{"paper_id":"3f3d5ebd-fce4-4c75-8034-e208cf603ed4","body_text":"Topographic variations and morphometric characterisation of the humeri nutrient foramina in the South African Populations: implications for fracture repair and healing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Topographic variations and morphometric characterisation of the humeri nutrient foramina in the South African Populations: implications for fracture repair and healing Pedzisai Mazengenya, Palesa Mokoena, Brendon Billings, Arthur Manjatika This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106164/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose Fractures of the humerus are common on the midshaft of the bone, often causing injury to the nutrient artery. Successful fracture repair and healing requires preservation of the blood supply to the long which is conveyed through the nutrient foramina (NF). The topography of long bone NF varies in different populations. These variations can affect the preservation of blood supply to long bones during fracture repair management. The current study aimed to determine the topography and morphometry of the NF of the humerus in different populations of South Africa including the SAA, SAED and SAMA. Methods The study examined 596 dry humeri from the three South African populations. The parameters examined included the presence, number, location, position, size and direction of the NF. Results The NF were present in 97.1% of the humeri. Majority of bones (76.8%) evinced a single nutrient foramen. The number of NF varied across the different population groups (P < 0.0001), with SAA having more humeri with a single NF and SAED having more humeri with double NF. The position of NF varied within and across populations (P = 0.002). Males in SAED had a higher mean FI on both the right (p = 0.03) and left (p = 0.022) sides than females. SAED had a lower mean FI than SAMA (P = 0.001). All humeri showed dominant-sized NF. The location of NF varied across different populations (P < 0.0001), with SAA having higher NF located on the anteromedial surface and medial border, and SAED having higher NF located on the lateral border (P < 0.0001). NF were directed towards the distal ends of the shafts in 99.8% of bones and towards the proximal end in 0.2% of bones. Conclusions The topography and morphometry of the nutrient foramina of the humerus are variable in the South African populations. Knowledge of the NF variations may aid in the management of humerus fractures. Fractures Humerus Morphometry Nutrient foramen South African Populations Topography Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. INTRODUCTION Humeral fractures are a significant cause of the loss of function of the upper limb, leading to reduced productivity and low income in societies [ 1 ]. The humerus is mostly vulnerable during sports and automobile injuries, and overall, humeral fractures account for about 3% of all bone fractures in the human body [ 1 , 6 ]. Most humeral fractures occur on and around the midpoint of the shaft with the possibility of damaging the nutrient artery [ 23 , 25 ]. Fractures passing through the nutrient foramen have a poor prognosis due to the disturbance of the blood supply to the long bone [ 2 , 3 , 25 ]. Most humeral fractures are treated surgically with high success rates [ 29 ]. However, non-unions still account for about 20–30% of cases. These arise due to surgical techniques which, most of the time, interfere with the nutrient artery and the foraminal area, leading to poor vascularisation of the fracture area [ 30 ]. Knowledge of the number, size, location, position and direction of the nutrient foramina is critical to the preservation of blood supply to the long bones during fracture repair [ 2 , 3 , 12 , 13 , 23 ]. The humerus receives about 90% of its diaphyseal blood supply from a nutrient artery that enters the shaft through a nutrient foramen located just below the midpoint of the bone [ 11 , 30 ]. The nutrient foramen is an external opening to the nutrient canal that conveys nutrient vessels and nerves [ 15 ]. Besides its role in fracture healing and repair, the nutrient artery also assists in the bone metabolic processes, haematopoiesis and the survival of the osteocytes and osteoblast throughout life [ 7 , 21 , 24 , 28 ]. The topographical anatomy of the nutrient foramina varies in different populations, and these variations may present challenges in managing humeral fractures [ 22 ]. While there have been few studies conducted on the topography of the nutrient foramina on the humerus [ 3 , 11 , 13 , 21 , 30 ], there are no such reports on the humerus in South African populations. There is evidence that the skeletal biology of South Africans is different from other regions. Given that South Africa has three dominant populations that show considerable post-cranial skeletal variations, it is essential to investigate the topography of the NF in South Africans. The aim of the current study was to determine the topographical anatomy and morphometric variations of the humeral NF in South African Africans (SAA), South Africans of European descent (SAED) and South Africans of mixed ancestry (SAMA). Topographical and morphometric knowledge of the NF may aid in managing humeral fractures and lead to reduced cases of non-union fractures. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria This cross-sectional study was conducted on the dry humerus bones of twentieth-century individuals obtained from the Raymond A. Dart Modern Skeletal Collection housed in the School of Anatomical Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand. The study was undertaken as per the requirements of the Human Tissue Act (No. 65 of 1983) and the National Health Act (No. 61 of 2003) on using human specimens for research and teaching purposes. Ethical clearance waiver number W-CBP-220504-01 was obtained from the University of the Witwatersrand Ethics Committee. A total of 596 humeri of known sex and side from adult skeletons (age range 21 to 65years) from the South African Africans (SAA), South Africans of European descent (SAED) and South Africans of Mixed ancestry (SAMA) individuals were utilised. The sample consisted of 248 humeri of the SAA, 210 humeri of the SAED and 138 humeri of the SAMA. The SAA population was divided into 118 female and 130 male humeri; the SAED population comprised 96 female and 114 male humeri, and the SAMA population had 56 female and 82 male humeri. Humeri that presented with fractures, gross pathological deformities, malformed deformities, gross evidence of any genetic diseases and surgical interventions were excluded from the study. Topography and morphometry of the humerus nutrient foramina The nutrient foramina of the humerus was examined with the aid of a magnifying glass and identified as marked grooves with a foramina piercing the diaphysis [ 21 ]. All the viable nutrient foramina were counted and recorded. The size of the nutrient foramina was calibrated using the hypodermic needles. All foramina that could admit a 25 gauge (0.515mm outer diameter) hypodermic needle were considered as viable nutrient foramen and a dominant nutrient foramen was defined as that which permits the largest hypodermic needle (18 gauge or 1.27mm outer diameter) [ 3 ]. The direction of the nutrient canal was confirmed by inserting a hypodermic needle through the foramen, and its orientation was noted as being directed toward the proximal or distal end of the humerus. Plain radiography was undertaken to confirm if the hypodermic needles were inserted into the nutrient foramina as previously described by Mazengenya and Billings [ 17 ]. The location of the dominant nutrient foramina was described according to the anatomical borders and surfaces of the diaphysis of the long bone in which they were found. The borders and surfaces of the humerus were described according to Moore et al. [ 20 ] which include the anteromedial surface (AMS), anterolateral surface (ALS), posterior surface (PS), anterior border (AB), medial border (MB) and lateral border (LB). The position of the nutrient foramen was expressed at foraminal index (FI) calculated using the Hughes formula [ 10 ]: FI = DNF∕TL×100 , whereby TL is the total length of the humerus (measured from the most proximal aspect of the humeral head to the most distal point of the trochlea using an osteometric board (Paleo-Tech Concepts, accuracy = 0.02mm, resolution = 0.01mm, repeatability = 0.01mm)), DNF is the distance from the apex of the head of the humerus to the most distal edge of the dominant nutrient foramen measured using a Vernier calipers (Mitutoyo Japan, accuracy = 0.02mm, resolution = 0.01mm, repeatability = 0.01mm) and FI is the percentage of the total length of the bone represented by the distance from the proximal end of the bone and the nutrient foramen. Statistical analysis All data were managed in Microsoft Excel Office 365 (Microsoft Corporation) and analysed using Stata/IC software (Version 12). The categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages, while morphometric data were presented as mean, range and standard deviations. Chi-square tests were used to test for association between nutrient foramina parameters (number, location, position, and direction) and sex, side of the body and population affinity. For the parametric data within each population group, the student’s t-tests were done to determine significant differences in mean values between the sides of the body and sex. The Mann-Whitney U test was done for the non-parametric data to determine significant median differences between the sides of the body and sex. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to test significant mean differences across population groups for the parametric data, while the Kruskal Wallis test was done for the non-parametric data. The Bonferroni post hoc test was done on the data that showed significant population differences. P ≤ 0.05 was set as the level of statistical significance. 3. RESULTS Overall, the NF was present in 97.1% humeri while the NF was not observed (absent) in 2.9%. The presence of the NF was 99.6% on the SAA humeri, 97.6% on the SAED humeri and 92% in the SAMA humeri. There were no statistically significant differences on the presence of NF between sex and sides (P > 0.05). The number of NF did not vary between sex and side of the body (P > 0.05). Most (76.8%) of the humeri had a single NF. The number of NF showed variations across populations (P < 0.0001). The SAMA had more humeri with absent NF (Table 1 ). The SAA had more humeri with a single NF whereas the SAED had a higher number of humeri with double NF. The highest number of NF observed was four and was observed in an SAED female on the right side (Fig. 1 ). Table 1 The distribution of the number of the nutrient foramina on the humerus in South African populations Population SAA SAED SAMA Sex Male Female Total n (%) Male Female Total n (%) Male Female Total n (%) Side R L R L R L R L R L R L No of NF 0 - - 1 0 1 (0.4%) 3 1 1 - 5 (2.38%) 4 2 4 1 11 (7.97%) 1 56 53 52 50 211 (85.08%) 42 34 27 29 132 (62.86%) 34 34 22 25 115 (83.33%) 2 9 11 6 9 35 (14.11%) 12 21 19 18 70 (33.33%) 3 5 1 2 11 (7.97%) 3 - 1 - - 1 (0.4%) - 1 - 1 2 (0.95%) - - 1 - 1 (0.72%) 4 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 (0.48%) - - - - - Total sample 65 65 59 59 248 (100%) 57 57 48 48 210 (100%) 41 41 28 28 138 (100%) Abb: –, Absent; SAA, South African Africans; SAED, South Africans of European descent; SAMA, South Africans of Mixed Ancestry; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left. The foramina index (FI) of the NF humerus ranged from 33.03–80.63% in all populations combined (Fig. 2 ). The position of the NF showed variations across populations (P = 0.002). Across the populations, the SAED had a lower mean FI than the SAMA (P = 0.001). In the SAED, males had higher mean FI on the right (p = 0.03) and left (p = 0.022) sides than in females (Fig. 3 ). There were no sex and side of the body significant differences between mean FI in the SAA and SAMA populations (P > 0.05) (Fig. 3 ). Except for the humeri with absent NF, the remaining humeri (579 bones) had a dominant-sized NF. Few (20.1%) humeri also had at least an accessory NF. The SAED had a higher number of accessory NF than the SAA and SAMA (P < 0.0001) (Table 2 ). Table 2 The distribution of the location of the dominant and accessory nutrient foramina on the humerus in South African populations Dominant nutrient foramina Accessory nutrient foramina Population Sex Side NUL AB ALS AMS LB MB PS NUL AB ALS AMS LB MB PS LB, PS, AMS SAA M R - - 2 38 3 21 1 56 1 4 - 3 1 - L - 1 2 36 4 20 2 53 - - 4 2 4 2 - F R 1 1 1 40 - 16 - 53 - - 4 1 - 1 - L - - - 40 1 17 1 50 - - 2 1 2 4 - Total (n) 1 2 5 154 8 74 4 212 - 1 14 4 9 8 - Population % 0.40 0.81 2.02 62.10 3.23 29.84 1.61 85.48 - 0.40 5.65 1.61 3.63 3.23 - SAED M R 3 1 1 26 4 20 2 45 - - 6 2 4 - - L 1 2 1 31 4 18 - 35 - 2 12 4 2 2 - F R 1 1 1 27 5 12 1 28 1 5 7 3 3 - 1 L - 1 3 30 6 5 3 29 - - 14 2 2 1 - Total (n) 5 5 6 114 19 55 6 137 1 7 39 11 11 3 1 Population % 2.38 2.38 2.86 54.29 9.05 26.20 2.86 65.23 0.48 3.33 18.57 5.24 5.24 1.43 0.48 SAMA M R 4 - 1 27 1 8 - 38 - - 1 1 1 - - L 2 - 2 33 1 3 - 36 - - 4 1 - - - F R 4 - - 17 - 6 1 26 - - 1 - 1 - - L 1 1 - 20 - 6 - 26 - 1 1 - - - - Total (n) 11 1 3 97 2 23 1 126 - 1 7 2 2 - - Population % 7.97 0.72 2.17 70.29 1.45 16.67 0.72 91.30 - 0.72 5.07 1.45 1.45 - - Abb: –, Absent; SAA, South African Africans; SAED, South Africans of European descent; SAMA, South Africans of Mixed Ancestry; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left; AMS, anteromedial surface; ALS, anterolateral surface; PS, posterior surface; AB, anterior border; MB, medial border; LB, lateral border. NUL = Absent nutrient foramina. The location of the NF did not vary between sex and side of the body (P > 0.05). The variable locations of the dominant NF were 63% on the AMS, 26.3% on the MB, 5% on the LB, 2.4% on the ALS, 1.9% on the PS, and 1.4% on the AB (Fig. 4 ). The location of the NF showed variations across populations (P < 0.0001). The location of the NF on the AMS and MB was higher in the SAA, whereas the location of NF on the LB was higher in the SAED (P < 0.0001). Half (50%) of the accessory NF were located on the AMS, and their number was higher in the SAED than in the SAA and SAMA (P < 0.0001). (Table 2 ). The direction of the nutrient canal did not vary across all the populations, sexes and sides of the body (P > 0.05). The nutrient canals were directed toward the distal ends in 99.8% (Fig. 1 ) and toward the proximal end in 0.2% (Table 3 ). The proximally directed nutrient canal was observed in an SAED male on the right side. Table 3 The direction of the number of the nutrient foramina on the humerus in the South African populations Population SAA SAED SAMA Sex Male Female Total n (%) Male Female Total n (%) Male Female Total n (%) Side R L R L R L R L R L R L Direction Distal 65 65 58 59 247 (100%) 53 56 47 48 204 (99.5%) 37 41 24 27 129 (100%) Proximal - - - - - 1 - - - 1 (0.5%) - - - - - Total sample 65 65 58 59 247 (100%) 54 56 47 48 205 (100%) 37 41 24 27 129 (100%) Abb: –, Absent; SAA, South African Africans; SAED, South Africans of European descent; SAMA, South Africans of Mixed Ancestry; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left. 4. DISCUSSION The current study examined the topography and morphometry of the nutrient foramina of the humerus in the South African populations. The results support previous findings that the humerus predominantly has a single dominant-sized NF [ 2 , 12 , 21 ], but cases of up to four NFs are not surprising [ 12 , 22 ]. Contrary to the current findings, a previous study reported that 7% of the humerus showed only secondary-sized (accessory) NF [ 3 ]. Interestingly, the number of NF on the humeri showed significant population-specific variations in the current studied population groups. But previous studies in the same population groups in lower limb bones did not show any population specificity [ 15 – 17 ]. The presence of numerous NF on a single bone suggests abundant blood supply to the bone to support bone metabolism. In addition, in situation of bone fractures, numerous NF on the shaft provides many viable osteo-periosteal flaps for bones grafting and also indicate good prognosis on the fractured bone [ 8 ]. Few (2.9%) humeri did not show evidence of the NF. The absence of NF on long bones has been widely reported [ 16 , 21 , 22 ]. In cases of absent NF, the periosteal vessels supply blood to diaphysis [ 7 , 21 , 28 ]. The reported absence of NF could be due to the methodology used in the characterisation of the NF. Nearly all the previous studies on the humerus used the 18–25 gauge (1.27–0.515mm outer diameter) hypodermic needles to characterise the patency of the NF [ 2 , 3 , 7 , 12 , 21 , 22 ]. Thus, NF smaller than this, for example, those in the range of 26–34 gauge (0.464–0.159mm outer diameter), are likely to be missed and recorded as absent [ 24 ]. Using a magnifying glass may lead to identifying smaller NF that may be difficult to locate without visual aids [ 15 ]. The position of the NF helps determine the parts of the bone that may be affected by non-union of fractures and delayed healing due to avascular necrosis [ 3 , 18 ]. The position of the NF on the humerus in the current study falls within the previously established FI ranges of 15–83% [ 2 , 12 , 21 , 22 , 24 ]. The Mean FI in the current study also falls in the distal half of the middle third of the humerus, similar to previous