{"paper_id":"438e478e-1513-4e7e-9936-3e8a4e75a3e2","body_text":"Optimal Bidding Strategy of Wind–Hydrogen Integrated Energy Systems in Energy and Ramping Service Market | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Optimal Bidding Strategy of Wind–Hydrogen Integrated Energy Systems in Energy and Ramping Service Market Bingcheng Huang, Lirong Deng, Yi Sun This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9117251/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the increasing penetration of wind power, flexible ramping resources are becoming increasingly critical in power systems. Hydrogen energy storage (HES), due to its system-level energy regulation capability, can be deeply integrated with wind farms to form a wind–hydrogen integrated energy system (WH-IES), enabling the system to provide flexible ramping products (FRPs). Based on this, this paper investigates an optimal bidding strategy for a WH-IES participating in both the energy and ramping markets. To accurately characterize the internal operations and market interactions of the system, a physical model incorporating the dynamic hydrogen production efficiency of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMELs) is developed. Meanwhile, the prosumer identity of the WH-IES in the ramping market is systematically modeled, explicitly capturing the ramping demand induced by wind power fluctuations and the ramping capability provided by the hydrogen storage system, as well as their impact on the market response of the WH-IES. On this basis, a bi-level bidding strategy is established to simulate the strategic interaction between the WH-IES and the electricity market, and the problem is reformulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions and strong duality theory for efficient solution. Case studies on a modified IEEE 6-bus system demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively captures market interactions, and considering both the dynamic efficiency of PEMELs and the dual identity in the ramping market significantly enhances system profitability and market stability, providing a theoretical reference for the market-oriented operation of large-scale WH-IES. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Hydrogen energy storage electricity markets Bi-level bidding strategy Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9117251\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":611054839,\"identity\":\"a5af0e17-ea60-444c-8053-164a5f7ff9ad\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Bingcheng Huang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Shanghai University of Electric Power\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Bingcheng\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Huang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":611054840,\"identity\":\"5b913a09-d6fe-4e5e-99a0-325bd215b090\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Lirong Deng\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3UlEQVRIie3RIQvCQBTA8TcGWzm0nsHv8GAwhYn7KncIrgyzwTAQbOJXsQqGgwMt51YHCy6JwbBkFKegSc7ZDPeHd7wXfukATKZ/TNRTwgDQfp52Q8Jg/DuRgNCUtPZLeebbLOy59q6EacAT9yC0pKPScZ+dCr6ZOxGCinhCJkxLMI99ZKJgKIlPrYXkCSWoJ8fLg6QhyvaVWrcmJCdeyYSw1pI41EoakI6KfWBixNfS6SHbRd6CxHrS2iuvqsQwxEyeymoWdFeu0pM6h76W+oMe7/fs6k1MJpPJ9Kk794xJBfjPmbEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Shanghai University of Electric Power)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Lirong\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Deng\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":611054841,\"identity\":\"b560d27a-bbc0-40e8-af81-84c61afd5030\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Yi Sun\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Shanghai University of Electric Power\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Sun\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2026-03-13 17:53:50\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9117251/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9117251/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":108804669,\"identity\":\"84853561-4a91-4644-9d3a-cf15d87809c7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-05-08 15:22:41\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":573817,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"OptimalBiddingStrategyofWindHydrogenIntegratedEnergySystemsinEnergyandRampingServiceMarket.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9117251/v1_covered_a97a7bb8-6231-46b2-a17c-5d11b0a1c035.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Optimal Bidding Strategy of Wind–Hydrogen Integrated Energy Systems in Energy and Ramping Service Market\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Hydrogen energy storage, electricity markets, Bi-level bidding strategy \",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9117251/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9117251/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWith the increasing penetration of wind power, flexible ramping resources are becoming increasingly critical in power systems. Hydrogen energy storage (HES), due to its system-level energy regulation capability, can be deeply integrated with wind farms to form a wind–hydrogen integrated energy system (WH-IES), enabling the system to provide flexible ramping products (FRPs). Based on this, this paper investigates an optimal bidding strategy for a WH-IES participating in both the energy and ramping markets. To accurately characterize the internal operations and market interactions of the system, a physical model incorporating the dynamic hydrogen production efficiency of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMELs) is developed. Meanwhile, the prosumer identity of the WH-IES in the ramping market is systematically modeled, explicitly capturing the ramping demand induced by wind power fluctuations and the ramping capability provided by the hydrogen storage system, as well as their impact on the market response of the WH-IES. On this basis, a bi-level bidding strategy is established to simulate the strategic interaction between the WH-IES and the electricity market, and the problem is reformulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions and strong duality theory for efficient solution. 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