{"paper_id":"3ecc417e-681d-4cda-aec8-3df9c299b45c","body_text":"Physiochemical and sensory assessment of lip salve formulation utilizing red microbial colourant from Talaromyces assiutensis, CPEF04 and supercritical carbon dioxide extracted hemp seed oil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Physiochemical and sensory assessment of lip salve formulation utilizing red microbial colourant from Talaromyces assiutensis, CPEF04 and supercritical carbon dioxide extracted hemp seed oil Mehak Kaur, Jhalak Jauhari, Usman Ali, Monika Garg, Mayurika Goel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507720/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 19 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Colors have been used since ancient times to enhance the aesthetics of various commodities. Synthetic colorants, extensively employed in cosmetic, food and textile industries, are known to be recalcitrant, toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Their effluents in water bodies decrease sunlight penetration, photosynthesis and plant proliferation. Thus, in the search of sustainable and natural pigment sources, the previously isolated and characterized endophytic fungus Talaromyces assiutensis CPEF04 from the Western Ghats, India, was explored for enhanced extracellular bioactive pigment production. The pigment was combined with supercritical carbon dioxide-extracted hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil to develop a tinted lip salve, assessing its commercial viability. The formulated lip salve’s performance and stability were tested through pH, hardness and color at various temperatures, leading to an optimal red hue with enhanced softening effect. The selected tints remained stable for six months under diverse temperatures with a sun protective factor of 34 ± 1.3. The sensory assessment indicated significant consumer preference based on visual and olfactory appeal, with scope of improvement in the taste profile. Bioprospecting medicinal plants for bioactive pigment-producing endophytes has the potential to foster an eco-friendly lifestyle while creating a sustainable shift from a linear fossil-based economy to circular bioeconomy. microbial pigments bioactives sustainable cosmetics supercritical extraction hemp seed oil Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Although healing and beautification of external parts of human body has been done since prehistoric times, the past three decades have witnessed significant increase in the utilization of synthetic cosmetic products. Such products, containing petroleum and chemical-based ingredients, pose elevated health risks including allergies, carcinogenic effects, respiratory ailments, neurological impairments, and endocrine system disruptions with additional detrimental impact on the environment, particularly on aquatic ecosystems. The term \"toxic beauty\" has emerged to highlight the potential health hazards associated with certain cosmetic ingredients, whether through topical application or accidental ingestion. Lip care products often contain heavy metals and toxic chemicals in their formulations, which can permeate through the lip's surface and may be inadvertently ingested. Among these, lead impairs nervous and cardiac functions, while cadmium and chromium are associated with carcinogenesis in various vital organs. Genotoxic effects caused by synthetic pigments and UV filters, where certain compounds induce DNA damage and mutations, elevate the risk of developing cancer. Furthermore, as lips lack sebaceous glands in their anatomical structure, they require enhanced care, including sufficient moisturization and protection, implying multiple applications per day [ 1 ]. Plants have long served as primary sources of lipids and fatty acids essential for maintaining the protective barrier of lips, however, their extraction requires utilization of toxic solvents such as chloroform, methanol, and hexane, leading to amplified chemical hazard [ 2 ]. These environmental and health concerns have driven a shift in consumer preferences toward biocosmetics, emphasizing renewable formulations derived from natural and sustainable sources, driving the shift from fossil-based linear economy to bio-based circular economy. Achieving this involves a sophisticated and sustainable interplay between resource selection and advanced technologies to extract bioactives (therapeutic ingredients originated from natural sources) efficiently [ 3 ]. The bioprospection of alternate natural sources not only conserves ecosystem but also facilitates the adoption of green extraction techniques, ensuring higher yields, improved quality, and reduced operational costs. This leads to modern biorefinery-based cosmetics which offer benefits of reduced waste generation, enhanced recyclability, lower energy requirements, and improved safety profiles. Plants, microorganisms, and insects are key sources of pigmented bioactives, but plant-derived pigments are low-yielding and resource-intensive, while insect-based pigments face ethical concerns. Microorganisms, particularly fungi, offer a sustainable, vegan, and multi-purpose alternative due to their adaptability and diverse bioactive profile [ 4 ]. Following the selection of the source, the subsequent step involves the extraction of bioactive compounds from the chosen material. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO 2 ) is a promising extraction solvent that can replace toxic organic solvents and can be reused, meeting stringent cosmetic standards. Its unique properties, including desirable texture, absence of residual solvents, chemical stability, and retention of bioactive compounds, make SCO 2 extracts ideal for incorporation into cosmetic products [ 2 ]. The current study has employed previously extracted pigment from Talaromyces assiutensis CPEF04 and SCO 2 extracted hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil for formulating a lip salve (Fig. 1 ). The pigment exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties while being non-toxic on human cell lines [ 5 ]. Hemp seed oil was chosen for its rich bioactive profile, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and chlorophyll, which enhance its functional properties [ 2 ]. Moreover, hemp cultivation is environmentally sustainable, requiring minimal resources and sequestering high rates of carbon dioxide. The base formulation of the lip salve was optimized by balancing the ratios of