heat pipe can be used to cool electronic components and to control two-phase thermal systems in space, as well as cooling electronic components and controlling two-phase thermal systems on earth.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAccording to TaoufikBrahim et al.,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e] It was one of the main objectives of this study to examine and evaluate the potential impacts of the adiabatic area of the heat pipe on the performance of the flow and heat transfer at different settings for the evaporater and condenser during the course of this study, with a view to providing a detailed analysis and evaluation. XueZhihu et al.,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e] studied the performance of closed loop pulsing heat pipes (CLPHP) and ammonia as the working fluid is being tried. Known as a six-turn, tested CLPHP, it is characterized by its encasement of quartz glass tubes with inner diameters of 2 mm and external diameters of 6 mm, and an overall length of 390 mm. The tubes are composed entirely of quartz glass tubes with identical cross-sections.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR. Senthilkumar et al., [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e] has done research on the impact of the filling ratio of heat pipes on thermal performance, including an experimental investigation of thermal efficiency using copper nanofluid. Due to their exceptional performance, heat pipes are frequently employed for the thermal regulation of electrical devices. The copper nanofluid employed in this investigation. De-ionized water served as the primary working fluid for this experimental investigation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAccording to M. Karthikeyan et al., [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e] closed thermosyphon is experimentally examined in this work using a range of inclinations and heat input. Two copper thermosyphons with dimensions of 1000 mm in length, 17 mm in diameter inside, and 19 mm outside are created for this experiment. De-ionized water (DI) is charged into one thermosyphon, and an aqueous n-butanol solution into the other. The aqueous solution of n-butanol has been found to have a higher coefficient of heat transfer than deionized water, which is due to its higher molecular weight.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eH. Mirshahi et al.,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e] did research on a 1m copper tube used to construct a rig and it has been observed that the thermosyphon loses efficiency. The entire study demonstrates that heat loads can have a major impact on thermosyphon performance because there is trapped air present.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDao Danh Tung et al .,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e] investigated the effectiveness of heat transport and the impact of inclinations on a self-oscillating heat pipe constructed. Pure water is used as the working fluid in this experiment. A heat pipe is made up of a heating segment, a cooling segment, and an adiabatic section. The size of the heating and cooling portions are the same, and four parallel circular pipes connect them. The adiabatic section consists of four parallel circular pipes with the following measurements: 6 mm for the exterior diameter, 5 mm for the interior diameter, and 45 mm for the length.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSomponWongtom et al., [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e], thermosyphon heat pipe has been explored using sound waves as a means of simulating the evaporation process to increase the heat transfer rate of the heat pipe as a whole. On a single thermosyphon with a sound wave, the experiment was conducted. The evaporator and condenser sections of a 0.45 m long, bare copper tube with an outside diameter of 0.0223 m made up the experimental setup. R-123 was the thermosyphon's working fluid, and the inlet hot air temperature ranged between 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90oC. The thermosyphon had filling fractions of 60, 70, and 80%. The findings of this experiment demonstrated that, in the best situation, a heat pipe at a 15\\u0026deg; slope, hot water at a 70\\u0026deg;C temperature, a frequency of 100 Hz, and a filling ratio of 70% working fluid could boost the rate of heat transfer by around 67.65%. S. Sichamnan et al ., [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e] investigated several two-phase flow patterns that influence the rate of heat transfer within a two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) and found that the flow patterns influenced the rate of heat transfer differently. This experiment evaluated the evaporator temperature at 50, 70, and 900C, and the inclination angle of the evaporator at 0, 800, and 900 degrees.In the results of the experiment, it was found that the largest rate of heat transfer occurred at 900C for evaporation and 800 inclination angles respectively. Valentin Guichet, et al .,[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e]chosen the most appropriate and dependable connection after a thorough review of recently released equations relating to decreasing film heat transfer.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMost of the investigations for thermosyphon heat pipe were conducted at an angle of 90\\u0026deg; with water as working fluid. Hence, in the present work, experimental and numerical investigations are carried out at an inclination angle of 45\\u0026deg; with different working fluids namely methanol and Ammonia in addition to water.