{"paper_id":"3af4c180-13f3-43cd-b24f-eecc83a747ea","body_text":"Potential Protective Effects of Parsley Aqueous Extract Compared to Effects of Atorvastatin on Hypercholesterolemia: Influence on Liver, Heart, and Kidney Functions in Male Albino Rats | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Potential Protective Effects of Parsley Aqueous Extract Compared to Effects of Atorvastatin on Hypercholesterolemia: Influence on Liver, Heart, and Kidney Functions in Male Albino Rats Elham A. Abd-Allah, Asala A. Hassan, Wafaa A. Mohammad, Bahaa K.A. Abdel-Salam This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6636941/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Numerous compounds with medicinal properties are provided by the plant kingdom, which shields humans and animals from several infectious diseases. The current study aimed to investigate how parsley aqueous extract (PAE) and atorvastatin (Ator) affect rats consuming a high-cholesterol and fat diet (HCFD). Methods : Thirty fully grown male rats were separated into five distinct groups: The first one functioned as a control. The second was orally and daily administered with PAE (2g/kg b.wt.). The third group received HCFD. The fourth one was fed on an HCFD and administered PAE (2g/kg b.wt.) orally and daily, and the last group was fed on an HCFD and given Ator (20 mg/kg b.wt./day) orally. After six weeks of the experiment, liver functions, cardiac biomarker, kidney functions, lipid profile tests, redox parameters, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines measurements, along with histopathological analysis. Results: The results revealed that administration of HCFD substantially elevated ( P < 0.05) the mean body weight, Hepatic biomarkers (ALT, AST, and ALP), cardiac biomarker (c-TnI), renal biomarkers (creatinine and urea), some lipid profile tests (TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, AI), oxidant biomarkers (MDA, H 2 O 2 , NO), the pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β), but, significantly reduced ( P < 0.05) the mean of total protein, albumin, HDL-C, the anti-oxidant biomarkers (GSH, CAT, SOD), the anti-inflammatory (IL-4, and IL-13) levels in the treated HCFD groups compared to the control group. The administration of PAE and Ator ameliorated the aforementioned effects caused by HCFD. In addition, there was significant enhancements in histoarchitecture were observed in the groups that received treatment compared to those that did not. Conclusion : This indicates that PAE exhibited therapeutic effects comparable to Ator in managing hypercholesterolemia and the related impairments affecting critical organs including the liver, heart, and kidneys, likely due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. Hypercholesterolemia Cardiovascular diseases Parsley Liver Kidney Heart Atorvastatin Male albino rats Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Background The increasing rate of obesity and hypertension in developing countries has led to a higher chance of developing coronary heart disease (CHD). High cholesterol levels in the diet can cause hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a metabolic defect, a condition characterized by blood lipid imbalances: high total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels ( Liu et al., 2006 ). Oxygen free radicals or the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are known to be byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, which serve two distinct roles as both beneficial and detrimental species. Oxidative stress occurs when elevated ROS levels overwhelm the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to potential biological damage ( Valko et al., 2007 ). ROS and RNS, at low concentrations, can regulate redox activity, growth responses, cell signaling, and immunity. However, excess levels trigger nitrosative and oxidative stress ( Phaniendra et al., 2015 ). Increasing the formation of ROS has been demonstrated to trigger various processes implicated in atherogenesis, including the expression of adhesion molecules, stimulation of vascular smooth cell proliferation and migration, endothelial apoptosis, lipid oxidation, and vasomotor effects ( Batty et al., 2022 ). Balanced antioxidant systems control free radical production, enabling their participation in vital pathways while ensuring their elimination. Most cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the primary cause of global mortality and disability, result from atherosclerosis complications ( Madamanchi et al., 2005 ). Since the involvement of free radicals in pathophysiology was first suggested and later confirmed, antioxidants—particularly those obtained from herbal sources have gained widespread recognition as a promising approach for managing CVD ( Küskü-Kiraz et al., 2010 ). Hypercholesterolemia accelerates lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, causing tissue damage and harmful byproducts that inhibit cell replication and longevity. This damages hepatocytes and reduces liver function, elevating blood of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) while decreasing hepatic protein synthesis ( El-Zahar et al., 2021 ). Emerging research supports atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease with autoimmune elements. The process starts when modified LDL-C particles accumulate in vessel walls, triggering recognition by phagocytes, T-cells, and antibodies. Plaque formation results from endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, genetic factors, and extended exposure to risks like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, male gender, and diabetes ( Markin et al., 2023 ). Recent scientific advancements worldwide have explored the medicinal properties of plants because of their robust biological activity, low toxicity, and profitability. Compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals, plant-based medications are often thought to be less harmful and have fewer adverse effects. Parsley has been widely utilized for medicinal purposes across European, Mediterranean, and Asian countries ( Rao et al., 2013 ). It is recognized globally owing to its wide-ranging health advantages, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-edema, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, it aids digestion as a laxative, regulates enzyme activity, boosts glutathione levels in the kidneys, and supports kidney tissue regeneration following nephrotoxicity ( Ahmed et al., 2025 ). Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) is a flowering Apiaceae plant originating from Greece, Morocco, and former Yugoslavia, now cultivated globally as both an herb and a vegetable ( Stefanaki and van Andel, 2021 ) . Parsley has been utilized as a common cooking herb since antiquity and possesses significant pharmacological properties. As a result, research on its benefits continues to grow steadily ( Subaş et al., 2024 ). Parsley, for its diverse pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, pain-relieving, antispasmodic, immunosuppressive, anti-platelet aggregation, stomach-protective, cell-protective, laxative, estrogen-like, diuretic, blood pressure-lowering, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. It has been recognized as a primary source of flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin), carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, volatile compounds (myristicin, apiole), coumarins (bergapten, imperatorin), phthalides, furanocoumarins, and sesquiterpenes ( Cheraghi et al., 2021 ). Numerous studies indicate that natural compounds can help manage stress-related issues like liver illness, inflammation, and oxidation. Various bioactive compounds derived from diverse plant and herbal sources have shown potential in treating hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties ( Malayeri et al., 2022 ). In our study, which we designed based on these data; we investigated whether aqueous extract was protective against hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia-induced liver, heart, and kidney damage with biochemical and histological analyses. Statins are the most commonly used medications for reducing cholesterol levels in clinical practice. They work by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the key enzyme in cellular cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby reducing cholesterol availability in cells. Although statins are considered crucial in treating CVD, their widespread use in millions of patients has revealed a potential side effect associated with diabetes. Retrospective clinical studies indicate that statins may elevate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has issued a black box warning, advising caution when prescribing them to patients ( Seshadri et al., 2019 ). The most common medications used to improve lipid profiles and reduce LDL-C levels are statins; nevertheless, their usage is restricted due to their adverse effects and drug interactions. Intolerance to statins represents a major reason for treatment cessation, poor adherence, and unsuccessful lipid reduction therapy ( Ardissino et al., 2023 ). Low-dose Ator has demonstrated beneficial pleiotropic effects, acting as an antioxidant and inhibiting inflammatory responses. However, at high doses, Ator has been associated with various complications, including nephrotoxicity and testicular injury ( Gadallah and Hanan, 2020 ). Methods Chemicals Cholesterol powder (purity ~ 99%) was purchased from Sigma Company for Trading Chemicals Medicines and Medical Application, Egypt. Ator was obtained from Pfizer (Egypt). Kits of ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were purchased from BioSystems S.A. (Costa Brava, Barcelona, Spain). Kits of albumin and total protein were purchased from BioMed Diagnostics (Badr City, Egypt). Kits of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), Nitric Oxide (NO), glutathione reduced (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) had been bought from Biodiagnostic Company (Giza, Egypt). A kit of cardiac Troponin I (c-TnI) was purchased from Kamiya Biomedical Company (Seattle, WA, USA). Kit of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was purchased from Fine Test Company (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and Interleukin 4 (IL-4) had been bought from Elabscience company (USA). Kit of Interleukin 13 (IL-13) had been bought from Bioassay Laboratory (Shanghai, China). The purest chemicals and reagents were used. And the animal lard was purchased from a local abattoir, in Minia, Egypt. Induction of hypercholesterolemia: Healthy male albino rats developed hypercholesterolemia after being fed a standard diet in addition to 10% animal lard oil and 1% pure cholesterol; HCFD (Salem, 2015) . Preparation of PAE: Parsley leaves collected from Minia Governorate were authenticated by botanists at New Valley University. After washing and shade-drying for 4 days, 100g of dried leaves were boiled in 1000 mL distilled water for 30 minutes. The filtered extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to dryness (at 45°C), stored in a dark container at 4°C, and given to rats after being dissolved in distilled water (Soliman et al., 2016) . Percentage yield: The aqueous extract from 100 grams of Petroselinum crispum aerial parts yielded 40% w/w. Animals and Experimental Design Thirty male Wistar albino rats (100 ±10 g) from Deraya University's Laboratory Animal Centre were used. Upon completion of a 10-day acclimation period, the rats were randomly distributed among the study groups. The control group (6 rats) received distilled water by oral gavage and a basal diet throughout the study. The second group (6 rats) received PAE (2g/kg b.wt./day) by oral gavage while consuming a basal diet (Ozsoy-Sacan et al., 2006) . The other three groups (18 rats) were fed on an HCFD for 2 weeks. Following the establishment of hypercholesterolemia, three equal subgroups of six rats each were formed out of the HCFD rats. One group (HCFD group) continued on the HCFD diet without any addition The fourth group (HCFD+PAE) was fed on the HCFD and administered PAE (2g/kg b.wt./day) orally by gavage (Bolkent et al., 2004) , at the same time. The last group (HCFD+Ator) was fed on the HCFD and given Ator (20 mg/kg b.wt./day) orally by gavage (Harb et al., 2019) , at the same time. At the end of the six-week experiment, all rats were fasted and then humanely sacrificed under sodium thiopental anesthesia. All the experimental techniques were applied according to the animal care recommendations of the New Valley Research Ethics Committee (NVERC), Faculty of Sciences, New Valley University, under protocol number (0614-20243). Collection of blood and tissue samples: After the experiment concluded, overnight, the animals were fasted, and specimens of blood were promptly obtained in serum tubes and subsequently separated via centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. The serum samples that were produced were preserved at -80°C for further biochemical analysis. Additionally, portions of the heart and kidney were quickly rinsed with normal saline and preserved in 10% formalin solution for histological examination. Measurement of body weights : The body weight of each rat in all experimental groups was recorded at the beginning of the study and again before dissection, using an automatic GX-600 balance (A&D Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Biochemical assays: Serum levels of ALT and AST were measured in all animals following the method described by (Schumann et al., 2002) and reported in (U/L). ALP activity was assessed using the protocol of Bahnemiri et al. (2022) also reported in (U/L). Serum albumin and total protein level s were established following (Doumas et al., 1971) and expressed in (g/dL). c-TnI levelwas determined in the serum of all animals by using rat cardiac Troponin-I Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) commercial kits obtained from Kamiya Biomedical Company (Seattle, WA, USA) under catalog No. KT-480, and expressed in (ng/mL). Serum creatinine was assessed according to the procedure of Fossati et al. (1983) and expressed in (mg/dL). Urea was determined in the serum of all animals according to the procedure of Adeyomoye et al. (2022) and expressed in (mg/dL). TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were estimated in the serum of all animals according to Allain et al. (1974) , Bucolo and David (1973) , Nauck et al. (2002) and Warnick et al. (2001) respectively,and expressed in (mg/dL) . In the homogenized liver tissues, concentrations and levels of MDA, H 2 O 2, NO, GSH, CAT, and SOD were carried out according to the methods of Ohkawa et al. (1979) , Fossati et al. (1983) , Ding et al. (1988) , Rotruck et al. (1973) , Misra and Fridovich (1972) and Hernández-Moreno et al. (2014) respectively. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-13 levels were determined in the serum of all animals by using ELISA under Catalogs No. ER0012, No. E-EL-R0019, No. E-EL-R0012, No. E-EL-R0014 and No. E0112Ra, respectively. Histopathological evaluation: The histological preparation methodology followed the protocol described by Bancrofti et al. (2013) . In brief, liver, heart, and kidney tissues were sliced into 3–4 mm thick sections, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (10% NBF), dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, cleared in xylene, and embedded in paraffin. The resulting paraffin blocks were sectioned at a thickness of 4–6 μm using a microtome and then stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) for histological examination. H&E-stained sections were analyzed under a Leica microscope (CH9435 Heerbrugg, Leica Microsystems, Switzerland) to assess general tissue architecture. Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Newman-Keuls post hoc multiple comparison tests via GraphPad software version 0.7 (GraphPad Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical significance was established at P < 0.05, and results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Results Body weight studies: Table (1) and Figure (1) show that body weight data changed through the experimental period. An increase in the body weights was observed in all groups, with the HCFD group showing significantly greater weight gain than all other groups ( P <0.05), exhibiting the highest percentage increase in weight (42.38%). The HCFD+PAE group exhibited a highly significant reduction in body weight (27.01%, P <0.05) compared to the HCFD group. Similarly, the HCFD+Ator group showed a significant decrease in body weight (35.96%, P <0.05) relative to the HCFD group. The body weight of rats showed no significant change between the control and PAE groups ( P >0.05). Table (1): shows the (%) present of changes in the body weight, regarding the initial and final body weights (g) , for each group. Groups Body weight Weight gained Initial weight Final weight Percentage increase Control 137.8±4.110 197.5±4.404 b 30.23 % PAE 127.5±3.775 178.5±2.041 b 28.57 % HCFD 125.5±4.735 217.8±4.385 a 42.38 % HCFD+PAE 130.5 ±6.850 178.8±2.839 b 27.01 % HCFD+Ator 139.8±1.974 218.3 ±7.476 b 35.96 % The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). a Significantly distinct from the control group. b Significantly distinct from the HCFD group. P ˂0.05 . Biochemical determinations: Hepatic and cardiac serum biomarkers : As demonstrated in Table (2) and Figures (2 & 3), ALT, AST, and ALP activities and albumin, total proteins, and c-TnI levels in the control group, showed a non-significant alteration in comparison to the PAE group ( P >0.05). ALT, AST, and ALP activities and c-TnI levels were significantly increased in the HCFD group, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator contrasted to the control group and PAE groups ( P < 0.05). Conversely, ALT, AST, and ALP activities and c-TnI levels were significantly decreased in PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). However, the HCFD group had a significant drop in serum albumin and total protein levels as compared to the control ( P <0.05). The HCFD+PAE group's serum total protein levels were significantly higher than those of the control group ( P <0.05). On the other hand, serum albumin and total protein levels significantly increased in PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups in comparison to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). Table 2: Impact of treatments on hepatic and cardiac serum biomarkers across all groups. Parameters Groups Control PAE HCFD HCFD+PAE HCFD+Ator ALT (U/L) 37.39± 1.08 b 33.48± 0.98 b 102.2± 1.88 a 63.35± 1.85 ab 46.41± 0.88 ab AST (U/L) 55.43± 1.48 b 50.08± 0.90 b 125.7± 2.85 a 82.50± 2.49 ab 59.36± 1.04 b ALP (U/L) 75.53±2.187 b 68.23± 0.99 b 187.2± 3.16 a 96.30± 2.82 ab 79.94± 1.58 ab Albumin (g/dL) 4.26± 0.19 b 3.61± 0.14 b 2.18± 0.13 a 4.68± 0.29 b 3.55± 0.10 b Total protein (g/dL) 7.34± 0.19 b 7.23± 0.27 b 5.04± 0.29 a 8.85± 0.12 ab 8.11± 0.11 b c-TnI (ng/mL) 0.28 ± 0.01 b 0.26 ± 0.01 b 1.50 ± 0.06 a 0.99 ± 0.03 ab 0.84 ± 0.04 ab The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). a Significantly distinct from the control group. b Significantly distinct from the HCFD group. P ˂0.05 . 2.2. Renal serum biomarkers: Table (3) and Figure (4) confirmed that serum creatinine and urea levels in the control group, revealed a non-significant alteration when compared to the PAE group ( P >0.05). Conversely, serum creatinine levels were significantly elevated in the HCFD and HCFD+PAE groups compared to both the control and PAE groups ( P <0.05), and urea levels in the HCFD group showed a significant increase when compared to the control group and PAE group, ( P <0.05). Serum urea levels in HCFD+Ator group showed a significant decrease when compared to the control group ( P <0.05). Serum creatinine and urea levels in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups showed a highly significant decrease when compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). Table 3: Effects of treatments on serum creatinine and urea levels across groups. Parameters Groups Control PAE HCFD HCFD+PAE HCFD+Ator Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.7767± 0.03 b 0.58± 0.02 b 1.97± 0.12 a 1.34± 0.04 ab 0.63± 0.01 b Urea (mg/dL) 51.88± 1.822 b 43.99± 0.76 b 91.81± 1.95 a 57.01± 1.67 b 41.76± 0.80 ab The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). a Significantly distinct from the control group. b Significantly distinct from the HCFD group. P ˂0.05 . 2.3. Lipid profile tests: Data presented in Table (4) and Figure (5, 6 & 7) revealed that serum TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and VLDL-C levels in addition to HDL-C/LDL-C ratio and AI in the control group, revealed a non-significant alteration when compared to PAE group ( P >0.05). The present study revealed that serum TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels were considerably greater in HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the control group ( P <0.05). Conversely, serum TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels were significantly reduced in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). On the other hand, levels of serum HDL-C and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio were significantly decreased in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups when compared to the control group ( P <0.05). While, serum HDL-C levels and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio were significantly elevated in PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). Serum VLDL-C was determined according to (Tietz, 1995) formula: Table 4: Impact of treatments on serum lipid profile across groups. Parameters Groups Control PAE HCFD HCFD+PAE HCFD+Ator TC (mg/dL) 138.4± 3.49 b 127.8± 5.83 b 391.0± 12.01 a 265.5± 7.33 ab 260.3± 5.18 ab TG (mg/dL) 106.5± 2.682 b 98.21± 4.518 b 300.8± 9.239 a 204.2± 5.64 ab 200.3± 3.98 ab LDL-C (mg/dL) 72.84± 1.832 b 67.24± 3.069 b 206.1± 6.124 a 140.1± 3.675 ab 137.4± 2.501 ab HDL-C(mg/dL) 61.67± 2.21 b 66.55± 1.04 b 23.21± 1.63 a 45.72± 1.60 ab 47.68± 1.52 ab VLDL-C (mg/dL) 21.30±0.53 b 19.61±0.91 b 60.16±1.85 a 40.84±1.13 ab 40.06±0.8 ab HDL-C/LDL-C ratio 0.85±0.05 b 0.996±0.05 b 0.114±0.01 a 0.328±0.01 ab 0.348±0.02 ab AI 1.535±0.09 b 1.308±0.07 b 11.72±1.2 a 3.983±0.24 ab 3.739±0.19 ab The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). a Significantly distinct from the control group. b Significantly distinct from the HCFD group. P ˂0.05 . 2.4. Oxidative stress measurements: The present study (Table 5 and Figures 8 & 9) demonstrated that the levels of MDA, H₂O₂, and NO, as well as the concentration of GSH and the activities of CAT and SOD in the control group, showed no significant differences compared to the PAE group. ( P >0.05). MDA, H2O2, and NO levels were markedly raised in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups when compared to the control group ( P <0.05). In contrast, MDA, H2O2, and NO levels showed a significant reduction in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). The results of the current study showed that GSH concentration, CAT, and SOD activities were significantly decreased in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups in contrast with the control group ( P <0.05). In contrast, GSH concentration, CAT, and SOD activities in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups showed a significant increase when compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). Table 5: Effects of treatments on oxidative stress and antioxidant markers across groups. Parameters Groups Control PAE HCFD HCFD+PAE HCFD+Ator MDA (nmol/g) 0.68± 0.03 b 0.67± 0.20 b 3.52± 0.10 a 1.72± 0.04 ab 1.54± 0.04 ab H 2 O 2 (mM/g) 3.04±0.09 b 3.03±0.05 b 7.36±0.23 a 5.33±0.11 ab 4.78±0.11 ab NO (μmol/g) 3.24±0.09 b 3.23±0.07 b 8.63±0.28 a 5.68±0.12 ab 5.10±0.13 ab GSH (mg/g) 3.35±0.19 b 3.51±0.06 b 1.13±0.04 a 2.26±0.11 ab 2.46±0.06 ab CAT (U/g) 3.19± 0.05 b 3.34± 0.05 b 0.76± 0.03 a 2.13± 0.06 ab 2.20± 0.03 ab SOD (U/g) 2.79± 0.15 b 2.90± 0.06 b 0.93± 0.03 a 1.86± 0.08 ab 2.03± 0.05 ab The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). a Significantly distinct from the control group. b Significantly distinct from the HCFD group. P ˂0.05 . 3. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines measurements: The present study, Table (6) and Figure (10 & 11) demonstrated that serum IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-13 levels in the control group, revealed a non-significant alteration when compared to PAE group ( P >0.05). Levels of serum IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups relative to the control group ( P <0.05). Conversely, serum IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly decreased in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). However, levels of serum IL-4 and IL-13 were significantly reduced in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups when compared to the control group ( P <0.05). However, IL-4 and IL-13 levels were significantly increased in PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the HCFD group ( P <0.05). Table 6: Impact of treatments on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels across groups. Parameters Groups Control PAE HCFD HCFD+PAE HCFD+Ator IFN-γ (pg/ml) 15.28± 0.54 b 14.55± 1.07 b 57.37± 2.21 a 37.80± 1.12 ab 31.95± 1.30 ab TNF-α (pg/ml) 68.35± 1.78 b 67.02± 2.96 b 150.1± 8.61 a 100.7± 2.70 ab 95.69± 2.82 ab IL-1β (pg/ml) 24.69± 1.50 b 28.17± 1.48 b 71.65± 2.94 a 39.22± 0.83 ab 37.80± 1.18 ab IL-4 (pg/ml) 58.16± 1.47 b 58.19± 1.11 b 16.64± 0.78 a 43.42± 0.91 ab 46.02± 0.88 ab IL-13 (pg/ml) 27.70± 0.70 b 32.37± 0.94 b 10.63± 0.26 a 20.01± 0.66 ab 22.72± 0.84 ab The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). a Significantly distinct from the control group. b Significantly distinct from the HCFD group. P ˂0.05 . Histological investigation: Liver tissues : Analysis of control group liver sections with H&E staining demonstrated normal portal triad structure with preserved portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile canaliculi (rectangle). Hepatic cords showed large hepatocytes with central, spherical, and vesicular nuclei (arrow). Blood sinusoids (arrowheads) were visible between hepatic cords (Figure 12a) . (Figure 12b) illustrates investigations of H&E-stained sections in the liver of the HCFD group, showing severe hepatic injury with disorganized structure (circle) including congestion of portal vein (rectangle) and blood sinusoids (arrowhead), hydropic degeneration (arrow), apoptotic hepatocytes (arrow with tail), as well as inflammatory cells infiltration (wave arrow). H&E-stained liver sections from the PAE group (Figure 12c) show identical architecture to the control group with normal portal triad structure, including preserved portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile canaliculi (rectangle). Large hepatocytes with centrally located, spherical, vesicular nuclei (arrow) formed the hepatic cords, with blood sinusoids (arrowheads) clearly visible between these cords. HCFD+PAE group H&E-stained sections' investigations in the liver are illustrated in (Figure 12d), showing partial restoration of tissue structure characterized by normalized portal area (rectangle), organized hepatic cords with almost normal hepatocytes (arrow) in certain regions while in other areas still detected disorganized cords (circle) with hydropic degenerated