{"paper_id":"3f9e14e3-175c-4ef2-9c2f-ff1a73f271d5","body_text":"Predicting Embung, a communal indigenous stormwater retention pond, capacity for mitigating flooding at hamlet of Kulonprogo landscapes, Central Java, Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Predicting Embung , a communal indigenous stormwater retention pond, capacity for mitigating flooding at hamlet of Kulonprogo landscapes, Central Java, Indonesia Andrio Wibowo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6588606/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Indonesia is a country in Indonesia that has rainy seasons. This season causes flooding, especially in areas that experience high rainfalls and rainfall duration per day with an average of 4 hours of rain duration per day. In some remote areas, indigenous knowledge has been practiced to mitigate flooding by implementing an Embung , functioning as the stormwater retention ponds. While Indonesia is experiencing flooding and the solution is available, there is limited information about the capacity of Embung for mitigating flooding. This study is implemented in a hamlet located in Kulonprogo, Indonesia, when receiving rainfall, and the local community has been practicing Embung . In this hamlet, a communal Embung size of 390,000 liters is proposed. The results show that the average peak discharge of the studied hamlet is 121.66 m³ day⁻¹ for an estimated 4-hour rain. The proposed Embung is effective to store water from February to November. During the rainy season, when heavy rainfall occurs with rainfall ranges of 163.96 to 170.85 mm, Embung can reduce the peak discharge ranging from 90.00 to 93.78%. Then Embung is an effective solution to reduce peak discharge at hamlet scale. The capacity of the Embung to retain the stormwater is related to the reserve landscapes in these villages that are still dominated by the mix of forest and cultivated lands. Considering the potential of Embung to reserve water and mitigate flooding, it is then recommended to keep and maintain the drainage areas of the villages with planting more trees, focusing on particular tree species that have the capacity to store water. Embung hamlet Kulonprogo rainfall water Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction In many areas, including even at the hamlet scale, where urbanization has existed, it has the potential to increase the flood risk (Miller and Hutchins 2017 , Blum et al. 2020 ). At hamlet, the urbanization existed by the conversion of pristine land to settlement and cultivation land and plantation, causing an increase of impervious area that led to the increases of peak discharge and runoff volumes (Shuster et al. 2005 , Putro et al. 2016 ). In response to the increased imperviousness and flooding, a range of approaches has been used to store and slow down the peak discharge. As a result, there are a growing number of approaches, ranging from blue-green infrastructure (Ellis 2013 ), nature-based solutions (NBS) (Maes and Jacobs 2017 ), sustainable drainage systems (SuDS), to stormwater control measures (SCM). One of the approaches is known as retentions, which, according to classification, is under the NBS or SCM, often incorporated into new housing developments in urban catchments. The selection and construction of ponds have been practiced for a long time, even since ancient times. In modern nations like the United Kingdom, it has been recorded that at least 222 ponds originated from the mid-nineteenth century. (Jeffries 2011 ). In Chinese civilization, the pond has been used extensively. While most ponds are constructed for the purpose of aquaculture (Rogers 2023 ), the purpose for retention ponds is still limited. This knowledge then is inherited by the Southeast Asia Region, with the proof being the massive ponds of the Angkor Kingdom, including the West Mebon reservoir. This kingdom actually has a relationship with Indonesia through the marriage of the royal family with the Indonesian Kingdom on Java Island. This relationship is also followed by knowledge transfer on developing ponds, which is very useful to mitigate the floods that have been frequently happening on Java Island. As a result of this culture assimilation, there are growing ponds constructed across the Java Island landscape during ancient times as can be seen in Fig. 1. Besides the construction of ponds on a massive scale, the local community living in the hamlet was also practicing making ponds. This knowledge is still reserved and practiced today. In Java Island, the pond is known as Embung . Fig. 1. Sikajar Embung , built by Old Mataram Kingdom in 8th century. This circle shape Embung has diameter of 20 m and located 60 km from Kulonprogo. Despite the current growing research on elaborating the retention pond in mitigating floods, most of the aforementioned research is elaborating ponds at city scales. In Indonesia, and in particular Kulonprogo, the community at the hamlet scale was also threatened by the risk of floods due to the high rainfall. At the same time, the community is working together to build communal ponds, inheriting their cultural heritage. This practice is very common at the community level in many hamlets in Indonesia. Currently, the information on how the communal pond at the hamlet scale can effectively mitigate the incoming flood is still limited regarding its information. Then, this study elaborates on the capacity of a communal indigenous stormwater retention pond for mitigating flooding at the hamlet of Kulonprogo landscapes, Indonesia. 2. Methods The method sections describe the study site and the variables used for peak discharge calculations. 