studies [ 2 , 21 , 24 ]. Thus, transverse fractures in this region of the humerus may rupture the nutrient artery and result in delayed healing due to decreased bone vascularisation [ 2 ]. The position of the NF showed significant variations within and across populations of South Africa in the present study. Males had significantly higher mean FI than females in the SAED population only. Across the populations, the SAED had a significantly lower mean FI than the SAMA. In the humerus, non-union fractures are common in the distal half of the middle third (FI 49–66%). Knowledge of the location of the NF on the surface of the diaphysis aids in determining the safe area for surgical procedures to avoid iatrogenic arterial injuries and to determine safe zones for the harvesting of viable osteo-periosteal flaps for bone grafting [ 8 , 15 , 18 , 19 ]. In the current study, the anteromedial surface (AMS) of the humerus housed the majority of the NF. Similarly various previous study reported the AMS of the humerus as the dominant location of the NF with frequencies ranging from 60-89.7% [ 3 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 24 ]. According to Campos et al. [ 2 ], in situations where the humeral diaphysis had two NF, the dominant-sized NF were found on the AMS while the accessory NF were located on posterior surface (PS) or anterolateral surface (ALS) only. However, in the current study both the dominant and accessory NF occupied all the humeral surfaces but with variable frequencies, similar to other reports [ 14 , 22 ]. Unlike previous studies on the NF of the lower limb bones that reported no population differences in the SA populations [ 15 – 17 ], the current study found significant population-specific variations regarding the location of the NF on the humeral diaphysis. The location of the dominant NF on the AMS was associated more with the SAA populations. The accessory NF, on the other hand, were mainly on the AMS more so in the SAED than the SAA and SAMA. Location of NF on the AMS which is the flexor surface of the humerus may have functional connotations indicating that the diaphyseal surface subjected to high work demands receives more blood supply [ 9 ].Various factors have been attributed to differences in the skeletal biology in various populations, including changes in secular trends as a result of changes in nutrition and genetic constitution, geographic area, extreme labour environments, changes in socioeconomic status and the advent of technology [ 26 , 27 ]. Clinically, population-specific variations necessitate preoperative angiograms to detect any variant topographical presentations that may complicate surgical procedures. The growth of long bones like the humerus during embryonic development, follows the ‘growing-end theory’ that one end of the bone grows faster than the other, and the nutrient canal is always directed away from the growing end to avoid the nutrient artery being pulled by the faster-growing end [ 4 , 5 ]. This then determines the direction of the NF post embryonic development. In the current study, the majority of the NF were directed distally (towards the elbow) away from the growing proximal end, similar to previous study in Indian populations [ 22 ]. In the bones where the NF does not obey the ‘growing-end theory’, it is suggested that the bone may have undergone a unique ossification during maturation in which the opposite end (for example, distal humerus) may have grown faster than the typical proximal humerus [ 22 ]. 5. CONCLUSION The current study has shown topographical and morphometric variations of the NF of the humerus across the South African population groups. So far, this is the large sample-sized involving three population groups from the same geographical area indicating population-specific variations of the NF parameters on the humerus. The topographic and morphometric information of the NF on humerus obtained herein may improve the management of humeral fractures and also aid in the safe harvesting of osteo-periosteal flaps during bone grafting. Declarations Ethical approval The study was undertaken per the Human Tissue Act (No. 65 of 1983) and the National Health Act (No. 61 of 2003) on using human specimens for research and teaching purposes. The study was conducted under the ethical clearance waiver W-CBP-220504-01, obtained from the University of the Witwatersrand Ethics Committee. Authorship contribution statement PM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Manuscript writing, Reviewing and Editing. P.M: Data collection, Methodology Reviewing and Editing. 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Int J Morphol 29:514-520 Pidhorz L ( 2015) Acute and chronic humeral shaft fractures in adults. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 101:41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2014.07.034 Ruff C ( 1987) Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: Relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor. J Hum Evol 16:391-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(87)90069-8 Stini WA ( 1969) Nutritional stress and growth: Sex difference in adaptive response. Am J Phys Anthrop 31:417-426. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330310316 Trueta J ( 1964) A study of the blood supply of the long bones. Surg Gynecol Obstet 118:485. Walker M, Palumbo B, Badman B, Brooks J, Van Gelderen J, Mighell M ( 2011) Humeral shaft fractures: A review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 20:833-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2010.11.030 Xue Z, Ding H, Hu C, Xu H, An Z ( 2016) An anatomical study of the nutrient foramina of the human humeral diaphysis. Med Sci Monit 22:1637. https://doi.org/10.12659%2fmsm.898361 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4106164\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":281057212,\"identity\":\"d9b5780d-2cdf-497e-bd94-f762dae8ea85\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Pedzisai Mazengenya\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCDDwxsJOpgnEGyFmYeYlSZM3AnfvxRcceuX7rH8LNNDV80/+wGxg8/GOzkcGmxbODdLCFx5lnyzDlnjKVzjrHlzrhzgFmyhyHZGJcWgwO8GyQM2w4nG9zIMZDOYWPLbbiRwCANdGRiA24tm38k/jucbH8jx/i3xT+23Pk3Eph/MzDU1+PRsk3iYMNhOwOJHDNpxja23A03EtiAthxOwOmXZt5tlg3HDidI3Egrs+ztY8vdeCOxzbLH4LghLlvM2Xs33/xRc9ief0by5hs/vh3LnXcj+fCNHxXV8ji9zwyhgZ7lMADSx4CYEWi+AS4NCCl7Bgb2B0C6BrfSUTAKRsEoGLEAAANHWQfa8MgYAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Ajman University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pedzisai\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Mazengenya\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":281057213,\"identity\":\"ea46326c-094b-4a92-ac41-ea4bdb2a5f8f\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Palesa Mokoena\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of the Witwatersrand\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Palesa\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Mokoena\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":281057214,\"identity\":\"709dc585-978e-4dc3-b005-b8a0830e61d2\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Brendon Billings\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of the Witwatersrand\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Brendon\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Billings\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":281057215,\"identity\":\"abb6cb62-75a4-41b5-b46f-2d8af79a9e58\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Arthur Manjatika\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Arthur\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Manjatika\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-03-15 08:27:25\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106164/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106164/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":53001446,\"identity\":\"8f8a89ee-0100-4dcb-a134-f9fb58873e6b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-19 14:26:52\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":425514,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA photograph of the right humeri showing the variations in the number of the nutrient foramina. Hypodermic needles are inserted in the nutrient foramina to indicate their viability and direction. \\u003cstrong\\u003eA. \\u003c/strong\\u003eShows a single nutrient foramen. \\u003cstrong\\u003eB. \\u003c/strong\\u003eShows double\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003enutrient foramina. \\u003cstrong\\u003eC. \\u003c/strong\\u003eShows a quadruple\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eof the nutrient foramina.