{"paper_id":"3ec9ca0f-5eb7-429e-a1b3-4423bea4e79b","body_text":"Seasonal variations of heavy metals contamination in sediment, water and crab at a vital fish sanctuary connected to the Bay of Bengal and health risk assessment | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seasonal variations of heavy metals contamination in sediment, water and crab at a vital fish sanctuary connected to the Bay of Bengal and health risk assessment Md. Bokthier Rahman, Sagorika Smriti, Monayem Hussain, Farhana Yasmin, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8396018/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Andharmanik river is considered a fish refuge due to its unique habitat features, a natural mix of upstream freshwater and tidal exchanges with the Bay of Bengal. But the river is being polluted mostly by anthropogenic sources. This study highlights the first comprehensive effort to quantify heavy metal contamination in sediments, water and crab using ICP-MS, along with the associate health risk evaluation. The result showed that As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn contents exceeded the recommended value in sediment. But, heavy metals content in water samples didn’t exceed the recommended value. In crab samples, metals like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn had higher concentration than the recommended value. Meanwhile, the result of Risk Index (RI) indicated that sediment and water have no ecological risk. In crab, the value of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) was higher than the acceptable limit of 1 depicting that the consumption of crab poses a carcinogenic risk for child and adult’s groups. Further, the Carcinogenic Risk (CR) value of Cr and Pb exceeded the threshold limit and suggested that there might be a significant health concern with prolonged exposure of contaminated crab for child ages. The findings indicated that the river ecosystem is contaminated by effluents from anthropogenic activities which need to be monitored to enforce environmental laws strictly for sustainable management. Heavy metals sediment crab Andharmanik river carcinogenic risk sustainable management Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction In recent years, environmental pollution via toxic materials inclusion has been an alarming concern on ecological and public health issues (Verma et al., 2016 ; Weissmannová & Pavlovský, 2017 ; Timothy & Tagui Williams, 2019 ; Resma et al., 2020 ; Xin et al., 2022 ). Among different pollutants, heavy metal pollution has great attention due to their potential toxicity, non-biodegradable nature, long biological half-life and tendency to bio-accumulate (Ye et al., 2012 and Resma et al., 2020 ). The main pathway of deposition of toxic heavy metals by anthropogenic activities (agriculture runoff, fish farming, manufacturing and household operations) and by natural process (volcanoes, flood, wind transport) (Cao et al., 2020 ; and Ip et al., 2007 ) which can be accumulated and biomagnified along water, sediment and aquatic food chain (Yi et al., 2011 ). The bottom sediments absorb pollutants from the water; thus, the concentrations of heavy metals are higher in sediment than the water column (Sultan & Shazili, 2009 ). As the bottom sediments provide shelter and sources of food for benthic fauna, so pollutants have been further transmitted to aquatic organisms (vertebrate and non-vertebrate) via water and food consumption. The toxic metals accumulated in aquatic organisms through respiration, adsorption, ingestion and eventually to human body through bioaccumulation and bio-magnification in the food chain (Yi et al., 2011 ). Consumption of crustacean along with fish has been surprisingly increased globally in recent decades due to its availability and physiological benefits such as preventing cardiovascular and other diseases (He et al., 2009 ). Crustacean and fish are enriched with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, protein and low content of fat such as cholesterol(Kris-Etherton et al., 2002 andMedeiros et al., 2012 ) which are beneficial to human health. Several studies suggested that consumption of fish at least two times per week can prevent cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and reduce inflammatory (Kris-Etherton et al., 2002 ). Despite immense potential of health benefits, seafood may be considered as a risk for consumer’s health since heavy metals accumulate in sea food products from aquatic environment (Medeiros et al., 2012 , Dou et al., 2025 ; Lin et al., 2025 ; Mahmoud et al., 2025 ). Benthic organisms (bivalve, clams, mollusk, shrimps and crabs) are used as models’ species to track changes in ecosystem quality and stability due to their effective bioindicators. Among the benthic crustaceans, crab is a good bioindicator species and can bioaccumulate a wide range of chemical contaminants especially heavy metals (Williams et al., 2022). Crab lives nearby the sediments that will allow to enhance the uptakes of heavy metals (Alina et al., 2012; Ji et al., 2015; Soegianto et al., 2020). The species, in contrast, is a popular food item in the coastal region of Bangladesh (Bhuiyan et al., 2021 ). In addition, crab is also exported and in 2023-24, around 10,782 MT crab was exported from the country. Considering public health concern, the species was selected in the present study to determine the level of heavy metals concentration in muscle. Additionally, there is little data on biomonitoring mud crab health, which could cause issues with food safety. Different analytics method is used to detect the heavy metals content in water, sediment and fish/crab samples worldwide. Among them, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is widely used for the determination of heavy metal concentration due to its high sensitivity, accuracy and multi-element detection capability. It also offers high precision with minimal interference, ensuring good accuracy and reproducible results (Sahan et al., 2007; Habte et al., 2015 ; Azalina et al., 2019 ; Choi et al., 2019 ; W. Chen et al., 2022 ; Poljak et al., 2024 ). Bangladesh’s coastal river systems support abundant and diverse natural aquatic resources having considerable socio-economic importance. Among the several coastal rivers, Andharmanik river is a hotspot of fisheries resources which located at Kalapara upazila under Patuakhali district (Rahman et al., 2016 ). The 40 km long stripe river has direct connection to the Bay of Bengal. The river is declared as breeding and nursery ground of national fish Hilsa. The river is a harbor of 81 fish species which supports local fisher’s livelihood (Roy et al., 2022 ). But very unfortunately the river is being polluted by non-degradable plastic materials from point and non-point sources. Huge discharged of effluents from seaport (Payra port), electricity generating plant, brickfields, rice processing plants, ship breaking activities along the coast of the river and importantly agricultural runoff marked as mighty causes of continuous increase of the concentration of trace metals at sediments and living animals via the food chain system. Assume that high concentrations of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Mn are accumulated in the water and sediments but scientific research regarding heavy metal contamination in the Andharmanik river sanctuary has yet not been conducted. Regular monitoring of accumulated contaminants, such as heavy metals, can serve as an effective approach for controlling and managing pollutant influx into the Andharmanik river ecosystem. So, the primary objectives of this preliminary study are to assess the heavy metal concentrations in sediments, water and crab species and to evaluate the associated health risk status. It is expected that the findings of the research would help policymakers to identify heavy metal contamination sources to control pollution for the effective conservation and management of Andharmanik river ecosystem. Materials and method Sampling site Andharmanik river is one of the larger coastal rivers of the Ganges-Padma system and the major river of Kalapara Upazila in Patuakhali District (Roy et al., 2022 ). The river originates from Tiakhali river of Barguna district and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal with a total length of 40 km (Rahman et al., 2016 ). Thus, the river is a confluence of freshwater, brackish water and marine water system. Due to the variation and combination of different ecosystems, the river is an ideal source of ichthyofaunal resources. Owning to huge potentiality, the river is already declared as a “Fish Sanctuary” by the Government of Bangladesh and is not allowed any fishing during the ban period. Sediment, water, and mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775) samples obtained from five distinct sampling points (Fig. 1 ) to analyze heavy metals content during winter session of 2023 and summer session of 2024. Details of sampling location, GPS coordination, and sample size are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Sampling location, sampling point, GPS coordination of sampling points and socio-economic characteristics at sampling points of Andharmanik River Sampling Station Sampling points GPS Socio-economic characters Village Sampling point ST1 Nizampur Estuary 21.901261, 90.117143 Fishing, agriculture, navigation, tourism ST2 Rahmatpur Boat navigation area 21.977167, 90.150249 Fishing, agriculture, navigation, industry: brick-built ST3 Kalapara pouroshova Launch Ghat 21.982405, 90.224281 Fishing, agriculture, navigation, industries ST4 Faridganj Ship breaking area 21.954504, 90.209972 Fishing, agriculture, industry; metallurgic ST5 Itbaria Payra port and power supply 21.988638, 90.279593 Fishing, agriculture, ship traffic, navigation Sample preparation Sediment samples analysis Sediment samples (n = 5 from each sampling station) were collected using grab sampler. The samples then homogenized and kept in clean polyethylene bags. Using refrigerated boxes, the homogenized sample was carried to the laboratory and stored up to maximum of 48 h at 4°C. In the laboratory, sediment samples were oven dried at 105°C until removing water content. Further, the samples were homogenized to fine powder and stored in plastic desiccators until their analytical treatment. Water samples analysis Random sampling was employed to collect water samples (n = 5) from each sampling site of Andharmanik river. Acid washed polyethylene container (1 liter) was used to store collected water samples. The sample transported to the laboratory and then filtered with 0.45µm Whatman No.1 filter paper and the pH level were adjusted near to 3.5 using 0.1N Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). Prior to analysis, 9 ml water sample was taken and then 1ml of Nitric Acid (10% solution) was added. De-ionized water was used as blank sample to analyze the metals content. Crab samples analysis During high tide, a crab trap (locally known as Chai ) was used to catch and collect crab samples from Andharmanik River. Only adult male and female crabs were selected (i.e., maximum width carapace > 15 mm for males and > 17 mm for females, according to (Luppi et al., 2004 ). The collected samples (n = 5) were kept in a plastic box with estuarine water during transporting to the laboratory. Then the samples washed with distilled water and preserved at -20°C until analysis. The soft tissue was congregated by dissection and kept in Petri dishes. The individual samples were then placed in an oven at 60°C for fine dry. The dried samples were then homogenized using a porcelain mortar. Sample extraction Approximately 0.2 g of prepared dry samples of sediment, Crab was placed in a 100ml digestion tube and added 5 ml of Nitric Acid; HNO 3 (37%, Merck) in each sample and kept for overnight. 30% of 2ml Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) was added into the sample and immediately shifted to heating digester for 60 minutes at 120°C. After 1 hour, the sample again placed at heating digester unit at 140°C until white color appearance. Further, de-ionized water was added to make the volume 50ml. Finally, 10ml sample was reserved to analyze the heavy metal contents. All glassware and equipment used for dissection and drying samples were cleaned with diluted nitric acid (5% v/v) to prevent contamination. Determination of heavy metals Total eleven heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS 2030 LF) at Central Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Ecological risk assessment for sediment and water Risk Index (RI) is a simple and accurate international method for studying the risk of heavy metals in sediments and water (Hakanson, 1980 ; Guo et al., 2010 and Sadeghi et al., 2021). The value of RI in the sediment and water was calculated using the following Eq. 1 (Hakanson, 1980 ): RI = ∑ E = TC where C = Ca / Cb (1) In the equation, C is the contamination factor of a single element, Ca and Cb are the element concentration in present samples and background, respectively. Background concentrations of the elements for sediment and water were taken from previous study (Proshad et al., 2021 and Rahman et al., 2022 ). E is the potential ecological risk of an individual element. T is the toxic-response factor of an individual element (Rahman et al., 2022 and Proshad et al., 2021). Potential ecological risk of an individual element (E) had been classified to five levels by (Hakanson, 1980 ): E < 40 (low ecological risk); 40 < E ≤ 80 (moderate ecological risk); 80 < E ≤ 160 (considerable ecological risk); 160 < E ≤ 320 (high ecological risk); and E > 320 (serious ecological risk). Also, potential ecological risk index of the multi-element was classified as follows: Low risk: RI < 150, moderate risk: RI > 150 to < 300, considerable risk: RI > 300 to < 600, and high risk: RI > 600 (Hakanson, 1980 ). Health risk assessment for crab samples Daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were calculated for both adult and child to determine the human health for collected Crab species from the Andharmanik River. Estimated daily intake (EDI) The EDI of heavy metals in sampled species depends on metal concentration and daily consumption rate as well as the average body weight. EDI was calculated by the following Eq. 2 (Salam et al., 2021). EDI = metal concentration × consumption rate/ body weight (2) Here, the consumption rates of crab sample were 49.5 g/day (Ahmed et al., 2023 ); this consumption rate was used to assess public health-risk. The considered body weight was 70 kg and 35 kg for adults and child, respectively according to (Salam et al., 2021). Target hazard quotient (THQ) Health risks of adult and child due to crab species intake were determined in relation to its chronic effects based on the following Eq. 3 (Salam et al., 2021 and Bortey-Sam et al., 2015 ). THQ \\(\\:=\\frac{EF\\:\\times\\:\\:ED\\:\\times\\:\\:FIR\\:\\times\\:\\:C\\:\\times\\:\\:CF}{RfD\\:\\times\\:\\:Bw\\:\\times\\:\\:ATn}\\times\\:\\) 10 −3 (3) Where, THQ stands for the target hazard quotient, EF is the exposure frequency (365 days/year); ED is the exposure duration (70 and 35 years for adult and young, respectively), FIR is the food ingestion rate; C is the measured concentration of trace elements in fish (mg/kg dry weight); CF is the conversion factor (0.208) to convert dry weight to wet weight considering 79% of moisture content in fish. RfD for the oral reference dose. RfDs of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn are 0.003, 0.001, 0.0003, 1.5, 0.04, 0.007, 0.14, 0.02, 0.004, 0.005, and 0.3 mg/kg bw/day respectively (Saha et al., 2016 ; Rahman et al., 2018 ; Sarker et al., 2020 and Salam et al., 2021); Bw is the average body weight for an adult and children (70 kg and 35 kg) and ATn is the average exposure time for non-carcinogens effects (365 days/year × ED). When considering different elements, THQ can be combined to form total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) that is shown in Eq. 4. TTHQ = THQ1 + THQ2 + THQ3 + …………..