2.1. Study site This research was conducted in a hamlet located in the landscapes of Kulonprogo, Indonesia in Java Island. The land uses of the hamlet were a combination of settlements, agricultural and paddy fields, a forest, and cultivated lands (Figure 2). The elevation of this hamlet was 41 m above sea level. This hamlet receives high rainfall from November to February. During the rainy season, flooding has been reported in some areas where the water reaches the surface. Realizing and anticipating the flooding, the local community has the initiative to construct Embung . Currently, the stone embankment has been constructed for the Embung . To realize the Embung , a proposed design has been developed (Figure 3). The Embung will be integrated with the existing water channel with a width of 1.5 m. During the rainy season, the water in this channel overflows and inundates the surface. The proposed Embung will have a length, width, and depth as follows: 26 m x 10 m x 1.5 m. It is estimated that the proposed Embung has a capacity of 390,000 liters, or equal to 390 m³. The Embung will accommodate the water from surrounding drainage areas, sizing 39,346 m². 2.2. Variables for peak discharge The calculations of Embung capacity are related to the amount of water intakes. In this case, the water intake is related to the peak discharge of surrounding areas of Embung . To calculate the peak discharge, several variables are required. Those variables include the size of drainage areas, the rainfall per day, and the landscape coefficient. The estimation of peak discharge was set to four hours of rain duration, which is the average rain duration. The detail of those peak discharge variables can be seen in Table 1. The landscape coefficient was determined based on the land cover types. The values will be lower if the land cover was natural features, including forests and cultivated lands. While the landscape coefficient values will be higher if the land cover was built with features including roads and settlements (Suheri et al. 2019). Table 1. Variables for peak discharge. Variables Sources Unit Drainage areas Direct field measurement m 2 Rainfall per day Regional database mm Landscape coefficient Reference dimensionless 3. Results 3.1. Rainfall and peak discharge Rainfall and estimated peak discharge for 12 months are available in Table 2. The pattern of rainfall and estimated peak discharge exhibits the U-shaped patterns. It indicates that the rainfall is high at the beginning of the year and then it slowly decreases and then back to increasing at the end of the year. The pattern follows the common rainy season, dry season, and transition seasons. The rainy season starts from November to February. Then it is continued with the transition season from rainy to dry season. The dry seasons reached their peaks in June. After that, the rainfall will increase, approaching the rainy seasons. These rainfall patterns are following the similar pattern of peak discharges. The hamlet will experience flooding, and the water channel is overflowing, especially from December to January. From March to June , the hamlet will have less discharge, and the inundation is decreasing. From August to November, the peak discharge is increasing again following the onset of the rainy season . Table 2. Rainfall and peak discharge for 12 months. Month Rainfall (mm day⁻¹) Peak discharge (m 3 day⁻¹) January 163.96 415.86 February 59.51 150.93 March 30.76 78.01 April 22.67 57.49 May 4.85 12.3 June 1.61 4.08 July 2.42 6.13 August 1.21 3.06 September 2.024 5.12 October 11.74 29.77 November 104.04 263.88 December 170.85 433.33 3.2. Embung capacity for 12 months Embung capacity for 12 months related to the peak discharge can be seen in Figure 4. In December and January, when peak discharge reached its maximum, the 390 m³ proposed Embung is estimated to reduce the overflow risks by reducing from 90.00 to 93.78% of water released due to the high peak discharges. From February to November, all the water released can be stored in Embung . During the rainy season, it is estimated that the Embung will empty due to minimum peak discharges. 4. Discussion This study confirms that the rainfall can be the proxy of peak discharge. This finding is in agreement with a previous study. In their study, Naharuddin et al. (2021) confirm that the rainfall influences the level of water discharge. In particular Indonesia, all peak discharges will show the U shape pattern, with the maximum in the onset and the end of a year, and the minimum peak discharge in the mid-year. In Indonesia, a retention pond at urban level has been used widely. In Palembang city, the presences of retention pond sizing 1.05 ha has capacity to reduce the inundation from 15.33%to 58.79% (Amin 2016) . This finding is in agreement with this study that also confirms the significant capacity of ponds in reducing flooding. This pattern was also observed in this study. The proposed Embung has a depth of 1.5 m, and this depth is comparable to the other Embung that has been constructed. In Yogyakarta, Embung Sokowaten (Haryati 2018), a communal Embung in an urban setting, has a maximum depth of 2 m. In the studied hamlet, the hard rock layer at the bottom will obstruct the excavation process to go deeper. The motivation to develop and construct the Embung is solely related to the indigenous knowledge and belief. This explains the construction of Embung in many regions in Indonesia. In Bali Island, the development of Sanur Embung (Kedaton et al. 2024), with a capacity of 34,500 m³ was following indigenous knowledge. According to their indigenous knowledge, Embung is believed to be a representation of the water conservation, water recycling, water recharging, and water reuse. Embung , viewed as the heritage of ancient culture and is also believed tied with the existing archaeological sites and entities (Rees et al. 1997). It confirms that Embung as an ancient pond structure may represents historical and cultural importances. In this study, at the maximum peak discharge, the maximum Embung capacity to store the water is less than 100%, which means that there is still a portion of water that is released and cannot be stored by Embung . The capacity and effectiveness of Embung to store the water should be supported by the whole system at a landscape scale and by considering the land uses and covers. In this studied hamlet, the land uses are still dominated by vegetation covers, whether the forest covers or