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4106164/v1/25c0f145ea708d4e232f0583.jpeg\"},{\"id\":53001166,\"identity\":\"484fa838-6d3d-49ac-b9fa-46f7cd9f49fd\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-19 14:18:50\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":134569,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA graph showing the distribution of nutrient foramina position range on the humerus in South African populations, based on foraminal indices (FI). The vertical lines on the graph indicate the complete range of FI values. Mean values for each group are represented by \\u003cstrong\\u003e×\\u003c/strong\\u003e for South African Africans (SAA), ▲ for South Africans of European descent (SAED), and \\u003cstrong\\u003e○\\u003c/strong\\u003e for South Africans of Mixed Ancestry (SAMA). A significant mean difference at p≤0.05 is denoted by *.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4106164/v1/5f0e3a1e3faf425f5126c22b.jpeg\"},{\"id\":53001165,\"identity\":\"5d7d1da4-1e88-4d63-a141-889169c090ca\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-19 14:18:50\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":257830,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe graph shows the distribution of Foraminal Index (FI) by side, population group and sex for different population groups of South Africa. Box-plots represent the distribution of the \\u003cstrong\\u003eFI\\u003c/strong\\u003e between sides and gender: diamond shape=outliers, p-values derived from Mann-Whitney comparison test.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4106164/v1/eb01a3995c20417f3b3c514a.png\"},{\"id\":53001168,\"identity\":\"a5c9db4e-43ce-403f-8a7c-09a7cadb25e8\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-19 14:18:50\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":403194,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA photograph of the humeri bones showing the variations in the location of the dominant and accessory nutrient foramina. Hypodermic needles indicated viability of the nutrient foramen. \\u003cstrong\\u003eA. \\u003c/strong\\u003eShows a single and dominant nutrient foramen located on the posterior surface of the left humerus. \\u003cstrong\\u003eB. \\u003c/strong\\u003eShows a single and dominant nutrient foramen located on the anteromedial surface of the right humerus. \\u003cstrong\\u003eC. \\u003c/strong\\u003eShows double nutrient foramina: an accessory nutrient foramen (proximal) located on the anterior surface, and the dominant nutrient foramen (distal) located on the anteromedial surface.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4106164/v1/bced0a44960beb080bc89b62.png\"},{\"id\":54698325,\"identity\":\"cfddde2e-226c-4eb9-80b8-0f495981e468\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-04-15 11:45:21\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":905525,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4106164/v1/bf2b5ba5-ed6b-43cd-90f7-c8bdc6daa39d.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Topographic variations and morphometric characterisation of the humeri nutrient foramina in the South African Populations: implications for fracture repair and healing\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eHumeral fractures are a significant cause of the loss of function of the upper limb, leading to reduced productivity and low income in societies [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The humerus is mostly vulnerable during sports and automobile injuries, and overall, humeral fractures account for about 3% of all bone fractures in the human body [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Most humeral fractures occur on and around the midpoint of the shaft with the possibility of damaging the nutrient artery [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Fractures passing through the nutrient foramen have a poor prognosis due to the disturbance of the blood supply to the long bone [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Most humeral fractures are treated surgically with high success rates [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e]. However, non-unions still account for about 20\\u0026ndash;30% of cases. These arise due to surgical techniques which, most of the time, interfere with the nutrient artery and the foraminal area, leading to poor vascularisation of the fracture area [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Knowledge of the number, size, location, position and direction of the nutrient foramina is critical to the preservation of blood supply to the long bones during fracture repair [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe humerus receives about 90% of its diaphyseal blood supply from a nutrient artery that enters the shaft through a nutrient foramen located just below the midpoint of the bone [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The nutrient foramen is an external opening to the nutrient canal that conveys nutrient vessels and nerves [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Besides its role in fracture healing and repair, the nutrient artery also assists in the bone metabolic processes, haematopoiesis and the survival of the osteocytes and osteoblast throughout life [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe topographical anatomy of the nutrient foramina varies in different populations, and these variations may present challenges in managing humeral fractures [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. While there have been few studies conducted on the topography of the nutrient foramina on the humerus [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e], there are no such reports on the humerus in South African populations. There is evidence that the skeletal biology of South Africans is different from other regions. Given that South Africa has three dominant populations that show considerable post-cranial skeletal variations, it is essential to investigate the topography of the NF in South Africans. The aim of the current study was to determine the topographical anatomy and morphometric variations of the humeral NF in South African Africans (SAA), South Africans of European descent (SAED) and South Africans of mixed ancestry (SAMA). Topographical and morphometric knowledge of the NF may aid in managing humeral fractures and lead to reduced cases of non-union fractures.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eStudy sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted on the dry humerus bones of twentieth-century individuals obtained from the Raymond A. Dart Modern Skeletal Collection housed in the School of Anatomical Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand. The study was undertaken as per the requirements of the Human Tissue Act (No. 65 of 1983) and the National Health Act (No. 61 of 2003) on using human specimens for research and teaching purposes. Ethical clearance waiver number W-CBP-220504-01 was obtained from the University of the Witwatersrand Ethics Committee. A total of 596 humeri of known sex and side from adult skeletons (age range 21 to 65years) from the South African Africans (SAA), South Africans of European descent (SAED) and South Africans of Mixed ancestry (SAMA) individuals were utilised. The sample consisted of 248 humeri of the SAA, 210 humeri of the SAED and 138 humeri of the SAMA. The SAA population was divided into 118 female and 130 male humeri; the SAED population comprised 96 female and 114 male humeri, and the SAMA population had 56 female and 82 male humeri. Humeri that presented with fractures, gross pathological deformities, malformed deformities, gross evidence of any genetic diseases and surgical interventions were excluded from the study.