+ THQn (4) If the calculated TTHQ values exceed 1, there could be a potential chronic risk to human health. For example, TTHQ ≥ 0.1 < 1 = low, TTHQ ≥ 1 < 4 = medium, and TTHQ ≥ 4 = high (Salam et al., 2021). Carcinogenic risk assessment Carcinogenic risks for adults and child due to potential risk on individual developing cancer over a lifetime were calculated by the following Eq. 5 (Salam et al., 2021). CR = EFr × ED × EDI × CSF 0 ×10 − 3 /AT (5) Here, EFr = exposure frequency (365 days/year), ED = exposure duration (70 years), AT = average time for carcinogens (365 days/year×70 years/ 365 days/year×35 years), CSF0 = oral carcinogenic slope factor (Salam et al., 2021). CSF 0 for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb are 1.5, 6.3, 0.5, 1.7, and 0.0085 mg/kg/day, respectively (Real et al., 2017 and Sarker et al., 2020 ). Statistical analysis All relevant data were coded and expressed as means with standard deviations (SD). One-way ANOVA was used to analyze significant differences in heavy metal content among stations and between seasons with post-hoc comparisons conducted using the Tukey multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). All statistical analyses were performed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software version 20 and Origin (Pro) version 2025b, OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA. Results and discussion Concentration of heavy metals in sediment Concentration of heavy metals in the sediments of Andharmanik river of two seasons (summer and winter) from the five stations are presented in Table 2 . The ranges of trace elements concentration in sediments were: As: 3.05–6.33, Cd: 0.02–0.10, Co: 5.31–15.28, Cr: 12.98–54.23, Cu: 3.19–31.11, Fe: 359.14-1963.18, Mn: 170.01-581.56, Ni: 51.13-141.44, Pb: 3.68–12.89, Se: 2.51–7.16 and Zn: 9.08–32.67 mg/kg in summer season while As: 5.63–12.25, Cd: 0.01–0.22, Co: 8.58–26.62, Cr: 19.97–103.20, Cu: 8.22–54.18, Fe: 591.68-3028.65, Mn: 233.73-844.78, Ni: 85.04-215.47, Pb: 5.72–24.40, Se: 4.30-15.53 and Zn: 14.21–45.52 mg/kg in winter season dry weight. Table 2 Concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg dwt) in sediment of Andharmanik River in summer and winter seasons Station As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn Summer season ST1 3.05 ± 0.05 cF 0.04 ± 0.02 aB 5.31 ± 0.05 bD 12.98 ± 1.02 bE 3.19 ± 3.43 bE 359.14 ± 0.60 bE 170.01 ± 7.87 dF 51.13 ± 4.70 bF 3.68 ± 0.69 bE 2.51 ± 0.03 aC 9.08 ± 0.24 bD ST2 4.22 ± 0.28 bcEF 0.01 ± 0.01 aB 12.41 ± 0.21 aBC 41.47 ± 4.34 aD 24.58 ± 0.32 aD 1068.79 ± 132.20 abCDE 392.38 ± 10.99 bcD 111.89 ± 2.60 aDE 10.69 ± 0.71 aCD 7.04 ± 0.57 aBC 30.96 ± 2.31 aBC ST3 6.33 ± 0.58 aCD 0.10 ± 0.13 aAB 15.28 ± 1.31 aB 54.23 ± 2.09 aD 31.11 ± 4.27 aCD 1963.18 ± 312.51 aBC 581.56 ± 47.90 aBC 141.44 ± 11.29 aCD 12.89 ± 2.03 aC 7.16 ± 0.24 aBC 32.67 ± 4.48 aBC ST4 4.43 ± 0.15 bcEF 0.04 ± 0.05 aB 13.22 ± 0.20 aBC 46.33 ± 2.62 aD 24.83 ± 3.51 aD 1122.28 ± 11.67 abCDE 496.17 ± 5.45 abC 120.68 ± 0.53 aD 10.72 ± 1.61 aCD 5.37 ± 1.66 aC 27.54 ± 1.08 aBC ST5 5.72 ± 0.94 abDE 0.02 ± 0.00 aB 12.21 ± 2.37 aBC 43.01 ± 8.32 aD 25.74 ± 3.50 aD 1444.20 ± 695.39 abBCD 277.69 ± 68.80 cdE 118.08 ± 26.15 aD 11.74 ± 1.73 aC 5.04 ± 2.00 aC 26.80 ± 4.01 aC Mean 4.75 ± 1.28 0.04 ± 0.06 11.69 ± 3.66 39.60 ± 15.15 21.89 ± 10.47 1191.52 ± 609.45 383.56 ± 158.04 108.64 ± 33.49 9.95 ± 3.58 5.42 ± 1.99 25.41 ± 9.17 Winter season ST1 5.63 ± 0.52 eDE 0.01 ± 0.00 bB 8.58 ± 0.17 bCD 19.97 ± 2.39 dE 8.22 ± 0.26 dE 591.68 ± 9.40 cDE 233.73 ± 4.63 dEF 85.04 ± 4.24 cE 5.72 ± 0.95 bDE 4.30 ± 0.56 cC 14.21 ± 1.61 bD ST2 9.81 ± 0.30 cB 0.04 ± 0.01 bB 25.58 ± 3.50 aA 70.22 ± 3.99 cC 39.76 ± 1.81 bBC 1819.70 ± 276.99 bBC 604.97 ± 16.25 bB 163.42 ± 1.97 bC 26.36 ± 0.93 aA 15.53 ± 0.71 aA 36.39 ± 3.34 aABC ST3 12.25 ± 0.35 aA 0.02 ± 0.03 bB 26.62 ± 1.72 aA 103.20 ± 3.86 aA 43.50 ± 1.70 bB 3028.65 ± 104.22 aA 844.78 ± 13.80 aA 172.98 ± 6.75 bBC 19.55 ± 3.55 aB 10.06 ± 2.52 bB 45.52 ± 2.25 aA ST4 7.23 ± 0.27 dC 0.22 ± 0.02 aA 21.79 ± 1.02 aA 85.94 ± 0.13 bB 32.91 ± 1.20 cCD 2340.16 ± 263.94 bAB 598.43 ± 5.97 bB 201.84 ± 5.28 aAB 19.56 ± 1.55 aB 10.20 ± 1.04 bB 36.61 ± 2.18 aABC ST5 11.00 ± 0.06 bAB *BDL 24.17 ± 0.55 aA 75.48 ± 2.71 cBC 54.18 ± 2.66 aA 2292.98 ± 75.34 bAB 511.32 ± 17.33 cBC 215.47 ± 4.25 aA 24.40 ± 0.50 aAB 6.56 ± 0.66 bcBC 38.03 ± 4.24 aAB Mean 9.19 ± 2.58 0.06 ± 0.09 21.35 ± 7.07 a 70.96 ± 29.47 35.71 ± 16.26 2014.64 ± 863.58 558.65 ± 207.54 167.75 ± 48.03 19.12 ± 7.73 9.33 ± 4.14 34.15 ± 11.29 a WHO 2008 0.1 0.5 5.0 USEPA 1999 6.0 0.6 25.0 30 16.0 40.0 110.0 FAO 1985 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2–10 0.2 5.0 2.0 Means ± standard deviation (n = 2); Different small alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p < 0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different stations; and different capital alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p < 0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different seasons. *BDL- below detection level Figure 2 shows the box plots (first and third percentiles, range, median line, mean and outliers) for heavy metals in sediment. Considering both stations and seasons, Fe (3028.65 ± 104.22 mg/kg dwt) and Cd (0.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg dwt) were the highest and lowest concentration, respectively. Among the stations, it was observed that the concentration of all heavy metals was higher at station 3 in summer season while As, Cr, Fe and Mn were higher in winter season at the same station. Cu, Ni and Zn was higher at station 5 and Pb and Se was higher at station 2 in winter season. The mean concentration of heavy metals in the sediment decreased in the order of Fe > Mn > Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Se > As > Cd. In summer season, there were significant differences for As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations (P < 0.05) while Cd and Se showed non-significant differences (P > 0.05) among the sampling stations. However, in the winter season, all metals had significant differences (P < 0.05). Considering two seasons, the studied heavy metals also showed very significant differences (P < 0.05). Similar As concentration was recorded in the sediments of the Rupsa River (Proshad, et al., 2021). However, higher concentration was found in other studies (Yi et al., 2011 , Sadeghi et al., 2021) for the same metal. Compared to the present study, the lower value also reported by (He et al., 2009 , Guo et al., 2010, Jolaosho et al., 2023 ) for As. Cd was reported very low concentration by different studies (Guo et al., 2010; Yi et al., 2011 ; Sadeghi et al., 2021; Proshad et al., 2021 and Jahan et al., 2024 ) which was very similar with the present study and higher level was also observed by (Proshad et al., 2021). Level of Co was much higher compared to the present findings in the sediments of Lagos River (Jolaosho et al., 2023 ). The concentration of Cr and Cu in the present study was much higher than those documented by (Sadeghi et al., 2021, Truchet et al., 2021 ). For Fe content, Alba et al., 2011 and Truchet et al., 2021 reported that the metal had significantly higher concentration among the studied heavy metals which very similar with the present study. Pb had similar concentration while Ni and Zn was observed higher concentration when the findings compared with other studies (Islam et al., 2020, Sadeghi et al., 2021). The range of Mn concentration was found lower than the study of Islam et al., 2020 while the concentration was very higher compared with the result of (Jolaosho et al., 2023 ). The present findings of heavy metal are also compared with the recommended value (FAO 1985, WHO 2008 and USEPA 1999) and results showed that As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn exceed the value which are an issue of health concern. Season-wise Spearman’s correlation matrix was analyzed to find out the interrelated correlation with each other among the heavy metals (Supplementary table 1 A and 1B) in sediment samples. Significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) was observed between As-Mn, As-Zn, Co-Se, Co-Zn, Cr-Se, Cu-Mn, Cu-Se, Fe-Se, Mn-Pb, Mn-Se, Mn-Zn, Pb-Zn in summer season. In winter season, conversely, a significant positive correlation was found for As-Cr, As-Fe, Co-Cu, Co-Pb, Cu-Ni, Fe-Mn, Mn-Se, Mn-Zn and Pb-Se (P < 0.05). This result indicated the same sources of origin of most of the metals in the studied river. Concentration of heavy metals in water Table 3 shows the concentration of studied heavy metals concentration in water samples considering two seasons (summer and winter) and stations of Andharmanik river. The concentrations of heavy metals were ranged: As: 0.4 − 0.07, Cd: 0.01–0.02, Co: 0.01–0.02, Cr: 0.02–0.05, Cu: 0.01–0.03, Fe: 0.16–0.33, Mn: 0.07–0.15, Ni: 0.04–0.07, Pb: 0.06–0.10, Se: 0.04–0.15 and Zn: 0.03–0.06 mg/L) when polled average value from two seasons. Table 3 Concentration of heavy metals (mg/L) in water of Andharmanik River in summer and winter seasons Station As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn ST1 0.04 ± 0.00 abBCD 0.01 ± 0.00 aBC 0.01 ± 0.00 aCD 0.02 ± 0.01 aB 0.01 ± 0.00 aDE 0.13 ± 0.10 abC 0.10 ± 0.01 aBC 0.05 ± 0.02 aBCD 0.05 ± 0.05 aB 0.04 ± 0.04 aA 0.03 ± 0.01 aB ST2 0.05 ± 0.00 aBC 0.01 ± 0.00 aBC 0.01 ± 0.00 aCD 0.02 ± 0.00 aB 0.02 ± 0.01 aCDE 0.04 ± 0.01 bBC 0.08 ± 0.01 aC 0.04 ± 0.00 aBCD 0.09 ± 0.00 aB 0.04 ± 0.04 aA 0.04 ± 0.00 aB ST3 0.05 ± 0.01 abBCD 0.01 ± 0.01 aBC 0.01 ± 0.01 aD 0.02 ± 0.00 aB 0.02 ± 0.00 aCDE 0.29 ± 0.04 aBC 0.06 ± 0.00 aC 0.03 ± 0.00 aCD 0.09 ± 0.01 aB 0.02 ± 0.01 aA 0.02 ± 0.00 aB ST4 0.03 ± 0.00 cD 0.01 ± 0.01 aBC 0.01 ± 0.00 aCD 0.02 ± 0.00 aB 0.01 ± 0.00 aE 0.29 ± 0.03 aC 0.06 ± 0.01 aC 0.03 ± 0.01 aCD 0.04 ± 0.05 aB 0.03 ± 0.01 aA 0.02 ± 0.00 aB ST5 0.03 ± 0.01 bCD 0.01 ± 0.01 aBC *BDL 0.02 ± 0.00 aB 0.01 ± 0.00 aE 0.06 ± 0.02 bC 0.06 ± 0.02 aC 0.03 ± 0.00 aD 0.05 ± 0.06 aB 0.05 ± 0.03 aA 0.02 ± 0.01 aB Mean 0.04 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.16 ± 0.12 0.07 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.04 B 0.04 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.01 ST1 0.08 ± 0.00 aA 0.02 ± 0.00 bAB 0.02 ± 0.00 aAB 0.07 ± 0.01 aA 0.03 ± 0.00 bcBC 0.21 ± 0.23 bcC 0.23 ± 0.01 aA 0.11 ± 0.01 aA 0.03 ± 0.00 bB 0.29 ± 0.18 aA 0.06 ± 0.01 aAB ST2 0.09 ± 0.01 aA 0.02 ± 0.00 aA 0.01 ± 0.00 bC 0.06 ± 0.01 aA 0.06 ± 0.00 aA 0.05 ± 0.05 cC 0.15 ± 0.01 abABC 0.06 ± 0.00 bBC 0.21 ± 0.05 aA 0.21 ± 0.12 aA 0.08 ± 0.01 aA ST3 0.08 ± 0.01 aA *BDL 0.02 ± 0.00 bBC 0.06 ± 0.00 aA 0.04 ± 0.00 bB 0.77 ± 0.09 aA 0.18 ± 0.01 abAB 0.06 ± 0.01 bBC 0.21 ± 0.00 aA 0.04 ± 0.01 aA 0.04 ± 0.01 aAB ST4 0.04 ± 0.01 bABCD 0.02 ± 0.00 bAB 0.02 ± 0.00 aA 0.04 ± 0.00 bB 0.03 ± 0.01 bcBCD 0.54 ± 0.07 abAB 0.06 ± 0.07 bABC 0.07 ± 0.01 bB 0.02 ± 0.00 bB 0.07 ± 0.01 aA 0.05 ± 0.01 aAB ST5 0.06 ± 0.01 abAB 0.02 ± 0.00 bAB *BDL 0.04 ± 0.00 bB 0.02 ± 0.00 cCDE 0.10 ± 0.00 cC 0.15 ± 0.02 abABC 0.06 ± 0.01 bBCD 0.04 ± 0.01 bB 0.16 ± 0.04 aA 0.05 ± 0.02 aAB Mean 0.07 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.31 0.15 ± 0.06 0.07 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.10 0.15 ± 0.12 0.06 ± 0.01 WHO 2004, 2006 0.01 0.003 x 4 x 0.05 2 0.3 x 0.4 0.02 0.01 5 x FAO 2017 0.1 0.01 0.2 0.02 0.2 5 2 USEPA 2006 2.5 100 13 2.5 120 BDSW 0.05 0.005 0.05 0.05 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.05 5.0 Means ± standard deviation (n = 2); Different small alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p < 0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different stations; and different capital alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p < 0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different seasons. *BDL = Below detection limit x Data from WHO 2006 BDSW: Bangladesh standard of water quality Fe was the major heavy metal followed by Mn and Se while Cd and Co had lowest concentration among the studied heavy metals considering seasons and stations (Fig. 3 ). In summer season, Pb was higher at stations 2 and 5 while Fe was higher at stations 1, 3 and 4. The Se was found higher at stations 1, 2 and 5 while Fe was higher at stations 3 and 4 in winter season. The Cd and Co had very lower concentration in both winter and summer seasons. As and Fe showed significant differences (p < 0.05) whereas other metals were observed no significance differences considering stations (p > 0.05) in summer season. Except Se and Zn (p > 0.05), other heavy metals observed significant differences (p < 0.05) in winter season. However, between two seasons, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for all heavy metals content observed in the present study. The mean concentration of heavy metals in the water was decreased in the order of Fe > Se > Mn > Pb > Ni > As > Zn > Cr > Cu > Cd > Co. Hossen & Mostafa, 2023 collected data from 30 water bodies and reported that Fe had higher concentration while Cd had lower concentration which are very similar findings with the present study. As was higher while Cd was lower concentration in Ishiagu-Ezillo quarry sites of Ebonyi (Nduka et al., 2023 ). However, the concentration of heavy metals was higher during the winter season rather than the summer, which might be attributed to the dilution effect of water during the summer season (Proshad, et al., 2021). All heavy metals concentration in Andharmanik river water are below recommended value (Table 3 ) which indicated that the water samples are still not possess any health risk. A significant positive correlation was observed for As-Zn, Cr-Cu and Mn-Zn during summer season (P < 0.05) (Supplementary Table 2A). In winter season, significant positive correlation was found for As-Cr, As-Cu, Cd-Fe, Co-Ni, Cr-Mn and Cu-Pb (P < 0.05) (Supplementary Table 2B). In the summer season, a significant relationship in Cu-As and Cd-Pb while significant correlation was found for Cu-As and Cd-Pb in winter season for water samples (Proshad, et al., 2021) which somehow similar with the present findings. Concentration of heavy metals in crab species Heavy metals concentration of Crab ( Scylla serrata ) sample is summarized in Table 4 . Considering stations and seasons, the mean concentration of heavy metals was ranged: As: 2.23–3.88, Cd: 0.78–1.37, Co: 0.49–1.30, Cr: 3.47–5.36, Cu: 51.51–93.28, Fe: 153.34-288.32, Mn: 61.53–82.95, Ni: 1.95–3.80, Pb: 0.95–1.87, Se: 2.25–4.03, Zn: 72.24-111.95 mg/kg dwt. Among the metals, Fe had higher concentration followed by Zn and Cu where Co had lower concentration both in seasons (Fig. 4 ). Among the stations, As and Cu were higher at station 5 and Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn were higher at station 3 during summer season. In winter season, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb was higher at station 3 and As, Cu and Zn was higher at station 5. Among two seasons, significant differences were observed for all studied heavy metals (P < 0.05), except in some cases. Considering seasons and stations, the mean concentration of heavy metals in the crab samples was decreased in the order of Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Cr > Se > As > Ni > Pb > Cd > Co. Table 4 Concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg) in crab samples of Andharmanik River in summer and winter seasons Stations As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn Summer season ST1 0.75 ± 0.10 bC 0.28 ± 0.05 cC 0.49 ± 0.07 aB 3.04 ± 0.79 aC 10.79 ± 1.20 cD 84.26 ± 11.32 dG 9.07 ± 3.54 cD 1.49 ± 0.11 aB 1.26 ± 0.10 aBC 1.57 ± 0.56 abC 34.06 ± 6.59 cD ST2 0.66 ± 0.01 bC 0.33 ± 0.02 cC 0.49 ± 0.05 aB 2.94 ± 1.19 aC 10.29 ± 0.99 cD 105.06 ± 6.65 dG 13.37 ± 0.37 cD 1.37 ± 0.02 aB 1.01 ± 0.13 aCD 2.45 ± 0.17 abBC 41.15 ± 1.72 bcCD ST3 3.83 ± 0.25 aB 1.69 ± 0.20 aB 0.55 ± 0.01 aB 5.14 ± 0.54 aBC 100.43 ± 5.95 bC 234.09 ± 4.38 aB 101.33 ± 1.59 aB 3.13 ± 0.96 aAB 1.02 ± 0.10 aCD 3.17 ± 0.47 aBC 119.33 ± 8.06 aBC ST4 1.45 ± 0.58 bC 0.28 ± 0.08 cC 0.41 ± 0.08 aB 2.20 ± 1.64 aC 19.70 ± 3.28 cD 187.40 ± 9.98 bCD 61.31 ± 2.76 bC 1.21 ± 0.22 aB 0.44 ± 0.27 bD 1.28 ± 0.35 bC 56.95 ± 5.11 bD ST5 4.45 ± 0.16 aB 1.30 ± 0.10 bBC 0.53 ± 0.02 aB 4.00 ± 1.68 aBC 116.35 ± 5.57 aB 155.89 ± 2.37 cEF 122.56 ± 24.93 aB 2.57 ± 0.46 aAB 1.00 ± 0.04 aCD 2.80 ± 0.58 abBC 109.70 ± 5.38 aB Mean 2.23 ± 1.70 0.78 ± 0.64 0.49 ± 0.07 3.47 ± 1.42 51.51 ± 49.45 153.34 ± 57.62 61.53 ± 48.77 1.95 ± 0.88 0.95 ± 0.31 2.25 ± 0.83 72.24 ± 37.60 Winter season ST1 1.70 ± 0.06 bC 0.54 ± 0.05 bC 0.80 ± 0.06 aAB 2.65 ± 0.35 cC 19.66 ± 2.25 bD 139.14 ± 2.48 eF 14.63 ± 0.60 bC 4.82 ± 1.05 aA 1.80 ± 0.05 abAB 3.91 ± 0.21 aAB 63.43 ± 3.67 bCD ST2 1.43 ± 0.09 bC 0.61 ± 0.01 bC 0.85 ± 0.07 aAB 