cultivated lands. These conditions then should be preserved to ensure the high capacity of the proposed Embung to reduce the peak discharge. The proposed Embung is located between midstream and upstream and far from the downstream. The current study has confirmed how the location of the pond may affect its capacity in reducing the peak discharge. In Scotland, Birkinshaw and Krivtsov (2022), observed that a pond at the upper stream has more capacity in reducing peak discharge than another pond located in the downstream that has low capacity. Besides the location of the pond in relation to the elevation, the distances of the pond to the nearby river and water channel are also determining the pond's capacity. A pond located close to the river will tend to have inundation. While the pond that has a far distance to the river will have less risk of flooding. This study has succeeded in estimating the potential capacity of Embung to reduce the peak discharge and mitigate the flooding risk at the hamlet scale and landscape. The capacity was calculated by incorporating several variables mainly affecting the peak discharges. While there are some variables that should be incorporated in the future to improve the study. This study recommends including the topography variables of the landscape and the drainage areas. The topography variables that should be incorporated include the slopes, the aspects, and the elevations according to Alsharif et al. (2019). Besides that under the climate change regimes, the impacts of climate change on rainfall and flooding should be considered as recommended by (Huong and Pathirana 2013). 5. Conclusions The local community plans to construct an Embung , one of cultural heritage, to store the excessive water during the rainy season, it seems a feasible solution. Based on the calculation, the 390,000 l Embung has proven it can store the water. Especially under the heavy rainy season, the Embung can reduce the peak discharge and mitigate the flooding risk at the hamlet scale and landscape. Declarations Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgments Na. Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Informed consent This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. References Alsharif, O., Ezzeldin, M.M., Gutub, S.A., 2019. Comparison of peak discharge estimation methods in northern Jeddah in Western Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 21(13), 1–16. Amin, M. B. A. 2016. Analisis Genangan Banjir di Kawasan Sekitar Kolam Retensi dan Rencana Pengendaliannya, Studi Kasus: Kolam Retensi Siti Khadijah Palembang. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 27(2), 69. https://doi.org/10.5614/jrcp.2016.27.2.1. (In Indonesian) Birkinshaw, S. J., Krivtsov, V. 2022. Evaluating the Effect of the Location and Design of Retention Ponds on Flooding in a Peri-Urban River Catchment. Land, 11(8), 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081368. Blum, A.G.; Ferraro, P.J.; Archfield, S.A.; Ryberg, K.R. 2020. Causal effect of impervious cover on annual flood magnitude for the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2019GL086480. Ellis, J.B. 2013. Sustainable surface water management and green infrastructure in UK urban catchment planning. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 56, 24–41. Haryati, Rr.S.R.. 2018. Kajian Desain Embung di Tepian Kota Yang Mengarah Pada Pengembangan Ekowisata Berbasis Ekonomi Kreatif. Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan, 1(2), 134–148. Huong, H.T.L., Pathirana, A. 2013. Urbanization and Climate Change Impacts on Future Urban Flooding in Cao Tho City, Vietnam. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 17, 379–394. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-379-2013. Jeffries, M. J. 2011. Ponds and the importance of their history: an audit of pond numbers, turnover and the relationship between the origins of ponds and their contemporary plant communities in south-east Northumberland, UK. Hydrobiologia, 689(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0678-4. Kedaton, K. H. P., Yekti, M. I., Sudiartama, I. G. A., Cahyani, K. D., Annilda, F. 2024. Being Waterwise: Embung Sanur Sebagai Metropolitan Water Conservation Selaras dengan Konsep Tri Hita Karana. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah Dan Kota, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v20i1.48347. Maes, J.; Jacobs, S. 2017. Nature-based solutions for Europe’s sustainable development. Conserv. Lett. 10, 121–124. Miller, J.D.; Hutchins, M. 2017. The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud. 12, 345–362. Naharuddin, N. N., Sadeghi, S. M. M., Malik, A., Rosyid, A., Ahyauddin, A. 2021. Peak discharge estimation to evaluate and monitor the Gumbasa Watershed performance, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Agricultural Engineering International : The CIGR e-journal, 23(3), 31-41. Putro, B.; Kjeldsen, T.R.; Hutchins, M.G.; Miller, J. 2016. An empirical investigation of climate and land-use effects on water quantity and quality in two urbanising catchments in the southern United Kingdom. Sci. Total Environ. 548, 164–172. Rees, S. E. 1997. The historical and cultural importance of ponds and small lakes in Wales, UK. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 7(2), 133-139. Rogers, A. J. 2023. Aquaculture in the Ancient World: ecosystem engineering, domesticated landscapes, and the First Blue Revolution. Journal of Archaeological Research, 32(3), 427–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-023-09191-1. Shuster, W.D.; Bonta, J.; Thurston, H.; Warnemuende, E.; Smith, D.R. 2005. Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology: A review. Urban Water J. 2, 263–275. Suheri, A., Kusmana, C., Purwanto, M. Y. J., Setiawan, Y. 2019. The peak runoff model based on Existing Land Use and Masterplan in Sentul City area, Bogor. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 399(1), 012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/399/1/012039. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6588606\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":451661047,\"identity\":\"c5cc10b3-1145-4c35-9cef-47704b1970b5\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Andrio Wibowo\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHoYDDBUScmwMyQeAPAkZIrWcsTHmY0hLAGnhIUoLA2NbWuI8hhwDKJcA4J+Re/DAB7bDjG3sOZ9f3aix4GFgP3x0Az4tEjfyEg7O4DnMzMbzdpt1zjGgw3jS0m7gteZ2jsFhHonDbGwSuduMc9iAWiR4zPBqkQdrASI2iZxnxjn/iNBiANaSkCYB1ML8OLeNCC2G998B/XLAxoCN55kZc26fBA8bIb/InTl7+MPHfxL189uTH3/O+VYnx89++Bh+7yMBNgkwSaxyEGD+QIrqUTAKRsEoGDkAAPVmSU13vN31AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"DRRC Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Andrio\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Wibowo\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-05-04 13:24:56\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":{\"humanSubjects\":false,\"vertebrateSubjects\":false,\"conflictsOfInterestStatement\":false,\"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false,\"humanSubjectConsent\":false,\"humanSubjectClinicalTrial\":false,\"humanSubjectCaseReport\":false,\"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false},\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6588606/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6588606/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":82130904,\"identity\":\"e554ed80-c1c8-4503-ab18-0b51cff08a38\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-07 05:32:20\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":375384,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSikajar \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e, built by Old Mataram Kingdom in 8\\u003csup\\u003eth\\u003c/sup\\u003e century. This circle shape \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung \\u003c/em\\u003ehas diameter of 20 m and located 60 km from Kulonprogo.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6588606/v1/03d9dfb52c91194a9dd2f679.png\"},{\"id\":82130902,\"identity\":\"87f3e1cc-851f-4fe2-9eba-46ef043d1df4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-07 05:32:20\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":373263,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eLandscapes and landuses of studied hamlet in Kulonprogo, Central Java, Indonesia.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6588606/v1/567d21cd4e54cc303e652628.png\"},{\"id\":82130903,\"identity\":\"427b01d7-129e-4d0c-9375-44264300bdff\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-07 05:32:20\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":181141,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eProposed and under construction of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e in studied hamlet in Kulonprogo, Indonesia.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6588606/v1/3eeb5ba0bf11057c01a2fd25.png\"},{\"id\":82132098,\"identity\":\"5bbca11f-d83a-47c6-9568-10ce8cc73016\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-07 05:40:20\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":77791,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eMonthly \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung \\u003c/em\\u003ecapacity to store peak discharge (m\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e day\\u003csup\\u003e-1 \\u003c/sup\\u003e) based on a 4 hour rain simulation per day.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6588606/v1/e4b65b42d70c3ca10a2c899e.png\"},{\"id\":82134604,\"identity\":\"d4b3d1ee-ddca-4057-b777-09b344a89d54\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-07 06:04:25\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1835839,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6588606/v1/15b7b481-884e-4310-8480-f9dcacad037c.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePredicting \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e, a communal indigenous stormwater retention pond, capacity for mitigating flooding at hamlet of Kulonprogo landscapes, Central Java, Indonesia \\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn many areas, including even at the hamlet scale, where urbanization has existed, it has the potential to increase the flood risk (Miller and Hutchins \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e, Blum et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). At hamlet, the urbanization existed by the conversion of pristine land to settlement and cultivation land and plantation, causing an increase of impervious area that led to the increases of peak discharge and runoff volumes (Shuster et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e, Putro et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). In response to the increased imperviousness and flooding, a range of approaches has been used to store and slow down the peak discharge. As a result, there are a growing number of approaches, ranging from blue-green infrastructure (Ellis \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e), nature-based solutions (NBS) (Maes and Jacobs \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e), sustainable drainage systems (SuDS), to stormwater control measures (SCM). One of the approaches is known as retentions, which, according to classification, is under the NBS or SCM, often incorporated into new housing developments in urban catchments.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe selection and construction of ponds have been practiced for a long time, even since ancient times. In modern nations like the United Kingdom, it has been recorded that at least 222 ponds originated from the mid-nineteenth century. (Jeffries \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). In Chinese civilization, the pond has been used extensively. While most ponds are constructed for the purpose of aquaculture (Rogers \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e), the purpose for retention ponds is still limited. This knowledge then is inherited by the Southeast Asia Region, with the proof being the massive ponds of the Angkor Kingdom, including the West Mebon reservoir. This kingdom actually has a relationship with Indonesia through the marriage of the royal family with the Indonesian Kingdom on Java Island. This relationship is also followed by knowledge transfer on developing ponds, which is very useful to mitigate the floods that have been frequently happening on Java Island.