hepatocytes (curvy arrow). Notice collapsed sinusoids (arrowhead) and few inflammatory cell infiltrations (wave arrow). Investigations of H&E-stained sections in the liver of the HCFD+Ator group displayed significant improvement demonstrated by visibly typical hepatocytes (arrow) with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, intact blood sinusoids (arrowhead). The portal triad exhibited mild portal vein congestion (rectangle) accompanied by sparse inflammatory cell infiltration (wave arrow). (Figure 12e) . Heart tissues: (Figure 13a) illustrates investigations of H&E-stained sections in the heart of control group, showing the typical histological structure of cardiomyocytes. These cells are characterized by elongated, branched shapes with cross-striations, containing large oval centrally-positioned nuclei (arrow) and thin slit-like spaces (arrowhead) separating adjacent cells. Investigations of H&E-stained sections in heart of HCFD group highlighting severe histological alterations including apoptotic cardiomyocytes (arrow), disorganization and hyalinization of some myofibers (curvy arrow), vascular congestion (arrow with tail), hemorrhage (rectangle) at the intervening space between the cardiac myofibers, clear interstitial edema (star), and noticeable inflammatory cell infiltration (wave arrow) (Figure 13b) . H&E-stained sections investigations in the heart of the PAE group are displayed in (Figure 13c), exhibiting a picture similar to the control group, evidenced by the intact structure of cardiomyocytes. They have lengthy, branching, and cross-striated structures with big, oval nuclei (arrow) and narrow, slit-like spaces (arrowhead) between them. Investigations of H&E-stained sections in the heart of the HCFD+PAE group showed significant improvement, as shown by nearly normal cardiac myocytes (arrow), decreased vascular congestion (arrow with tail), and haemorrhage (rectangle). A small number of cells remained apoptotic (curvy arrow). (Figure 13d) . HCFD+Ator group H&E-stained sections' investigations in the heart are illustrated in (Figure 13e), displaying moderate degenerative changes including dilatation and vascular congestion (arrow with tail) and mild hemorrhage (rectangle). Furthermore, cardiomyocytes appear in 2 forms: normal (arrow) and apoptotic (curvy arrow), plus the inflammatory cells (wave arrow) are reduced to a great extent. Kidney tissues: H&E-stained sections investigations in the kidney of the control group are displayed in (Figure 14a), representing the typical histological configuration of the renal cortex, containing proximal (arrow), distal (arrowhead), and renal corpuscle (rectangle) convoluted tubules. HCFD group H&E-stained sections' investigations in the kidney are illustrated in (Figure 14b), displaying severe kidney injury, including severe vacuolations, congestion, and degeneration of renal corpuscle (circle), interstitial edema (star), and inflammatory cells infiltration (arrow with tail). Additionally, certain renal tubules exhibit deterioration with necrotic changes (circle), and desquamation of epithelial lining (arch arrow). Others exhibit cytoplasmic vacuolization (curvy arrow), hydropic degeneration (wave arrow), or pyknotic nuclei of the lining epithelium (arrow). Investigations of H&E-stained Sections in the kidney of the PAE group exhibited a structure identical to the control group. It exhibits the complete architecture of the renal cortex, comprising renal corpuscle (rectangle), proximal (arrow), and distal (arrowhead) convoluted tubules (Figure 14c) . (Figure 14d) illustrates investigations of H&E-stained sections in the kidney of HCFD+PAE group, indicating moderate tissue repair as seen by atrophy of some renal corpuscles with mild vacuolations (rectangle), some renal tubules contain intact lining epithelium (arrowhead), while few renal tubules display desquamated epithelium (arch arrow), pyknotic nuclei (arrow), vacuolations (arch arrow), as well as scarce tubules with hydropic degeneration (wave arrow). Investigations of H&E-stained sections in the kidney of the HCFD+Ator group marked obvious tissue improvement and reduced the renal damage seen in the group on HCFD. It demonstrates a recovery of the majority of histological components within the renal corpuscle (rectangle). However, tubular degeneration presented in a limited amount as a small number of apoptotic lining epithelium (arrow), and most cells existed in an intact structure (arrowhead). Epithelial desquamation (arch arrow) and vascular congestion (arrow with tail) are still discernible, however, not as strongly as in the HCFD group. (Figure 14e) . Discussion In the current work, significant changes in body weights (BW) were observed in the HCFD group. These observations corroborate findings previously established by Esmail et al. ( 2021 ), who proposed that HCFD consumption leads to obesity by establishing a positive energy balance that enhances visceral fat accumulation. Our data demonstrated a notable decline in BW in rats receiving HCFD + PAE compared to those receiving HCFD alone, this decrease in BW was even greater than that of HCFD + Ator. The observed BW changes could be attributed to the extracts' capacity to ameliorate various physiological irregularities, including loss of BW ( Gad et al., 2006 ). Also, a study conducted on diabetic rats treated with PAE suggested that the ability of PAE to oppose the HCFD-induced increase in BW possibly stems from the extract's diuretic properties ( Abou Khalil et al., 2016 ). Our results indicated that HCFD administration significantly increased serum ALT and AST activity levels, consistent with previous findings ( Liu et al., 2022 ). The high levels of these enzymes have been attributed to hepatocyte injury, potentially modifying hepatocyte membrane characteristics and transport capabilities, thus enabling enzymes to seep outward ( Aljaff et al., 2023 ). Enzyme activity improved in rats given PAE, consistent with Bastampoor et al. ( 2021 ), who linked parsley's protective effects against Pb-induced hepatotoxicity to its flavone component. Additionally, HCFD resulted in a marked increase in serum ALP activity. Comparable findings were previously reported by Adekiya et al. ( 2018 ), supporting this outcome. The primary reason for this is the elevated translation of ALP messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), driven by increasing bile acid levels, and the augmented release of ALP into the serum through canalicular leakage into the hepatic sinusoids ( Green and Sambrook, 2020 ) . According to the current results, HCFD leads to a marked decrease in serum albumin and total protein levels. These findings align with the previous research ( Cisneros et al., 2005 ). Low albumin and total protein levels could be because a high-calorie fatty diet reduces the amount of protein that the body absorbs from the intestines ( Olorunnisola et al., 2012 ). Owing to its high energy density, the high-fat diet likely induced early satiety, reduced overall feed consumption, and impaired the absorption of protein and other essential nutrients ( Otunola et al., 2010 ). Our results revealed a decrease in ALT, AST and ALP levels in the HCFD + Ator group. Contrast results were recorded by Veillard et al. ( 2002 ) who reported an increase in ALT, AST, and ALP liver enzyme levels following Ator treatment and raise HDL-C while lowering LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC, and TG. Nevertheless, co-treatment with extracts of PAE leaves showed a marked improvement in the serum albumin ( Ashry et al., 2021 ) and total protein levels, which may be due to the potential of PAE to boost protein levels, which may be due to the richness of PAE in amino acids ( Razzaghi-Abyaneh et al., 2007 ). In the current study, HCFD induction significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels, consistent with the findings of Dawood et al. ( 2022 ). This outcome indicates glomerular damage and reduced filtration rate in the kidney ( Mani et al., 2022 ). In the group co-treated with parsley, kidney function indicators significantly improved, though not to the same extent as in the statin-treated group; however, the improvement was notable compared to the HCFD group. By enhancing renal perfusion, PAE reduces cell damage and the pressure of Bowman’s space, leading to boosted glomerular filtration rate and improvement in the blood urea and creatinine levels ( Park et al., 2018 ). Co-treatment of PAE with HCFD showed marked improvement in renal structure in harmony with nephrotoxic experimental models ( Sapoval et al., 2023 ). Renal damage in the HCFD + Ator group improved, with some histopathological abnormalities remaining but less severe than in the HCFD group, consistent with the findings of Mustafa and Abdulah ( 2019 ) . Congestion and vasodilation following Ator administration are attributed to its effects on multiple phases of the blood coagulation cascade ( Undas et al., 2014 ). The impact of Ator appears to be dose-dependent. High doses can lead to complications such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and testicular damage due to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation ( Nasri et al., 2016 ). Lower doses have been shown to alleviate hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress ( Farag et al., 2015 ). Hyperlipidemia caused by consumption of HCFD is due to excessive mobilization of fat from the adipose tissue, stimulation of VLDL-C formation by the intestine, and decreased activity of hepatic lipoprotein lipase ( Bhujbal et al., 2012 ). In the present study, we demonstrated a significant increase in serum levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and AI following HCFD intake, with a marked decrease in HDL-C levels and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio (a good index reflecting the abnormality of lipid metabolism), these findings align with the previous research ( Alshatwi et al., 2011 ). This investigation also demonstrated that concurrent administration of Ator with HCFD resulted in to correction of all the aforementioned lipid profile tests. The hypolipidemic effect of Ator is due to the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase ( Kotyla, 2010 ) and the major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells stimulated by IFN-γ ( Ding et al., 2022 ). By preventing the reduction of Bacteroides and promoting better metabolic activity, Ator mitigates lipid metabolism abnormalities caused by high-fat diet consumption in rats ( Li et al., 2022 ). The ability of Ator to improve lipid profile is consistent with Sadeghi et al. ( 2014 ). The current study showed that the group fed on HCFD + PAE had significant ( P < 0.05) lower mean values of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio and higher values of HDL-C ( Li et al., 2024 ). PAE exhibits hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic properties as a result of its flavonoids, flavonoids reduce blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cholesterol and increasing the phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase indirectly ( Yousuf, 2014 ) . The vitamin C content of parsley stimulates the enzyme 7α-hydroxylase, which is the initial step in bile acid production. Activating this enzyme aids in converting cholesterol to bile acids, which ultimately lowers serum cholesterol concentrations ( Eteng et al., 2006 ). A marked elevation in c-TnI was observed after consumption of HCFD, in line with the findings of DeMartini et al. ( 2017 ). It is commonly known that cardiovascular disorders, particularly heart failure and CHD, are directly correlated with obesity. Due to its limited ability to synthesize de novo fatty acids and consequent dependence on an exogenous supply, diet-induced Obesity can trigger the heart's lipid composition to change significantly ( Pakiet et al., 2020 ). Co-treatment of PAE along with HCFD was much reduced in the current work, the same result was also obtained in the HCFD + Ator group when compared to the HCFD group ( P < 0.05). The flavonoids in parsley exhibit a cardioprotective effect by neutralizing free radicals ( Potapovich and Kostyuk, 2003 ) , downregulating key hypertrophic markers and apoptosis-related proteins, and enhancing mitochondrial function ( Hedayati et al., 2023 ). In HCFD there were severe histological alterations, including apoptotic cardiomyocytes, disorganization and hyalinization of some myofibers, vascular congestion, hemorrhage at the interstices between cardiac myofibers, distinct interstitial edema, and marked inflammatory cell infiltration, these alterations were similar to those observed by El Rabey et al. ( 2017 ), They demonstrated vascular congestion and significant myocardial muscle degeneration, including ballooning and deterioration. The cardiac tissue is directly impacted by HCFD, with the proposed mechanisms involving fibrosis, hypertrophy, inflammation, and excessive perivascular fat, which significantly contribute to contractile and vascular dysfunction ( El-Baz et al., 2020 ). PAE co-treatment resulted in substantial recovery, demonstrated by cardiac myocytes appearing nearly normal except for scarce ones still apoptotic, with moderate vascular congestion and hemorrhage, this is in line with El Rabey et al. ( 2017 ). Parsley's defensive capacity against various pathological changes stems from its abundant antioxidant components, particularly flavonoids and phenolic compounds ( Ali et al., 2012 ). The same ameliorative results were obtained in the HCFD + Ator group, which is consistent with Yao and Lv ( 2017 ) . The HCFD altered the antioxidant balance in liver tissues, in accordance with Tuzcu et al. ( 2017 ). The rise in MDA levels is likely linked to significant lipid peroxidation