3.98 ± 1.07 cBC 16.90 ± 1.16 bD 248.74 ± 5.24 bB 22.31 ± 2.42 bC 2.92 ± 0.18 aAB 1.91 ± 0.14 abAB 3.31 ± 0.33 aBC 69.11 ± 1.91 bC ST3 6.72 ± 1.01 aA 2.85 ± 0.63 aA 1.75 ± 1.06 aAB 10.27 ± 1.05 aA 199.45 ± 4.76 aA 371.79 ± 9.58 aA 178.68 ± 2.51 aA 4.97 ± 1.28 aA 2.42 ± 0.31 a 5.41 ± 0.49 aA 170.99 ± 24.17 aA ST4 1.82 ± 1.16 bC 0.73 ± 0.13 bC 0.99 ± 0.06 aAB 2.76 ± 0.99 cC 21.20 ± 4.02 bD 174.86 ± 13.29 dDE 21.37 ± 4.12 bC 2.72 ± 0.94 aA 1.29 ± 0.35 bAB 3.19 ± 1.19 aBC 58.40 ± 4.34 bCD ST5 7.75 ± 0.97 aA 2.13 ± 0.53 aAB 2.12 ± 0.52 aA 7.13 ± 1.03 bAB 209.16 ± 1.55 aA 207.07 ± 6.46 cC 177.77 ± 14.57 aA 3.57 ± 0.74 aAB 1.92 ± 0.17 abABC 4.32 ± 0.50 aAB 197.82 ± 3.89 aA Mean 3.88 ± 2.97 1.37 ± 1.03 1.30 ± 0.69 5.36 ± 3.18 93.28 ± 95.65 228.32 ± 84.90 82.95 ± 82.21 3.80 ± 1.20 1.87 ± 0.42 4.03 ± 0.97 111.95 ± 63.66 *MOFL (2014) 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 50 EU (2006) 5 0.5 0.5 5 0.5 50 USEPA (2012) 0.001 0.0371 0.7 0.0035 0.3 FAO/WHO (1995) 2 0.5 Means ± standard deviation (n = 2); Different capital alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p < 0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different seasons. *MOFL- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock The concentration of recorded heavy metal of crab samples was compared with other studies in Bangladesh and world (Supplementary table 3). Higher Fe and lower Co concentration was reported in the same species from Netravathi-Gurupur estuary (Saha et al., 2025 ) which is a similar observation with the present study. However, the author detected higher level of Pb compared to the present findings. (Williams et al., 2022) evaluated Pb, Cr and Co whose concentration were much higher than the present findings. Another study by (Ngo-Massou et al., 2023 ) stated that Fe content was higher in the tissue of crab while Pb had very low concentration. The muscle of mud crab ( Scylla serrata ) was used to detect the level of Pb, Cd and Hg and reported very lower concentration of heavy metals in Bangladesh (Hossen et al., 2024 ). Higher concentration of Fe also reported by (Baki et al., 2018 ) in crab sample of Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh while Zn was reported higher concentration and Cu had lower concentration of the same species crab collected from Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira regions (Ahmed et al., 2023 ). Most of the heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn were higher concentration than the recommended value of MOFL 2014, EU 2006, USEPA 2012 and FAO/WHO 1995 which indicated that the crab species is potentially health hazards for consumers. Sources of heavy metals in Andharmanik river The common sources of heavy metal and their potential health risk are presented in supplementary table 4 based the scientific report by different studies (Rajjak, 2009; Jaishankar et al., 2014; H. Ali et al., 2019; Jyothi, 2020; Angon et al., 2024 ). In any aquatic system, natural and anthropogenic sources are responsible for producing heavy metals content (Masindi et al., 2021 ). Anthropogenic sources are denoted as the main source for heavy metals at Andharmanik river. Kalapara upazila is a rapid industrialized city due to the construction of port and power supply industry, as well. The sediments and water of Andharmanik river were contaminated by wastewater accumulation from sewages, unplanned brick-built and rice industries, ship breaking activities, medicinal elements from hospitals/clinic and garbage’s thrown away from major fish landing centers (Mohipur, Alipur BFDC and Kuakata) (Fig. 5 ). The construction of Payra port and power supply industry (station 5) would identify are important sources for the enhancement of pollution loads in the studied river. Among the stations studied, the concentration of all metals was higher in station 3 considering both seasons. Developmental activities, rapid urbanization, direct discharge of effluents from adjacent markets, passenger boats, poultry farms, passenger’s launch and unplanned brick and rice industries, dyeing from ship industry, sewages sludge, fuel from engine boats, pesticides and agriculture runoff are identified some potential sources for the higher concentration of heavy metals in station 3 of the studied river which aligned with the different studies (Supplementary table 4). In addition, poisonous items were reported to be used to catch fish in the Tegachia canal directly connected to the Andharmanik river around station 2. Similar observation also given byIp et al., 2007 ; Yi et al., 2011 and Sadeghi et al., 2021 and who stated that the Chabahar Bay and the Oman Sea sediments are contaminated due to wastewater from ship­building industries, ports, fishing and passenger boats and shrimp farms. However, water gets polluted by anthropogenic activities, such as municipal waste and industrial effluent discharge, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal, etc. as well as agricultural runoff (Singh et al., 2022 and Hossen & Mostafa, 2023 ). For analyzing the common sources of heavy metal contents in the studied river, Spearman’s correlation matrix was conducted. Significant correlation between and among the metals indicated that the metals originate from the same sources of pollution.Chen et al., 2012 andJiang et al., 2014 reported that high correlations between specific heavy metals could denote similar levels of contamination from the same sources of pollution. Ecological risk assessment for sediment samples The assessment result of potential ecological risk of an individual element (E) and risk index (RI) of heavy metals in the sediment samples of Andharmanik river is presented in Fig. 6 . Considering mean value of two seasons, the potential ecological risk (E) for heavy metals in the sediments of five stations was decreased in the following order: As > Ni > Co > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > Mn > Zn > Fe. Based on mean polled results, the potential ecological risk of heavy metals was ranged between 0.34 and 23.23 which indicates low ecological risk apprehended by sediments. Risk Index (RI) of assessed heavy metals ranged from 32.27 and 85.77. Among the stations, RI was highest at station 3 which was followed by station 4 and 5 while very low RI was recorded in station 1. In general, the lower value of potential ecological risk of an individual element and RI indicated that the sediments of Andharmanik river still not contaminated significantly by heavy metals. Proshad et al., 2021 reported that Cd showed very high potential ecological risk while the risk index was 47.57 to 464.29 indicated low to very high ecological risk of the sediment of Rupsa River (Proshad et al., 2021). The author also reported that the application of phosphate fertilizers to the agricultural field beside the Rupsa river, dumping oily materials from water vehicles, and waste disposal from the town contributed significantly to the higher level of toxic substances. Sadeghi et al., 2021 stated that Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb had low ecological risk where As and Cd had moderate ecological risk and the potential ecological risk index ranged between 91.6 and 250.7 in the sediment of Oman Sea. In addition, according to Hakanson, 1980 for the classification of RI value ranges, the sediment of the Andharmanik river still possess low ecological risk. Ecological risk assessment for water samples Table 5 represents the potential ecological risk of an individual element (E) and potential risk index (RI) of heavy metals in water samples of Andharmanik river. The value of E in water samples ranged from 0.00 to 5.12 which indicates very low ecological risk. Among the metals studied, Cd had higher potential risk value followed by As while Zn had very lower potential risk value. The potential ecological risk (E) for all heavy metals in water sample was decreased in the following order: Cd > As > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn considering mean value of stations and seasons. The Risk Index (RI) of all heavy metals for water samples ranged between 3.77 and 10.45 with mean value 6.99. Higher RI was calculated from station 2 followed by station 1 while lower RI was found at station 3. In general, the lower value of E and RI indicated that the water of Andharmanik river still is not contaminated significantly by heavy metals. 85% of the total samples showed moderate ecological risks, whereas 15% was low ecological risks for summer and the winter for the water samples of Rupsa river (Proshad et al., 2021). Nduka et al., 2023 calculated PERI and showed the results ranged from 78.52–267.25 for surface water samples marked as moderate to significant potential ecological risk for the surface water of Ishiagu–Ezillo quarry sites of Ebonyi. Table 5 Ecological risk assessment for water samples of Andharmanik river Sampling station Potential ecological risk of an individual element (E) RI Risk Grade As Cd Cr Cu Pb Zn ST1 1.58 6.00 0.49 0.01 0.04 0.00 8.12 Low Risk ST2 1.78 8.08 0.42 0.02 0.15 0.01 10.45 Low Risk ST3 1.59 1.62 0.40 0.01 0.15 0.00 3.77 Low Risk ST4 0.88 4.85 0.26 0.01 0.03 0.00 6.02 Low Risk ST5 1.20 5.08 0.28 0.01 0.05 0.00 6.61 Low Risk Mean 1.40 5.12 0.37 0.01 0.08 0.00 6.99 Low Risk Target hazard quotient (THQ) for crab samples The value of THQ and TTHQ of heavy metals through the consumption of crab by adult and child are presented in Table 6 . For adults, THQ values for all heavy metals were below the threshold of 1, except As. However, in child, the THQ values exceed the acceptable limit for As and Fe, indicating significant non-carcinogenic health risks. The TTHQ values for both age groups were significantly above the threshold limit of 1, signifying medium to high potential non-carcinogenic health hazards. Generally, the ingestion of contaminated crab is not safe and risk for consumers, especially child. Baki et al., 2018 estimated that the THQ values of all heavy metals in all species were all below 1, except for Cd which indicated no potential non-carcinogenic health risk from the ingestion of a single metal through the consumption of crustaceans. Samples from Kedah area showed that Scylla serrat a possessed high chronic risk which very similar findings with the present study (Salam et al., 2021). Saha et al., 2025 identified that benthal species accumulate higher levels of metals compared to other living species like middle or upper zone of the water column. Table 6 Target hazard quotient (THQ) and total hazard quotient (TTHQ) for adult and child consuming crab of Andharmanik river Stations THQ TTHQ As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child ST1 0.68 0.79 0.07 0.08 0.35 0.41 0.16 0.18 0.06 0.07 2.64 3.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.03 0.03 4.19 4.89 ST2 0.58 0.67 0.08 0.09 0.37 0.43 0.19 0.22 0.06 0.07 4.18 4.88 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.03 0.04 5.69 6.64 ST3 2.91 3.40 0.38 0.44 0.64 0.74 0.43 0.50 0.62 0.72 7.16 8.36 0.17 0.19 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.08 0.09 12.63 14.74 ST4 0.90 1.05 0.08 0.10 0.38 0.45 0.14 0.16 0.09 0.10 4.28 5.00 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.03 0.04 6.08 7.10 ST5 3.36 3.93 0.28 0.33 0.73 0.85 0.31 0.36 0.67 0.79 4.29 5.01 0.18 0.21 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.09 0.10 10.12 11.82 Mean 1.69 1.97 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.28 0.01 0.35 0.03 5.27 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.06 1.75 9.04 Carcinogenic risk (CR) for carb samples The oral carcinogenic slope factor is available for As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Hence, the carcinogenic risk (CR) for carb samples was determined for those heavy metals for both age groups (Table 7 ). For adults, mean CR value for all metals was within the acceptable limit of 1E-6 ≤ CR ≤ 1E-4 indicating no considerable cancer risk. However, in children, the CR value of Cr and Pb metals exceeded the safe limit and suggesting that there might be a significant health concern with prolonged exposure of contaminated crab. In the Kedah area, Scylla serrata was reported as having the highest carcinogenic risks for As, Cd, and Pb (adult: 43.10×10 − 3 , child: 43.35×10 − 3 ) which possess maximum carcinogenicity characteristics (Salam et al., 2021). Another report by Saha et al., 2025 revealed that Scylla serrata may present moderate risk of cancer due to Cd, Pb, and Cr exposure. Cd and Cr had the cancer risk values based on daily ingestion reported from the East Java Estuaries of Indonesia for the same species (Soegianto et. al., 2022). These kinds of study somehow are similar with the present findings. Table 7 Carcinogenic risk (CR) of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in analyzed samples of crab Stations As Cd Cr Ni Pb Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child ST1 3.04E-07 3.55E-07 1.07E-05 1.25E-05 9.43E-04 1.10E-03 3.07E-04 3.58E-04 2.98E-02 3.48E-02 ST2 2.59E-07 3.02E-07 1.23E-05 1.43E-05 1.15E-03 1.34E-03 2.09E-04 2.43E-04 2.84E-02 3.32E-02 ST3 1.31E-06 1.53E-06 5.96E-05 6.96E-05 2.55E-03 2.98E-03 3.94E-04 4.60E-04 3.36E-02 3.92E-02 ST4 4.06E-07 4.73E-07 1.33E-05 1.55E-05 8.21E-04 9.58E-04 1.91E-04 2.23E-04 1.69E-02 1.97E-02 ST5 1.51E-06 1.77E-06 4.50E-05 5.25E-05 1.84E-03 2.15E-03 2.99E-04 3.49E-04 2.85E-02 3.32E-02 Mean 7.59E-07 8.85E-07 2.82E-05 3.29E-05 4.87E-04 1.70E-03 1.76E-04 3.27E-04 2.31E-04 3.20E-02 Conclusion Considering public health issues, food safety and sustainable coastal zone management, the present study was conducted to identify the level of pollution through heavy metals. The preliminary identified that water of the river is still not contaminated significantly where sediments are polluted with some heavy metals that exceeded the recommended level. But crab species are highly contaminated with heavy metals and contain the risk for public health. The study finally recommends that the relevant authorities should monitor the sources of effluent and strictly enforced environmental laws to control the pollution and to conserve the aquatic resources of Andharmanik river along with sediments and water. Further research should focus on the bioaccumulation and health effects of heavy metals on fish and management policy in the studied water bodies. Additionally, the study did not perform quality control and quality assurance on the examined samples, which is a limitation that needs to be addressed in future work. Declarations Acknowledgment The author grateful for the lab facilities provided by Bangladesh Agricultural University. The authors heartfelt gratitude for the fishers assisting data collection and sampling at different points of the Andharmanik river. Authorship contribution statement Md. Bokthier Rahman: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Investigation. Sagorika Smriti, Monayem Hussain and Farhana Yasmin: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Validation. Mohajira Begum: Conceptualization, review & editing. Hadayet Ullah: Validation, Editing & Revising critically, Harunur Rashid: Conceptualization, review, editing, Supervision, Finalization Funding sources This research receives no funding. Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable Consent to Participate declaration: not applicable Ethics declaration: not applicable Data availability: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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05:32:45\",\"extension\":\"html\",\"order_by\":17,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":275051,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"earlyproof.html\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/64d0c716fe01151d57e79f73.html\"},{\"id\":100361189,\"identity\":\"63403639-a200-4907-86bb-f86f1fab5c87\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 07:44:36\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":296725,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eLocation of Andharmanik river in Bangladesh; sampling points (red triangle) of Andharmanik and its connected river (Sonatola River).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/78e8641f959d6dbd11b5263a.