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eTopography and morphometry of the humerus nutrient foramina\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe nutrient foramina of the humerus was examined with the aid of a magnifying glass and identified as marked grooves with a foramina piercing the diaphysis [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]. All the viable nutrient foramina were counted and recorded. The size of the nutrient foramina was calibrated using the hypodermic needles. All foramina that could admit a 25 gauge (0.515mm outer diameter) hypodermic needle were considered as viable nutrient foramen and a dominant nutrient foramen was defined as that which permits the largest hypodermic needle (18 gauge or 1.27mm outer diameter) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The direction of the nutrient canal was confirmed by inserting a hypodermic needle through the foramen, and its orientation was noted as being directed toward the proximal or distal end of the humerus. Plain radiography was undertaken to confirm if the hypodermic needles were inserted into the nutrient foramina as previously described by Mazengenya and Billings [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The location of the dominant nutrient foramina was described according to the anatomical borders and surfaces of the diaphysis of the long bone in which they were found. The borders and surfaces of the humerus were described according to Moore et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e] which include the anteromedial surface (AMS), anterolateral surface (ALS), posterior surface (PS), anterior border (AB), medial border (MB) and lateral border (LB). The position of the nutrient foramen was expressed at foraminal index (FI) calculated using the Hughes formula [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]: \\u003cb\\u003eFI\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;DNF∕TL\\u0026times;100\\u003c/b\\u003e, whereby \\u003cb\\u003eTL\\u003c/b\\u003e is the total length of the humerus (measured from the most proximal aspect of the humeral head to the most distal point of the trochlea using an osteometric board (Paleo-Tech Concepts, accuracy\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.02mm, resolution\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.01mm, repeatability\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.01mm)), \\u003cb\\u003eDNF\\u003c/b\\u003e is the distance from the apex of the head of the humerus to the most distal edge of the dominant nutrient foramen measured using a Vernier calipers (Mitutoyo Japan, accuracy\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.02mm, resolution\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.01mm, repeatability\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.01mm) and \\u003cb\\u003eFI\\u003c/b\\u003e is the percentage of the total length of the bone represented by the distance from the proximal end of the bone and the nutrient foramen.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eStatistical analysis\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAll data were managed in Microsoft Excel Office 365 (Microsoft Corporation) and analysed using Stata/IC software (Version 12). The categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages, while morphometric data were presented as mean, range and standard deviations. Chi-square tests were used to test for association between nutrient foramina parameters (number, location, position, and direction) and sex, side of the body and population affinity. For the parametric data within each population group, the student\\u0026rsquo;s t-tests were done to determine significant differences in mean values between the sides of the body and sex. The Mann-Whitney U test was done for the non-parametric data to determine significant median differences between the sides of the body and sex. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to test significant mean differences across population groups for the parametric data, while the Kruskal Wallis test was done for the non-parametric data. The Bonferroni post hoc test was done on the data that showed significant population differences. P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 was set as the level of statistical significance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. RESULTS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eOverall, the NF was present in 97.1% humeri while the NF was not observed (absent) in 2.9%. The presence of the NF was 99.6% on the SAA humeri, 97.6% on the SAED humeri and 92% in the SAMA humeri. There were no statistically significant differences on the presence of NF between sex and sides (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe number of NF did not vary between sex and side of the body (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). Most (76.8%) of the humeri had a single NF. The number of NF showed variations across populations (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001). The SAMA had more humeri with absent NF (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). The SAA had more humeri with a single NF whereas the SAED had a higher number of humeri with double NF. The highest number of NF observed was four and was observed in an SAED female on the right side (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe distribution of the number of the nutrient foramina on the humerus in South African populations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\" colnum=\\\"13\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\" colnum=\\\"14\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" colnum=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\" colnum=\\\"16\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\" colnum=\\\"17\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\" colnum=\\\"18\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c6\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c12\\\" namest=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAED\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c18\\\" namest=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAMA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e 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align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e 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align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 (0.4%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5 (2.38%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11 (7.97%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e211 (85.08%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e132 (62.86%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e115 (83.33%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35 (14.11%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70 (33.33%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e 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\\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 (0.4%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2 (0.95%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 (0.72%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 (0.48%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal sample\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e248 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e210 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e138 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"18\\\"\\u003eAbb: \\u0026ndash;, Absent; SAA, South African Africans; SAED, South Africans of European descent; SAMA, South Africans of Mixed Ancestry; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe foramina index (FI) of the NF humerus ranged from 33.03\\u0026ndash;80.63% in all populations combined (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The position of the NF showed variations across populations (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.002). Across the populations, the SAED had a lower mean FI than the SAMA (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.001). In the SAED, males had higher mean FI on the right (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.03) and left (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.022) sides than in females (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). There were no sex and side of the body significant differences between mean FI in the SAA and SAMA populations (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExcept for the humeri with absent NF, the remaining humeri (579 bones) had a dominant-sized NF. Few (20.1%) humeri also had at least an accessory NF. The SAED had a higher number of accessory NF than the SAA and SAMA (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe distribution of the location of the dominant and accessory nutrient foramina on the humerus in South African populations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\" colnum=\\\"13\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\" colnum=\\\"14\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" colnum=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\" colnum=\\\"16\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\" colnum=\\\"17\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\" colnum=\\\"18\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\" colnum=\\\"19\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"7\\\" nameend=\\\"c10\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDominant nutrient foramina\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"8\\\" nameend=\\\"c19\\\" namest=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAccessory nutrient