{"paper_id":"3eb120d9-534d-440b-85f4-7b4c375b1d52","body_text":"PREPRINT\nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 13/03/2023\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e103082\nProductivity and impact of the Unisinos' Postgraduate\nProgram in Biology and the consequences of its\ninterruption for Brazilian science\n Piter Boll, Lucas Krüger\n\n1 \n \nProductivity and impact of the Unisinos’ Postgraduate Program in Biology and the 1 \nconsequences of its interruption for Brazilian science 2 \n 3 \nPiter Kehoma Boll1, Lucas Krüger2,3*  4 \n 5 \n 6 \n1 Programa de Pós -Graduação em Biologia. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 7 \nUNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. 8 \n2 Instituto Antártico Chileno, Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile 9 \n3 Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Las 10 \nPalmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile 11 \n 12 \n*Corresponding author: lkruger@inach.cl 13 \n 14 \nAbstract 15 \nOn 22 July 2022, the Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos), a private institution 16 \nin southern Brazil, announced the interruption of 12 of its postgraduate programs, includin g 17 \nthe Postgraduate Program of Biology (PPG Biologia), whose professors founded the journal 18 \nNeotropical Biology and Conservation. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of papers 19 \npublished by PPG Biologia in the past 20 years to assess its impact on biological research at 20 \na national level. The number of publications and citations increased constantly over the years, 21 \nwith publications growing exponentially. Although most collaborations with other research 22 \nprograms occurred inside Brazil, a significant number of  studies were co -authored by 23 \nresearchers from other countries from at least four continents. The main research lines 24 \nfocused on biological sciences, ecology, sociology, education, environmental sciences, and 25 \ngenetics. Despite being affected by the decrease  in research funding and the reduction of 26 \npersonnel, PPG Biologia kept its high impact score according to the national evaluation, above 27 \nthat of most programs in private universities. With a team of renowned researchers working 28 \non different and sometimes unique research lines, the interruption of PPG Biologia will harm 29 \nthe progress of biological research and conservation across the Neotropical realm. 30 \n 31 \nKeywords: Bibliometric, Biodiversity Loss, Brazil, Environmental Crisis, Political Crisis, 32 \nPublications 33 \n 34 \nIntroduction 35 \n 36 \nIn Brazil, Biodiversity research occurs in both public and private institutions, but, even in 37 \nprivate ones, it relies almost entirely on governmental funding  (Mittermeier et al. 2005, 38 \nMcManus and Baeta Neves 2021) , which has been on constant turmoil (Magnusson et al. 39 \n2018, Quintans-Júnior et al. 2020) . Biodiversity science suffered severe budget cuts by the 40 \nBrazilian government in the recent years, driven by politicians associated with the agribusiness 41 \nsector (Fearnside 2016, Magnusson et al. 2018). Agribusiness controls a large proportion of 42 \nthe Brazilian Congress and pushes legislation to reduce environmental protection (Crouzeilles 43 \net al. 2017), actively discrediting science through direct attacks on researchers, science denial 44 \nand misinformation  (Hallal 2021) . The situation became even worse du ring Bolsonaro’s 45 \nadministration, who have attacked and denied science himself  (de Oliveira Andrade 2019, 46 \nHallal 2021). 47 \n 48 \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 13/03/2023. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e103082\n\n2 \n \nWith the  increasing precariousness of science funding in Brazil, the discontinuati on of 49 \nconsolidated high-prestige research programs bec ame an additional threat to research  (de 50 \nOliveira Andrade 2019, Hallal 2021), as many institutions have groups working on unique and 51 \nimportant research lines. This is the case of the Postgraduate Program in Biology ( PPG 52 \nBiologia) of the Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos), located in São Leopo ldo, 53 \nsouthern Brazil. 