butter, oil, beeswax and pigment to achieve maximum sensory appeal. This study further focused on analysing the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip salves prior to conducting their sensory evaluation. Methodology Isolation of endophytic fungus T. assiutensis CPEF04, from Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., a mangrove plant from Western Ghats of India, has been described elsewhere with pigment characterization and biological profiling [ 5 ]. The SCO 2 extraction of dried milled hemp seeds ( C. sativa L.), provided by Ukhi Foundation, Faridabad, Haryana, 121012, was conducted in Prime SCF (Applied Separations, Pennsylvania, USA) followed by the determination of the acidic fraction by Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) [ 2 , 6 ]. Natural ingredients were employed for lip salve formulation including SCO 2 hemp seed oil, beeswax, shea ( Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn.) butter, cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.) butter, aloe vera ( Aloe barbadensis Miller) juice, and CPEF04 pigment. The formulation was divided in two phases: lipid phase (beeswax, shea butter, cocoa butter and hemp oil) and aqueous phase (aloe vera juice and CPEF04 pigment) in different concentrations as mentioned in Table 1 . These two phases were heated separately, mixed in a container, and then cooled at room temperature. Their textural properties were utilized to select one best formulation which was further assessed for physicochemical, stability and sensory parameters. The pH of 1 gram of lip salves dissolved in distilled water was checked and hardness was measured through the texture analyser TATX2 Texture Analyser (Stable Microsystems, Godalming, UK). Colour intensity profile was evaluated through ColorFlex EZ Spectrophotometer 171 (Hunter Lab Inc., Virginia, WV, USA) in terms of L*, a* and b*. Sun protection factor (SPF) of the formulations was determined by measuring the optical density of 0.1 g lip salve in 10 ml ethanol in the UV range from 290 to 320 nm and putting them in Mansur’s equation. The stability test for lip salves was conducted for 4 weeks to evaluate their performance when placed at various temperatures (exposure to 4°, 37°, and 45° Celsius) with control of room temperature (25 ± 2° Celsius). The physicochemical tests, including variation in weight, pH, colour and texture of the lip balm were conducted for every week of the stability test period. The spreadability of the lip salve was assessed by applying it onto the surface of a glass slide, followed by evaluating any deformation or structural breakdown observed during the process [ 7 ]. Sensory evaluation was conducted to assess the likeness of the formulated lip slaves in terms of aroma, taste, appearance, application and after-effects on the Hedonic scale of 1–9 from least likely to most likely by 10 untrained panellists. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism (version 10.4.1) software, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Health and environmental concerns associated with synthetic ingredients in cosmetics have driven consumer demand for natural and eco-friendly alternatives [ 1 ]. In this study, a combination of microbial red colourant and SCO 2 extracted hemp seed oil was utilized to formulate a lip salve, aiming to maximize consumer benefits. Microbial pigments provide subtle hues with versatile presence by virtue of being industrially scalable, therapeutically active, environmentally non-toxic, and biotechnologically adaptable. Monascus , a well-known fungus for transforming normal rice to red koji rice, impart yellow to maroon shades while exhibiting in-built sun protective, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Ankaflavin, a patented pigment from Monascus is being utilized as a natural tanning agents in several formulations [ 8 , 9 ]. Red colourant extracted through endophytic fungus T. assiutensis CPEF04 exhibited anti-bacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities while being non-toxic to Human Embryonic Kidney 293 T cells expanding its use as a cosmeceutical [ 5 ]. Oils obtained through green SCO 2 extraction exhibit enhanced functional activity due to the optimal retention of bioactive compounds, making them highly suitable for eco-friendly cosmetic products. The current investigation yielded 37% of hemp seed oil and GC-MS analysis revealed a high concentration of beneficial mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic, linolenic, oleic, and palmitoleic acids (Fig. 2 ). Prominently, 70% of hemp oil comprises essential fatty acids from the ω-3 and ω-6 families, which the human body cannot synthesize. These fatty acids, with a unique 3:1 ω-6 to ω-3 ratio (2.47:1 in this study), contribute to heart health, cell growth, immune support, and toddler development. Hemp oil also exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties, enhancing its value as a natural moisturizer and therapeutic agent for cardiovascular health, cholesterol normalization, digestion, and stress reduction [ 2 ]. A lip salve hydrates, protects against environmental stressors, and nourishes the lips, promoting softness and preventing chapping. The lip salve formulations in the current study exhibited varying textures and consistencies, as summarized in Table 1 . Shea butter enhanced moisturizing, while hemp oil provided nourishment and served as a viscous base. Aloe vera juice facilitated uniform ingredient incorporation by bridging immiscible oil and water phases. Beeswax used to enhance stability, acted as a solidifying agent but reduced pigment vibrancy at higher concentrations. The standardized F7T formulation achieved a butter: oil: beeswax: pigment ratio of 1:1:0.25:1 (for dark shades). An unpigmented control lip salve (butter: oil: beeswax: pigment ratio of 1:1:0.25:0) was compared with the pigmented F7T lip salve to evaluate physicochemical, stability, and sensory properties (Tables 2 and 3 ; Fig. 3 ). The control exhibited a hardness value of 1.6 ± 0.2 kg, typical of butter-based formulations, while F7T showed reduced hardness, indicating the softening effect of the microbial pigment, as confirmed by sensory analysis. F7T demonstrated a higher SPF, suggesting UV-protective properties of the pigment, and a slightly acidic pH due to anthraquinones acting as acid dyes. CIEl*a*b* analysis revealed that F7T's shade closely matched Pantone 2449 CP (#482626). Physicochemical properties such as pH, colour and weight