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs a result of this culture assimilation, there are growing ponds constructed across the Java Island landscape during ancient times as can be seen in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1. Besides the construction of ponds on a massive scale, the local community living in the hamlet was also practicing making ponds. This knowledge is still reserved and practiced today. In Java Island, the pond is known as \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cb\\u003eFig.\\u0026nbsp;1.\\u003c/b\\u003e Sikajar \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e, built by Old Mataram Kingdom in 8th century. This circle shape \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e has diameter of 20 m and located 60 km from Kulonprogo.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDespite the current growing research on elaborating the retention pond in mitigating floods, most of the aforementioned research is elaborating ponds at city scales. In Indonesia, and in particular Kulonprogo, the community at the hamlet scale was also threatened by the risk of floods due to the high rainfall. At the same time, the community is working together to build communal ponds, inheriting their cultural heritage. This practice is very common at the community level in many hamlets in Indonesia. Currently, the information on how the communal pond at the hamlet scale can effectively mitigate the incoming flood is still limited regarding its information. Then, this study elaborates on the capacity of a communal indigenous stormwater retention pond for mitigating flooding at the hamlet of Kulonprogo landscapes, Indonesia.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe method sections describe the study site and the variables used for peak discharge calculations.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.1. Study site\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis research was conducted in a hamlet located in the landscapes of Kulonprogo, Indonesia in Java Island. The land uses of the hamlet were a combination of settlements, agricultural and paddy fields, a forest, and cultivated lands (Figure 2). The elevation of this hamlet was 41 m above sea level. This hamlet receives high rainfall from November to February. During the rainy season, flooding has been reported in some areas where the water reaches the surface. Realizing and anticipating the flooding, the local community has the initiative to construct \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e. Currently, the stone embankment has been constructed for the \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e. To realize the \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e, a proposed design has been developed (Figure 3). The \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e will be integrated with the existing water channel with a width of 1.5 m. During the rainy season, the water in this channel overflows and inundates the surface. The proposed \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e will have a length, width, and depth as follows: 26 m x 10 m x 1.5 m. It is estimated that the proposed \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e has a capacity of 390,000 liters, or equal to 390 m\\u0026sup3;. \\u0026nbsp;The \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e will accommodate the water from surrounding drainage areas, sizing 39,346 m\\u0026sup2;.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.2. Variables for peak discharge\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe calculations of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e capacity are related to the amount of water intakes. In this case, the water intake is related to the peak discharge of surrounding areas of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e. To calculate the peak discharge, several variables are required. Those variables include the size of drainage areas, the rainfall per day, and the landscape coefficient. The estimation of peak discharge was set to four hours of rain duration, which is the average rain duration. The detail of those peak discharge variables can be seen in Table 1. \\u0026nbsp;The landscape coefficient was determined based on the land cover types. The values will be lower if the land cover was natural features, including forests and cultivated lands. While the landscape coefficient values will be higher if the land cover was built with features including roads and settlements (Suheri et al. 2019).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Variables for peak discharge.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv align=\\\"\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"510\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eVariables\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eUnit\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; Drainage areas\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDirect field measurement\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003em\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; Rainfall per day\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRegional database\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003emm\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Landscape coefficient\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 210px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReference\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003edimensionless\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3.1. Rainfall and peak discharge\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eRainfall and estimated peak