{"paper_id":"3c994ea4-e425-44eb-9f24-c483cb1306f2","body_text":"Association Between Daily Media Viewing Time and Motor Imagery Perspective in Adults | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Association Between Daily Media Viewing Time and Motor Imagery Perspective in Adults Nobuchika Yamaki This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8091822/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study examined whether daily exposure to visual media is associated with individual differences in motor imagery perspective. Based on previous research on motor cognition, it was hypothesized that longer daily video-viewing time would be associated with reduced vividness of first-person (internal) imagery and enhanced vividness of third-person (external) imagery. A total of 182 adults (mean age = 28.4 ± 8.7 years; 51% female) completed an online survey assessing daily media viewing habits, exercise frequency, and the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2). A priori power analysis (G*Power 3.1; f² = 0.08, α = .05, 1 − β = .90) indicated a minimum required sample size of 128 participants. Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses showed that total video-viewing time was negatively associated with first-person vividness (r = − .30, p < .001) and positively associated with third-person vividness (r = .27, p = .001), even after controlling for age, sex, and exercise frequency. These results suggest that habitual exposure to observer-framed visual content is associated with a stronger reliance on observer-based perspectives during mental simulation. The findings provide preliminary behavioral evidence linking media consumption and motor imagery representation. motor imagery media exposure embodied cognition first-person perspective third-person perspective VMIQ-2 Figures Figure 1 Introduction Motor imagery refers to the mental simulation of movement without overt execution. Two perspectives are typically distinguished: first-person (also referred to as internal or egocentric) imagery, in which movements are imagined through one’s own eyes, and third-person (external or allocentric) imagery, in which movements are imagined as if viewed from an observer’s standpoint (Guillot et al., 2009 ; Lorey et al., 2009 ). The first-person mode engages kinesthetic and proprioceptive representations, whereas the third-person mode relies primarily on visual–spatial transformations (Fourkas et al., 2008 ; Moriuchi et al., 2020 ). This duality of motor imagery perspectives has been repeatedly shown to map onto distinct neural pathways, with first-person imagery recruiting frontoparietal and somatosensory networks, while third-person imagery engages occipito-parietal regions involved in visuospatial transformation (Guillot et al., 2009 ; Moriuchi et al., 2020 ). From the standpoint of embodied cognition, mental imagery is understood as an internal simulation process grounded in sensorimotor experience (Passarello et al., 2022 ). The vividness and perspective of imagery depend on prior bodily engagement with the environment and on how perceptual experiences are encoded within action–perception loops. Individuals who frequently engage in physical or motor activities exhibit greater vividness in first-person imagery, consistent with the continuous strengthening of proprioceptive and kinesthetic pathways (Callow et al., 2013 ; Dhouibi et al., 2021 ). Conversely, imagery based primarily on visual rather than kinesthetic information may encourage an externalized mode of simulation, emphasizing observation rather than internal enactment (Lorey et al., 2009 ). Modern life increasingly involves prolonged exposure to visual content that presents the world from an external, observer-oriented perspective. Screen-based media—television, online video platforms, and short-form clips—typically depict movements and actions from third-person viewpoints. As a result, individuals are repeatedly exposed to scenes in which they are positioned as detached observers rather than embodied participants. Developmental research has shown that high levels of screen exposure during childhood are associated with reduced vividness of mental imagery and a preference for externally oriented processing (Suggate & Martzog, 2020 ; Martzog & Suggate, 2022 ). While such findings suggest that habitual engagement with observer-based media may influence the form of internal representation, whether these effects persist into adulthood remains unclear. In adults, the relationship between digital media exposure and cognitive style has yielded mixed findings. Some large-scale surveys have reported negligible or small associations between total screen time and cognitive or emotional outcomes (Orben & Przybylski, 2019 ), while others suggest nonlinear effects, where moderate use may be benign or even beneficial but excessive use corresponds with reduced psychological well-being (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017 ). Importantly, most of these studies have focused on affective or attentional outcomes rather than perceptual–motor representation. Therefore, little is known about whether habitual visual media consumption relates to the way people imagine movement. Given the theoretical linkage between perceptual experience and mental simulation, daily engagement with externally framed visual media could bias the accessibility or preference of imagery perspectives. If one’s perceptual environment predominantly reinforces observer-centered encoding, this might lead to relatively weaker kinesthetic simulation and enhanced visual–spatial representation. Conversely, regular engagement in physical activity might preserve or strengthen embodied, first-person simulation. The present study examined whether the duration of daily video-viewing time is associated with motor imagery perspective in adults, testing the hypothesis that longer viewing time would be related to lower vividness of first-person imagery and higher vividness of third-person imagery, even when controlling for age, sex, and exercise frequency. Methods Participants A total of 182 adults (93 males, 89 females; mean age = 28.4 ± 8.7 years, range = 18–61) participated. Inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 65 years, normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and absence of neurological or psychiatric disorders. All participants provided electronic informed consent before participation. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of xxxxxx. (Protocol Code 2025-038, March 20, 2025) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Sample Size Estimation An a priori power analysis using G*Power 3.1 indicated that a minimum of 128 participants was required to detect a small-to-medium effect size (f² = 0.08, α = .05, power = .90) in a multiple regression model with four predictors. The final sample of 182 exceeded this requirement, ensuring adequate statistical power. Measures Daily Media Exposure. Participants reported average daily hours of television and smartphone video viewing. These were summed to represent total daily viewing time. Participants also indicated predominant content type (entertainment, sports, informational, or short-form). Content type was recorded for descriptive purposes only; inferential analyses focused on total viewing time. Motor Imagery Vividness. The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2; Roberts et al., 2008 ) was used to assess imagery vividness. The VMIQ-2 consists of 12 common actions (e.g., running, jumping) rated on a 5-point scale (1 = perfectly clear image, 5 = no image). Subscales for first-person and third-person imagery were computed by summing responses (range = 12–60); higher scores indicate lower vividness. Internal consistency was high (α = .89 for first-person; α = .86 for third-person). Exercise Frequency. Participants reported the number of days per week (0–7) they engaged in moderate physical activity. Statistical Analysis Analyses were conducted in SPSS 29. Normality of residuals was confirmed via Shapiro–Wilk tests (p > .05) and Q–Q plots; no influential outliers were detected (Cook’s D < 1). Multicollinearity was not a concern (VIF < 2). Pearson correlations were computed for preliminary analysis. Two hierarchical multiple regressions were performed: (a) predicting first-person imagery scores and (b) predicting third-person imagery scores. Age, sex, and exercise frequency were entered at Step 1, and total viewing time at Step 2. Significance was set at p < .05 (two-tailed). Effect sizes were estimated as Cohen’s f². Given the exploratory nature of the study, no correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Results Descriptive Statistics Participants reported a mean total viewing time of 3.8 ± 1.7 hours per day (TV = 1.6 ± 1.2; smartphone = 2.2 ± 1.4). Mean VMIQ-2 scores were 32.3 ± 7.5 (first-person) and 28.8 ± 6.8 (third-person). Correlations Higher VMIQ-2 scores represent lower vividness. Daily viewing time correlated positively with first-person imagery scores (r = .30, p < .001) and negatively with third-person imagery scores (r = − .25, p = .001). Thus, greater viewing time was associated with lower vividness in first-person imagery and higher vividness in third-person imagery. The associations are shown in Fig. 1. Regression Analyses After controlling for age, sex, and exercise frequency, total viewing time significantly predicted first-person imagery scores (β = .28, p < .001, ΔR² = .08, f² = .09) and third-person imagery scores (β = −.24, p = .003, ΔR² = .07, f² = .08). Exercise frequency also predicted lower first-person scores (β = −.20, p = .006), indicating greater vividness among more physically active participants. Discussion The present study provides behavioral evidence that daily exposure to video-based media is modestly but consistently associated with the perspective of motor imagery in adults. Individuals who spent more time viewing screen-based content reported less vivid first-person imagery and more vivid third-person imagery. Although the associations were small to moderate in magnitude, the consistent pattern suggests a meaningful relationship between perceptual habits and the internal representation of movement. From a cognitive and neural perspective, these results align with models of embodied simulation, which propose that mental imagery recruits sensorimotor systems to reenact stored perceptual experiences (Guillot et al., 2009 ; Lorey et al., 2009 ; Passarello et al., 2022 ). Repeated engagement with observer-framed visual content may strengthen allocentric visual encoding, rendering third-person imagery more readily accessible. In contrast, kinesthetic simulation—dependent on bodily cues and proprioceptive engagement—may receive less reinforcement in sedentary, visually dominated contexts. Over time, this may bias individuals toward externalized mental representations. The bidirectional nature of this relationship must also be acknowledged. Individuals with naturally strong visual–spatial preferences may gravitate toward media that present information from an observer perspective. This reciprocal association echoes findings in perceptual learning, where experience and predisposition interact dynamically. Longitudinal research combining behavioral measures with neuroimaging could clarify whether habitual visual exposure shapes, or merely reflects, underlying imagery preferences. The present findings extend prior developmental research (Suggate & Martzog, 2020 ; Martzog & Suggate, 2022 ) by demonstrating that associations between media exposure and imagery vividness are observable in adults. While developmental plasticity is greatest in childhood, perceptual–motor representations remain modifiable across the lifespan (Passarello et al., 2022 ). Adult neuroplasticity within visuomotor circuits may thus allow environmental factors such as media exposure to exert subtle yet measurable effects on cognitive style. Physical activity emerged as a secondary but important factor. Consistent with earlier findings that athletic training enhances kinesthetic imagery (Callow et al., 2013 ; Dhouibi et al., 2021 ), individuals reporting more frequent exercise showed greater first-person vividness. This supports the notion that bodily engagement maintains the integrity of internal simulation mechanisms. Active movement not only preserves motor proficiency but may also serve as a counterbalance to the observational habits reinforced by media consumption. The theoretical implications of