remained stable for all formulations at various temperatures, however, spreadability and texture of control lip salve was modified at cold temperature. This showed that the pigmented F7T lip salve remains stable at low temperatures, likely due to the softening effect of the microbial pigment, which reduces excessive solidification of butters and beeswax. These findings highlight the potential of employed microbial colourant in enhancing the functional and aesthetic attributes of lip salves. Table 1 Different ratios of base formulations and their sensory characteristics Base F 1 T F 2 T F 3 T F 4 T F 5 T F 6 T F 7 T Butter 1.25 g 0.6 g 0.5 g 1.25 g 1.55 g 1.4 g 1 g Oil 1 mL 1 mL 1 mL 1 mL 1 mL 1.3 mL 1 mL Beeswax 0.25 g 0.35 g - 0.5 g 0.3 g 0.5 g 0.2 g Pigment 2 g 1.5 g 0.2 g 0.5 g 0.1 g 0.2 g 1 g Ratio (butter: oil: beeswax: pigment) 1.25: 1: 0.25: 2 0.6: 1: 0.35: 1.5 0.5: 1: 0: 0.2 1.25: 1: 0.5: 0.5 1.55: 1: 0.3: 0.1 1.4: 1: 0.5: 0.2 1: 1: 0.2: 1 Sensory observation Good spreadability, burgundy pigment Less chunky, spreads easily, orange pigment Needs more butter, too oily, light orange pigment Average consistency, very light orange pigment Average consistency, light orange pigment Too thick to spread, orange pigment Best spreadability, burgundy pigment Table 2 Physicochemical properties of unpigmented control and selected pigmented F 7 T lip salves Formulation Ratio (butter: oil: beeswax: pigment) Sensory observation Hardness (kg) SPF pH Colour Intensity Control 1: 1: 0.25: 0 Comparatively less smooth, good spreadability, colourless 1.6 ± 0.2 (butter-based salves) 21 ± 2.7 5 ± 0.3 L*: 65.96 a*: -4.95 b*: 23.55 F7T 1: 1: 0.25: 1 Burgundy colour, smoother texture, good spreadability 1.3 ± 0.8 (increased smoothness) 34 ± 1.3 4.6 ± 0.6 L*: 17.95 a*: 15.44 b*: 7.17 Table 3 Stability and sensory evaluation of unpigmented control and pigmented F 7 T lip salves Formulation Temperature (° Celsius) Weight (in grams) pH Colour Spreadability Texture Sensory observation Control 4 Variation of ± 0.3 Variation of ± 0.5 Normal Modified Modified Comparatively harder to apply 37 Variation of ± 0.5 Variation of ± 0.2 Normal Normal Normal Softest application 45 Variation of ± 0.6 Variation of ± 0.5 Normal Normal Normal Smooth to apply F7T 4 Variation of ± 0.4 Variation of ± 0.3 Normal Normal Normal No variation in application 37 Variation of ± 0.4 Variation of ± 0.4 Normal Normal Normal Softest application 45 Variation of ± 0.5 Variation of ± 0.6 Normal Normal Normal Smooth to apply The sensory profile of the pigmented lip salve was evaluated based on qualitative attributes, including aroma, taste, appearance, application, and after-effects (Fig. 3 ). Similar ratings for taste, application, and after-effects in both the control and F7T formulations indicate that the pigment does not alter the fundamental properties of the lip salve. However, violin graph analysis shows that a majority of panellists rated F7T higher (8 or 9) for application and after-effects compared to the control. In contrast, the control formulation scored better in taste, highlighting a potential area for improvement in F7T formulation. For appearance and aroma, F7T was favoured, possibly due to its vibrant shade and the human brain's tendency to associate bright colours with pleasant scents. Overall, the sensory evaluation highlights the promising attributes of the F7T formulation, particularly in appearance, aroma, application, and after-effects, while identifying taste as a key area for further optimization to enhance consumer acceptance. Earlier imagined as a dystopian thought, circular biorefinery approaches are slowly seeping in our day to day lives in diverse forms [ 3 ]. Microbial colorants, as the one used in this study, are vegan, cruelty-free, non-toxic, therapeutically active, and eco-friendly alternatives to the harmful synthetic dyes. Furthermore, their production through biotechnological routes can contribute to the bioeconomy while shifting the skillsets of dye workers from chemical synthesis to biological synthesis, thereby creating non-toxic working conditions [ 9 ]. Their scalable production can ensure widespread availability, benefiting low-resource regions where other natural dyes may be inaccessible, unfeasible or unaffordable. Employing microbial colourants in cosmetics can attain the three pillars of sustainability: environmental, economic and social. Despite their vast potential, only 1% of microbial flora has been explored for pigment extraction. This calls for research on the rest of microbial strains and enhancing pigment production via genetic engineering, fermentation advancements, and cost-effective substrates. Addressing safety concerns and identifying pharmacological mechanisms will further support commercialization [ 10 ]. SCO 2 extraction is an advantageous technique in cosmetics sector in terms of eco-friendliness, high bio-functional activity and purity [ 2 ]. Several organizations promote the cultivation and commercial farming of commercially important crops among economically disadvantaged farmers, aiming to mitigate soil erosion and support sustainable rural livelihoods. However, future research should focus on decreasing the capital expenditure required to establish an industrial scale facility near the cultivation areas. Furthermore, lifecycle assessments should be conducted to quantify environmental benefits, ensuring transparency in such sustainable practices. The scientific community should focus on biotechnological advancements leveraging waste recycling, circularity models, and green chemistry principles to minimize environmental impact while effectively communicating updates to the public. Government and industrial stakeholders must foster academia-industry collaborations to develop standards, offer incentives for low-carbon and bio-based product development, and promote outreach programs and marketing strategies to expand consumer awareness [ 10 ]. Consumers, in turn, should adopt a mindset of conscious consumerism, embracing sustainable alternatives for collective societal benefit. Integrating sustainable practices, such as microbial pigments and supercritical extraction, into cosmetics production not only addresses environmental and health concerns but shapes a greener future in the industry, creating a synchronized performance of scientific advancement, societal needs, and ecological preservation. Declarations Author Contributions Conceptualization: Mayurika Goel; Data curation and Methodology: Mehak Kaur, Jhalak Jauhari and Usman Ali; Formal analysis: Mehak Kaur and Mayurika Goel; Resources: Mayurika Goel and Monika Garg; Visualization and writing — original draft: Mehak Kaur; Writing — review and editing: Mayurika Goel and Monika Garg; Supervision: Mayurika Goel. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors . Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Conflict of Interest All authors have read the manuscript and there is no conflict of interest. References Panico A, Serio F, Bagordo F, Grassi T, Idolo A, De Giorgi M et al (2019) Skin safety and health prevention: An overview of chemicals in cosmetic products. J Prev Med Hyg. ;60 Aladić K, Jarni K, Barbir T, Vidović S, Vladić J, Bilić M et al (2015) Supercritical CO2 extraction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil. Ind Crops Prod. ;76 Gaur S, Kaur M, Kalra R, Rene ER, Goel M (2024) Application of microbial resources in biorefineries: Current trend and future prospects. Heliyon 10:e28615 Kalra R, Conlan XA, Goel M (2020) Fungi as a Potential Source of Pigments: Harnessing Filamentous Fungi. Front Chem Mishra RC, Kalra R, Dilawari R, Deshmukh SK, Barrow CJ, Goel M (2021) Characterization of an Endophytic Strain Talaromyces assiutensis, CPEF04 With Evaluation of Production Medium for Extracellular Red Pigments Having Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties. Front Microbiol. ;12 Minhas AK, Gaur S, Adholeya A (2023) Influence of light intensity and photoperiod on the pigment and, lipid production of Dunaliella tertiolecta and Nannochloropsis oculata under three different culture medium. Heliyon. ;9 Azmin SNHM, Jaine NIM, Nor MSM (2020) Physicochemical and sensory evaluations of moisturising lip balm using natural pigment from Beta vulgaris. Cogent Eng. ;7 Koli SH, Suryawanshi RK, Mohite BV, Patil SV (2019) Prospective of Monascus Pigments as an Additive to Commercial Sunscreens. Nat Prod Commun. ;14 Sharma N, Shekhar P, Kumar V, Kaur H, Jayasena V (2024) Microbial pigments: Sources, current status, future challenges in cosmetics and therapeutic applications. J Basic Microbiol Ladu L, Morone P (2024) Sustainability assessments of bio-based products: From research to practice (and standards). Societal Impacts [Internet]. ;3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.0 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 02 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 01 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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****: \\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e-value \\u0026lt;0.0001; ns:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e p\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e-value \\u0026gt; 0.05)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Picture3.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7507720/v1/7c0f91679271c50613e04940.jpg\"},{\"id\":90930694,\"identity\":\"ec624ebb-2d16-4579-8642-4278da6f35c0\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-09 16:13:02\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1440685,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7507720/v1/920a1d38-aa86-4806-ae39-a34805e2f026.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Physiochemical and sensory assessment of lip salve formulation utilizing red microbial colourant from Talaromyces assiutensis, CPEF04 and supercritical carbon dioxide extracted hemp seed oil \",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAlthough healing and beautification of external parts of human body has been done since prehistoric times, the past three decades have witnessed significant increase in the utilization of synthetic cosmetic products. Such products, containing petroleum and chemical-based ingredients, pose elevated health risks including allergies, carcinogenic effects, respiratory ailments, neurological impairments, and endocrine system disruptions with additional detrimental impact on the environment, particularly on aquatic ecosystems. The term \\\"toxic beauty\\\" has emerged to highlight the potential health hazards associated with certain cosmetic ingredients, whether through topical application or accidental ingestion. Lip care products often contain heavy metals and toxic chemicals in their formulations, which can permeate through the lip's surface and may be inadvertently ingested. Among these, lead impairs nervous and cardiac functions, while cadmium and chromium are associated with carcinogenesis in various vital organs. Genotoxic effects caused by synthetic pigments and UV filters, where certain compounds induce DNA damage and mutations, elevate the risk of developing cancer. Furthermore, as lips lack sebaceous glands in their anatomical structure, they require enhanced care, including sufficient moisturization and protection, implying multiple applications per day [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Plants have long served as primary sources of lipids and fatty acids essential for maintaining the protective barrier of lips, however, their extraction requires utilization of toxic solvents such as chloroform, methanol, and hexane, leading to amplified chemical hazard [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThese environmental and health concerns have driven a shift in consumer preferences toward biocosmetics, emphasizing renewable formulations derived from natural and sustainable sources, driving the shift from fossil-based linear economy to bio-based circular economy. Achieving this involves a sophisticated and sustainable interplay between resource selection and advanced technologies to extract bioactives (therapeutic ingredients originated from natural sources) efficiently [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The bioprospection of alternate natural sources not only conserves ecosystem but also facilitates the adoption of green extraction techniques, ensuring higher yields, improved quality, and reduced operational costs. This leads to modern biorefinery-based cosmetics which offer benefits of reduced waste generation, enhanced recyclability, lower energy requirements, and improved safety profiles. Plants, microorganisms, and insects are key sources of pigmented bioactives, but plant-derived pigments are low-yielding and resource-intensive, while insect-based pigments face ethical concerns. Microorganisms, particularly fungi, offer a sustainable, vegan, and multi-purpose alternative due to their adaptability and diverse bioactive profile [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Following the selection of the source, the subsequent step involves the extraction of bioactive compounds from the chosen material. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) is a promising extraction solvent that can replace toxic organic solvents and can be reused, meeting stringent cosmetic standards. Its unique properties, including desirable texture, absence of residual solvents, chemical stability, and retention of bioactive compounds, make SCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e extracts ideal for incorporation into cosmetic products [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe current study has employed previously extracted pigment from \\u003cem\\u003eTalaromyces assiutensis\\u003c/em\\u003e CPEF04 and SCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e extracted hemp (\\u003cem\\u003eCannabis sativa\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) seed oil for formulating a lip salve (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). The pigment exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties while being non-toxic on human cell lines [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Hemp seed oil was chosen for its rich bioactive profile, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and chlorophyll, which enhance its functional properties [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Moreover, hemp cultivation is environmentally sustainable, requiring minimal resources and sequestering high rates of carbon dioxide. The base formulation of the lip salve was optimized by balancing the ratios of butter, oil, beeswax and pigment to achieve maximum sensory appeal. This study further focused on analysing the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip salves prior to conducting their sensory evaluation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methodology\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIsolation of endophytic fungus \\u003cem\\u003eT. assiutensis\\u003c/em\\u003e CPEF04, from \\u003cem\\u003eAvicennia marina\\u003c/em\\u003e (Forssk.) Vierh., a mangrove plant from Western Ghats of India, has been described elsewhere with pigment characterization and biological profiling [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The SCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e extraction of dried milled hemp seeds (\\u003cem\\u003eC. sativa\\u003c/em\\u003e L.), provided by Ukhi Foundation, Faridabad, Haryana, 121012, was conducted in Prime SCF (Applied Separations, Pennsylvania, USA) followed by the determination of the acidic fraction by Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Natural ingredients were employed for lip salve formulation including SCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e hemp seed oil, beeswax, shea (\\u003cem\\u003eVitellaria paradoxa\\u003c/em\\u003e Gaertn.) butter, cocoa (\\u003cem\\u003eTheobroma cacao\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) butter, aloe vera (\\u003cem\\u003eAloe barbadensis\\u003c/em\\u003e Miller) juice, and CPEF04 pigment. The formulation was divided in two phases: lipid phase (beeswax, shea butter, cocoa butter and hemp oil) and aqueous phase (aloe vera juice and CPEF04 pigment) in different concentrations as mentioned in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. These two phases were heated separately, mixed in a container, and then cooled at room temperature. Their textural properties were utilized to select one best formulation which was further assessed for physicochemical, stability and sensory parameters. The pH of 1 gram of lip salves dissolved in distilled water was checked and hardness was measured through the texture analyser TATX2 Texture Analyser (Stable Microsystems, Godalming, UK). Colour intensity profile was evaluated through ColorFlex EZ Spectrophotometer 171 (Hunter Lab Inc., Virginia, WV, USA) in terms of L*, a* and b*. Sun protection factor (SPF) of the formulations was determined by measuring the optical density of 0.1 g lip salve in 10 ml ethanol in the UV range from 290 to 320 nm and putting them in Mansur\\u0026rsquo;s equation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe stability test for lip salves was conducted for 4 weeks to evaluate their performance when placed at various temperatures (exposure to 4\\u0026deg;, 37\\u0026deg;, and 45\\u0026deg; Celsius) with control of room temperature (25\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2\\u0026deg; Celsius). The physicochemical tests, including variation in weight, pH, colour and texture of the lip balm were conducted for every week of the stability test period. The spreadability of the lip salve was assessed by applying it onto the surface of a glass slide, followed by evaluating any deformation or structural breakdown observed during the process [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Sensory evaluation was conducted to assess the likeness of the formulated lip slaves in terms of aroma, taste, appearance, application and after-effects on the Hedonic scale of 1\\u0026ndash;9 from least likely to most likely by 10 untrained panellists. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism (version 10.4.1) software, with significance set at p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eHealth and environmental concerns associated with synthetic ingredients in cosmetics have driven consumer demand for natural and eco-friendly alternatives [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In this study, a combination of microbial red colourant and SCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e extracted hemp seed oil was utilized to formulate a lip salve, aiming to maximize consumer benefits. Microbial pigments provide subtle hues with versatile presence by virtue of being industrially scalable, therapeutically active, environmentally non-toxic, and biotechnologically adaptable. \\u003cem\\u003eMonascus\\u003c/em\\u003e, a well-known fungus for transforming normal rice to red koji rice, impart yellow to maroon shades while exhibiting in-built sun protective, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Ankaflavin, a patented pigment from \\u003cem\\u003eMonascus\\u003c/em\\u003e is being utilized as a natural tanning agents in several formulations [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Red colourant extracted through endophytic