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. MATERIALS AND METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUsing de-ionized water as the working fluid, an experiment is conducted to assess the thermal performance of a thermosyphon heat pipe with a 5/8\\u0026quot; OD and 570 mm in length. The apparatus applies controlled wattage through a variac while using a tube heater as its heat input source. A fractional HP water pump is used to supply the cooling water jacket, and it has the ability to control the flow of water through the jacket by turning two valves. By giving the water jacket an angle, the thermosyphon\\u0026apos;s inclination angle can be adjusted. Orient the water jacket so the condenser end is lower than the heater end (evaporator).To turn on the temperature indicators, turn the incoming power breaker on. If you have the heatpipe condenser inserted into the water jacket, make sure to check the flow control valve setting and insert the cone-shaped sealing end. Using a J-Type thermocouple clamped at the extreme ends of the heat pipe, the temperature of the evaporator and the condenser can be measured directly on the temperature indicators that correspond to these temperaturesIn the experiment now underway, the behavior of the heat pipe is being tracked by observing the temperature measurements displayed on temperature indicators at predetermined intervals to determine how the pipe is responding. Record the final temperature readings after running the machine continuously for 30 minutes or until the temperature at the evaporator and condenser ends stabilizes. Using two thermosyphon heat pipes with ammonia and methanol as the working fluids, the experimental process was repeated. As a comparison, ethanol and methanol were used as fluids to be used in the heat pipe. They were then compared with a thermosyphon heat pipe, which used deionized water for the working fluid. With this experiment, the primary aim is to measure the effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient, and thermal resistance of an evaporator and condenser by modifying their inlet water flow and heat inputs. The specifications of equipment has shown in Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSpecifications of the equipment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDescription\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSpecification\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eManufacturer of the heat pipe\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCapri cables private ltd.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eheat pipe\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThermosyphon\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThermocouple used\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJ-Type Thermocouple\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWorking fluid used\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDe-ionized water, Ammonia, methanol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMaterial used for heat pipe\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCopper\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupply of water\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHP water pump\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHeat pipe length\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e570mm\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDiameter of heat pipe\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5/8\\u0026rdquo; OD\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1 Working Fluid\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor this experiment, the working fluids are water, ammonia, and methanol. Because of its high surface tension and excellent compatibility, water is employed as a working fluid. More capillary pressure will be provided by high surface tension. methanol and ammonia are utilized because of its high thermal conductivity. Thermo-physical properties of water, Ammonia, methanol are shown in Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThermo physical properties of Water, Ammonia and Methanol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDescription\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSymbol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWater liquid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWater vapour\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMethyl alcohol liquid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMethyl alcohol vapour\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUnits\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDensity\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026Rho;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.5522\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e785\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ekg/m3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSpecific Heat\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCp\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4183\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2534\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1820\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJ/kg K\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eThermal Conductivity\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eK\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.0251\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.2022\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.0163\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eW/m K\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDynamic Viscosity\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026micro;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.001013\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.0000124\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.000545\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.0000135\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ekg/ms\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.2 Temperature measurement\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA thermocouple of the J type was used to measure the temperature. An array of thermocouples is attached to the various thermosyphon heat pipe locations for measuring the thermal activity of the heat pipe and for analyzing its thermal behavior. Figure \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e shows experimental set up for heat pipe.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.3 Analysis of Heat Transfer\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTo comprehend the thermosyphon heat pipe\\u0026apos;s operating efficacy, heat transfer analysis must be performed. The evaporator receives a homogeneous heat flux. The working fluid is partially evaporated using some of the applied heat, and the remaining heat is sent to the compensation chamber, where it is used for heat loss from the system.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, we see how the resistance of methanol and water changes as the heat input increases at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec. Despite the fact that ammonia has a lower resistance to heat than methanol for a variety of heat inputs, and since resistance also decreases with increasing heat inputs, ammonia\\u0026apos;s thermosyphon heat pipe also possesses a higher heat transfer rate than methanol\\u0026apos;s heat pipe, which rate likewise rises with increasing heat input.