these results are twofold. First, they lend support to embodied cognition accounts that emphasize the continuity between perception, action, and mental imagery. Second, they suggest that contemporary environments saturated with visual media may subtly alter the relative weighting of egocentric versus allocentric encoding. While such cognitive adaptations may be neutral or even advantageous in some contexts—e.g., for understanding complex visual scenes—they could reduce the immediacy of embodied simulation that underlies skill learning and empathy for action. In applied domains, the findings may inform the design of interventions in sport, rehabilitation, and motor learning. Practitioners who use imagery training might consider clients’ habitual visual exposure when selecting perspective-based strategies. For instance, individuals accustomed to external viewpoints may benefit from structured first-person imagery practice to re-engage kinesthetic sensations. Conversely, third-person imagery may be advantageous for tasks requiring observation and error detection. The interplay between perceptual habits and imagery effectiveness represents an underexplored but practically relevant dimension of cognitive–motor training. Several limitations should be noted. The study relied on self-reported measures of media exposure and imagery vividness, which may be influenced by recall bias or metacognitive awareness. Future studies should include objective metrics, such as digital tracking of screen time and neurophysiological correlates of imagery vividness. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference; experimental manipulations of visual perspective or longitudinal tracking of media use would provide stronger evidence for directionality. Additionally, the sample consisted primarily of university-educated young adults, limiting generalizability to other age groups and cultures where media habits differ. Finally, although content type was recorded descriptively, genre-specific effects—such as sports versus entertainment—may differentially engage sensorimotor resonance and merit further examination. In sum, the present study reveals a modest but consistent association between visual media habits and motor imagery perspective. Adults who spend more time consuming video-based content tend to experience reduced vividness of first-person imagery and enhanced vividness of third-person imagery, even when accounting for age, sex, and physical activity. These findings highlight the relevance of everyday perceptual experience for cognitive–motor representation, suggesting that the balance between bodily engagement and visual observation may shape how actions are imagined. Conclusion Daily media viewing time was statistically related to motor imagery perspective in adults. Greater viewing time corresponded to reduced vividness of egocentric imagery and enhanced vividness of observer-based imagery. The findings contribute to growing evidence that perceptual habits interact with embodied cognition and underscore the importance of considering environmental factors when studying mental imagery and motor simulation. Declarations Author Contribution The author conceived, designed, analyzed, and wrote the manuscript. Data Availability The data supporting the findings of this study are available as supplementary material attached to this submission. Researchers are welcome to access the dataset for further analysis or replication of the study. References Callow N, Roberts R, Hardy L, Jiang D, Edwards MG (2013) Performance improvements from imagery: Evidence that internal visual imagery is superior to external visual imagery for slalom performance. Front Hum Neurosci 7:697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00697 Dhouibi MA, Hermassi S, Chamari K, Souissi N (2021) The effects of sporting and physical practice on visual and kinesthetic motor imagery. Front Psychol 12:776833. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.776833 Fourkas AD, Bonavolontà V, Avenanti A, Aglioti SM (2008) Kinesthetic imagery and tool-specific modulation of corticospinal representations in expert tennis players. Cereb Cortex 18(10):2382–2390. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn005 Guillot A, Collet C, Nguyen VA, Malouin F, Richards C, Doyon J (2009) Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 30(7):2157–2172. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20658 Lorey B, Bischoff M, Pilgramm S, Stark R, Munzert J, Zentgraf K (2009) The embodied nature of motor imagery: The influence of posture and perspective. Exp Brain Res 194(2):233–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1693-1 Martzog P, Suggate S (2022) Screen media are associated with fine motor skill development in preschool children. Early Child Res Q 60:363–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.03.010 Moriuchi T, Matsuda D, Nakamura J, Nakashima A, Higurashi Y (2020) The vividness of motor imagery is correlated with corticospinal excitability during combined action observation and motor imagery. Front Hum Neurosci 14:581652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.581652 Orben A, Przybylski AK (2019) The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav 3(2):173–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1 Passarello N, Faelli E, Caimmi M, Sghedoni S, Vecchi F, Borghi S (2022) Motor imagery as a key factor for healthy ageing: A review of new insights and techniques. Brain Sci 12(11):1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111492 Przybylski AK, Weinstein N (2017) A large-scale test of the Goldilocks hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychol Sci 28(2):204–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438 Roberts R, Callow N, Hardy L, Markland D, Bringer J (2008) Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2). J Sport Exerc Psychol 30(2):200–221. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.200 Suggate SP, Martzog P (2020) Screen-time influences children’s mental imagery performance. Dev Sci 23(1):e12978. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12978 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files mimediadataset.csv Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Two perspectives are typically distinguished: first-person (also referred to as internal or egocentric) imagery, in which movements are imagined through one\\u0026rsquo;s own eyes, and third-person (external or allocentric) imagery, in which movements are imagined as if viewed from an observer\\u0026rsquo;s standpoint (Guillot et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e; Lorey et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e). The first-person mode engages kinesthetic and proprioceptive representations, whereas the third-person mode relies primarily on visual\\u0026ndash;spatial transformations (Fourkas et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e; Moriuchi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). This duality of motor imagery perspectives has been repeatedly shown to map onto distinct neural pathways, with first-person imagery recruiting frontoparietal and somatosensory networks, while third-person imagery engages occipito-parietal regions involved in visuospatial transformation (Guillot et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e; Moriuchi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFrom the standpoint of embodied cognition, mental imagery is understood as an internal simulation process grounded in sensorimotor experience (Passarello et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). The vividness and perspective of imagery depend on prior bodily engagement with the environment and on how perceptual experiences are encoded within action\\u0026ndash;perception loops. Individuals who frequently engage in physical or motor activities exhibit greater vividness in first-person imagery, consistent with the continuous strengthening of proprioceptive and kinesthetic pathways (Callow et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e; Dhouibi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Conversely, imagery based primarily on visual rather than kinesthetic information may encourage an externalized mode of simulation, emphasizing observation rather than internal enactment (Lorey et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eModern life increasingly involves prolonged exposure to visual content that presents the world from an external, observer-oriented perspective. Screen-based media\\u0026mdash;television, online video platforms, and short-form clips\\u0026mdash;typically depict movements and actions from third-person viewpoints. As a result, individuals are repeatedly exposed to scenes in which they are positioned as detached observers rather than embodied participants. Developmental research has shown that high levels of screen exposure during childhood are associated with reduced vividness of mental imagery and a preference for externally oriented processing (Suggate \\u0026amp; Martzog, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Martzog \\u0026amp; Suggate, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). While such findings suggest that habitual engagement with observer-based media may influence the form of internal representation, whether these effects persist into adulthood remains unclear.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn adults, the relationship between digital media exposure and cognitive style has yielded mixed findings. Some large-scale surveys have reported negligible or small associations between total screen time and cognitive or emotional outcomes (Orben \\u0026amp; Przybylski, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e), while others suggest nonlinear effects, where moderate use may be benign or even beneficial but excessive use corresponds with reduced psychological well-being (Przybylski \\u0026amp; Weinstein, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). Importantly, most of these studies have focused on affective or attentional outcomes rather than perceptual\\u0026ndash;motor representation. Therefore, little is known about whether habitual visual media consumption relates to the way people imagine movement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGiven the theoretical linkage between perceptual experience and mental simulation, daily engagement with externally framed visual media could bias the accessibility or preference of imagery perspectives. If one\\u0026rsquo;s perceptual environment predominantly reinforces observer-centered encoding, this might lead to relatively weaker kinesthetic simulation and enhanced visual\\u0026ndash;spatial representation. Conversely, regular engagement in physical activity might preserve or strengthen embodied, first-person simulation. The present study examined whether the duration of daily video-viewing time is associated with motor imagery perspective in adults, testing the hypothesis that longer viewing time would be related to lower vividness of first-person imagery and higher vividness of third-person imagery, even when controlling for age, sex, and exercise frequency.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eParticipants\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA total of 182 adults (93 males, 89 females; mean age\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;28.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.7 years, range\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;18\\u0026ndash;61) participated. Inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 65 years, normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and absence of neurological or psychiatric disorders. All participants provided electronic informed consent before participation. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of xxxxxx. (Protocol Code 2025-038, March 20, 2025) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eSample Size Estimation\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAn a priori power analysis using G*Power 3.1 indicated that a minimum of 128 participants was required to detect a small-to-medium effect size (f\\u0026sup2; = 0.08, α\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.05, power\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.90) in a multiple regression model with four predictors. The final sample of 182 exceeded this requirement, ensuring adequate statistical power.