{"paper_id":"3be99d04-a84d-48d6-af94-19e9a3f312cf","body_text":"Unsteady squeezing flow of Cu-Al2O3 /water hybrid nanofluid in a horizontal channel with magnetic field | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Unsteady squeezing flow of Cu-Al 2 O 3 /water hybrid nanofluid in a horizontal channel with magnetic field Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie, Iskandar Waini, Norihan Md Arifin, Ioan Pop This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-489942/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Jul, 2021 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The proficiency of hybrid nanofluid from Cu-Al 2 O 3 /water formation as the heat transfer coolant is numerically analyzed using the powerful and user-friendly interface bvp4c in the Matlab software. For that purpose, the Cu-Al 2 O 3 /water nanofluid flow between two parallel plates is examined where the lower plate can be deformed while the upper plate moves towards/away from the lower plate. Another considerable factor are the wall mass suction/injection and the magnetic field which applied on the lower plate. The reduced ordinary (similarity) differential equations are solved using the bvp4c application. The validation of this novel model is conducted by comparing a few of numerical values for the reduced case of viscous fluid. The results imply the potency of this heat transfer fluid which can enhance the heat transfer performance for both upper and lower plates approximately by 7.10% and 4.11%, respectively. An increase of squeezing parameter deteriorates the heat transfer coefficient by 4.28% (upper) and 5.35% (lower), accordingly. The rise of suction strength inflates the heat transfer at the lower plate while the presence of magnetic field shows reverse result. Computational Mathematics Materials Engineering Hybrid nanofluid Heat transfer Horizontal channel Magnetohydrodynamics Squeezing flow Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Full Text Due to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Jul, 2021 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 08 Jun, 2021 Reviews received at journal 27 May, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 May, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 18 May, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 18 May, 2021 Editor invited by journal 07 May, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 05 May, 2021 First submitted to journal 02 May, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-489942\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":25183834,\"identity\":\"816cfed8-d812-45b5-9af9-758d0b57332b\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Najiyah\",\"middleName\":\"Safwa\",\"lastName\":\"Khashi’ie\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":25183835,\"identity\":\"d70e03bc-3be6-48ab-91d5-8e2683e64fbb\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Iskandar Waini\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Iskandar\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Waini\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":25183836,\"identity\":\"22238f48-3975-46bb-a46d-edc45d47da80\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Norihan Md Arifin\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCwyCCH8JmJkGLZAMpWsDKDA4Qq8Wcvffh4YKaO/LGN3KPbmCosE5sEDtjgFeLZc9xg8Mzjj0z3HYjL+0Gw5n0xAbpHPxaDG6kMRzmYTvMuO1GjtkNxrbDxGr5d9h+8wyQln/EauEFGr5BAqSlgRgtZ44BtfQdTp5x5l3ajYRj6cZt0mkF+LUcb2P+zPPtsG1/e+6xGx9qrGX7pZM34NWCBHgYGBKAFBsDB36HoWqBAPYHxGoZBaNgFIyCkQEAj51MIb/PezwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Universiti Putra Malaysia\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Norihan\",\"middleName\":\"Md\",\"lastName\":\"Ari\",\"suffix\":\"Md\"},{\"id\":25183837,\"identity\":\"af9d3c4e-c7e2-4d76-ad7a-962b41c31cc6\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Ioan Pop\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Babeş-Bolyai University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ioan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Pop\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2021-05-03 01:44:02\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-489942/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-489942/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93644-4\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2021-07-08T15:00:48+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":8877428,\"identity\":\"7a1a1846-f8b8-465e-90a9-1800958d2282\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:15:08\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":25456,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"(See Manuscript file for Figure caption) \",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1/f80e260bd538eecd9d5161d1.jpg\"},{\"id\":8878018,\"identity\":\"1fcdf357-8b27-4d18-9f3b-d72e14abdb8c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:18:08\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":30636,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"(See Manuscript file for Figure caption) \",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1/109ba2119f2945fd7ed72061.jpg\"},{\"id\":8877426,\"identity\":\"2c04c0a3-83a9-48ee-9666-f838880f462c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:15:08\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":31203,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"(See Manuscript file for Figure caption) \",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1/54978efa2c6c3b19224e37b1.jpg\"},{\"id\":8878017,\"identity\":\"039e987f-0342-4965-814d-d654e1885e8f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:18:07\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":27375,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"(See Manuscript file for Figure