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100361530,\"identity\":\"bc6228e0-5966-4a98-921f-e246ec037eca\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 07:45:15\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":221545,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBox plots (median, first and third percentiles, minimum and maximum values and outliers) for studied heavy metals in the sediments of Andharmanik river.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/abda0a96dafab95c0ff69a9e.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100005240,\"identity\":\"d603e859-64b1-485d-bd21-5182f8b95805\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-12 05:32:45\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":254233,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBox plots (median, first and third percentiles, minimum and maximum values and outliers) for studied heavy metals in the water samples of Andharmanik river.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/c04a7adcf7342a026196f990.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100005239,\"identity\":\"1acc77dd-b5e9-40d5-bc12-72e9a580e972\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-12 05:32:45\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":269891,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBox plots (median, first and third percentiles, minimum and maximum values and outliers) for studied heavy metals in the crab samples collected from Andharmanik river.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/4d00a0033e41573abe1d0edf.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100361440,\"identity\":\"f290d966-d8b4-473c-bc43-8e0d17adb38a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 07:45:11\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1942874,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(A) Both degradable and non-degradable materials are dumping from Alipur BFDC and same scenario also happen at Kalapara market; (B) Lavatories are installed along the coast of the river from which human sewages are accumulated into the river; (C) Ash is discharged directly from the rice processing industries developed along the coast of the river; (D) Ship breaking activities which discharges tar, dye, steel, etc. into the river directly. All photos were taken during low tide.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage5.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/63baba0dda2c8f4473492940.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100361453,\"identity\":\"8069e68f-1686-40ae-936f-25306bd12836\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 07:45:12\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":287159,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePotential ecological risk of an individual element (E) and risk index (RI) of heavy metals in the sediment samples of Andharmanik river\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage6.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/2ae1f49e9eee5259c5d2e74f.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100381296,\"identity\":\"eb262b3c-9781-46d7-a0a2-c538c83f3adb\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 10:37:54\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":5153907,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/f64a385d-7ba6-477f-8911-e8e9605d9d5d.pdf\"},{\"id\":100005226,\"identity\":\"c1949bb1-c4b8-4a5c-b323-884e1a8142a2\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-12 05:32:45\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":48478,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Supplimentaryfiles.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8396018/v1/2f373abb332ca3ac088c2342.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Seasonal variations of heavy metals contamination in sediment, water and crab at a vital fish sanctuary connected to the Bay of Bengal and health risk assessment\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn recent years, environmental pollution via toxic materials inclusion has been an alarming concern on ecological and public health issues (Verma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR58\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e; Weissmannov\\u0026aacute; \\u0026amp; Pavlovsk\\u0026yacute;, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR59\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e; Timothy \\u0026amp; Tagui Williams, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Resma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Xin et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Among different pollutants, heavy metal pollution has great attention due to their potential toxicity, non-biodegradable nature, long biological half-life and tendency to bio-accumulate (Ye et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR61\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e and Resma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). The main pathway of deposition of toxic heavy metals by anthropogenic activities (agriculture runoff, fish farming, manufacturing and household operations) and by natural process (volcanoes, flood, wind transport) (Cao et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; and Ip et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e) which can be accumulated and biomagnified along water, sediment and aquatic food chain (Yi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). The bottom sediments absorb pollutants from the water; thus, the concentrations of heavy metals are higher in sediment than the water column (Sultan \\u0026amp; Shazili, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e). As the bottom sediments provide shelter and sources of food for benthic fauna, so pollutants have been further transmitted to aquatic organisms (vertebrate and non-vertebrate) via water and food consumption. The toxic metals accumulated in aquatic organisms through respiration, adsorption, ingestion and eventually to human body through bioaccumulation and bio-magnification in the food chain (Yi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConsumption of crustacean along with fish has been surprisingly increased globally in recent decades due to its availability and physiological benefits such as preventing cardiovascular and other diseases (He et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e). Crustacean and fish are enriched with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, protein and low content of fat such as cholesterol(Kris-Etherton et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2002\\u003c/span\\u003e andMedeiros et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e) which are beneficial to human health. Several studies suggested that consumption of fish at least two times per week can prevent cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and reduce inflammatory (Kris-Etherton et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2002\\u003c/span\\u003e). Despite immense potential of health benefits, seafood may be considered as a risk for consumer\\u0026rsquo;s health since heavy metals accumulate in sea food products from aquatic environment (Medeiros et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e, Dou et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e; Lin et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e; Mahmoud et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBenthic organisms (bivalve, clams, mollusk, shrimps and crabs) are used as models\\u0026rsquo; species to track changes in ecosystem quality and stability due to their effective bioindicators. Among the benthic crustaceans, crab is a good bioindicator species and can bioaccumulate a wide range of chemical contaminants especially heavy metals (Williams et al., 2022). Crab lives nearby the sediments that will allow to enhance the uptakes of heavy metals (Alina et al., 2012; Ji et al., 2015; Soegianto et al., 2020). The species, in contrast, is a popular food item in the coastal region of Bangladesh (Bhuiyan et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition, crab is also exported and in 2023-24, around 10,782 MT crab was exported from the country. Considering public health concern, the species was selected in the present study to determine the level of heavy metals concentration in muscle. Additionally, there is little data on biomonitoring mud crab health, which could cause issues with food safety.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDifferent analytics method is used to detect the heavy metals content in water, sediment and fish/crab samples worldwide. Among them, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is widely used for the determination of heavy metal concentration due to its high sensitivity, accuracy and multi-element detection capability. It also offers high precision with minimal interference, ensuring good accuracy and reproducible results (Sahan et al., 2007; Habte et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e; Azalina et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Choi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; W. Chen et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Poljak et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBangladesh\\u0026rsquo;s coastal river systems support abundant and diverse natural aquatic resources having considerable socio-economic importance. Among the several coastal rivers, Andharmanik river is a hotspot of fisheries resources which located at Kalapara upazila under Patuakhali district (Rahman et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). The 40 km long stripe river has direct connection to the Bay of Bengal. The river is declared as breeding and nursery ground of national fish Hilsa. The river is a harbor of 81 fish species which supports local fisher\\u0026rsquo;s livelihood (Roy et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). But very unfortunately the river is being polluted by non-degradable plastic materials from point and non-point sources. Huge discharged of effluents from seaport (Payra port), electricity generating plant, brickfields, rice processing plants, ship breaking activities along the coast of the river and importantly agricultural runoff marked as mighty causes of continuous increase of the concentration of trace metals at sediments and living animals via the food chain system. Assume that high concentrations of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Mn are accumulated in the water and sediments but scientific research regarding heavy metal contamination in the Andharmanik river sanctuary has yet not been conducted. Regular monitoring of accumulated contaminants, such as heavy metals, can serve as an effective approach for controlling and managing pollutant influx into the Andharmanik river ecosystem. So, the primary objectives of this preliminary study are to assess the heavy metal concentrations in sediments, water and crab species and to evaluate the associated health risk status. It is expected that the findings of the research would help policymakers to identify heavy metal contamination sources to control pollution for the effective conservation and management of Andharmanik river ecosystem.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and method\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSampling site\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAndharmanik river is one of the larger coastal rivers of the Ganges-Padma system and the major river of Kalapara Upazila in Patuakhali District (Roy et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). The river originates from Tiakhali river of Barguna district and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal with a total length of 40 km (Rahman et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). Thus, the river is a confluence of freshwater, brackish water and marine water system. Due to the variation and combination of different ecosystems, the river is an ideal source of ichthyofaunal resources. Owning to huge potentiality, the river is already declared as a \\u0026ldquo;Fish Sanctuary\\u0026rdquo; by the Government of Bangladesh and is not allowed any fishing during the ban period. Sediment, water, and mud crab \\u003cem\\u003eScylla serrata\\u003c/em\\u003e (Forssk\\u0026aring;l, 1775) samples obtained from five distinct sampling points (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) to analyze heavy metals content during winter session of 2023 and summer session of 2024. Details of sampling location, GPS coordination, and sample size are presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSampling location, sampling point, GPS coordination of sampling points and socio-economic characteristics at sampling points of Andharmanik River\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSampling Station\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSampling points\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGPS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSocio-economic characters\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVillage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSampling point\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNizampur\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEstuary\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.901261, 90.117143\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFishing, agriculture, navigation, tourism\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRahmatpur\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBoat navigation area\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.977167, 90.150249\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFishing, agriculture, navigation, industry: brick-built\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKalapara pouroshova\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLaunch Ghat\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.982405, 90.224281\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFishing, agriculture, navigation, industries\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFaridganj\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShip breaking area\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.954504, 90.209972\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFishing, agriculture, industry; metallurgic\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eItbaria\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePayra port and power supply\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.988638, 90.279593\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFishing, agriculture, ship traffic, navigation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eSample preparation\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSediment samples analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSediment samples (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5 from each sampling station) were collected using grab sampler. The samples then homogenized and kept in clean polyethylene bags. Using refrigerated boxes, the homogenized sample was carried to the laboratory and stored up to maximum of 48 h at 4\\u0026deg;C. In the laboratory, sediment samples were oven dried at 105\\u0026deg;C until removing water content. Further, the samples were homogenized to fine powder and stored in plastic desiccators until their analytical treatment.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eWater samples analysis\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eRandom sampling was employed to collect water samples (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5) from each sampling site of Andharmanik river. Acid washed polyethylene container (1 liter) was used to store collected water samples. The sample transported to the laboratory and then filtered with 0.45\\u0026micro;m Whatman No.1 filter paper and the pH level were adjusted near to 3.5 using 0.1N Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). Prior to analysis, 9 ml water sample was taken and then 1ml of Nitric Acid (10% solution) was added. De-ionized water was used as blank sample to analyze the metals content.