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eMeasures\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDaily Media Exposure.\\u003c/em\\u003e Participants reported average daily hours of television and smartphone video viewing. These were summed to represent total daily viewing time. Participants also indicated predominant content type (entertainment, sports, informational, or short-form). Content type was recorded for descriptive purposes only; inferential analyses focused on total viewing time.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMotor Imagery Vividness.\\u003c/em\\u003e The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2; Roberts et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e) was used to assess imagery vividness. The VMIQ-2 consists of 12 common actions (e.g., running, jumping) rated on a 5-point scale (1\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;perfectly clear image, 5\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;no image). Subscales for first-person and third-person imagery were computed by summing responses (range\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;12\\u0026ndash;60); higher scores indicate lower vividness. Internal consistency was high (α\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.89 for first-person; α\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.86 for third-person).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eExercise Frequency.\\u003c/em\\u003e Participants reported the number of days per week (0\\u0026ndash;7) they engaged in moderate physical activity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAnalyses were conducted in SPSS 29. Normality of residuals was confirmed via Shapiro\\u0026ndash;Wilk tests (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;.05) and Q\\u0026ndash;Q plots; no influential outliers were detected (Cook\\u0026rsquo;s D\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;1). Multicollinearity was not a concern (VIF\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;2). Pearson correlations were computed for preliminary analysis. Two hierarchical multiple regressions were performed: (a) predicting first-person imagery scores and (b) predicting third-person imagery scores. Age, sex, and exercise frequency were entered at Step 1, and total viewing time at Step 2. Significance was set at p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.05 (two-tailed). Effect sizes were estimated as Cohen\\u0026rsquo;s f\\u0026sup2;. Given the exploratory nature of the study, no correction for multiple comparisons was applied.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eDescriptive Statistics\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eParticipants reported a mean total viewing time of 3.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.7 hours per day (TV\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.2; smartphone\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.4). Mean VMIQ-2 scores were 32.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.5 (first-person) and 28.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.8 (third-person).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eCorrelations\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHigher VMIQ-2 scores represent lower vividness. Daily viewing time correlated positively with first-person imagery scores (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.30, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001) and negatively with third-person imagery scores (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.25, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.001). Thus, greater viewing time was associated with lower vividness in first-person imagery and higher vividness in third-person imagery. The associations are shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eRegression Analyses\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAfter controlling for age, sex, and exercise frequency, total viewing time significantly predicted first-person imagery scores (β\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.28, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, ΔR\\u0026sup2; = .08, f\\u0026sup2; = .09) and third-person imagery scores (β = \\u0026minus;.24, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.003, ΔR\\u0026sup2; = .07, f\\u0026sup2; = .08). Exercise frequency also predicted lower first-person scores (β = \\u0026minus;.20, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.006), indicating greater vividness among more physically active participants.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe present study provides behavioral evidence that daily exposure to video-based media is modestly but consistently associated with the perspective of motor imagery in adults. Individuals who spent more time viewing screen-based content reported less vivid first-person imagery and more vivid third-person imagery. Although the associations were small to moderate in magnitude, the consistent pattern suggests a meaningful relationship between perceptual habits and the internal representation of movement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFrom a cognitive and neural perspective, these results align with models of embodied simulation, which propose that mental imagery recruits sensorimotor systems to reenact stored perceptual experiences (Guillot et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e; Lorey et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e; Passarello et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Repeated engagement with observer-framed visual content may strengthen allocentric visual encoding, rendering third-person imagery more readily accessible. In contrast, kinesthetic simulation\\u0026mdash;dependent on bodily cues and proprioceptive engagement\\u0026mdash;may receive less reinforcement in sedentary, visually dominated contexts. Over time, this may bias individuals toward externalized mental representations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe bidirectional nature of this relationship must also be acknowledged. Individuals with naturally strong visual\\u0026ndash;spatial preferences may gravitate toward media that present information from an observer perspective. This reciprocal association echoes findings in perceptual learning, where experience and predisposition interact dynamically. Longitudinal research combining behavioral measures with neuroimaging could clarify whether habitual visual exposure shapes, or merely reflects, underlying imagery preferences.