discharge for 12 months are available in Table 2. The pattern of rainfall and estimated peak discharge exhibits the U-shaped patterns. It indicates that the rainfall is high at the beginning of the year and then it slowly decreases and then back to increasing at the end of the year. The pattern follows the common rainy season, dry season, and transition seasons. The rainy season starts from November to February. Then it is continued with the transition season from rainy to dry season. The dry seasons reached their peaks in June. After that, the rainfall will increase, approaching the rainy seasons. These rainfall patterns are following the similar pattern of peak discharges. The hamlet will experience flooding, and the water channel is overflowing, especially from December to January. From March to June , the hamlet will have less discharge, and the inundation is decreasing. From August to November, the peak discharge is increasing again following the onset of the rainy season\\u003cem\\u003e. \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Rainfall and peak discharge for 12 months.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMonth\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRainfall (mm day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePeak discharge (m\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJanuary\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e163.96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e415.86 \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFebruary \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e59.51 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e150.93 \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMarch \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30.76 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e78.01 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eApril \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.67 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e57.49 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMay \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.85 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.3 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJune \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.61 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.08 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJuly \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.42 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.13 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAugust \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.06 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSeptember \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.024\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.12 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOctober \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.74 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e29.77 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNovember \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e104.04 \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e263.88 \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDecember\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e170.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 213px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e433.33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3.2. Embung capacity for 12 months\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003ecapacity for 12 months related to the peak discharge can be seen in Figure 4. In December and January, when peak discharge reached its maximum, the 390 m\\u0026sup3; proposed \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eis estimated to reduce the overflow risks by reducing from 90.00 to 93.78% of water released due to the high peak discharges. From February to November, all the water released can be stored in \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e. During the rainy season, it is estimated that the \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e will empty due to minimum peak discharges.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study confirms that the rainfall can be the proxy of peak discharge. This finding is in agreement with a previous study. In their study, Naharuddin et al. (2021) confirm that the rainfall influences the level of water discharge. In particular Indonesia, all peak discharges will show the U shape pattern, with the maximum in the onset and the end of a year, and the minimum peak discharge in the mid-year. \\u0026nbsp;In Indonesia, a retention pond at urban level has been used widely. In Palembang city, the presences of retention pond sizing 1.05 ha has capacity to reduce the inundation from 15.33%to 58.79% (Amin 2016) . This finding is in agreement with this study that also confirms the significant capacity of ponds in reducing flooding. \\u0026nbsp;This pattern was also observed in this study. The proposed \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e has a depth of 1.5 m, and this depth is comparable to the other \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e that has been constructed. In Yogyakarta, \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eSokowaten (Haryati 2018), a communal \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e in an urban setting, has a maximum depth of 2 m. In the studied hamlet, the hard rock layer at the bottom will obstruct the excavation process to go deeper. \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe motivation to develop and construct the \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e is solely related to the indigenous knowledge and belief. This explains the construction of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e in many regions in Indonesia. In Bali Island, the development of Sanur\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Embung\\u003c/em\\u003e (Kedaton et al. 2024), with a capacity of 34,500 m\\u0026sup3; was following indigenous knowledge. According to their indigenous knowledge, \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e is believed to be a representation of the water conservation, water recycling, water recharging, and water reuse. \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e, viewed as the heritage of ancient culture and \\u0026nbsp;is also believed tied with the existing archaeological sites and entities (Rees et al. 1997). It confirms that \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eas an ancient\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003epond structure may represents historical and cultural importances.