caption) \",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1/90ac221e4b4ef25180a51092.jpg\"},{\"id\":8878248,\"identity\":\"16feef1a-0c8d-4197-a4ad-5af675ad7a51\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:21:08\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":32226,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"(See Manuscript file for Figure caption) \",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1/493b4c803c8d2f26e276c559.jpg\"},{\"id\":8878247,\"identity\":\"9bfcf2d1-070d-443c-b48e-e47755e31b0e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:21:08\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":25788,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"(See Manuscript file for Figure caption) \",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1/32432d3c3968bd78c91000c1.jpg\"},{\"id\":8878020,\"identity\":\"c95c01a4-8ed4-45ec-a51c-8ba5d1450bb4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:18:08\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":25128,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"(See Manuscript file for Figure caption) \",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"7.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1/9cced55a8e89dc127da7937d.jpg\"},{\"id\":13629097,\"identity\":\"a61a15af-91ad-4136-bcb2-50b972975c2f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-09-17 08:04:46\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":619820,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SREPNajiyahSafwa.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1_covered.pdf\"},{\"id\":8878623,\"identity\":\"425b3b0d-c112-46a4-92e9-5b7f91df97ae\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2021-05-06 20:24:13\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":667259,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SREPNajiyahSafwa.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-489942/v1_stamped.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eUnsteady squeezing flow of Cu-Al\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e /water hybrid nanofluid in a horizontal channel with magnetic field\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Full Text\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eDue to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Hybrid nanofluid, Heat transfer, Horizontal channel, Magnetohydrodynamics, Squeezing flow\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-489942/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-489942/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe proficiency of hybrid nanofluid from Cu-Al\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e/water formation as the heat transfer coolant is numerically analyzed using the powerful and user-friendly interface bvp4c in the Matlab software. For that purpose, the Cu-Al\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e/water nanofluid flow between two parallel plates is examined where the lower plate can be deformed while the upper plate moves towards/away from the lower plate. Another considerable factor are the wall mass suction/injection and the magnetic field which applied on the lower plate. The reduced ordinary (similarity) differential equations are solved using the bvp4c application. The validation of this novel model is conducted by comparing a few of numerical values for the reduced case of viscous fluid. The results imply the potency of this heat transfer fluid which can enhance the heat transfer performance for both upper and lower plates approximately by 7.10% and 4.11%, respectively. An increase of squeezing parameter deteriorates the heat transfer coefficient by 4.28% (upper) and 5.35% (lower), accordingly. The rise of suction strength inflates the heat transfer at the lower plate while the presence of magnetic field shows reverse result.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Unsteady squeezing flow of Cu-Al2O3 /water hybrid nanofluid in a horizontal channel with magnetic field\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2021-05-06 20:15:05\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-489942/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Major revision\",\"date\":\"2021-06-08T15:40:29+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2021-05-27T04:49:18+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"c519c2dc-b61a-4417-aa68-43a5c88a71e5\",\"date\":\"2021-05-18T15:27:33+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2021-05-18T15:25:36+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2021-05-18T15:16:45+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2021-05-07T06:54:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2021-05-05T17:20:22+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2021-05-03T01:32:51+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"d2c6d851-d582-470b-a382-edbb9dbb25d5\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 6th, 2021\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":4143579,\"name\":\"Computational Mathematics\"},{\"id\":4143580,\"name\":\"Materials Engineering\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2021-08-10T15:04:30+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-489942\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93644-4\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2021-07-08 15:00:48\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"July 8th, 2021\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2021-05-06 20:15:05\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1038/s41598-021-93644-4\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93644-4\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-489942\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-489942\",\"identity\":\"rs-489942\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}