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe present findings extend prior developmental research (Suggate \\u0026amp; Martzog, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Martzog \\u0026amp; Suggate, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e) by demonstrating that associations between media exposure and imagery vividness are observable in adults. While developmental plasticity is greatest in childhood, perceptual\\u0026ndash;motor representations remain modifiable across the lifespan (Passarello et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Adult neuroplasticity within visuomotor circuits may thus allow environmental factors such as media exposure to exert subtle yet measurable effects on cognitive style.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePhysical activity emerged as a secondary but important factor. Consistent with earlier findings that athletic training enhances kinesthetic imagery (Callow et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e; Dhouibi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e), individuals reporting more frequent exercise showed greater first-person vividness. This supports the notion that bodily engagement maintains the integrity of internal simulation mechanisms. Active movement not only preserves motor proficiency but may also serve as a counterbalance to the observational habits reinforced by media consumption.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe theoretical implications of these results are twofold. First, they lend support to embodied cognition accounts that emphasize the continuity between perception, action, and mental imagery. Second, they suggest that contemporary environments saturated with visual media may subtly alter the relative weighting of egocentric versus allocentric encoding. While such cognitive adaptations may be neutral or even advantageous in some contexts\\u0026mdash;e.g., for understanding complex visual scenes\\u0026mdash;they could reduce the immediacy of embodied simulation that underlies skill learning and empathy for action.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn applied domains, the findings may inform the design of interventions in sport, rehabilitation, and motor learning. Practitioners who use imagery training might consider clients\\u0026rsquo; habitual visual exposure when selecting perspective-based strategies. For instance, individuals accustomed to external viewpoints may benefit from structured first-person imagery practice to re-engage kinesthetic sensations. Conversely, third-person imagery may be advantageous for tasks requiring observation and error detection. The interplay between perceptual habits and imagery effectiveness represents an underexplored but practically relevant dimension of cognitive\\u0026ndash;motor training.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSeveral limitations should be noted. The study relied on self-reported measures of media exposure and imagery vividness, which may be influenced by recall bias or metacognitive awareness. Future studies should include objective metrics, such as digital tracking of screen time and neurophysiological correlates of imagery vividness. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference; experimental manipulations of visual perspective or longitudinal tracking of media use would provide stronger evidence for directionality. Additionally, the sample consisted primarily of university-educated young adults, limiting generalizability to other age groups and cultures where media habits differ. Finally, although content type was recorded descriptively, genre-specific effects\\u0026mdash;such as sports versus entertainment\\u0026mdash;may differentially engage sensorimotor resonance and merit further examination.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn sum, the present study reveals a modest but consistent association between visual media habits and motor imagery perspective. Adults who spend more time consuming video-based content tend to experience reduced vividness of first-person imagery and enhanced vividness of third-person imagery, even when accounting for age, sex, and physical activity. These findings highlight the relevance of everyday perceptual experience for cognitive\\u0026ndash;motor representation, suggesting that the balance between bodily engagement and visual observation may shape how actions are imagined.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eDaily media viewing time was statistically related to motor imagery perspective in adults. Greater viewing time corresponded to reduced vividness of egocentric imagery and enhanced vividness of observer-based imagery. The findings contribute to growing evidence that perceptual habits interact with embodied cognition and underscore the importance of considering environmental factors when studying mental imagery and motor simulation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe author conceived, designed, analyzed, and wrote the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eData Availability\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study are available as supplementary material attached to this submission. Researchers are welcome to access the dataset for further analysis or replication of the study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCallow N, Roberts R, Hardy L, Jiang D, Edwards MG (2013) Performance improvements from imagery: Evidence that internal visual imagery is superior to external visual imagery for slalom performance. Front Hum Neurosci 7:697. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00697\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fnhum.2013.00697\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDhouibi MA, Hermassi S, Chamari K, Souissi N (2021) The effects of sporting and physical practice on visual and kinesthetic motor imagery. Front Psychol 12:776833. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.776833\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.776833\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFourkas AD, Bonavolont\\u0026agrave; V, Avenanti A, Aglioti SM (2008) Kinesthetic imagery and tool-specific modulation of corticospinal representations in expert tennis players. Cereb Cortex 18(10):2382\\u0026ndash;2390. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn005\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1093/cercor/bhn005\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGuillot A, Collet C, Nguyen VA, Malouin F, Richards C, Doyon J (2009) Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 30(7):2157\\u0026ndash;2172. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20658\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/hbm.20658\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLorey B, Bischoff M, Pilgramm S, Stark R, Munzert J, Zentgraf K (2009) The embodied nature of motor imagery: The influence of posture and perspective. Exp Brain Res 194(2):233\\u0026ndash;243. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1693-1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1007/s00221-008-1693-1\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMartzog P, Suggate S (2022) Screen media are associated with fine motor skill development in preschool children. Early Child Res Q 60:363\\u0026ndash;373. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.03.010\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.03.010\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMoriuchi T, Matsuda D, Nakamura J, Nakashima A, Higurashi Y (2020) The vividness of motor imagery is correlated with corticospinal excitability during combined action observation and motor imagery. Front Hum Neurosci 14:581652. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.581652\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fnhum.2020.581652\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eOrben A, Przybylski AK (2019) The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav 3(2):173\\u0026ndash;182. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePassarello N, Faelli E, Caimmi M, Sghedoni S, Vecchi F, Borghi S (2022) Motor imagery as a key factor for healthy ageing: A review of new insights and techniques. Brain Sci 12(11):1492. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111492\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/brainsci12111492\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePrzybylski AK, Weinstein N (2017) A large-scale test of the Goldilocks hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychol Sci 28(2):204\\u0026ndash;215. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1177/0956797616678438\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRoberts R, Callow N, Hardy L, Markland D, Bringer J (2008) Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2). J Sport Exerc Psychol 30(2):200\\u0026ndash;221. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.200\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1123/jsep.30.2.200\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSuggate SP, Martzog P (2020) Screen-time influences children\\u0026rsquo;s mental imagery performance. Dev Sci 23(1):e12978. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12978\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/desc.12978\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"motor imagery, media exposure, embodied cognition, first-person perspective, third-person perspective, VMIQ-2\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8091822/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8091822/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study examined whether daily exposure to visual media is associated with individual differences in motor imagery perspective. Based on previous research on motor cognition, it was hypothesized that longer daily video-viewing time would be associated with reduced vividness of first-person (internal) imagery and enhanced vividness of third-person (external) imagery. A total of 182 adults (mean age\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;28.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.7 years; 51% female) completed an online survey assessing daily media viewing habits, exercise frequency, and the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2). A priori power analysis (G*Power 3.1; f\\u0026sup2; = 0.08, α\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.05, 1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;β\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.90) indicated a minimum required sample size of 128 participants. Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses showed that total video-viewing time was negatively associated with first-person vividness (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.30, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001) and positively associated with third-person vividness (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.27, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.001), even after controlling for age, sex, and exercise frequency. These results suggest that habitual exposure to observer-framed visual content is associated with a stronger reliance on observer-based perspectives during mental simulation. The findings provide preliminary behavioral evidence linking media consumption and motor imagery representation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Association Between Daily Media Viewing Time and Motor Imagery Perspective in Adults\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-11-20 16:06:13\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8091822/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"b2560d24-bea3-469b-b1dd-46a98185154d\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"November 20th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-12-18T09:54:35+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-11-20 16:06:13\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8091822\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8091822\",\"identity\":\"rs-8091822\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}