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eCrab samples analysis\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDuring high tide, a crab trap (locally known as \\u003cem\\u003eChai\\u003c/em\\u003e) was used to catch and collect crab samples from Andharmanik River. Only adult male and female crabs were selected (i.e., maximum width carapace\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;15 mm for males and \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;17 mm for females, according to (Luppi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e). The collected samples (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5) were kept in a plastic box with estuarine water during transporting to the laboratory. Then the samples washed with distilled water and preserved at -20\\u0026deg;C until analysis. The soft tissue was congregated by dissection and kept in Petri dishes. The individual samples were then placed in an oven at 60\\u0026deg;C for fine dry. The dried samples were then homogenized using a porcelain mortar.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSample extraction\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eApproximately 0.2 g of prepared dry samples of sediment, Crab was placed in a 100ml digestion tube and added 5 ml of Nitric Acid; HNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e (37%, Merck) in each sample and kept for overnight. 30% of 2ml Hydrogen Peroxide (H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) was added into the sample and immediately shifted to heating digester for 60 minutes at 120\\u0026deg;C. After 1 hour, the sample again placed at heating digester unit at 140\\u0026deg;C until white color appearance. Further, de-ionized water was added to make the volume 50ml. Finally, 10ml sample was reserved to analyze the heavy metal contents. All glassware and equipment used for dissection and drying samples were cleaned with diluted nitric acid (5% v/v) to prevent contamination.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eDetermination of heavy metals\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTotal eleven heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS 2030 LF) at Central Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eEcological risk assessment for sediment and water\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eRisk Index (RI) is a simple and accurate international method for studying the risk of heavy metals in sediments and water (Hakanson, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1980\\u003c/span\\u003e; Guo et al., 2010 and Sadeghi et al., 2021). The value of RI in the sediment and water was calculated using the following Eq.\\u0026nbsp;1 (Hakanson, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1980\\u003c/span\\u003e):\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eRI = \\u0026sum; E\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;TC where C\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Ca\\u003cem\\u003e/\\u003c/em\\u003eCb (1)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn the equation, C is the contamination factor of a single element, Ca and Cb are the element concentration in present samples and background, respectively. Background concentrations of the elements for sediment and water were taken from previous study (Proshad et al., 2021 and Rahman et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). E is the potential ecological risk of an individual element. T is the toxic-response factor of an individual element (Rahman et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e and Proshad et al., 2021). Potential ecological risk of an individual element (E) had been classified to five levels by (Hakanson, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1980\\u003c/span\\u003e): E\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;40 (low ecological risk); 40\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;E\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;80 (moderate ecological risk); 80\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;E\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;160 (considerable ecological risk); 160\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;E\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;320 (high ecological risk); and E\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;320 (serious ecological risk). Also, potential ecological risk index of the multi-element was classified as follows: Low risk: RI\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;150, moderate risk: RI\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;150 to \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;300, considerable risk: RI\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;300 to \\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;600, and high risk: RI\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;600 (Hakanson, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1980\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eHealth risk assessment for crab samples\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDaily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were calculated for both adult and child to determine the human health for collected Crab species from the Andharmanik River.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eEstimated daily intake (EDI)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe EDI of heavy metals in sampled species depends on metal concentration and daily consumption rate as well as the average body weight. EDI was calculated by the following Eq.\\u0026nbsp;2 (Salam et al., 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eEDI\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;metal concentration \\u0026times; consumption rate/ body weight (2)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHere, the consumption rates of crab sample were 49.5 g/day (Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e); this consumption rate was used to assess public health-risk. The considered body weight was 70 kg and 35 kg for adults and child, respectively according to (Salam et al., 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eTarget hazard quotient (THQ)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHealth risks of adult and child due to crab species intake were determined in relation to its chronic effects based on the following Eq.\\u0026nbsp;3 (Salam et al., 2021 and Bortey-Sam et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eTHQ \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:=\\\\frac{EF\\\\:\\\\times\\\\:\\\\:ED\\\\:\\\\times\\\\:\\\\:FIR\\\\:\\\\times\\\\:\\\\:C\\\\:\\\\times\\\\:\\\\:CF}{RfD\\\\:\\\\times\\\\:\\\\:Bw\\\\:\\\\times\\\\:\\\\:ATn}\\\\times\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e10\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;3\\u003c/sup\\u003e (3)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhere, THQ stands for the target hazard quotient, EF is the exposure frequency (365 days/year); ED is the exposure duration (70 and 35 years for adult and young, respectively), FIR is the food ingestion rate; C is the measured concentration of trace elements in fish (mg/kg dry weight); CF is the conversion factor (0.208) to convert dry weight to wet weight considering 79% of moisture content in fish. RfD for the oral reference dose. RfDs of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn are 0.003, 0.001, 0.0003, 1.5, 0.04, 0.007, 0.14, 0.02, 0.004, 0.005, and 0.3 mg/kg bw/day respectively (Saha et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e; Rahman et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sarker et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e and Salam et al., 2021); Bw is the average body weight for an adult and children (70 kg and 35 kg) and ATn is the average exposure time for non-carcinogens effects (365 days/year \\u0026times; ED).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhen considering different elements, THQ can be combined to form total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) that is shown in Eq.\\u0026nbsp;4.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eTTHQ\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;THQ1\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;THQ2\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;THQ3 + \\u0026hellip;\\u0026hellip;\\u0026hellip;\\u0026hellip;..+ THQn (4)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIf the calculated TTHQ values exceed 1, there could be a potential chronic risk to human health. For example, TTHQ\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;0.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;low, TTHQ\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;4\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;medium, and TTHQ\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;4\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;high (Salam et al., 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eCarcinogenic risk assessment\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarcinogenic risks for adults and child due to potential risk on individual developing cancer over a lifetime were calculated by the following Eq.\\u0026nbsp;5 (Salam et al., 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec19\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eCR\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;EFr \\u0026times; ED \\u0026times; EDI \\u0026times; CSF\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u0026times;10\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3\\u003c/sup\\u003e/AT (5)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHere, EFr\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;exposure frequency (365 days/year), ED\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;exposure duration (70 years), AT\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;average time for carcinogens (365 days/year\\u0026times;70 years/ 365 days/year\\u0026times;35 years), CSF0\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;oral carcinogenic slope factor (Salam et al., 2021). CSF\\u003csub\\u003e0\\u003c/sub\\u003e for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb are 1.5, 6.3, 0.5, 1.7, and 0.0085 mg/kg/day, respectively (Real et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e and Sarker et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAll relevant data were coded and expressed as means with standard deviations (SD). One-way ANOVA was used to analyze significant differences in heavy metal content among stations and between seasons with post-hoc comparisons conducted using the Tukey multiple comparison test (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). All statistical analyses were performed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software version 20 and Origin (Pro) version 2025b, OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results and discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec22\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eConcentration of heavy metals in sediment\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcentration of heavy metals in the sediments of Andharmanik river of two seasons (summer and winter) from the five stations are presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e. The ranges of trace elements concentration in sediments were: As: 3.05\\u0026ndash;6.33, Cd: 0.02\\u0026ndash;0.10, Co: 5.31\\u0026ndash;15.28, Cr: 12.98\\u0026ndash;54.23, Cu: 3.19\\u0026ndash;31.11, Fe: 359.14-1963.18, Mn: 170.01-581.56, Ni: 51.13-141.44, Pb: 3.68\\u0026ndash;12.89, Se: 2.51\\u0026ndash;7.16 and Zn: 9.08\\u0026ndash;32.67 mg/kg in summer season while As: 5.63\\u0026ndash;12.25, Cd: 0.01\\u0026ndash;0.22, Co: 8.58\\u0026ndash;26.62, Cr: 19.97\\u0026ndash;103.20, Cu: 8.22\\u0026ndash;54.18, Fe: 591.68-3028.65, Mn: 233.73-844.78, Ni: 85.04-215.47, Pb: 5.72\\u0026ndash;24.40, Se: 4.30-15.53 and Zn: 14.21\\u0026ndash;45.52 mg/kg in winter season dry weight.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcentration of heavy metals (mg/kg dwt) in sediment of Andharmanik River in summer and winter seasons\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCd\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCu\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMn\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNi\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eZn\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"12\\\" nameend=\\\"c12\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSummer season\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eST1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003csup\\u003ecF\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.02\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003csup\\u003ebD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e 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colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eST3\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.58\\u003csup\\u003eaCD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.13\\u003csup\\u003eaAB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.31\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.23\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.09\\u003csup\\u003eaD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e 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colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eST5\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.00\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.06\\u003csup\\u003ebAB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*BDL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.17\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.55\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e75.48\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.71\\u003csup\\u003ecBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.18\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.66\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2292.98\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;75.34\\u003csup\\u003ebAB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e511.32\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;17.33\\u003csup\\u003ecBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e215.47\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.25\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.40\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.50\\u003csup\\u003eaAB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.66\\u003csup\\u003ebcBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.24\\u003csup\\u003eaAB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMean\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.19\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.35\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.07\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.96\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;29.47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35.71\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;16.26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2014.64\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;863.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e558.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;207.54\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e167.75\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;48.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.12\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.73\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.15\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.29\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWHO 2008\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSEPA 1999\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e110.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFAO 1985\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u0026ndash;10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003eMeans\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2); Different small alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different stations; and different capital alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different seasons.