54 \n 55 \nOn 22 July 2022, Unisinos announced the interruption of PPG Biologia  and other 11 56 \npostgraduate programs. This decision, according to the institution, aims to promote the 57 \nUniversity’s financial balance (Ferreira 2022) but is a serious attack on Brazilian research.  58 \nPPG Biologia was implemented in 2000 with a course for master’s degrees and, in 2006, 59 \nexpanded to include doctoral degrees as well. Also in 2006, PPG Biologia launched the journal 60 \nNeotropical Biology and Conservation, which replaced the journal Acta Biologica 61 \nLeopoldensia, created in 1979 by professors of the Unisinos’ Biology course (Maltchik 2006). 62 \nThe program had 13 fully equipped research laboratories led by highly qualified ecologists, 63 \nzoologists, geneticists, and microbiologists. Its discontinuation interrupted the research of 64 \nmany professors and graduate students and will likely have a noticeable ne gative impact on 65 \nBrazilian biological research. 66 \n 67 \nMeasuring the importance of this postgraduate program can help us understand better the 68 \nconsequences of its discontinuation. Thus, we herein conducted a bibliometric analysis of 69 \npapers published by PPG Biolo gia in the past 20 years to assess its impact on biolog y 70 \nresearch at a national level, evaluating production, collaborations and comparing overall 71 \nperformance with other Brazilian institutions. 72 \n 73 \nMethods 74 \n 75 \nWe ran a bibliographical review on the Dimensions platform ( https://app.dimensions.ai/). 76 \nDimensions is the “world’s largest research information dataset” with over 130 million 77 \npublications registered, classified, and described on a standardized methodology (Bode et al. 78 \n2019). The term “ Programa Pós -graduação Biologia Unisinos”  (Portuguese for “Unisinos 79 \nPostgraduate Program in Biology”) was searched anywhere in the documents, as it could  be 80 \nmentioned in the authors' affiliations and acknowledgment sections. 81 \n 82 \nWe measured the impact of PPG Biologia by the number of publications per year and the 83 \ncumulative citations using the R packages ‘dimensionsR’ (Aria 2022) and ‘bibliometriX’ (Aria 84 \nand Cuccurullo 2023) . To test whether there has been a sustained temporal increase in 85 \nproduction, number of citations, and accumulated number of citations, we applied simple or 86 \nexponential linear models in R (R Core Team 2022). 87 \n 88 \nText processing and analytics were used to convert text data into quantification data, using 89 \nthe R packages ‘tidytext’ (Robinson and Silge 2023) and ‘tm’ (Feinerer and Hornik 2023). That 90 \nprocedure was applied to identify the collaboration of researchers from PPG Biologia with 91 \nresearchers from other institutions based on nationality, and the research areas of the 92 \npublications. We used a circular network and a bipartite network to describe a network of 93 \ncountries with co -authorship and co -authorships in different research areas, respectively, 94 \nusing the R packages ‘ggraph’ (Pedersen 2022) and ‘bipartite’ (Dormann et al. 2022). A word 95 \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 13/03/2023. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e103082\n\n3 \n \ncloud (Lang & Chien 2022) was applied using the frequency of keywords from papers 96 \npublished between 2015 and 2021 to identify the main topic of publications. 97 \n 98 \nPostgraduate programs (PGs) in Brazil are classified by CAPES (Portuguese acronym for 99 \nCoordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), which conducts annual 100 \nevaluations of the PGs’ performance based on their impac t, such as productivity and  101 \npersonnel formation (Cross et al. 201 7). We downloaded data from 2013 to 2020 of all 102 \nBrazilian PGs in Biological Sciences (389 PGs for the period) from 103 \nhttps://dadosabertos.capes.gov.br/dataset/. We used two separate Wilcox tests to compare 104 \nthe performance of Unisinos with public and private institutions.  105 \n 106 \nData and script provided in Krüger (2023). 