alongside decreased CAT activity. This reduction in CAT activity may be caused by the overproduction of superoxide anions, which impair CAT by transforming its ferric resting state into a weakly active ferro-oxy form ( Mahfouz et al., 1997 ). Increased H2O2 and NO levels in HCFD are in line with Lasker et al. ( 2019 ) and El-Baz et al. ( 2020 ). The elevated generation of ROS resulted in the degradation of cell membranes leading to the production of lipid peroxidation products, including MDA, which are highly reactive with biomolecules like proteins ( Jarukamjorn et al., 2016 ). Furthermore, a previous report indicates that the high-fat diet substantially increased hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which may produce a significant amount of NO in the liver and react with the superoxide anion to form nitrosative stress ( Wan et al., 2000 ). The production of free radicals can directly lead to the depletion of antioxidant defenses, which can cause oxidative membrane damage and disruption of cellular function, as well as a higher susceptibility to lipid peroxidation ( Rahal et al., 2014 ). GSH, CAT, and SOD, the natural cellular antioxidants, which reduce oxidative stress, were impaired in the HCFD group due to elevated oxidative stress, a common effect of high-fat diet consumption in experimental models ( Cilla et al., 2021 ; Jomova et al., 2023 ). However, our study demonstrated that all of these oxidative stress-induced ROS markers were greatly reduced or normalized using PAE. It was suggested to suppress lipid peroxidation and scavenge hydroxide and superoxide radicals, thus improving the antioxidant battery by the active constituents present in PAE such as flavonoids and vitamin C ( Elkomy et al., 2020 ). The significant decrease in liver MDA levels in the HCFD + PAE group is due to the ability of PAE to scavenge free radicals ( Popović et al., 2006 ). Previous research has shown that parsley possesses antioxidant properties. Fejes et al. ( 1998 ) discovered that myristicin, an ingredient abundant in parsley oil, exhibited strong activity as an inducer of the glutathione S-transferase (GST ) detoxifying enzyme ( Fejes et al., 1998 ). According to, Jassim ( 2013 ) , parsley contains a substantial amount of flavonoids (apiin, luteolin-, and apigenin-glycosides), along with ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and essential oils (apiole, myristicin). It also includes coumarins like bergapten and imperatorin, which possess antioxidant properties that may help prevent oxidative damage. Parsley’s ability to lower lipid levels is linked to its capacity to reduce lipid peroxidation and boost antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD and CAT ( Alobaidi, 2024 ). Severe hepatic injury was observed in the HCFD group in harmony with Sorour et al. ( 2022 ). Following the administration of PAE, the liver of the HCFD + PAE group showed a moderate improvement in the tissue architecture. Consistent with the findings of Zugravu et al. ( 2024 ), Diabetic rats treated with parsley extract exhibited reduced ALP and ALT enzyme activity in the liver, while electron microscopy revealed that hepatocytes displayed normal cellular structure ( Bolkent et al., 2004 ). Our histological evaluation supported our biochemical findings, where free radical accumulation contributed to liver damage, which was reversed obviously with PAE treatment. In the sections of the liver of the HCFD + Ator group, a significant improvement was observed with normal-appearing hepatocytes, intact sinusoids, and only mild portal vein congestion and inflammation. A previous study ( Mustafa and Abdulah, 2019 ) , after the administration of rats to Ator, showed areas of inflammatory cellular infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and necrosis. Ator administration was found to impact the liver's pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance by decreasing intracellular glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activity while increasing intracellular lipid peroxidation. This investigation revealed significantly increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels following HCFD consumption, which substantially decreased after PAE administration. Similarly, Ertaş et al. ( 2021 ) demonstrated that PAE diminished oxidative damage and suppressed inflammatory responses. Bastampoor et al. ( 2021 ) also demonstrated that exposure to aqueous-alcoholic extract of parsley leaves alters gene expression of TNF-α Parsley extract modulates cytokine production by enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β. Current research shows that parsley compounds myristicin and apiol inhibit inflammatory cytokine release, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), by blocking their active sites through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding ( Alobaidi, 2024 ) . In Previous clinical investigations, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, commonly referred to as “statins,” are believed to provide anti-atherogenic benefits beyond those expected from improved lipid profiles. The concept that HMG-CoA inhibitors function partly through reducing inflammation is corroborated by experimental models ( Schönbeck and Libby, 2004 ) . Therefore, in several atherogenesis models, Statins inhibit the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and other mediators, enhance the secretion of anti-atherogenic cytokines (e.g., IL-4 and IL-10), and downregulate the expression of pro-atherogenic cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) within macrophages ( Crowther, 2005 ) . It appears that parsley operates through a mechanism similar to that of statins, which explains the similarity in results between parsley administration and statin administration across all parameters, particularly in cytokines. There was an elevation in anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-4 and IL-13, accompanied by a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Conclusion It could be concluded that PAE, through its robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties shielded tissues from HCFD-induced damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart in rats by reducing lipid profile parameters and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic animals. This was demonstrated in all of the aforementioned effects of the extract. It was indicated that the use of statins as a treatment for high cholesterol is very similar in its results to the daily use of parsley. In the end, parsley remains a natural product that does not contain synthetic chemicals with harmful side effects. Further research priorities include human clinical trials, safety assessments, active compound isolation, pharmacological studies for dosing optimization, pharmacokinetic research, standardization protocols, and comprehensive population studies to confirm therapeutic benefits. Abbreviations PAE:Parsley aqueous extract ; Ator:Atorvastatin; HCFD: High cholesterol and fat diet; CHD: Coronary heart disease; TC:Total cholesterol; TG:Triglycerides; LDL-C:Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C:Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C:High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ROS:Reactive oxygen species; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; CVD : Cardiovascular diseases; ALT:Alanine aminotransferases; AST:Aspartate aminotransferases; HMG-CoA: 3- hydroxy-3-ethyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A; USFDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; ALP:Alkaline phosphatase; MDA:Malondialdehyde; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide; NO:Nitric Oxide; GSH:Glutathione reduced ; CAT: Catalase; SOD:Superoxide dismutase ; c-TnI: Cardiac Troponin I; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β : Interleukin 1 beta; IL-4:Interleukin 4; IL-13:Interleukin 13; NVERC: New Valley Research Ethics Committee; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay; NBF:Neutral buffered formalin; H&E : Hematoxylin and Eosin; ANOVA : One-way Variance Analysis; AI:Atherogenic index; BW:Body weight; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; iNOS : Inducible nitric oxide synthase; GST : Glutathione S-transferase; IL-10: Interleukin 10; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant pr . Declarations Acknowledgements Not applicable. Author contributions EAA and AAH designed the experiment and carried out the biochemical assay. BKAS and WAM carried out the histological and immunohistochemical assay. EAA and AAH carried out the statistical analysis and was the main contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All the experimental techniques were applied according to the animal care recommendations of the New Valley Research Ethics Committee (NVERC), Faculty of Sciences, New Valley University, under protocol number (0614-20243), and were performed according to ARRIVE guidelines of animal experiments. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that there is no competing interests. 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The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/8ae45c770129f6dab4c405f3.png\"},{\"id\":83596370,\"identity\":\"66ae0d6c-85d6-4ef3-be94-fba9f937dd26\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":108239,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A)\\u003c/strong\\u003e ALT activity \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e AST activity \\u003cstrong\\u003e(C)\\u003c/strong\\u003e ALP activity in serum of control and experimental groups. The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/ebd386543738006c8c766ea9.png\"},{\"id\":83596378,\"identity\":\"6a9cbd9a-40cf-40e2-a12c-1aaddc36044e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":109744,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A) \\u003c/strong\\u003ealbumin level \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e total protein level \\u003cstrong\\u003e(C)\\u003c/strong\\u003e c-TnI level in serum of control and experimental groups. The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/94caea5bc9678ea3017712e4.png\"},{\"id\":83597500,\"identity\":\"e2c1d9a9-c971-415f-a3af-ca3289da5dcf\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 08:14:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":75725,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A)\\u003c/strong\\u003e creatinine levels \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e urea levels in serum of control and treated groups. The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/26402d9e06ba229af2cddcb0.png\"},{\"id\":83597501,\"identity\":\"f5bce87f-479d-43ad-87c9-30322038f939\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 08:14:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":112027,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A)\\u003c/strong\\u003e TC level \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e TG level \\u003cstrong\\u003e(C)\\u003c/strong\\u003e LDL-C level in serum of control and experimental groups. The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/cc8e588773781599af47e895.png\"},{\"id\":83596381,\"identity\":\"53a1869b-78e2-4c4a-b6bb-f33f102805d2\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":112631,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A) \\u003c/strong\\u003eHDL-C level \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e VLDL-C level (C) HDL-C/LDL-C ratio in serum of control and experimental groups. The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/8b43ecca90b24855bfa02086.png\"},{\"id\":83596596,\"identity\":\"6a0f88ab-eac0-4dff-b2ae-94cf2de0cd3d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 08:06:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":32989,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAI\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eof control and experimental groups. The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures7.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/6f70f7f51732912e053d889a.png\"},{\"id\":83596597,\"identity\":\"473092cf-d27f-42c7-a57d-70dcb2e741c5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 08:06:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"Figure 8\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":113474,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A) \\u003c/strong\\u003eMDA level \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e level \\u003cstrong\\u003e(C)\\u003c/strong\\u003e NO level in liver tissue homogenate of control and experimental groups.\\u0026nbsp; The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures8.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/59aae3347a6c1ccb8822fd06.png\"},{\"id\":83596375,\"identity\":\"20fdf2d7-0d74-4237-96ea-ac5d826fcc7f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":9,\"title\":\"Figure 9\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":117859,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A)\\u003c/strong\\u003e GSH concentration \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e CAT activity \\u003cstrong\\u003e(C)\\u003c/strong\\u003e SOD activity in liver tissue homogenate of control and experimental groups. The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures9.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/53d7e06edf8c1fafaed1a44d.png\"},{\"id\":83596601,\"identity\":\"0ea623e7-b3d5-4778-9ae7-9cd2dd0f7320\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 08:06:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"Figure 10\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":116549,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A)\\u003c/strong\\u003e IFN-γ \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e TNF-α \\u003cstrong\\u003e(C)\\u003c/strong\\u003e IL-1β level in serum of control and experimental groups.