{"paper_id":"3bb2f77e-5302-4991-8b00-03c16e7f910d","body_text":"A Multi-step Data Assimilation framework to investigate the effect of measurement uncertainty in the reduction of water distribution network model errors | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Multi-step Data Assimilation framework to investigate the effect of measurement uncertainty in the reduction of water distribution network model errors Ibrahim Miflal Fayaz, Leonardo Alfonso, Mario Castro Gama This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858446/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Water Resources Management → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Water distribution network (WDN) models are a common decision support tool for understanding the behavior and performance of WDNs, aiding in the planning and management of WDN systems. The increasing availability of real-time data has recently promoted the exploration of Data Assimilation (DA) techniques to improve these models. However, flow, pressure and demand data are uncertain, particularly due to sensor characteristics such as precision and noise. An open question is to what extent DA can still improve hydraulic models when the data used to this end is uncertain. This paper proposes a three-step Ensemble Kalman Filter based DA approach for WDNs (3-EnKF-WDN), building on previous approaches, and advancing in two main fronts: the use of extended period simulation, and the use of pressure-dependent demand (PDD) analysis. Different scenarios considering uncertain sensor data, with varied precision and noise, are applied to two networks of different sizes, representative of real-world WDNs. The computational demand of the 3-EnKF-WDN method is also assessed. Results show that increasing sensor's precision and decreasing the noise in state measurements reduce model error, as expected. However, we also found that model errors: 1) are reduced more effectively by using 3-EnKF-WDN than by increasing sensors' precision; 2) are not reduced if certain noise thresholds are surpassed; 3) can be reduced without assimilating demand data if the WDNs are fully monitored with head sensors in all the nodes and flow sensors in all the links. Water distribution networks Data Assimilation 3-EnKF-WDN Ensemble Kalman filter Measurement Uncertainty Computational Demand Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Water Resources Management → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor revisions 09 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 11 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 11 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3858446\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":268591922,\"identity\":\"0c00a4c9-6bfa-446b-bf81-98b55fd83a67\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Ibrahim Miflal Fayaz\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIie2PsYrCQBRFXxhINaytkKBfsPBAmMYQP8QmEoiVkNLCIjbaaC/4DbbWIwPaiGmFNE6/hWAjaOE4kGKLJNoJzqlucQ/3PQCD4QOx6wAEUCViSQ6xp5I15i8qBDlg9FSSUgW0otGK0LFU+XHm8hLHa/idEuBXTP3VVKiVkdctPMzdtZwFZsAEgc0Ms3C97yllGw2Swl8icKhWapyrEDKuFCsRZQq50XzljoeQpbJSsZ1cERS5z45VK+7WbiuFasXFMGBHtRKU/NJcTkhG71mDpcKSf0O/w9K+PJ1HXqGSQ/PQ082gov6Pzjtlg8Fg+A4eCuVcgApjQNsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-3891\",\"institution\":\"IHE Delft Institute for Water Education\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ibrahim\",\"middleName\":\"Miflal\",\"lastName\":\"Fayaz\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":268591923,\"identity\":\"391ea3c1-ea44-4b00-bcdf-ec3c22081807\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Leonardo Alfonso\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"IHE Delft Institute for Water Education\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Leonardo\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Alfonso\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":268591924,\"identity\":\"418b2ef5-c581-40d8-af8b-e25679c50f01\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Mario Castro Gama\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Vitens NV\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mario\",\"middleName\":\"Castro\",\"lastName\":\"Gama\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-01-12 23:54:36\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858446/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858446/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-024-03809-9\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2024-03-25T15:00:30+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":53869319,\"identity\":\"74b28b8c-eb05-4089-8f66-bb6b536740df\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-04-01 15:03:12\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":2305425,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ManuscriptDocument.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3858446/v1_covered_8e0fbac8-1848-4e1d-a680-7b4f4474d07d.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\",\"formattedTitle\":\"A Multi-step Data Assimilation framework to investigate the effect of measurement uncertainty in the reduction of water distribution network model errors\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"water-resources-management\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"warm\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Water Resources Management](https://www.springer.com/journal/11269)\",\"snPcode\":\"11269\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11269/3\",\"title\":\"Water Resources Management\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Water distribution networks, Data Assimilation, 3-EnKF-WDN, Ensemble Kalman filter, Measurement Uncertainty, Computational Demand\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858446/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858446/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"Water distribution network (WDN) models are a common decision support tool for understanding the behavior and performance of WDNs, aiding in the planning and management of WDN systems. 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