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e*BDL- below detection level\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the box plots (first and third percentiles, range, median line, mean and outliers) for heavy metals in sediment. Considering both stations and seasons, Fe (3028.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;104.22 mg/kg dwt) and Cd (0.01\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01 mg/kg dwt) were the highest and lowest concentration, respectively. Among the stations, it was observed that the concentration of all heavy metals was higher at station 3 in summer season while As, Cr, Fe and Mn were higher in winter season at the same station. Cu, Ni and Zn was higher at station 5 and Pb and Se was higher at station 2 in winter season. The mean concentration of heavy metals in the sediment decreased in the order of Fe\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Mn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Ni\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cr\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Zn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cu\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Co\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Pb\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Se\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;As \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cd. In summer season, there were significant differences for As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) while Cd and Se showed non-significant differences (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) among the sampling stations. However, in the winter season, all metals had significant differences (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). Considering two seasons, the studied heavy metals also showed very significant differences (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSimilar As concentration was recorded in the sediments of the Rupsa River (Proshad, et al., 2021). However, higher concentration was found in other studies (Yi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e, Sadeghi et al., 2021) for the same metal. Compared to the present study, the lower value also reported by (He et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e, Guo et al., 2010, Jolaosho et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e) for As. Cd was reported very low concentration by different studies (Guo et al., 2010; Yi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sadeghi et al., 2021; Proshad et al., 2021 and Jahan et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e) which was very similar with the present study and higher level was also observed by (Proshad et al., 2021). Level of Co was much higher compared to the present findings in the sediments of Lagos River (Jolaosho et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). The concentration of Cr and Cu in the present study was much higher than those documented by (Sadeghi et al., 2021, Truchet et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). For Fe content, Alba et al., 2011 and Truchet et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e reported that the metal had significantly higher concentration among the studied heavy metals which very similar with the present study. Pb had similar concentration while Ni and Zn was observed higher concentration when the findings compared with other studies (Islam et al., 2020, Sadeghi et al., 2021). The range of Mn concentration was found lower than the study of Islam et al., 2020 while the concentration was very higher compared with the result of (Jolaosho et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). The present findings of heavy metal are also compared with the recommended value (FAO 1985, WHO 2008 and USEPA 1999) and results showed that As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn exceed the value which are an issue of health concern.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeason-wise Spearman\\u0026rsquo;s correlation matrix was analyzed to find out the interrelated correlation with each other among the heavy metals (Supplementary table \\u003cspan refid=\\\"MOESM1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eA and 1B) in sediment samples. Significant positive correlation (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) was observed between As-Mn, As-Zn, Co-Se, Co-Zn, Cr-Se, Cu-Mn, Cu-Se, Fe-Se, Mn-Pb, Mn-Se, Mn-Zn, Pb-Zn in summer season. In winter season, conversely, a significant positive correlation was found for As-Cr, As-Fe, Co-Cu, Co-Pb, Cu-Ni, Fe-Mn, Mn-Se, Mn-Zn and Pb-Se (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). This result indicated the same sources of origin of most of the metals in the studied river.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec23\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eConcentration of heavy metals in water\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the concentration of studied heavy metals concentration in water samples considering two seasons (summer and winter) and stations of Andharmanik river. The concentrations of heavy metals were ranged: As: 0.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.07, Cd: 0.01\\u0026ndash;0.02, Co: 0.01\\u0026ndash;0.02, Cr: 0.02\\u0026ndash;0.05, Cu: 0.01\\u0026ndash;0.03, Fe: 0.16\\u0026ndash;0.33, Mn: 0.07\\u0026ndash;0.15, Ni: 0.04\\u0026ndash;0.07, Pb: 0.06\\u0026ndash;0.10, Se: 0.04\\u0026ndash;0.15 and Zn: 0.03\\u0026ndash;0.06 mg/L) when polled average value from two seasons.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcentration of heavy metals (mg/L) in water of Andharmanik River in summer and winter seasons\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" 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colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*BDL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.00\\u003csup\\u003ebBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.00\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.00\\u003csup\\u003ebB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.09\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.18\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003csup\\u003eabAB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003csup\\u003ebBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.00\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003csup\\u003eaA\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e 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colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWHO 2004, 2006\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.003\\u003csup\\u003ex\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003csup\\u003ex\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003csup\\u003ex\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003csup\\u003ex\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFAO 2017\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSEPA 2006\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBDSW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.005\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003eMeans\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2); Different small alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different stations; and different capital alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different seasons.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e*BDL\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Below detection limit\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003ex\\u003c/sup\\u003eData from WHO 2006\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003eBDSW: Bangladesh standard of water quality\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFe was the major heavy metal followed by Mn and Se while Cd and Co had lowest concentration among the studied heavy metals considering seasons and stations (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). In summer season, Pb was higher at stations 2 and 5 while Fe was higher at stations 1, 3 and 4. The Se was found higher at stations 1, 2 and 5 while Fe was higher at stations 3 and 4 in winter season. The Cd and Co had very lower concentration in both winter and summer seasons. As and Fe showed significant differences (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) whereas other metals were observed no significance differences considering stations (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in summer season. Except Se and Zn (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05), other heavy metals observed significant differences (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in winter season. However, between two seasons, significant differences (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) were found for all heavy metals content observed in the present study. The mean concentration of heavy metals in the water was decreased in the order of Fe\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Se\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Mn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Pb\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Ni\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;As \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Zn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cr\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cu\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cd\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Co. Hossen \\u0026amp; Mostafa, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e collected data from 30 water bodies and reported that Fe had higher concentration while Cd had lower concentration which are very similar findings with the present study. As was higher while Cd was lower concentration in Ishiagu-Ezillo quarry sites of Ebonyi (Nduka et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, the concentration of heavy metals was higher during the winter season rather than the summer, which might be attributed to the dilution effect of water during the summer season (Proshad, et al., 2021). All heavy metals concentration in Andharmanik river water are below recommended value (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e) which indicated that the water samples are still not possess any health risk.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA significant positive correlation was observed for As-Zn, Cr-Cu and Mn-Zn during summer season (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Supplementary Table\\u0026nbsp;2A). In winter season, significant positive correlation was found for As-Cr, As-Cu, Cd-Fe, Co-Ni, Cr-Mn and Cu-Pb (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Supplementary Table\\u0026nbsp;2B). In the summer season, a significant relationship in Cu-As and Cd-Pb while significant correlation was found for Cu-As and Cd-Pb in winter season for water samples (Proshad, et al., 2021) which somehow similar with the present findings.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec24\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eConcentration of heavy metals in crab species\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHeavy metals concentration of Crab (\\u003cem\\u003eScylla serrata\\u003c/em\\u003e) sample is summarized in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e. Considering stations and seasons, the mean concentration of heavy metals was ranged: As: 2.23\\u0026ndash;3.88, Cd: 0.78\\u0026ndash;1.37, Co: 0.49\\u0026ndash;1.30, Cr: 3.47\\u0026ndash;5.36, Cu: 51.51\\u0026ndash;93.28, Fe: 153.34-288.32, Mn: 61.53\\u0026ndash;82.95, Ni: 1.95\\u0026ndash;3.80, Pb: 0.95\\u0026ndash;1.87, Se: 2.25\\u0026ndash;4.03, Zn: 72.24-111.95 mg/kg dwt. Among the metals, Fe had higher concentration followed by Zn and Cu where Co had lower concentration both in seasons (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). Among the stations, As and Cu were higher at station 5 and Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn were higher at station 3 during summer season. In winter season, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb was higher at station 3 and As, Cu and Zn was higher at station 5. Among two seasons, significant differences were observed for all studied heavy metals (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05), except in some cases. Considering seasons and stations, the mean concentration of heavy metals in the crab samples was decreased in the order of Fe\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Zn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cu\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Mn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cr\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Se\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;As \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Ni\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Pb\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cd\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Co.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcentration of heavy metals (mg/kg) in crab samples of Andharmanik River in summer and winter seasons\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCd\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCu\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMn\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNi\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eZn\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"12\\\" nameend=\\\"c12\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSummer season\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.10\\u003csup\\u003ebC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003csup\\u003ecC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.49\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.07\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.04\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.79\\u003csup\\u003eaC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e 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\\u003cp\\u003e119.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.06\\u003csup\\u003eaBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.58\\u003csup\\u003ebC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.08\\u003csup\\u003ecC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.41\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.08\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.20\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003eaC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.70\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.28\\u003csup\\u003ecD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e187.40\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.98\\u003csup\\u003ebCD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.76\\u003csup\\u003ebC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.22\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.44\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.27\\u003csup\\u003ebD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.35\\u003csup\\u003ebC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.11\\u003csup\\u003ebD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.16\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.10\\u003csup\\u003ebBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.53\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.02\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003eaBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e116.35\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.57\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e155.89\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.37\\u003csup\\u003ecEF\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e122.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;24.93\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.57\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.46\\u003csup\\u003eaAB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.04\\u003csup\\u003eaCD\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.80\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.58\\u003csup\\u003eabBC\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e109.70\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.38\\u003csup\\u003eaB\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.23\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.78\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.49\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.47\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51.51\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;49.