\\u0026nbsp; The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures10.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/3deedb70351877d9a25cc0a2.png\"},{\"id\":83596373,\"identity\":\"05b842fd-85be-4cbe-be7e-db9f216bf40e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"Figure 11\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":78950,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(A)\\u003c/strong\\u003e IL-4 \\u003cstrong\\u003e(B)\\u003c/strong\\u003e IL-13 level in serum of control and experimental groups.\\u0026nbsp; The mean ± SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb \\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures11.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/62b96ebf7e4a026bef3969e4.png\"},{\"id\":83596600,\"identity\":\"9dbb0263-632f-43dc-a567-b40a99366fcb\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 08:06:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":12,\"title\":\"Figure 12\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2871905,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe photomicrographs illustrate histopathological variations in liver tissue sections (Portal Area) across study groups (H\\u0026amp;E Stain, Magnification Power= x400 \\u0026amp; Scale Bar= 50μm). \\u003cstrong\\u003e(a)\\u003c/strong\\u003e Control group and \\u003cstrong\\u003e(c)\\u003c/strong\\u003ePAE control group liver sections exhibit typical portal triad structure with preserved portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile canaliculi (rectangle). Large hepatocytes featuring central, spherical, vesicular nuclei (arrow) compose the hepatic cords, while blood sinusoids (arrowhead) are discernible between these cords.\\u003cstrong\\u003e (b)\\u003c/strong\\u003e The HCFD group liver section exhibits severe hepatic damage with disorganized structure (circle), including congested portal vein (rectangle) and blood sinusoids (arrowhead), hydropic degeneration (arrow), apoptotic hepatocytes (arrow with tail), as well as inflammatory cells infiltration (wave arrow).\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eLiver section from \\u003cstrong\\u003e(d)\\u003c/strong\\u003e HCFD+PAE group revealed a moderate improvement in the tissue architecture manifested by a normal portal area (rectangle), regular hepatic cords with nearly normal hepatocytes (arrow) in some areas while in other areas still detected disorganized cords (circle) with hydropic degenerated hepatocytes (curvy arrow). Notice collapsed sinusoids (arrowhead) and few inflammatory cell infiltrations (wave arrow).\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eLiver section from \\u003cstrong\\u003e(e)\\u003c/strong\\u003e HCFD+Ator group showing considerable recovery characterized by normal-appearing hepatocytes (arrow) with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, intact blood sinusoids (arrowhead). The portal triad displays mild portal vein congestion (rectangle) with sparse inflammatory cell infiltration (wave arrow).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures12.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/e95c78983a6dec1f2a3c9bc9.png\"},{\"id\":83596382,\"identity\":\"4b00ee08-53ff-431b-b861-fb988792129a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":13,\"title\":\"Figure 13\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2665804,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePhotomicrographs presented the histopathological variations in heart tissue sections between examined groups (H\\u0026amp;E Stain, Magnification Power x400 \\u0026amp; Scale Bar= 50μm).\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eHeart sections from \\u003cstrong\\u003e(a)\\u003c/strong\\u003e the control group and\\u003cstrong\\u003e (c) the \\u003c/strong\\u003ePAE control group\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003edemonstrate the normal histological architecture of cardiomyocytes. The structures are lengthy, branching, and cross-striated; the core nuclei are massive and oval (arrow), and there are small, slit-like spaces between them (arrowhead). Heart sections from \\u003cstrong\\u003e(b\\u003c/strong\\u003e) HCFD group\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003ehighlighting severe histological alterations including apoptotic cardiomyocytes (arrow), disruption and hyalinization of certain myofibers (curvy arrow), congested vessels (arrow with tail), hemorrhage (rectangle) within the spaces between cardiac myofibers, pronounced interstitial edema (star), and significant inflammatory cell infiltration (wave arrow). Heart section from \\u003cstrong\\u003e(d)\\u003c/strong\\u003e HCFD+PAE group demonstrating significant recovery, evidenced by predominantly normal cardiac myocytes (arrow) with only occasional apoptotic cells still present (curvy arrow), moderate vascular congestion (arrow with tail), and hemorrhage (rectangle). Heart section from \\u003cstrong\\u003e(e)\\u003c/strong\\u003eHCFD+Ator group displaying moderate degenerative changes including dilatation and vascular congestion (arrow with tail) and mild hemorrhage (rectangle). Furthermore, cardiomyocytes appear in 2 forms: normal (arrow) and apoptotic (curvy arrow), plus the inflammatory cells (wave arrow) are reduced to a great extent.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures13.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/1a308bb7c8f0418dc1d6f534.png\"},{\"id\":83596385,\"identity\":\"810cf135-36cd-4258-9a7a-38593b5ad6de\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":14,\"title\":\"Figure 14\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2886692,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePhotomicrographs of kidney tissue (Renal Cortex Area) showed (H\\u0026amp;E stain; magnification: ×400; scale bar: 50 μm), the histopathological differences in kidney tissue sections. Control \\u003cstrong\\u003e(a)\\u003c/strong\\u003e and PAE control \\u003cstrong\\u003e(c)\\u003c/strong\\u003e groups show normal renal cortex architecture with intact renal corpuscles (rectangle), proximal (arrow) and distal tubules (arrowhead). HCFD group \\u003cstrong\\u003e(b)\\u003c/strong\\u003e exhibits extensive renal damage with severe vacuolations, congestion, and degenerated renal corpuscles (circle), interstitial edema (star), and inflammatory cells infiltration (arrow with tail). Additionally, certain renal tubules exhibit deterioration, with necrotic changes (circle), and desquamation of epithelial lining (arch arrow), whereas some exhibit cytoplasmic vacuolization (curvy arrow), hydropic degeneration (wave arrow), or with pyknotic nuclei of lining epithelium (arrow). Kidney section from\\u003cstrong\\u003e (d)\\u003c/strong\\u003e HCFD+PAE group\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eindicating moderate tissue recovery manifested by atrophy of some renal corpuscle with mild vacuolations (rectangle), some renal tubules with intact lining epithelium (arrowhead), few renal tubules showing desquamated epithelium (arch arrow), pyknotic nuclei (arrow), vacuolations (arch arrow) as well as scarce tubules with hydropic degeneration (wave arrow).\\u003cstrong\\u003e \\u003c/strong\\u003eKidney section from\\u003cstrong\\u003e (e)\\u003c/strong\\u003eHCFD+Ator group marked obvious tissue improvement and decreased the renal damage observed in the HCFD group. It indicates the reconstitution of the primary histological features in the renal corpuscle (rectangle). However, tubular degeneration presented in a limited amount as a small number of apoptotic lining epithelium (arrow), and most cells existed in an intact structure (arrowhead). Epithelial desquamation (arch arrow) and vascular congestion (arrow with tail) remain observable, though with reduced intensity compared to the HCFD group.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figures14.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/602204dd67de85944625655e.png\"},{\"id\":101152139,\"identity\":\"dce39320-8f73-4229-ae24-3c41021be257\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-26 16:10:34\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":14732707,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6636941/v1/d7c0cac6-ef2f-4a2e-971a-a5f9cabd228a.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Potential Protective Effects of Parsley Aqueous Extract Compared to Effects of Atorvastatin on Hypercholesterolemia: Influence on Liver, Heart, and Kidney Functions in Male Albino Rats\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Background\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe increasing rate of obesity and hypertension in developing countries has led to a higher chance of developing coronary heart disease (CHD). High cholesterol levels in the diet can cause hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a metabolic defect, a condition characterized by blood lipid imbalances: high total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eLiu et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOxygen free radicals or the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are known to be byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, which serve two distinct roles as both beneficial and detrimental species. Oxidative stress occurs when elevated ROS levels overwhelm the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to potential biological damage \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eValko et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR91\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e). ROS and RNS, at low concentrations, can regulate redox activity, growth responses, cell signaling, and immunity. However, excess levels trigger nitrosative and oxidative stress \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003ePhaniendra et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR69\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIncreasing the formation of ROS has been demonstrated to trigger various processes implicated in atherogenesis, including the expression of adhesion molecules, stimulation of vascular smooth cell proliferation and migration, endothelial apoptosis, lipid oxidation, and vasomotor effects \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eBatty et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Balanced antioxidant systems control free radical production, enabling their participation in vital pathways while ensuring their elimination. Most cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the primary cause of global mortality and disability, result from atherosclerosis complications \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eMadamanchi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR54\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSince the involvement of free radicals in pathophysiology was first suggested and later confirmed, antioxidants\\u0026mdash;particularly those obtained from herbal sources have gained widespread recognition as a promising approach for managing CVD \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eK\\u0026uuml;sk\\u0026uuml;-Kiraz et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHypercholesterolemia accelerates lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, causing tissue damage and harmful byproducts that inhibit cell replication and longevity. This damages hepatocytes and reduces liver function, elevating blood of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) while decreasing hepatic protein synthesis \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eEl-Zahar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEmerging research supports atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease with autoimmune elements. The process starts when modified LDL-C particles accumulate in vessel walls, triggering recognition by phagocytes, T-cells, and antibodies. Plaque formation results from endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, genetic factors, and extended exposure to risks like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, male gender, and diabetes \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eMarkin et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR58\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRecent scientific advancements worldwide have explored the medicinal properties of plants because of their robust biological activity, low toxicity, and profitability. Compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals, plant-based medications are often thought to be less harmful and have fewer adverse effects. Parsley has been widely utilized for medicinal purposes across European, Mediterranean, and Asian countries \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eRao et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR73\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e). It is recognized globally owing to its wide-ranging health advantages, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-edema, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, it aids digestion as a laxative, regulates enzyme activity, boosts glutathione levels in the kidneys, and supports kidney tissue regeneration following nephrotoxicity \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAhmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParsley (\\u003cem\\u003ePetroselinum crispum\\u003c/em\\u003e) is a flowering Apiaceae plant originating from Greece, Morocco, and former Yugoslavia, now cultivated globally as both an herb and a vegetable \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eStefanaki and van Andel, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR86\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e. Parsley has been utilized as a common cooking herb since antiquity and possesses significant pharmacological properties. As a result, research on its benefits continues to grow steadily \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eSubaş et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR87\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParsley, for its diverse pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, pain-relieving, antispasmodic, immunosuppressive, anti-platelet aggregation, stomach-protective, cell-protective, laxative, estrogen-like, diuretic, blood pressure-lowering, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. It has been recognized as a primary source of flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin), carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, volatile compounds (myristicin, apiole), coumarins (bergapten, imperatorin), phthalides, furanocoumarins, and sesquiterpenes \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eCheraghi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Numerous studies indicate that natural compounds can help manage stress-related issues like liver illness, inflammation, and oxidation. Various bioactive compounds derived from diverse plant and herbal sources have shown potential in treating hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eMalayeri et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). In our study, which we designed based on these data; we investigated whether aqueous extract was protective against hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia-induced liver, heart, and kidney damage with biochemical and histological analyses.