fungus \\u003cem\\u003eT. assiutensis\\u003c/em\\u003e CPEF04 exhibited anti-bacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities while being non-toxic to Human Embryonic Kidney 293 T cells expanding its use as a cosmeceutical [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOils obtained through green SCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e extraction exhibit enhanced functional activity due to the optimal retention of bioactive compounds, making them highly suitable for eco-friendly cosmetic products. The current investigation yielded 37% of hemp seed oil and GC-MS analysis revealed a high concentration of beneficial mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic, linolenic, oleic, and palmitoleic acids (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Prominently, 70% of hemp oil comprises essential fatty acids from the ω-3 and ω-6 families, which the human body cannot synthesize. These fatty acids, with a unique 3:1 ω-6 to ω-3 ratio (2.47:1 in this study), contribute to heart health, cell growth, immune support, and toddler development. Hemp oil also exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties, enhancing its value as a natural moisturizer and therapeutic agent for cardiovascular health, cholesterol normalization, digestion, and stress reduction [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA lip salve hydrates, protects against environmental stressors, and nourishes the lips, promoting softness and preventing chapping. The lip salve formulations in the current study exhibited varying textures and consistencies, as summarized in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. Shea butter enhanced moisturizing, while hemp oil provided nourishment and served as a viscous base. Aloe vera juice facilitated uniform ingredient incorporation by bridging immiscible oil and water phases. Beeswax used to enhance stability, acted as a solidifying agent but reduced pigment vibrancy at higher concentrations. The standardized F7T formulation achieved a butter: oil: beeswax: pigment ratio of 1:1:0.25:1 (for dark shades). An unpigmented control lip salve (butter: oil: beeswax: pigment ratio of 1:1:0.25:0) was compared with the pigmented F7T lip salve to evaluate physicochemical, stability, and sensory properties (Tables\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). The control exhibited a hardness value of 1.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.2 kg, typical of butter-based formulations, while F7T showed reduced hardness, indicating the softening effect of the microbial pigment, as confirmed by sensory analysis. F7T demonstrated a higher SPF, suggesting UV-protective properties of the pigment, and a slightly acidic pH due to anthraquinones acting as acid dyes. CIEl*a*b* analysis revealed that F7T's shade closely matched Pantone 2449 CP (#482626). Physicochemical properties such as pH, colour and weight remained stable for all formulations at various temperatures, however, spreadability and texture of control lip salve was modified at cold temperature. This showed that the pigmented F7T lip salve remains stable at low temperatures, likely due to the softening effect of the microbial pigment, which reduces excessive solidification of butters and beeswax. These findings highlight the potential of employed microbial colourant in enhancing the functional and aesthetic attributes of lip salves.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDifferent ratios of base formulations and their sensory characteristics\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" 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colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 mL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 mL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 mL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 mL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.3 mL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 mL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBeeswax\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.25 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.35 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.5 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.3 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.5 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.2 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.5 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.2 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.5 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.1 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.2 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eRatio (butter: oil: beeswax: pigment)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.25: 1: 0.25: 2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.6: 1: 0.35: 1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.5: 1: 0: 0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.25: 1: 0.5: 0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.55: 1: 0.3: 0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.4: 1: 0.5: 0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1: 1: 0.2: 1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSensory observation\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGood spreadability, burgundy pigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eLess chunky, spreads easily, orange pigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNeeds more butter, too oily, light orange pigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAverage consistency, very light orange pigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAverage consistency, light orange pigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eToo thick to spread, orange pigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBest spreadability, burgundy pigment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePhysicochemical properties of unpigmented control and selected pigmented F\\u003csub\\u003e7\\u003c/sub\\u003eT lip salves\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFormulation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRatio (butter: oil: beeswax: pigment)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSensory observation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHardness (kg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSPF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003epH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eColour