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e153.34\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;57.62\\u003c/p\\u003e 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colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.88\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.36\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;95.65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e228.32\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;84.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;82.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.80\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.87\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e111.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;63.66\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*MOFL (2014)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEU (2006)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUSEPA (2012)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0371\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0035\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFAO/WHO\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1995)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003eMeans\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2); Different capital alphabet in the same column represents significant difference (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in heavy metal concentration in same metal from different seasons.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e*MOFL- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe concentration of recorded heavy metal of crab samples was compared with other studies in Bangladesh and world (Supplementary table 3). Higher Fe and lower Co concentration was reported in the same species from Netravathi-Gurupur estuary (Saha et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e) which is a similar observation with the present study. However, the author detected higher level of Pb compared to the present findings. (Williams et al., 2022) evaluated Pb, Cr and Co whose concentration were much higher than the present findings. Another study by (Ngo-Massou et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e) stated that Fe content was higher in the tissue of crab while Pb had very low concentration. The muscle of mud crab (\\u003cem\\u003eScylla serrata\\u003c/em\\u003e) was used to detect the level of Pb, Cd and Hg and reported very lower concentration of heavy metals in Bangladesh (Hossen et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). Higher concentration of Fe also reported by (Baki et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e) in crab sample of Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh while Zn was reported higher concentration and Cu had lower concentration of the same species crab collected from Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira regions (Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Most of the heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn were higher concentration than the recommended value of MOFL 2014, EU 2006, USEPA 2012 and FAO/WHO 1995 which indicated that the crab species is potentially health hazards for consumers.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec25\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSources of heavy metals in Andharmanik river\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe common sources of heavy metal and their potential health risk are presented in supplementary table 4 based the scientific report by different studies (Rajjak, 2009; Jaishankar et al., 2014; H. Ali et al., 2019; Jyothi, 2020; Angon et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). In any aquatic system, natural and anthropogenic sources are responsible for producing heavy metals content (Masindi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Anthropogenic sources are denoted as the main source for heavy metals at Andharmanik river. Kalapara upazila is a rapid industrialized city due to the construction of port and power supply industry, as well. The sediments and water of Andharmanik river were contaminated by wastewater accumulation from sewages, unplanned brick-built and rice industries, ship breaking activities, medicinal elements from hospitals/clinic and garbage\\u0026rsquo;s thrown away from major fish landing centers (Mohipur, Alipur BFDC and Kuakata) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). The construction of Payra port and power supply industry (station 5) would identify are important sources for the enhancement of pollution loads in the studied river. Among the stations studied, the concentration of all metals was higher in station 3 considering both seasons. Developmental activities, rapid urbanization, direct discharge of effluents from adjacent markets, passenger boats, poultry farms, passenger\\u0026rsquo;s launch and unplanned brick and rice industries, dyeing from ship industry, sewages sludge, fuel from engine boats, pesticides and agriculture runoff are identified some potential sources for the higher concentration of heavy metals in station 3 of the studied river which aligned with the different studies (Supplementary table 4). In addition, poisonous items were reported to be used to catch fish in the Tegachia canal directly connected to the Andharmanik river around station 2. Similar observation also given byIp et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e and Sadeghi et al., 2021 and who stated that the Chabahar Bay and the Oman Sea sediments are contaminated due to wastewater from ship\\u0026shy;building industries, ports, fishing and passenger boats and shrimp farms. However, water gets polluted by anthropogenic activities, such as municipal waste and industrial effluent discharge, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal, etc. as well as agricultural runoff (Singh et al., 2022 and Hossen \\u0026amp; Mostafa, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). For analyzing the common sources of heavy metal contents in the studied river, Spearman\\u0026rsquo;s correlation matrix was conducted. Significant correlation between and among the metals indicated that the metals originate from the same sources of pollution.Chen et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e andJiang et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e reported that high correlations between specific heavy metals could denote similar levels of contamination from the same sources of pollution.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec26\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eEcological risk assessment for sediment samples\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe assessment result of potential ecological risk of an individual element (E) and risk index (RI) of heavy metals in the sediment samples of Andharmanik river is presented in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e. Considering mean value of two seasons, the potential ecological risk (E) for heavy metals in the sediments of five stations was decreased in the following order: As \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Ni\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Co\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cu\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cd\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Pb\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cr\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Mn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Zn\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Fe. Based on mean polled results, the potential ecological risk of heavy metals was ranged between 0.34 and 23.23 which indicates low ecological risk apprehended by sediments. Risk Index (RI) of assessed heavy metals ranged from 32.27 and 85.77. Among the stations, RI was highest at station 3 which was followed by station 4 and 5 while very low RI was recorded in station 1. In general, the lower value of potential ecological risk of an individual element and RI indicated that the sediments of Andharmanik river still not contaminated significantly by heavy metals. Proshad et al., 2021 reported that Cd showed very high potential ecological risk while the risk index was 47.57 to 464.29 indicated low to very high ecological risk of the sediment of Rupsa River (Proshad et al., 2021). The author also reported that the application of phosphate fertilizers to the agricultural field beside the Rupsa river, dumping oily materials from water vehicles, and waste disposal from the town contributed significantly to the higher level of toxic substances. Sadeghi et al., 2021 stated that Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb had low ecological risk where As and Cd had moderate ecological risk and the potential ecological risk index ranged between 91.6 and 250.7 in the sediment of Oman Sea. In addition, according to Hakanson, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1980\\u003c/span\\u003e for the classification of RI value ranges, the sediment of the Andharmanik river still possess low ecological risk.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec27\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eEcological risk assessment for water samples\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e represents the potential ecological risk of an individual element (E) and potential risk index (RI) of heavy metals in water samples of Andharmanik river. The value of E in water samples ranged from 0.00 to 5.12 which indicates very low ecological risk. Among the metals studied, Cd had higher potential risk value followed by As while Zn had very lower potential risk value. The potential ecological risk (E) for all heavy metals in water sample was decreased in the following order: Cd\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;As \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cr\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Pb\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Cu\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;Zn considering mean value of stations and seasons. The Risk Index (RI) of all heavy metals for water samples ranged between 3.77 and 10.45 with mean value 6.99. Higher RI was calculated from station 2 followed by station 1 while lower RI was found at station 3. In general, the lower value of E and RI indicated that the water of Andharmanik river still is not contaminated significantly by heavy metals. 85% of the total samples showed moderate ecological risks, whereas 15% was low ecological risks for summer and the winter for the water samples of Rupsa river (Proshad et al., 2021). Nduka et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e calculated PERI and showed the results ranged from 78.52\\u0026ndash;267.25 for surface water samples marked as moderate to significant potential ecological risk for the surface water of Ishiagu\\u0026ndash;Ezillo quarry sites of Ebonyi.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEcological risk assessment for water samples of Andharmanik river\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSampling station\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"6\\\" nameend=\\\"c7\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePotential ecological risk of an individual element (E)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRisk Grade\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCd\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCu\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eZn\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.49\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow Risk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.78\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow Risk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.77\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow Risk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow Risk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow Risk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.99\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLow Risk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec28\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eTarget hazard quotient (THQ) for crab samples\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe value of THQ and TTHQ of heavy metals through the consumption of crab by adult and child are presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e. For adults, THQ values for all heavy metals were below the threshold of 1, except As. However, in child, the THQ values exceed the acceptable limit for As and Fe, indicating significant non-carcinogenic health risks. The TTHQ values for both age groups were significantly above the threshold limit of 1, signifying medium to high potential non-carcinogenic health hazards. Generally, the ingestion of contaminated crab is not safe and risk for consumers, especially child. Baki et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e estimated that the THQ values of all heavy metals in all species were all below 1, except for Cd which indicated no potential non-carcinogenic health risk from the ingestion of a single metal through the consumption of crustaceans. Samples from Kedah area showed that \\u003cem\\u003eScylla serrat\\u003c/em\\u003ea possessed high chronic risk which very similar findings with the present study (Salam et al., 2021). Saha et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e identified that benthal species accumulate higher levels of metals compared to other living species like middle or upper zone of the water column.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab6\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTarget hazard quotient (THQ) and total hazard quotient (TTHQ) for adult and child consuming crab of Andharmanik river\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"25\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\" colnum=\\\"13\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\" colnum=\\\"14\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" colnum=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\" colnum=\\\"16\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\" colnum=\\\"17\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\" colnum=\\\"18\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\" colnum=\\\"19\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c20\\\" colnum=\\\"20\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c21\\\" colnum=\\\"21\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c22\\\" colnum=\\\"22\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c23\\\" colnum=\\\"23\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c24\\\" colnum=\\\"24\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c25\\\" colnum=\\\"25\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"22\\\" nameend=\\\"c23\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTHQ\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c25\\\" namest=\\\"c24\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTTHQ\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCd\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c7\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c11\\\" namest=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCu\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c13\\\" namest=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c15\\\" namest=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMn\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c17\\\" namest=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNi\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c19\\\" namest=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c21\\\" namest=\\\"c20\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c23\\\" namest=\\\"c22\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eZn\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e 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\\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c20\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c21\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c22\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c23\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c24\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c25\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.41\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e 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\\u003cp\\u003e0.