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStatins are the most commonly used medications for reducing cholesterol levels in clinical practice. They work by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the key enzyme in cellular cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby reducing cholesterol availability in cells. Although statins are considered crucial in treating CVD, their widespread use in millions of patients has revealed a potential side effect associated with diabetes. Retrospective clinical studies indicate that statins may elevate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has issued a black box warning, advising caution when prescribing them to patients \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eSeshadri et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR82\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). The most common medications used to improve lipid profiles and reduce LDL-C levels are statins; nevertheless, their usage is restricted due to their adverse effects and drug interactions. Intolerance to statins represents a major reason for treatment cessation, poor adherence, and unsuccessful lipid reduction therapy \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eArdissino et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Low-dose Ator has demonstrated beneficial pleiotropic effects, acting as an antioxidant and inhibiting inflammatory responses. However, at high doses, Ator has been associated with various complications, including nephrotoxicity and testicular injury \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eGadallah and Hanan, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e).\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChemicals \\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCholesterol powder (purity ~ 99%) was purchased from Sigma Company for Trading Chemicals Medicines and Medical Application, Egypt. Ator was obtained from Pfizer (Egypt). Kits of ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were purchased from BioSystems S.A. (Costa Brava, Barcelona, Spain). Kits of albumin and total protein were purchased from BioMed Diagnostics (Badr City, Egypt). Kits of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e), Nitric Oxide (NO), glutathione reduced (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) had been bought from Biodiagnostic Company (Giza, Egypt). A kit of cardiac Troponin I (c-TnI) was purchased from Kamiya Biomedical Company (Seattle, WA, USA). Kit of Interferon-gamma (IFN-\\u0026gamma;) was purchased from Fine Test Company (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\\u0026alpha;), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1\\u0026beta;), and Interleukin 4 (IL-4) had been bought from Elabscience company (USA). Kit of Interleukin 13 (IL-13) had been bought from Bioassay Laboratory (Shanghai, China). The purest chemicals and reagents were used. And the animal lard was purchased from a local abattoir, in Minia, Egypt.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInduction of hypercholesterolemia:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHealthy male albino rats developed hypercholesterolemia after being fed a standard diet in addition to 10% animal lard oil and 1% pure cholesterol; HCFD \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Salem, 2015)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e. \\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePreparation of PAE:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eParsley leaves collected from Minia Governorate were authenticated by botanists at New Valley University. After washing and shade-drying for 4 days, 100g of dried leaves were boiled in 1000 mL distilled water for 30 minutes. The filtered extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to dryness (at 45\\u0026deg;C), stored in a dark container at 4\\u0026deg;C, and given to rats after being dissolved in distilled water \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Soliman et al., 2016)\\u003c/strong\\u003e. \\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePercentage yield: \\u003c/strong\\u003eThe aqueous extract from 100 grams of \\u003cem\\u003ePetroselinum crispum\\u003c/em\\u003e aerial parts yielded 40% w/w.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAnimals and Experimental Design\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThirty male Wistar albino rats (100 \\u0026plusmn;10 g) from Deraya University\\u0026apos;s Laboratory Animal Centre were used. Upon completion of a 10-day acclimation period, the rats were randomly distributed among the study groups. The control group (6 rats) received distilled water by oral gavage and a basal diet throughout the study. The second group (6 rats) received PAE (2g/kg b.wt./day) by oral gavage while consuming a basal diet\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Ozsoy-Sacan et al., 2006)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe other three groups (18 rats) were fed on an HCFD for 2 weeks. Following the establishment of hypercholesterolemia, three equal subgroups of six rats each were formed out of the HCFD rats. One group (HCFD group) continued on the HCFD diet without any addition The fourth group (HCFD+PAE) was fed on the HCFD and administered PAE (2g/kg b.wt./day) orally by gavage \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Bolkent et al., 2004)\\u003c/strong\\u003e, at the same time. The last group (HCFD+Ator) was fed on the HCFD and given Ator (20 mg/kg b.wt./day) orally by gavage \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Harb et al., 2019)\\u003c/strong\\u003e, at the same time. At the end of the six-week experiment, all rats were fasted and then humanely sacrificed under sodium thiopental anesthesia.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll the experimental techniques were applied according to the animal care recommendations of the New Valley Research Ethics Committee (NVERC), Faculty of Sciences, New Valley University, under protocol number (0614-20243).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCollection of blood and tissue samples:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAfter the experiment concluded, overnight, the animals were fasted, and specimens of blood were promptly obtained in serum tubes and subsequently separated \\u003cem\\u003evia\\u003c/em\\u003e centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. The serum samples that were produced were preserved at -80\\u0026deg;C for further biochemical analysis. Additionally, portions of the heart and kidney were quickly rinsed with normal saline and preserved in 10% formalin solution for histological examination.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMeasurement of body weights\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe body weight of each rat in all experimental groups was recorded at the beginning of the study and again before dissection, using an automatic GX-600 balance (A\\u0026amp;D Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBiochemical assays:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSerum levels of ALT and AST were measured in all animals following the method described by\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Schumann et al., 2002)\\u003c/strong\\u003e and reported in (U/L). ALP activity was assessed using the protocol of\\u003cstrong\\u003eBahnemiri et al. (2022)\\u003c/strong\\u003ealso reported in (U/L). Serum albumin and total protein level\\u003cstrong\\u003es \\u003c/strong\\u003ewere established following \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Doumas et al., 1971)\\u003c/strong\\u003eand expressed in (g/dL). \\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ec-TnI levelwas determined in the serum of all animals by using rat cardiac Troponin-I Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) commercial kits obtained from Kamiya Biomedical Company (Seattle, WA, USA) under catalog No. KT-480, and expressed in (ng/mL). Serum creatinine was assessed according to the procedure of\\u003cstrong\\u003eFossati et al. (1983)\\u003c/strong\\u003e and expressed in (mg/dL). Urea was determined in the serum of all animals according to the procedure of \\u003cstrong\\u003eAdeyomoye et al. (2022)\\u003c/strong\\u003e and expressed in (mg/dL).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were estimated in the serum of all animals according to \\u003cstrong\\u003eAllain et al. (1974)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e, \\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBucolo and David (1973)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e,\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eNauck et al. (2002)\\u003c/strong\\u003eand \\u003cstrong\\u003eWarnick et al. (2001)\\u003c/strong\\u003erespectively,and expressed in (mg/dL)\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e In the homogenized liver tissues, concentrations and levels of MDA, H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2, \\u003c/sub\\u003eNO, GSH, CAT, and SOD were carried out according to the methods of \\u003cstrong\\u003eOhkawa et al. (1979)\\u003c/strong\\u003e, \\u003cstrong\\u003eFossati et al. (1983)\\u003c/strong\\u003e, \\u003cstrong\\u003eDing et al. (1988)\\u003c/strong\\u003e, \\u003cstrong\\u003eRotruck et al. (1973)\\u003c/strong\\u003e, \\u003cstrong\\u003eMisra and Fridovich (1972)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e and \\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHern\\u0026aacute;ndez-Moreno et al. (2014)\\u003c/strong\\u003e respectively. IFN-\\u0026gamma;, TNF-\\u0026alpha;, IL-1\\u0026beta;, IL-4, and IL-13 levels were determined in the serum of all animals by using ELISA under Catalogs No. ER0012, No. E-EL-R0019, No. E-EL-R0012, No. E-EL-R0014 and No. E0112Ra, respectively.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHistopathological\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eevaluation:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe histological preparation methodology followed the protocol described by\\u003cstrong\\u003eBancrofti et al. (2013)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003eIn brief, liver, heart, and kidney tissues were sliced into 3\\u0026ndash;4 mm thick sections, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (10% NBF), dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, cleared in xylene, and embedded in paraffin. The resulting paraffin blocks were sectioned at a thickness of 4\\u0026ndash;6 \\u0026mu;m using a microtome and then stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\\u0026amp;E) for histological examination. H\\u0026amp;E-stained sections were analyzed under a Leica microscope (CH9435 Heerbrugg, Leica Microsystems, Switzerland) to assess general tissue architecture.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStatistical analysis:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eData were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Newman-Keuls post hoc multiple comparison tests via GraphPad software version 0.7 (GraphPad Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical significance was established at \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05, and results are expressed as mean \\u0026plusmn; SEM.