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eUnder 15 ml/sec flow, Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the fluctuation in resistance between ammonia and water. In addition to the fact that the thermosyphon heat pipe has a higher heat transfer rate when it is filled with ammonia than when it is filled with water, the heat transfer rate also increases as the heat input increases, as water has a lower resistance for different heat inputs than ethanol does, and it decreases with increasing heat input as well.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrates how resistance between ammonia and water changes as a function of heat input at a flow rate of 20 ml/sec. Compared to water, ammonia has a lower resistance for a variety of heat inputs, and it also gets lower as the heat input increases, resulting in a thermosyphon heat pipe with ammonia that transfers heat more quickly than one with water.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAt a flow rate of 10 ml/sec for methanol and ammonia, Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrates how these compounds\\u0026apos; resistance changes with thermal input in response to heat input. For a wide range of heat inputs, its resistance will be higher than that of ammonia for a wide range of heat inputs, and it will decline as the heat input increases as well. Consequently, a thermosyphon heat pipe that is fuelled by ammonia is more efficient at transferring heat than one which uses methanol, and the efficiency increases as the amount of heat input is increased.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e at a flow rate of 15 ml/sec, this graph shows the change in resistance of methanol and ammonia with heat input, as the flow rate changes.. In thermosyphon heat pipes with Ammonia, the heat transfer rate is greater than that of methanol and also rises with increasing heat input because the resistance for methanol is higher than that of Ammonia for various heat inputs and also reduces with increasing heat input.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn Fig. 8 with a water flow rate of 20ml/sec, it displays a change in the resistance of methanol and ammonia with heat input at the same time. There is a greater heat transfer rate when using ammonia as a gas in thermosyphon heat pipes than when using methanol, and this rate increases with increasing heat input as the resistance decreases with the increase in heat input\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"5. CONCLUSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFor the aim of heat recovery, these pipes are employed in industrial facilities. For the cooling and stabilization of spacecraft's temperature in aerospace. These pipes are used to keep electronic parts cold. Oven and furnace heat is transported through these pipes.\\u0026nbsp;Using a thermosyphon heat pipe with a tilt angle of 45\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003e, dimensions of 16 mm OD and 570 mm length, and working fluids of deionized water, ammonia, and methanol, experimental research is conducted. In the evaporator section, variable heat inputs of 100 W, 150 W, 200 W, 250 W, and 300 W correspond to varying cooling water flow rates of 10 ml/sec, 15 ml/sec, and 20 ml/sec over the condenser section, respectively. By performing experiments using water, ammonia, and methanol as working fluids at various heat inputs and flow rates, the temperatures of the evaporator and condenser are determined. The change in resistances caused by the use of the three working fluids is then contrasted. Observations have been made that the maximum resistance of heat pipes is found to exist at 100 W of heat input. At for a 100 W heat input capacity ,thermal resistance observed with de-ionized water was \\u0026nbsp;0.0795°C /W and Ammonia was 0.0339°C/W and with methanol was \\u0026nbsp; 0.05895°C /W. By the Experimental results, the resistance of heat pipe in the presence of Ammonia is lower than \\u0026nbsp; that of water and methanol. Hence it is concluded that heat transfer rate for Ammonia is higher than that of water and methanol. By comparing the findings of the current study to the body of literature, the \\u0026nbsp;thermosyphon heat pipe with a 45\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003e-degree inclination angle is more efficient than one with a 90\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003e-degree inclination angle.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"ABBREVIATIONS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003em- flow rate\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003csub\\u003ee\\u003c/sub\\u003e- evaporator Length\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003csub\\u003ec\\u003c/sub\\u003e- condenser Length\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eC\\u003csub\\u003ep\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Specific heat\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eT\\u003csub\\u003es\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Saturation temperature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eT\\u003csub\\u003ewi\\u003c/sub\\u003e- temperature of Inlet water\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eT\\u003csub\\u003ewo\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Outlet water temperature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eQ\\u003csub\\u003ei\\u003c/sub\\u003e - Power input\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eQ\\u003csub\\u003eo\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Power output\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003csub\\u003eth\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Thermal resistance\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eq\\u003csub\\u003ee\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Evaporator Heat flux\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eq\\u003csub\\u003ec\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Condenser Heat flux\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eh\\u003csub\\u003ee\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Evaporator Heat transfer co-efficient\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eh\\u003csub\\u003ec\\u003c/sub\\u003e- Condenser Heat transfer co-efficient \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"DECLARATIONS\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eliterature survey has conducted then title has developed then experimental work has conducted and results has tabulated.