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c20\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c21\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c22\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c23\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c24\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c25\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.91\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c20\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c21\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c22\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c23\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c24\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.63\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c25\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c20\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c21\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c22\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c23\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c24\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c25\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.73\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.67\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c20\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c21\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c22\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c23\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c24\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c25\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c16\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c17\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c18\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c19\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c20\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c21\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c22\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c23\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c24\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.75\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c25\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec29\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eCarcinogenic risk (CR) for carb samples\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe oral carcinogenic slope factor is available for As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Hence, the carcinogenic risk (CR) for carb samples was determined for those heavy metals for both age groups (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e). For adults, mean CR value for all metals was within the acceptable limit of 1E-6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;CR\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;1E-4 indicating no considerable cancer risk. However, in children, the CR value of Cr and Pb metals exceeded the safe limit and suggesting that there might be a significant health concern with prolonged exposure of contaminated crab. In the Kedah area, \\u003cem\\u003eScylla serrata\\u003c/em\\u003e was reported as having the highest carcinogenic risks for As, Cd, and Pb (adult: 43.10\\u0026times;10\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3\\u003c/sup\\u003e, child: 43.35\\u0026times;10\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3\\u003c/sup\\u003e) which possess maximum carcinogenicity characteristics (Salam et al., 2021). Another report by Saha et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e revealed that \\u003cem\\u003eScylla serrata\\u003c/em\\u003e may present moderate risk of cancer due to Cd, Pb, and Cr exposure. Cd and Cr had the cancer risk values based on daily ingestion reported from the East Java Estuaries of Indonesia for the same species (Soegianto et. al., 2022). These kinds of study somehow are similar with the present findings.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab7\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 7\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarcinogenic risk (CR) of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in analyzed samples of crab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCd\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c7\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNi\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c11\\\" namest=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdult\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.04E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.55E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.07E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.25E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.43E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.10E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.07E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.58E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.98E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.48E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.59E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.02E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.23E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.43E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.15E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.34E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.09E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.43E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.84E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.32E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.31E-06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.53E-06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.96E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.96E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.55E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.98E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.94E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.60E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.36E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.92E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.06E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.73E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.33E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.55E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.21E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.58E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.91E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.23E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.69E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.97E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eST5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.51E-06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.77E-06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.50E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.25E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.84E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.15E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.99E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.49E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.85E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.32E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.59E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.85E-07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.82E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.29E-05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.87E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.70E-03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.76E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.27E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.31E-04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.20E-02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eConsidering public health issues, food safety and sustainable coastal zone management, the present study was conducted to identify the level of pollution through heavy metals. The preliminary identified that water of the river is still not contaminated significantly where sediments are polluted with some heavy metals that exceeded the recommended level. But crab species are highly contaminated with heavy metals and contain the risk for public health. The study finally recommends that the relevant authorities should monitor the sources of effluent and strictly enforced environmental laws to control the pollution and to conserve the aquatic resources of Andharmanik river along with sediments and water. Further research should focus on the bioaccumulation and health effects of heavy metals on fish and management policy in the studied water bodies. Additionally, the study did not perform quality control and quality assurance on the examined samples, which is a limitation that needs to be addressed in future work.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgment\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe author grateful for the lab facilities provided by Bangladesh Agricultural University. The authors heartfelt gratitude for the fishers assisting data collection and sampling at different points of the Andharmanik river.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthorship contribution statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMd. Bokthier Rahman: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review \\u0026amp; editing, Visualization, Investigation. Sagorika Smriti, Monayem Hussain and Farhana Yasmin:\\u0026nbsp;Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Validation. Mohajira Begum:\\u0026nbsp;Conceptualization,\\u0026nbsp;review \\u0026amp; editing.\\u0026nbsp;Hadayet Ullah:\\u0026nbsp;Validation, Editing \\u0026amp; Revising critically,\\u0026nbsp;Harunur Rashid:\\u0026nbsp;Conceptualization,\\u0026nbsp;review, editing, Supervision, Finalization\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding sources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis research receives no funding.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent to Publish declaration:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003enot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent to Participate declaration:\\u003c/strong\\u003e not applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics declaration:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003enot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData availability:\\u003c/strong\\u003e The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAhmed S, Uddin MF, Hossain MS, Jubair A, Islam MN, Rahman M. 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MDPI. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su142315878\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/su142315878\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYe F, Huang X, Zhang D, Tian L, Zeng Y. Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes. J Environ Sci. 2012;24(4):579\\u0026ndash;88. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60783-3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60783-3\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYi Y, Yang Z, Zhang S. 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Environ Pollut. 2011;159(10):2575\\u0026ndash;85. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.011\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.011\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-oceans\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Oceans](https://www.springer.com/journal/44289)\",\"snPcode\":\"44289\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44289\",\"title\":\"Discover Oceans\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Heavy metals, sediment, crab, Andharmanik river, carcinogenic risk, sustainable management\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8396018/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8396018/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAndharmanik river is considered a fish refuge due to its unique habitat features, a natural mix of upstream freshwater and tidal exchanges with the Bay of Bengal. But the river is being polluted mostly by anthropogenic sources. This study highlights the first comprehensive effort to quantify heavy metal contamination in sediments, water and crab using ICP-MS, along with the associate health risk evaluation. The result showed that As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn contents exceeded the recommended value in sediment. But, heavy metals content in water samples didn\\u0026rsquo;t exceed the recommended value. In crab samples, metals like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn had higher concentration than the recommended value. Meanwhile, the result of Risk Index (RI) indicated that sediment and water have no ecological risk. In crab, the value of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) was higher than the acceptable limit of 1 depicting that the consumption of crab poses a carcinogenic risk for child and adult\\u0026rsquo;s groups. Further, the Carcinogenic Risk (CR) value of Cr and Pb exceeded the threshold limit and suggested that there might be a significant health concern with prolonged exposure of contaminated crab for child ages. The findings indicated that the river ecosystem is contaminated by effluents from anthropogenic activities which need to be monitored to enforce environmental laws strictly for sustainable management.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Seasonal variations of heavy metals contamination in sediment, water and crab at a vital fish sanctuary connected to the Bay of Bengal and health risk assessment\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-01-12 05:32:40\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8396018/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-01-29T14:50:20+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-18T08:17:07+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T14:47:16+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"131209339751057971869759220571780759865\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T12:47:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"108741541215534440375831326023694464028\",\"date\":\"2026-01-07T04:15:37+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-06T15:18:41+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-06T07:03:43+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-05T11:36:04+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-26T11:48:42+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Discover Oceans\",\"date\":\"2025-12-26T11:39:25+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-oceans\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Oceans](https://www.springer.com/journal/44289)\",\"snPcode\":\"44289\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44289\",\"title\":\"Discover Oceans\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"0f408c3c-5d26-467d-9a92-cb22b95c2e07\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 12th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-15T02:23:10+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-01-12 05:32:40\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8396018\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8396018\",\"identity\":\"rs-8396018\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}