107 \n 108 \nResults 109 \n 110 \nThe productivity of PPG Biologia (Fig. 1a) inc reased exponentially (adj. R 2 = 0.898, F 1,26 = 111 \n23.91, P < 0.001) from less than 10 peer -reviewed publications per year in 1999 to over 300 112 \npublications per year in 2022. Citations per year (Fig. 1b) increased on a weak but significant 113 \nlinear trend (adj. R2 = 0.233, F1,26 = 7.90, P = 0.009), reaching a maximum of 400 citations in 114 \none year. The accumulated number of citations (Fig. 1c) increased exponentially from less 115 \nthan 50 to over 4,000 in 20 years (adj. R2 = 0.901, F1,26 = 24.69, P < 0.001).  116 \n 117 \n 118 \n 119 \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 13/03/2023. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e103082\n\n4 \n \nFigure 1. Number of publications mentioning “ Programa Pós-graduação Biologia Unisinos ” 120 \n(a), number of citations per year of those same papers (b); and accumulated citations (c) of 121 \nthose papers between 2000 and 2021. 122 \n 123 \nPPG Biologia published papers mostly wi th authors from other Brazilian institutions but also 124 \nwith authors from other 34 countries. USA and Argentina were the countries with the largest 125 \nnumbers of papers co-authored with Unisinos researchers after Brazil, followed by the United 126 \nKingdom, Chile, S pain, and Germany (Fig 2). Most frequent publications predominated in 127 \nresearch lines of biological sciences, ecology, sociology, education, environmental sciences, 128 \nand genetics but were spread through a diverse range of lines (Fig. 2b). 129 \n 130 \n 131 \n 132 \n 133 \nFigure 2. Netw ork of the nationality of coauthors’ institutions for papers published by 134 \nresearchers from the Unisinos Postgraduate Program in Biology between 2015 and 2021, 135 \nincluding only countries with more than two publications (a) and a bipartite network connecting 136 \nthe nationality of the authors’ institutions with the publications’ research lines, including only 137 \nresearch lines with at least two publications (b). Line width in both ‘a’ and ‘b’ represents 138 \nfrequency; bar height in ‘b’ indicates the frequency of countries (left) and research lines (right).   139 \n 140 \nKeyword analysis (Fig. 3) revealed a predominance of studies dealing with animals, behavior, 141 \necosystems, biodiversity, genetics, and populations; other less frequent words showed a wide 142 \nrange of studied topics. The keyword “Brazil” was also highlighted; “south” and “America” also 143 \nappeared but with a lower frequency. 144 \n 145 \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 13/03/2023. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e103082\n\n5 \n \n 146 \nFigure 3. Wordcloud highlighting the most frequent keywords mentioned by publications from 147 \nthe Unisinos Postgraduate Program in Biology between 2015 and 2021. 148 \n 149 \n 150 \nBiology PGs in Brazil have a median performance classification (lower 5%, upper 95%) of 4 151 \n(3,7) and a mean performance of  4.5 ± 0.25 (SE). The recent performance of Unisinos’ PPG 152 \nBiologia was 5, above the median performance of Brazilian private institutions (W = 258, P = 153 \n0.006) and similar to the public institutions (W = 775.5, P = 0.558) (Fig. 4). 154 \n 155 \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 13/03/2023. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e103082\n\n6 \n \n 156 \nFigure 4.  Freq uency distribution of national rank classification for Brazil’s Postgraduate 157 \nPrograms in Biological Sciences classified as public (blue) and private (red) administration 158 \nbetween 2015 and 2020 in relation to the current classification of Unisinos’ Postgradu ate 159 \nProgram in Biology. 160 \n 161 \n 162 \nDiscussion 163 \n 164 \nDuring its almost 22 years of existence, PPG Biologia showed an exponential increase in 165 \nproductivity. Even in the face of the severe budget cuts in Brazilian research following the 166 \nimpeachment of president Dilma Rousseff in 2016 and the election of Jair Bolsonaro in 2018 167 \n(Quintans-Júnior et al. 2020), the productivity kept growing, which suggests that PPG Biologia 168 \nwas a resilient research program. The number of citations showed a smaller increase across 169 \nthe years, but the overall trend may result from a considerable reduction in citations in the last 170 \nfew