Intensity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1: 1: 0.25: 0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eComparatively less smooth, good spreadability, colourless\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.2 (butter-based salves)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eL*: 65.96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ea*: -4.95\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eb*: 23.55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eF7T\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1: 1: 0.25: 1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBurgundy colour, smoother texture, good spreadability\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.8 (increased smoothness)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e34\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eL*: 17.95\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ea*: 15.44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eb*: 7.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eStability and sensory evaluation of unpigmented control and pigmented F\\u003csub\\u003e7\\u003c/sub\\u003eT lip salves\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFormulation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTemperature (\\u0026deg; Celsius)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeight (in grams)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003epH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eColour\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSpreadability\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTexture\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSensory observation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eControl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eModified\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eModified\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eComparatively harder to apply\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSoftest application\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSmooth to apply\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eF7T\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNo variation in application\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSoftest application\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNormal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSmooth to apply\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe sensory profile of the pigmented lip salve was evaluated based on qualitative attributes, including aroma, taste, appearance, application, and after-effects (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similar ratings for taste, application, and after-effects in both the control and F7T formulations indicate that the pigment does not alter the fundamental properties of the lip salve. However, violin graph analysis shows that a majority of panellists rated F7T higher (8 or 9) for application and after-effects compared to the control. In contrast, the control formulation scored better in taste, highlighting a potential area for improvement in F7T formulation. For appearance and aroma, F7T was favoured, possibly due to its vibrant shade and the human brain's tendency to associate bright colours with pleasant scents. Overall, the sensory evaluation highlights the promising attributes of the F7T formulation, particularly in appearance, aroma, application, and after-effects, while identifying taste as a key area for further optimization to enhance consumer acceptance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEarlier imagined as a dystopian thought, circular biorefinery approaches are slowly seeping in our day to day lives in diverse forms [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Microbial colorants, as the one used in this study, are vegan, cruelty-free, non-toxic, therapeutically active, and eco-friendly alternatives to the harmful synthetic dyes. Furthermore, their production through biotechnological routes can contribute to the bioeconomy while shifting the skillsets of dye workers from chemical synthesis to biological synthesis, thereby creating non-toxic working conditions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Their scalable production can ensure widespread availability, benefiting low-resource regions where other natural dyes may be inaccessible, unfeasible or unaffordable. Employing microbial colourants in cosmetics can attain the three pillars of sustainability: environmental, economic and social. Despite their vast potential, only 1% of microbial flora has been explored for pigment extraction. This calls for research on the rest of microbial strains and enhancing pigment production via genetic engineering, fermentation advancements, and cost-effective substrates. Addressing safety concerns and identifying pharmacological mechanisms will further support commercialization [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e extraction is an advantageous technique in cosmetics sector in terms of eco-friendliness, high bio-functional activity and purity [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Several organizations promote the cultivation and commercial farming of commercially important crops among economically disadvantaged farmers, aiming to mitigate soil erosion and support sustainable rural livelihoods. However, future research should focus on decreasing the capital expenditure required to establish an industrial scale facility near the cultivation areas. Furthermore, lifecycle assessments should be conducted to quantify environmental benefits, ensuring transparency in such sustainable practices. The scientific community should focus on biotechnological advancements leveraging waste recycling, circularity models, and green chemistry principles to minimize environmental impact while effectively communicating updates to the public. Government and industrial stakeholders must foster academia-industry collaborations to develop standards, offer incentives for low-carbon and bio-based product development, and promote outreach programs and marketing strategies to expand consumer awareness [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Consumers, in turn, should adopt a mindset of conscious consumerism, embracing sustainable alternatives for collective societal benefit. Integrating