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBody weight studies:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable (1) and Figure (1) show that body weight data changed through the experimental period. An increase in the body weights was observed in all groups, with the HCFD group showing significantly greater weight gain than all other groups (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05), exhibiting the highest percentage increase in weight (42.38%). The HCFD+PAE group exhibited a highly significant reduction in body weight (27.01%, \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05) compared to the HCFD group. Similarly, the HCFD+Ator group showed a significant decrease in body weight (35.96%, \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05) relative to the HCFD group. The body weight of rats showed no significant change between the control and PAE groups (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026gt;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable (1): shows the (%) present of changes in the body weight,\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eregarding the initial and final body weights (g)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e,\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003efor each group.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"574\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGroups\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 300px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBody weight\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWeight gained\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInitial weight\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 151px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFinal weight\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePercentage increase\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e137.8\\u0026plusmn;4.110\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 151px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e197.5\\u0026plusmn;4.404 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30.23 %\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e127.5\\u0026plusmn;3.775\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 151px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e178.5\\u0026plusmn;2.041\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28.57 %\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e125.5\\u0026plusmn;4.735\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 151px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e217.8\\u0026plusmn;4.385\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e42.38 %\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e130.5 \\u0026plusmn;6.850\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 151px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e178.8\\u0026plusmn;2.839\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27.01 %\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+Ator\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e139.8\\u0026plusmn;1.974\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 151px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e218.3 \\u0026plusmn;7.476\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.96 %\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean \\u0026plusmn; SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBiochemical determinations:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHepatic and cardiac serum biomarkers\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAs demonstrated in Table (2) and Figures (2 \\u0026amp; 3), ALT, AST,\\u0026nbsp;and\\u0026nbsp;ALP\\u0026nbsp;activities\\u0026nbsp;and\\u0026nbsp;albumin, total proteins, and\\u0026nbsp;c-TnI\\u0026nbsp;levels\\u0026nbsp;in the control group,\\u0026nbsp;showed a non-significant alteration\\u0026nbsp;in comparison to\\u0026nbsp;the\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ePAE group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026gt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;ALT, AST, and ALP\\u0026nbsp;activities\\u0026nbsp;and\\u0026nbsp;c-TnI\\u0026nbsp;levels\\u0026nbsp;were significantly increased in the HCFD group, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator contrasted to the control group and PAE groups (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt; 0.05).\\u0026nbsp;Conversely,\\u0026nbsp;ALT, AST, and ALP\\u0026nbsp;activities\\u0026nbsp;and\\u0026nbsp;c-TnI\\u0026nbsp;levels\\u0026nbsp;were significantly decreased in PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the\\u0026nbsp;HCFD group\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eHowever, the HCFD group had a significant drop in serum albumin and total protein levels as compared to the control (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05). The HCFD+PAE group\\u0026apos;s serum total protein levels were significantly higher than those of the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;On the other hand,\\u0026nbsp;serum albumin and total protein levels\\u0026nbsp;significantly increased in\\u0026nbsp;PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups in comparison to\\u0026nbsp;the\\u0026nbsp;HCFD group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2: Impact of treatments on hepatic and cardiac serum biomarkers across all groups.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"584\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eParameters\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGroups\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 92px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+Ator\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eALT (U/L)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 92px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.39\\u0026plusmn; 1.08 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33.48\\u0026plusmn; 0.98\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e102.2\\u0026plusmn; 1.88\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63.35\\u0026plusmn; 1.85 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46.41\\u0026plusmn; 0.88\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAST (U/L)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 92px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e55.43\\u0026plusmn; 1.48\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50.08\\u0026plusmn; 0.90 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e125.7\\u0026plusmn; 2.85 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e82.50\\u0026plusmn; 2.49 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e59.36\\u0026plusmn; 1.04\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eALP (U/L)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 92px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75.53\\u0026plusmn;2.187\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e68.23\\u0026plusmn;\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e0.99 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e187.2\\u0026plusmn; 3.16 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e96.30\\u0026plusmn;\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e2.82\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e79.94\\u0026plusmn;\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e1.58 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAlbumin (g/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 92px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.26\\u0026plusmn; 0.19\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.61\\u0026plusmn; 0.14\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.18\\u0026plusmn; 0.13\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.68\\u0026plusmn; 0.29\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.55\\u0026plusmn; 0.10\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTotal protein (g/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 92px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.34\\u0026plusmn; 0.19\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.23\\u0026plusmn; 0.27 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.04\\u0026plusmn; 0.29 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.85\\u0026plusmn; 0.12\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.11\\u0026plusmn; 0.11\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ec-TnI (ng/mL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 92px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.28 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.26 \\u0026plusmn; 0.01 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.50 \\u0026plusmn; 0.06 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.99 \\u0026plusmn; 0.03 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.84 \\u0026plusmn; 0.04 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean \\u0026plusmn; SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.2. Renal serum biomarkers:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable (3) and Figure (4) confirmed that\\u0026nbsp;serum creatinine and urea levels in the control group,\\u0026nbsp;revealed a non-significant alteration when compared to\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ethe\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ePAE group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026gt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;Conversely, serum creatinine levels were significantly elevated in the HCFD and HCFD+PAE groups compared to both the control and PAE groups (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05), and urea levels in the HCFD group showed a significant increase when compared to the control group and PAE group, (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05). Serum urea levels in HCFD+Ator group showed a significant decrease when compared to the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05). Serum creatinine and urea levels in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups showed a highly significant decrease when compared to the HCFD group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 3: Effects of treatments on serum creatinine and urea levels across groups.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" align=\\\"\\\" width=\\\"595\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eParameters\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\" style=\\\"width: 494px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGroups\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 97px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+Ator\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCreatinine (mg/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.7767\\u0026plusmn; 0.03\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.58\\u0026plusmn; 0.02\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 97px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.97\\u0026plusmn; 0.12\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.34\\u0026plusmn; 0.04\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u0026plusmn; 0.01 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eUrea (mg/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e51.88\\u0026plusmn; 1.822\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.99\\u0026plusmn; 0.76\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 97px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e91.81\\u0026plusmn; 1.95\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e57.01\\u0026plusmn; 1.67\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41.76\\u0026plusmn; 0.80\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eThe mean \\u0026plusmn; SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6).\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003egroup. \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSignificantly distinct from\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ethe HCFD group.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.3. Lipid profile tests:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eData presented in\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eTable (4) and Figure (5, 6 \\u0026amp; 7) revealed that serum TC,\\u0026nbsp;TG,\\u0026nbsp;LDL-C, HDL-C and VLDL-C levels in addition to\\u0026nbsp;HDL-C/LDL-C ratio and AI\\u0026nbsp;in the control group,\\u0026nbsp;revealed a non-significant alteration when compared to\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ePAE group\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026gt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;The present study revealed that serum TC,\\u0026nbsp;TG,\\u0026nbsp;LDL-C\\u0026nbsp;and\\u0026nbsp;VLDL-C levels\\u0026nbsp;were considerably greater\\u0026nbsp;in HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;Conversely,\\u0026nbsp;serum TC,\\u0026nbsp;TG,\\u0026nbsp;LDL-C\\u0026nbsp;and\\u0026nbsp;VLDL-C levels\\u0026nbsp;were significantly reduced in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the\\u0026nbsp;HCFD group\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05). On the other hand, levels of\\u0026nbsp;serum\\u0026nbsp;HDL-C\\u0026nbsp;and\\u0026nbsp;HDL-C/LDL-C ratio\\u0026nbsp;were significantly decreased in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups when compared to the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;While,\\u0026nbsp;serum\\u0026nbsp;HDL-C levels\\u0026nbsp;and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio\\u0026nbsp;were significantly elevated in PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the\\u0026nbsp;HCFD group\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eSerum VLDL-C was determined according to \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Tietz, 1995)\\u003c/strong\\u003e formula:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg 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\\\" width=\\\"590\\\" height=\\\"145\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 4: Impact of treatments on serum lipid profile across groups.