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"REFERENCES\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAkshayKundan, Joel L.PlawskyC.WaynerJr,\\u0026ldquo;Thermocapillary Phenomena and Performance Limitations of a Wickless Heat Pipe in Microgravity\\u0026rdquo;,American Physical Society,April 2015.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eG.Kumaresan, S.Venkatachalapathy, Lazarous Godson Asirvatham \\u0026ldquo;Experimental investigation on enhancement in thermal characteristics of sintered wick heat pipe using CuOnanofluids\\u0026rdquo;, International Journal on Heat and Mass transfer,2014.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eLeonard L.Vasiliev \\u0026ldquo; Heat Pipes in modern heat exchangers\\u0026rdquo;, Journal on Applied Thermal Engineering,2003\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eTaoufikBrahim,AbdelmajidJemni \\u0026ldquo;Effect of heat pipe adiabatic region\\u0026rdquo;,Journal on Heat Transfer. 136(4),April 2014.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eXue Zhihu,Qu Wei \\u0026ldquo;Experimental study on effect of inclination angles to ammonia pulsating heat pipe\\u0026rdquo;,Chinese Journal Of Aeronautics,1000-9362,2014.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eR. Senthilkumar, S. Vaidyanathan, B. Sivaraman \\u0026ldquo;Heat transfer Analysis of two phase closed thermosyphon using aqueous solution of n-butanol\\u0026rdquo;, International journal of Engineering and technology, ISSN: 2049-3444, 2013.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eM. Karthikeyan, S. Vaidyanathan, B. Sivaraman \\u0026ldquo;Effect of copper nanofluid concentration on thermal performance of heat pipes\\u0026rdquo;, Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP), 4, 013004 (2013)\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eH. Mirshahi, M. Rahimi \\u0026ldquo;Experiment study on the effect of heat loads,fill ratio and extra volume on performance of a partial-vacuumed thermosyphon\\u0026rdquo;,Iranian Journal Of Chemical Engineering,Vol 6,No.4(autum),2009.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eDao Danh Tung, Shuichi Torii \\u0026ldquo;Heat transfer performance of a self-oscillating heat pipe using pure water and effect of inclination to this performance\\u0026rdquo;,December 30,2013\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSomponWongtom* and TanongkiatKiatsiriroat \\u0026ldquo;Effect of inclined heat transfer rate on thermosyphon heat pipe under sound wave\\u0026rdquo;, As. J. Energy Env. 10(04), 214-220,2009\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eA Brusly Solomon, K N Shukla, B C Pillai and Mohammed Ibrahim \\u0026ldquo;Thermal performance of cylindrical heat pipe using \\u0026nbsp; nano fluids\\u0026rdquo;,48\\u003csup\\u003eTH\\u003c/sup\\u003e AIAA, January 2010.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eS. Sichamnan a , T. Chompookham a , T. Parametthanuwat b, \\u0026ldquo;A case study on internal flow patterns of the two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT), Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, January 2020\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eValentin Guichet, Hussam Jouhara,\\u0026rdquo;Condensation, evaporation and boiling of falling films in wickless heat pipes (two-phase closed thermosyphons): A critical review of correlations\\u0026rdquo; International Journal of Thermofluids, October 2019\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAnthony J. Robinson , Kate Smith , Turlough Hughes, Sauro Filippeschi \\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;\\u003c/sup\\u003eHeat and mass transfer for a small diameter thermosyphon with low fill ratio\\u0026rdquo; International Journal of Thermofluids, February 2020\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Heat pipe, Resistance, Working fluids, inclination angle, Thermosyphon, Two Phase\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5923367/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5923367/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn most cases, heat pipes are utilized to transport heat effectively between two solid contacts. In order to accommodate the current trends of power and flux level of upcoming micro devices, an efficient thermal management system is required. Currently, experimental studies are being conducted to determine the thermal performance of a Thermosyphon heat pipe. First, it was explored how operational conditions affected the thermal efficiency of the Thermosyphon heat pipe. A thermosyphon heat pipe measuring 16mm in diameter and 570mm in length will be used for the experimental investigation, and de-ionized water will be used as the working fluid at a flow rate of 10 milliliters per second, 15 milliliters per second, and 20 milliliters per second for different heat inputs of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 milliliters per second. Using water as the working fluid, an ideal flow rate and an ideal heat input for the system have been measured. The tilt angle of the heat pipe is taken to be 45\\u003csup\\u003e0\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Second, the impact of working fluids on thermosyphon heat pipe performance was investigated. Ammonia, DI water, and methanol were three of the working fluids that were used. The results of the study were compared with those obtained with the use of ammonia or methanol as working fluids, in order to show that the results obtained with de-ionized water were more reliable. Ammonia has less resistance than the other two working fluids, according to a comparison of the resistance, efficiency, and heat transfer coefficient of heat pipes for the three fluids.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Experimental Analysis on Inclined Heat Pipe With Alternative Fluids\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-02-04 09:09:59\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5923367/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"a2c7a605-1502-41e4-9d72-73e9c1dcaa30\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"February 4th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-02-04T09:09:59+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-02-04 09:09:59\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-5923367\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-5923367\",\"identity\":\"rs-5923367\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}