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, at the maximum peak discharge, the maximum \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e capacity to store the water is less than 100%, which means that there is still a portion of water that is released and cannot be stored by \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e. The capacity and effectiveness of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e to store the water should be supported by the whole system at a landscape scale and by considering the land uses and covers. In this studied hamlet, the land uses are still dominated by vegetation covers, whether the forest covers or cultivated lands. These conditions then should be preserved to ensure the high capacity of the proposed \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003eto reduce the peak discharge. \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe proposed \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e is located between midstream and upstream and far from the downstream. The current study has confirmed how the location of the pond may affect its capacity in reducing the peak discharge. In Scotland, Birkinshaw and Krivtsov (2022), observed that a pond at the upper stream has more capacity in reducing peak discharge than another pond located in the downstream that has low capacity. Besides the location of the pond in relation to the elevation, the distances of the pond to the nearby river and water channel are also determining the pond\\u0026apos;s capacity. A pond located close to the river will tend to have inundation. While the pond that has a far distance to the river will have less risk of flooding. \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study has succeeded in estimating the potential capacity of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e to reduce the peak discharge and mitigate the flooding risk at the hamlet scale and landscape. The capacity was calculated by incorporating several variables mainly affecting the peak discharges. While there are some variables that should be incorporated in the future to improve the study. This study recommends including the topography variables of the landscape and the drainage areas. The topography variables that should be incorporated include the slopes, the aspects, and the elevations according to Alsharif et al. (2019). Besides that under the climate change regimes, the impacts of climate change on rainfall and flooding should be considered as recommended by (Huong and Pathirana 2013).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"5. Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe local community plans to construct an \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e, one of cultural heritage, to store the excessive water during the rainy season, it seems a feasible solution. Based on the calculation, the 390,000 l \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e has proven it can store the water. Especially under the heavy rainy season, the \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e can reduce the peak discharge and mitigate the flooding risk at the hamlet scale and landscape.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgments\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNa.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthical approval\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInformed consent\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAlsharif, O., Ezzeldin, M.M., Gutub, S.A., 2019. Comparison of peak discharge estimation methods in northern Jeddah in Western Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 21(13), 1\\u0026ndash;16. \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAmin, M. B. A. 2016. Analisis Genangan Banjir di Kawasan Sekitar Kolam Retensi dan Rencana Pengendaliannya, Studi Kasus: Kolam Retensi Siti Khadijah Palembang. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 27(2), 69. https://doi.org/10.5614/jrcp.2016.27.2.1. (In Indonesian)\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBirkinshaw, S. J., Krivtsov, V. 2022. Evaluating the Effect of the Location and Design of Retention Ponds on Flooding in a Peri-Urban River Catchment. Land, 11(8), 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081368.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBlum, A.G.; Ferraro, P.J.; Archfield, S.A.; Ryberg, K.R. 2020. Causal effect of impervious cover on annual flood magnitude for the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2019GL086480. \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eEllis, J.B. 2013. Sustainable surface water management and green infrastructure in UK urban catchment planning. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 56, 24\\u0026ndash;41.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHaryati, Rr.S.R.. 2018. Kajian Desain Embung di Tepian Kota Yang Mengarah Pada Pengembangan Ekowisata Berbasis Ekonomi Kreatif. Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan, 1(2), 134\\u0026ndash;148. \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHuong, H.T.L., Pathirana, A. 2013. Urbanization and Climate Change Impacts on Future Urban Flooding in Cao Tho City, Vietnam. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 17, 379\\u0026ndash;394. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-379-2013.