foramina\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSide\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNUL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eALS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAMS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNUL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eALS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAMS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLB,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePS,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAMS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal (n)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e154\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e212\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation %\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.81\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.84\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.63\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAED\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal (n)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e114\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e137\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation %\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.86\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.86\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAMA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal (n)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e126\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation %\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.67\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e91.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"19\\\"\\u003eAbb: \\u0026ndash;, Absent; SAA, South African Africans; SAED, South Africans of European descent; SAMA, South Africans of Mixed Ancestry; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left; AMS, anteromedial surface; ALS, anterolateral surface; PS, posterior surface; AB, anterior border; MB, medial border; LB, lateral border. NUL\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Absent nutrient foramina.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe location of the NF did not vary between sex and side of the body (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). The variable locations of the dominant NF were 63% on the AMS, 26.3% on the MB, 5% on the LB, 2.4% on the ALS, 1.9% on the PS, and 1.4% on the AB (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). The location of the NF showed variations across populations (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001). The location of the NF on the AMS and MB was higher in the SAA, whereas the location of NF on the LB was higher in the SAED (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001). Half (50%) of the accessory NF were located on the AMS, and their number was higher in the SAED than in the SAA and SAMA (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001). (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe direction of the nutrient canal did not vary across all the populations, sexes and sides of the body (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). The nutrient canals were directed toward the distal ends in 99.8% (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) and toward the proximal end in 0.2% (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). The proximally directed nutrient canal was observed in an SAED male on the right side.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe direction of the number of the nutrient foramina on the humerus in the South African populations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\" colnum=\\\"13\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\" colnum=\\\"14\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" colnum=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\" colnum=\\\"16\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\" colnum=\\\"17\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\" colnum=\\\"18\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c6\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c12\\\" namest=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAED\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c18\\\" namest=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSAMA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal n (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c11\\\" namest=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal n (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c15\\\" namest=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c17\\\" namest=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal n (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSide\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDirection\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDistal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e247 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e204 (99.5%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e129 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eProximal\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 (0.5%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal sample\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e247 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e205 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e129 (100%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"18\\\"\\u003eAbb: \\u0026ndash;, Absent; SAA, South African Africans; SAED, South Africans of European descent; SAMA, South Africans of Mixed Ancestry; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe current study examined the topography and morphometry of the nutrient foramina of the humerus in the South African populations. The results support previous findings that the humerus predominantly has a single dominant-sized NF [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e], but cases of up to four NFs are not surprising [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Contrary to the current findings, a previous study reported that 7% of the humerus showed only secondary-sized (accessory) NF [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Interestingly, the number of NF on the humeri showed significant population-specific variations in the current studied population groups. But previous studies in the same population groups in lower limb bones did not show any population specificity [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR16\\\" citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The presence of numerous NF on a single bone suggests abundant blood supply to the bone to support bone metabolism. In addition, in situation of bone fractures, numerous NF on the shaft provides many viable osteo-periosteal flaps for bones grafting and also indicate good prognosis on the fractured bone [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFew (2.9%) humeri did not show evidence of the NF. The absence of NF on long bones has been widely reported [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In cases of absent NF, the periosteal vessels supply blood to diaphysis [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The reported absence of NF could be due to the methodology used in the characterisation of the NF. Nearly all the previous studies on the humerus used the 18\\u0026ndash;25 gauge (1.27\\u0026ndash;0.515mm outer diameter) hypodermic needles to characterise the patency of the NF [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Thus, NF smaller than this, for example, those in the range of 26\\u0026ndash;34 gauge (0.464\\u0026ndash;0.159mm outer diameter), are likely to be missed and recorded as absent [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Using a magnifying glass may lead to identifying smaller NF that may be difficult to locate without visual aids [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe position of the NF helps determine the parts of the bone that may be affected by non-union of fractures and delayed healing due to avascular necrosis [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The position of the NF on the humerus in the current study falls within the previously established FI ranges of 15\\u0026ndash;83% [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The Mean FI in the current study also falls in the distal half of the middle third of the humerus, similar to previous studies [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Thus, transverse fractures in this region of the humerus may rupture the nutrient artery and result in delayed healing due to decreased bone vascularisation [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The position of the NF showed significant variations within and across populations of South Africa in the present study. Males had significantly higher mean FI than females in the SAED population only. Across the populations, the SAED had a significantly lower mean FI than the SAMA. In the humerus, non-union fractures are common in the distal half of the middle third (FI 49\\u0026ndash;66%).