{"paper_id":"43565e72-d98b-4b24-8384-7b2848486fb1","body_text":"Nonlocal metasurfaces based on advanced Bayesian learning for satellite communications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Nonlocal metasurfaces based on advanced Bayesian learning for satellite communications Mahmoud Elsawy, Ayoub Bellouch, Stéphane Lanteri, Erika Vandelle, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154719/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Beam-steering antennas, based on sub-wavelength deflectors, aim to facilitate information exchange with satellite communication (SatCom) on-the-move systems. Recent beam-deflection solutions are often based on the phase-gradient metasurfaces (PGM) concept to generate the desired wavefront. However, the performance remains inadequate for advanced communication technologies due to bandwidth limitations and insufficient efficiency. Here, a highly-efficient broadband beam-deflection system is design, fabricate, and characterize experimentally for SatCom applications. To achieve that, an advanced Bayesian learning strategy, accompanied by an innovative nonlocal metasurface (NLM) configuration, is employed. This non-trivial broadband design leverages a sophisticated coupling between adjacent sub-wavelength elements, together with varying thicknesses along the propagation direction to manipulate the incoming beam. The novel beam-deflector is illuminated with a circularly polarized wave and is designed to operate in the Ka-Tx band from 27.5 to 31 GHz. The optimized structure demonstrates exceptionally high performance compared to the conventional phase-gradient synthesizing counterparts. The experimental validation exhibits an excellent agreement with the numerical simulation, highlighting the potential of this optimization-assisted design to advance metasurface technology for various beam-steering applications Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computational science Physical sciences/Materials science/Theory and computation/Computational methods Bayesian optimization (BO) Beam-steering antenna Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) Gaussian Process (GP) Ka-band NonLocal Metasurfaces (NLM) Phase Gradient Metasurface (PGM) Satellite Communication (SatCom) Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files Supportinginformation.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6154719\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":437997686,\"identity\":\"09af3c39-5bf4-45f0-a028-ac6014862e52\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Mahmoud 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