sustainable practices, such as microbial pigments and supercritical extraction, into cosmetics production not only addresses environmental and health concerns but shapes a greener future in the industry, creating a synchronized performance of scientific advancement, societal needs, and ecological preservation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor Contributions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eConceptualization: Mayurika Goel; Data curation and Methodology: Mehak Kaur, Jhalak Jauhari and Usman Ali; Formal analysis: Mehak Kaur and Mayurika Goel; Resources: Mayurika Goel and Monika Garg; Visualization and writing \\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026mdash;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eoriginal draft: Mehak Kaur; Writing \\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026mdash;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ereview and editing: Mayurika Goel and Monika Garg; Supervision: Mayurika Goel.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting Interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflict of Interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll authors have read the manuscript and there is no conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePanico A, Serio F, Bagordo F, Grassi T, Idolo A, De Giorgi M et al (2019) Skin safety and health prevention: An overview of chemicals in cosmetic products. J Prev Med Hyg. ;60\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAladić K, Jarni K, Barbir T, Vidović S, Vladić J, Bilić M et al (2015) Supercritical CO2 extraction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil. Ind Crops Prod. ;76\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGaur S, Kaur M, Kalra R, Rene ER, Goel M (2024) Application of microbial resources in biorefineries: Current trend and future prospects. Heliyon 10:e28615\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKalra R, Conlan XA, Goel M (2020) Fungi as a Potential Source of Pigments: Harnessing Filamentous Fungi. Front Chem\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMishra RC, Kalra R, Dilawari R, Deshmukh SK, Barrow CJ, Goel M (2021) Characterization of an Endophytic Strain Talaromyces assiutensis, CPEF04 With Evaluation of Production Medium for Extracellular Red Pigments Having Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties. Front Microbiol. ;12\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMinhas AK, Gaur S, Adholeya A (2023) Influence of light intensity and photoperiod on the pigment and, lipid production of Dunaliella tertiolecta and Nannochloropsis oculata under three different culture medium. Heliyon. ;9\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAzmin SNHM, Jaine NIM, Nor MSM (2020) Physicochemical and sensory evaluations of moisturising lip balm using natural pigment from Beta vulgaris. Cogent Eng. ;7\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eKoli SH, Suryawanshi RK, Mohite BV, Patil SV (2019) Prospective of Monascus Pigments as an Additive to Commercial Sunscreens. Nat Prod Commun. ;14\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSharma N, Shekhar P, Kumar V, Kaur H, Jayasena V (2024) Microbial pigments: Sources, current status, future challenges in cosmetics and therapeutic applications. J Basic Microbiol\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLadu L, Morone P (2024) Sustainability assessments of bio-based products: From research to practice (and standards). Societal Impacts [Internet]. ;3. Available from: \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.0\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.spc.2021.0\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"biotechnology-for-sustainable-materials\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Biotechnology for Sustainable Materials](https://biotechsustainablematerials.biomedcentral.com)\",\"snPcode\":\"44316\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44316/3\",\"title\":\"Biotechnology for Sustainable Materials\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"BMC/SO AJ\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"microbial pigments, bioactives, sustainable cosmetics, supercritical extraction, hemp seed oil\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507720/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507720/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eColors have been used since ancient times to enhance the aesthetics of various commodities. Synthetic colorants, extensively employed in cosmetic, food and textile industries, are known to be recalcitrant, toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Their effluents in water bodies decrease sunlight penetration, photosynthesis and plant proliferation. Thus, in the search of sustainable and natural pigment sources, the previously isolated and characterized endophytic fungus \\u003cem\\u003eTalaromyces assiutensis\\u003c/em\\u003e CPEF04 from the Western Ghats, India, was explored for enhanced extracellular bioactive pigment production. The pigment was combined with supercritical carbon dioxide-extracted hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil to develop a tinted lip salve, assessing its commercial viability. The formulated lip salve\\u0026rsquo;s performance and stability were tested through pH, hardness and color at various temperatures, leading to an optimal red hue with enhanced softening effect. The selected tints remained stable for six months under diverse temperatures with a sun protective factor of 34\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.3. The sensory assessment indicated significant consumer preference based on visual and olfactory appeal, with scope of improvement in the taste profile. Bioprospecting medicinal plants for bioactive pigment-producing endophytes has the potential to foster an eco-friendly lifestyle while creating a sustainable shift from a linear fossil-based economy to circular bioeconomy.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Physiochemical and sensory assessment of lip salve formulation utilizing red microbial colourant from Talaromyces assiutensis, CPEF04 and supercritical carbon dioxide extracted hemp seed oil\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-09-09 15:56:53\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507720/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision 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