{"paper_id":"434258f8-4e37-45d8-aec8-9eff3b07fe78","body_text":"Preparation and characterization of different supported 4-n-butylresorcinol nanoemulsions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Preparation and characterization of different supported 4-n-butylresorcinol nanoemulsions Mingyuan Li, Wanhui Shao, Hongmeng Ren, Xinyi Li, Mengsi Yin, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4326490/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract 4-n-butylresorcinol (4-nBR) has a significant effect on skin pigmentation, but its poor solubility, low stability and strong irritation to the skin limit its application. In this study, 4-nBR was prepared into 4-n-butylresorcinol nanoemulsion (4-nBR-NE) for the first time, which improved the solubility and stability of 4-nBR and greatly reduced the irritation of 4-nBR on skin. On this basis, the relationship between the viscosity of nanoemulsion and the formulation process, and the relationship between the ratio of surfactant and the formability of 4-nBR-NE were further studied. A nanoemulsion with adjustable viscosity (AV-NE) and nanoemulsion with low surfactant content has been successfully developed. The particle size of 4-nBR-NE was 13.34 ± 0.1646 nm, and PDI (0.08532 ± 0.0191) was small, and the particle size distribution was uniform. The encapsulation rate of 4-nBR-NE was 80.05 ± 0.75% by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. In addition, 4-nBR-NE had excellent stability for several months that the particle size was almost unchanged. We also confirmed through cells and transdermal evaluations that the original irritation of 4-nBR on cells and skin could be effectively reduced after preparation of 4-nBR-NE. Then 4-nBR-NE was prepared into essence. TEM showed that the shape of the 4-nBR-NE could still be observed after the essence was prepared, indicating that the shape of the 4-nBR-NE could still be maintained when the 4-nBR-NE was added to other products as an intermediate. In summary, 4-nBR-NE could not only improve the stability, solubility and transdermal delivery efficiency of 4-nBR, but also effectively reduce the original irritation of 4-nBR, which can be used to help treat pigmentation, melasma, freckles and other skin diseases. 4-nBR has increased its applicability in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. nanoemulsions 4-n-butylresorcinol viscosity adjustment low surfactant transdermal Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4326490\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":299730849,\"identity\":\"2318bfcc-1111-4bae-b614-6f870c8add73\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Mingyuan Li\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science \\u0026 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Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jiaxu\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Li\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":299730865,\"identity\":\"cf64379e-dcc7-4c3f-90db-a2fda1d5f79a\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Siqi Zhang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science \\u0026 Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Siqi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Zhang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":299730867,\"identity\":\"cdbef9e7-fe49-4db3-87e1-13bf3c59a487\",\"order_by\":8,\"name\":\"Yu Huang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science \\u0026 Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yu\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Huang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":299730869,\"identity\":\"c3754552-daf4-49c5-a7bb-9a0c144e9dcb\",\"order_by\":9,\"name\":\"Yuxi Zhang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science \\u0026 Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yuxi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Zhang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":299730870,\"identity\":\"36c0d537-723e-436e-a8ad-ea948afa844f\",\"order_by\":10,\"name\":\"Jian Yang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science \\u0026 Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jian\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Yang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":299730871,\"identity\":\"a2751052-58b2-4d2c-b6ce-14e4596b05b4\",\"order_by\":11,\"name\":\"Bin Han\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bode Intelligent Manufacturing (Guangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Bin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Han\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":299730872,\"identity\":\"1b3d1635-448a-4d5d-b7d6-9f8cb6b53da1\",\"order_by\":12,\"name\":\"Zuyin Li\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Bode Intelligent Manufacturing (Guangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Zuyin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Li\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":299730873,\"identity\":\"6ef18188-6f2e-4cf3-8ba2-a8cf4f8bd3a8\",\"order_by\":13,\"name\":\"Jianjun Xue\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACgwMQmvnAgYQKCTl54rWwsSUeeHDGwtiwgQgtEIqNR/ngw7aKRIYDBNTrtjdvPPCjZpucuXwPw4HEeRIJjA3MDx/dwKPF7MyxgoM9x24bW7bxHjiQuE0ij52Bzdg4B5+WGzkGhxnYbiduOMaXANJSzNjAwyaNV8v9N0At/27XbzjGY3AgcY5EYsMBQlpu8BgcZmy7nWAA1tJAjJYzaQUHe/tuG244lpZwIOGYhLFhMyG/HD+8+cOPb7flDQ4fPvzxR02dnDx788PH+LRgAcykKR8Fo2AUjIJRgAUAAMCQWF8PGL0SAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Jining Medical University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jianjun\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Xue\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-04-26 01:10:43\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4326490/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4326490/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":59017675,\"identity\":\"8a101851-a750-4062-86dd-bf9f8f678723\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-06-25 10:53:43\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":932395,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4326490/v1_covered_e9fa8ffb-07c1-4e0f-953f-ccc8aa14bcdc.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Preparation and characterization of different supported 4-n-butylresorcinol nanoemulsions\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"nanoemulsions, 4-n-butylresorcinol, viscosity adjustment, low surfactant, transdermal\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4326490/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4326490/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e4-n-butylresorcinol (4-nBR) has a significant effect on skin pigmentation, but its poor solubility, low stability and strong irritation to the skin limit its application. In this study, 4-nBR was prepared into 4-n-butylresorcinol nanoemulsion (4-nBR-NE) for the first time, which improved the solubility and stability of 4-nBR and greatly reduced the irritation of 4-nBR on skin. On this basis, the relationship between the viscosity of nanoemulsion and the formulation process, and the relationship between the ratio of surfactant and the formability of 4-nBR-NE were further studied. A nanoemulsion with adjustable viscosity (AV-NE) and nanoemulsion with low surfactant content has been successfully developed. The particle size of 4-nBR-NE was 13.34\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.1646 nm, and PDI (0.08532\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.0191) was small, and the particle size distribution was uniform. The encapsulation rate of 4-nBR-NE was 80.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.75% by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. In addition, 4-nBR-NE had excellent stability for several months that the particle size was almost unchanged. We also confirmed through cells and transdermal evaluations that the original irritation of 4-nBR on cells and skin could be effectively reduced after preparation of 4-nBR-NE. Then 4-nBR-NE was prepared into essence. TEM showed that the shape of the 4-nBR-NE could still be observed after the essence was prepared, indicating that the shape of the 4-nBR-NE could still be maintained when the 4-nBR-NE was added to other products as an intermediate. In summary, 4-nBR-NE could not only improve the stability, solubility and transdermal delivery efficiency of 4-nBR, but also effectively reduce the original irritation of 4-nBR, which can be used to help treat pigmentation, melasma, freckles and other skin diseases. 4-nBR has increased its applicability in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Preparation and characterization of different supported 4-n-butylresorcinol nanoemulsions\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-05-08 14:46:35\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4326490/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"36919294-7f43-49fd-ac87-35cd73874949\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 8th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-06-25T10:45:36+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-05-08 14:46:35\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4326490\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4326490\",\"identity\":\"rs-4326490\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}