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKnowledge of the location of the NF on the surface of the diaphysis aids in determining the safe area for surgical procedures to avoid iatrogenic arterial injuries and to determine safe zones for the harvesting of viable osteo-periosteal flaps for bone grafting [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In the current study, the anteromedial surface (AMS) of the humerus housed the majority of the NF. Similarly various previous study reported the AMS of the humerus as the dominant location of the NF with frequencies ranging from 60-89.7% [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. According to Campos et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e], in situations where the humeral diaphysis had two NF, the dominant-sized NF were found on the AMS while the accessory NF were located on posterior surface (PS) or anterolateral surface (ALS) only. However, in the current study both the dominant and accessory NF occupied all the humeral surfaces but with variable frequencies, similar to other reports [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Unlike previous studies on the NF of the lower limb bones that reported no population differences in the SA populations [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR16\\\" citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e], the current study found significant population-specific variations regarding the location of the NF on the humeral diaphysis. The location of the dominant NF on the AMS was associated more with the SAA populations. The accessory NF, on the other hand, were mainly on the AMS more so in the SAED than the SAA and SAMA. Location of NF on the AMS which is the flexor surface of the humerus may have functional connotations indicating that the diaphyseal surface subjected to high work demands receives more blood supply [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e].Various factors have been attributed to differences in the skeletal biology in various populations, including changes in secular trends as a result of changes in nutrition and genetic constitution, geographic area, extreme labour environments, changes in socioeconomic status and the advent of technology [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Clinically, population-specific variations necessitate preoperative angiograms to detect any variant topographical presentations that may complicate surgical procedures.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe growth of long bones like the humerus during embryonic development, follows the \\u0026lsquo;growing-end theory\\u0026rsquo; that one end of the bone grows faster than the other, and the nutrient canal is always directed away from the growing end to avoid the nutrient artery being pulled by the faster-growing end [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This then determines the direction of the NF post embryonic development. In the current study, the majority of the NF were directed distally (towards the elbow) away from the growing proximal end, similar to previous study in Indian populations [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In the bones where the NF does not obey the \\u0026lsquo;growing-end theory\\u0026rsquo;, it is suggested that the bone may have undergone a unique ossification during maturation in which the opposite end (for example, distal humerus) may have grown faster than the typical proximal humerus [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"5. CONCLUSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe current study has shown topographical and morphometric variations of the NF of the humerus across the South African population groups. So far, this is the large sample-sized involving three population groups from the same geographical area indicating population-specific variations of the NF parameters on the humerus. The topographic and morphometric information of the NF on humerus obtained herein may improve the management of humeral fractures and also aid in the safe harvesting of osteo-periosteal flaps during bone grafting.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthical approval\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe study was undertaken per the Human Tissue Act (No. 65 of 1983) and the National Health Act (No. 61 of 2003) on using human specimens for research and teaching purposes. The study was conducted under the ethical clearance waiver W-CBP-220504-01, obtained from the University of the Witwatersrand Ethics Committee.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthorship contribution statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Manuscript writing, Reviewing and Editing. P.M: Data collection, Methodology Reviewing and Editing. BB: Methodology, Reviewing and Editing: ATM: Formal analysis, Manuscript Writing, Reviewing and Editing.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNone\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflict of interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBonafede M, Espindle D, Bower AG\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2013) The direct and indirect costs of long bone fractures in a working age us population. J Med Econ 16:169-178. https://doi.org/10.3111/13696998.2012.737391 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCampos FF, Pellico LG, Alias MG, Fernandez-Valencia R\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1987) A study of the nutrient foramina in human long bones. Surg Radiol Anat 9:251-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02109636 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCarroll S\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1963) A study of the nutrient foramina of the humeral diaphysis. J Bone Joint Surg 45:176-181. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.45b1.176 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCraig JG, Widman D, van Holsbeeck M (2003) Longitudinal stress fracture: Patterns of edema and the importance of the nutrient foramen. Skeletal Radiol 32:22-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-002-0597-6 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCunningham C, Scheuer L, Black S (2016) Developmental juvenile osteology. Academic Press, London\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eEkholm R, Adami J, Tidermark J, Hansson K, T\\u0026ouml;rnkvist H, Ponzer S\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2006) Fractures of the shaft of the humerus: An epidemiological study of 401 fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 88:1469-1473. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.88b11.17634 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eG\\u0026uuml;m\\u0026uuml;sburun E, Y\\u0026uuml;cel F, Ozkan Y, Akg\\u0026uuml;n Z\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1994) A study of the nutrient foramina of lower limb long bones. Surg Radiol Anat 16:409-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01627662 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHatch RL, Alsobrook J, Clugston JR \\u003cstrong\\u003e(\\u003c/strong\\u003e2007) Diagnosis and management of metatarsal fractures. Am Fam Physician 76:817-826\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHendriks M, Ramasamy SK\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2020) Blood vessels and vascular niches in bone development and physiological remodeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 8:602278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.602278 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHughes H\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1952) The factors determining the direction of the canal for the nutrient artery in the long bones of mammals and birds. Cells Tissues Organs 15:261-280. https://doi.org/10.1159/000140748 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eIchimura K, Kinose S, Kawasaki Y, Okamura T, Kato K, Sakai T (2017) Anatomic characterization of the humeral nutrient artery: Application to fracture and surgery of the humerus. Clin Anat 30:978-987. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22976 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKizilkanat E, Boyan N, Ozsahin ET, Soames R, Oguz O\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2007) Location, number and clinical significance of nutrient foramina in human long bones. Ann Anat 189:87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2006.07.004 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLaing P\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1956) The arterial supply of the adult humerus. J Bone Joint Surg 38:1105-1116\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eL\\u0026uuml;tken P\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1950) Investigation into the position of the nutrient foramina and the direction of the vessel canals in the shafts of the humerus and femur in man. Cells Tissues Organs 9:57-68. https://doi.org/10.1159/000140428 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eManjatika AT, Mazengenya P, Davimes JG\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2023) Topographical anatomy and clinical implications of the metatarsal diaphyseal nutrient foramina across south african populations. Surg Radiol Anat 45: 1213-1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-023-03233-5 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMazengenya P, Fasemore MD\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2015) Morphometric studies of the nutrient foramen in lower limb long bones of adult black and white south africans. Eur J Anat 19:155-163\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMazengenya P, Billings B\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2016) Topographic and morphometric features of the nutrient foramina of the fibula in the south african mixed-ancestry population group and their surgical relevance. Eur J Anat 20:329-336\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMcKee NH, Haw P, Vettese T\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1984) Anatomic study of the nutrient foramen in the shaft of the fibula. Clin Orth Relat Res 184:141-144\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMcKeon KE, Johnson JE, McCormick JJ, Klein SE\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2013) The intraosseous and extraosseous vascular supply of the fifth metatarsal: Implications for fifth metatarsal osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int 34:117-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100712460227 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMoore KL, Agur AMR, Dalley AF (2018) Clinically oriented anatomy, 8 ed. Wolters Kluwer\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMurlimanju B, Prashanth K, Prabhu LV, Saralaya VV, Pai MM, Rai R\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2011) Morphological and topographical anatomy of nutrient foramina in human upper limb long bones and their surgical importance. Rom J Morphol Embryol 52:859-862\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMysorekar V\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1967) Diaphysial nutrient foramina in human long bones. J Anat 101:813\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNagel A\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1993) The clinical significance of the nutrient artery. Ortho Rev 22:557-561\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePereira G, Lopes P, Santos A, Silveira F\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2011) Nutrient foramina in the upper and lower limb long bones: Morphometric study in bones of southern brazilian adults. Int J Morphol 29:514-520\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePidhorz L\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2015) Acute and chronic humeral shaft fractures in adults. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 101:41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2014.07.034 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRuff C\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1987) Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: Relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor. J Hum Evol 16:391-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(87)90069-8 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eStini WA \\u003cstrong\\u003e(\\u003c/strong\\u003e1969) Nutritional stress and growth: Sex difference in adaptive response. Am J Phys Anthrop 31:417-426. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330310316 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eTrueta J\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e1964) A study of the blood supply of the long bones. Surg Gynecol Obstet 118:485.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWalker M, Palumbo B, Badman B, Brooks J, Van Gelderen J, Mighell M \\u003cstrong\\u003e(\\u003c/strong\\u003e2011) Humeral shaft fractures: A review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 20:833-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2010.11.030 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eXue Z, Ding H, Hu C, Xu H, An Z\\u003cstrong\\u003e (\\u003c/strong\\u003e2016) An anatomical study of the nutrient foramina of the human humeral diaphysis. Med Sci Monit 22:1637. https://doi.org/10.12659%2fmsm.898361 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Fractures, Humerus, Morphometry, Nutrient foramen, South African Populations, Topography\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106164/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106164/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003ePurpose\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFractures of the humerus are common on the midshaft of the bone, often causing injury to the nutrient artery. Successful fracture repair and healing requires preservation of the blood supply to the long which is conveyed through the nutrient foramina (NF). The topography of long bone NF varies in different populations. These variations can affect the preservation of blood supply to long bones during fracture repair management. The current study aimed to determine the topography and morphometry of the NF of the humerus in different populations of South Africa including the SAA, SAED and SAMA.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMethods\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe study examined 596 dry humeri from the three South African populations. The parameters examined included the presence, number, location, position, size and direction of the NF.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eResults\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe NF were present in 97.1% of the humeri. Majority of bones (76.8%) evinced a single nutrient foramen. The number of NF varied across the different population groups (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001), with SAA having more humeri with a single NF and SAED having more humeri with double NF. The position of NF varied within and across populations (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.002). Males in SAED had a higher mean FI on both the right (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.03) and left (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.022) sides than females. SAED had a lower mean FI than SAMA (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.001). All humeri showed dominant-sized NF. The location of NF varied across different populations (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001), with SAA having higher NF located on the anteromedial surface and medial border, and SAED having higher NF located on the lateral border (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.0001). NF were directed towards the distal ends of the shafts in 99.8% of bones and towards the proximal end in 0.2% of bones.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusions\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe topography and morphometry of the nutrient foramina of the humerus are variable in the South African populations. Knowledge of the NF variations may aid in the management of humerus fractures.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Topographic variations and morphometric characterisation of the humeri nutrient foramina in the South African Populations: implications for fracture repair and healing\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-03-19 14:18:45\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4106164/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"640f9aa6-f479-4006-beaa-41b6b52836cd\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"March 19th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-04-15T11:37:14+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-03-19 14:18:45\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4106164\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4106164\",\"identity\":\"rs-4106164\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}