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eJeffries, M. J. 2011. Ponds and the importance of their history: an audit of pond numbers, turnover and the relationship between the origins of ponds and their contemporary plant communities in south-east Northumberland, UK. Hydrobiologia, 689(1), 11\\u0026ndash;21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0678-4.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKedaton, K. H. P., Yekti, M. I., Sudiartama, I. G. A., Cahyani, K. D., Annilda, F. 2024. Being Waterwise: Embung Sanur Sebagai Metropolitan Water Conservation Selaras dengan Konsep Tri Hita Karana. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah Dan Kota, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v20i1.48347.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMaes, J.; Jacobs, S. 2017. Nature-based solutions for Europe\\u0026rsquo;s sustainable development. Conserv. Lett. 10, 121\\u0026ndash;124. \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMiller, J.D.; Hutchins, M. 2017. The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud. 12, 345\\u0026ndash;362.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNaharuddin, N. N., Sadeghi, S. M. M., Malik, A., Rosyid, A., Ahyauddin, A. 2021. Peak discharge estimation to evaluate and monitor the Gumbasa Watershed performance, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Agricultural Engineering International : The CIGR e-journal, 23(3), 31-41.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePutro, B.; Kjeldsen, T.R.; Hutchins, M.G.; Miller, J. 2016. An empirical investigation of climate and land-use effects on water quantity and quality in two urbanising catchments in the southern United Kingdom. Sci. Total Environ. 548, 164\\u0026ndash;172. \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRees, S. E. 1997. The historical and cultural importance of ponds and small lakes in Wales, UK. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 7(2), 133-139.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRogers, A. J. 2023. Aquaculture in the Ancient World: ecosystem engineering, domesticated landscapes, and the First Blue Revolution. Journal of Archaeological Research, 32(3), 427\\u0026ndash;491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-023-09191-1.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eShuster, W.D.; Bonta, J.; Thurston, H.; Warnemuende, E.; Smith, D.R. 2005. Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology: A review. Urban Water J. 2, 263\\u0026ndash;275.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSuheri, A., Kusmana, C., Purwanto, M. Y. J., Setiawan, Y. 2019. The peak runoff model based on Existing Land Use and Masterplan in Sentul City area, Bogor. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 399(1), 012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/399/1/012039.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Embung, hamlet, Kulonprogo, rainfall, water\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6588606/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6588606/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIndonesia is a country in Indonesia that has rainy seasons. This season causes flooding, especially in areas that experience high rainfalls and rainfall duration per day with an average of 4 hours of rain duration per day. In some remote areas, indigenous knowledge has been practiced to mitigate flooding by implementing an \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e, functioning as the stormwater retention ponds. While Indonesia is experiencing flooding and the solution is available, there is limited information about the capacity of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e for mitigating flooding. This study is implemented in a hamlet located in Kulonprogo, Indonesia, when receiving rainfall, and the local community has been practicing \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e. In this hamlet, a communal \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e size of 390,000 liters is proposed. The results show that the average peak discharge of the studied hamlet is 121.66 m\\u0026sup3; day⁻\\u0026sup1; for an estimated 4-hour rain. The proposed \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e is effective to store water from February to November. During the rainy season, when heavy rainfall occurs with rainfall ranges of 163.96 to 170.85 mm, \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e can reduce the peak discharge ranging from 90.00 to 93.78%. Then \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e is an effective solution to reduce peak discharge at hamlet scale. The capacity of the \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e to retain the stormwater is related to the reserve landscapes in these villages that are still dominated by the mix of forest and cultivated lands. Considering the potential of \\u003cem\\u003eEmbung\\u003c/em\\u003e to reserve water and mitigate flooding, it is then recommended to keep and maintain the drainage areas of the villages with planting more trees, focusing on particular tree species that have the capacity to store water.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Predicting Embung, a communal indigenous stormwater retention pond, capacity for mitigating flooding at hamlet of Kulonprogo landscapes, Central Java, Indonesia\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-05-07 05:32:16\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6588606/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":1}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"15cd511c-7cc1-4765-8a63-bf96d80f8fd2\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 7th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-05-07T05:32:16+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-05-07 05:32:16\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6588606\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6588606\",\"identity\":\"rs-6588606\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}