years. If one considers true that the number of citations determines the quality of research, 171 \nwhich is a controversial topic  (Caon et al. 2020) , this may be the metric that reflects the 172 \nconsequences of both budget cuts from funding agencies and the gradual reduction in the 173 \nnumber of researchers in PPG Biologia, which started with the gradual dismissal of professors 174 \nsince 2016 (personal observation). As a result, although the number of publications continued 175 \nto increase, the research areas covered likely decreased, thus reducing the research fields 176 \nthat would find relevant studies among the most recent productions of PPG Biologia. 177 \n 178 \nAlthough PPG Biologia conducted most studies with other Brazilian researchers, 179 \ncollaborations with researchers in other countries from at least four continents and covering a 180 \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 13/03/2023. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e103082\n\n7 \n \ndiversity of research lines also stood out. The reasons for internati onal collaborations in 181 \nresearch are numerous but often motivated by the researcher's reputation, access to research 182 \nfunds, and an increase in quality and multidisciplinarity due to the expertise of collaborators 183 \n(Dusdal and Powell 2021). Many researchers of PPG Biologia are renowned experts in their 184 \nfields, and the research groups of PPG Biologia included s everal research lines addressing 185 \nglobally relevant topics related to genetics and evolution  (Silva et al. 2021, Allgayer et al. 186 \n2022), taxonomy of highly diverse Neotropical groups (Rodrigues et al. 2020, 2021, Hellmann 187 \net al. 2022, Marques et al. 2022, Reis and Lehmann A. 2022) , as well as the dynamics of 188 \necosystems, communities, and populations (Boll and Leal-Zanchet 2018, Fontoura et al. 2019, 189 \nMOSER et al. 2022), including the study of human impact through pollution (Dalzochio et al. 190 \n2018, Finger et al. 2021, Bauer et al. 2022) , agriculture  (Meneghel et al. 2022) , habitat 191 \nfragmentation (Baldissera et al. 2020, Dalmolin et al. 2023), and climate change (Fontana et 192 \nal. 2018, Krüger et al. 2018, Epele et al. 2022). One can notice this diversity in research lines 193 \nthrough the most frequent keywords in recent publications. 194 \n 195 \nCAPES score to evaluate Brazilian Postgraduate Programs ranges between 1 and 7, with 6 196 \nand 7 indicating excellence (and achiev ed by very few programs) and 1 and 2 meaning that 197 \nthe program is discredited. Thus, the most realistic score for any active postgraduate program 198 \nvaries from 3 to 5. Although this evaluation system is often questioned and has its flaws 199 \n(Barata 2019), it is impressive that PPG Biologia was able to keep the highest realistic score 200 \nin the face of the ever-growing attacks that it received through the reduction of research funds 201 \nand the gradual decrease i n the number of researchers. This is even more impressive 202 \nconsidering that PPG Biologia was part of a private university, Unisinos, and the overall scores 203 \nof programs in private universities are lower than those of public universities. This difference 204 \nin s core between public and private institutions is likely explained by the fact that private 205 \nuniversities invest very little in research and rely almost exclusively on public funding 206 \n(McManus and Baeta Neves 2021). 207 \n 208 \nUnisinos is a Jesuit university and is said  to be a non -profit entity interested in academic 209 \nexcellence and the promotion and development of education 210 \n(https://www.unisinos.br/institucional). However, not only did it discontinue 12 postgradua te 211 \nprograms and dismissed about 40 professors at once, but started a partnership with a large 212 \nfirearm company in 2021 (Rede Brasil Atual 2022). Such attitudes do not seem to agree with 213 \nthe principles that Unisinos supposedly holds. 214 \n 215 \nConclusion 216 \n 217 \nDespite the constant attacks through budget cuts and reduction of personnel, PPG Biologia 218 \nwas able to keep its high -quality score over the years. 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