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"595\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eParameters\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\" style=\\\"width: 502px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGroups\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+Ator\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTC (mg/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e138.4\\u0026plusmn; 3.49\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e127.8\\u0026plusmn; 5.83 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e391.0\\u0026plusmn; 12.01 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e265.5\\u0026plusmn; 7.33 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e260.3\\u0026plusmn; 5.18 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTG (mg/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e106.5\\u0026plusmn; 2.682\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e98.21\\u0026plusmn; 4.518 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e300.8\\u0026plusmn; 9.239 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e204.2\\u0026plusmn; 5.64 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e200.3\\u0026plusmn; 3.98 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLDL-C (mg/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e72.84\\u0026plusmn; 1.832\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e67.24\\u0026plusmn; 3.069 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e206.1\\u0026plusmn; 6.124 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e140.1\\u0026plusmn; 3.675\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e137.4\\u0026plusmn; 2.501\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHDL-C(mg/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e61.67\\u0026plusmn; 2.21\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66.55\\u0026plusmn; 1.04 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.21\\u0026plusmn; 1.63 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.72\\u0026plusmn; 1.60 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47.68\\u0026plusmn; 1.52\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eVLDL-C (mg/dL)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.30\\u0026plusmn;0.53\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.61\\u0026plusmn;0.91\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e60.16\\u0026plusmn;1.85\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40.84\\u0026plusmn;1.13 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40.06\\u0026plusmn;0.8 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHDL-C/LDL-C ratio\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.85\\u0026plusmn;0.05\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.996\\u0026plusmn;0.05 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.114\\u0026plusmn;0.01 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.328\\u0026plusmn;0.01 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.348\\u0026plusmn;0.02 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAI\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.535\\u0026plusmn;0.09\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 100px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.308\\u0026plusmn;0.07 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.72\\u0026plusmn;1.2 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.983\\u0026plusmn;0.24 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.739\\u0026plusmn;0.19 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean \\u0026plusmn; SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.4. Oxidative stress measurements:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe present study (Table 5 and Figures 8 \\u0026amp; 9) demonstrated that the levels of MDA, H₂O₂, and NO, as well as the concentration of GSH and the activities of CAT and SOD in the control group, showed no significant differences compared to the PAE group.\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026gt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;MDA, H2O2, and NO levels were markedly raised in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups when compared to the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05). In contrast, MDA, H2O2, and NO levels showed a significant reduction in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the HCFD group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05). The results of the current study showed that GSH concentration, CAT, and SOD activities were significantly decreased in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups in contrast with the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05). In contrast, GSH concentration, CAT, and SOD activities in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups showed a significant increase when compared to the HCFD group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 5: Effects of treatments on oxidative stress and antioxidant markers across groups.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"586\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eParameters\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\" style=\\\"width: 492px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGroups\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 88px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+Ator\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMDA (nmol/g)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 88px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.68\\u0026plusmn; 0.03\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.67\\u0026plusmn; 0.20\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.52\\u0026plusmn; 0.10 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.72\\u0026plusmn; 0.04\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.54\\u0026plusmn; 0.04\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eH\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(mM/g)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 88px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.04\\u0026plusmn;0.09\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.03\\u0026plusmn;0.05\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.36\\u0026plusmn;0.23 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.33\\u0026plusmn;0.11\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.78\\u0026plusmn;0.11\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNO (\\u0026mu;mol/g)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 88px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.24\\u0026plusmn;0.09\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.23\\u0026plusmn;0.07 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.63\\u0026plusmn;0.28 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.68\\u0026plusmn;0.12\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.10\\u0026plusmn;0.13\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGSH (mg/g)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 88px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.35\\u0026plusmn;0.19\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.51\\u0026plusmn;0.06 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.13\\u0026plusmn;0.04\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.26\\u0026plusmn;0.11\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.46\\u0026plusmn;0.06\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCAT (U/g)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 88px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.19\\u0026plusmn; 0.05\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.34\\u0026plusmn; 0.05 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.76\\u0026plusmn; 0.03\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.13\\u0026plusmn; 0.06 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.20\\u0026plusmn; 0.03 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSOD (U/g)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 88px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.79\\u0026plusmn; 0.15\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.90\\u0026plusmn; 0.06\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.93\\u0026plusmn; 0.03\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.86\\u0026plusmn; 0.08\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.03\\u0026plusmn; 0.05\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean \\u0026plusmn; SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines measurements:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe present study, Table (6) and Figure (10 \\u0026amp; 11) demonstrated that\\u0026nbsp;serum IFN-\\u0026gamma;, TNF-\\u0026alpha;,\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eIL-1\\u0026beta;, IL-4, and IL-13 levels in the control group,\\u0026nbsp;revealed a non-significant alteration when compared to\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ePAE group\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026gt;0.05). Levels of serum IFN-\\u0026gamma;, TNF-\\u0026alpha; and IL-1\\u0026beta; were significantly increased in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups relative to the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;Conversely,\\u0026nbsp;serum IFN-\\u0026gamma;, TNF-\\u0026alpha; and\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eIL-1\\u0026beta; levels were significantly decreased in HCFD+PAE and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the\\u0026nbsp;HCFD group\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;However, levels of serum IL-4 and IL-13 were significantly reduced in the HCFD, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups when compared to the control group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u0026nbsp;However,\\u0026nbsp;IL-4 and IL-13 levels were significantly increased in PAE, HCFD+PAE, and HCFD+Ator groups compared to the\\u0026nbsp;HCFD group\\u0026nbsp;(\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 6: Impact of treatments on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels across groups.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"595\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eParameters\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\" style=\\\"width: 502px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGroups\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+Ator\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIFN-\\u0026gamma; (pg/ml)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.28\\u0026plusmn; 0.54\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.55\\u0026plusmn; 1.07 \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e57.37\\u0026plusmn; 2.21 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.80\\u0026plusmn; 1.12\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31.95\\u0026plusmn; 1.30 \\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan dir=\\\"LTR\\\"\\u003eTNF-\\u0026alpha; (pg/ml)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e68.35\\u0026plusmn; 1.78\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e67.02\\u0026plusmn; 2.96\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e150.1\\u0026plusmn; 8.61 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e100.7\\u0026plusmn; 2.70\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e95.69\\u0026plusmn; 2.82\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan dir=\\\"LTR\\\"\\u003eIL-1\\u0026beta; (pg/ml)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.69\\u0026plusmn; 1.50\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28.17\\u0026plusmn; 1.48\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e71.65\\u0026plusmn; 2.94\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.22\\u0026plusmn; 0.83\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.80\\u0026plusmn; 1.18\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan dir=\\\"LTR\\\"\\u003eIL-4 (pg/ml)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e58.16\\u0026plusmn; 1.47\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e58.19\\u0026plusmn; 1.11\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.64\\u0026plusmn; 0.78\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;a\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.42\\u0026plusmn; 0.91\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46.02\\u0026plusmn; 0.88\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIL-13 (pg/ml)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 94px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27.70\\u0026plusmn; 0.70\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32.37\\u0026plusmn; 0.94\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;b\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.63\\u0026plusmn; 0.26 \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.01\\u0026plusmn; 0.66\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.72\\u0026plusmn; 0.84\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;ab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean \\u0026plusmn; SE was utilized to present the results (n = 6). \\u003csup\\u003ea\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the control group. \\u003csup\\u003eb\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003eSignificantly distinct from the HCFD group. \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e˂0.05\\u003cem\\u003e.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHistological investigation:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLiver tissues\\u003c/strong\\u003e:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAnalysis of control group liver sections with H\\u0026amp;E staining\\u003c/strong\\u003e demonstrated normal portal triad structure with preserved portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile canaliculi (rectangle). Hepatic cords showed large hepatocytes with central, spherical, and vesicular nuclei (arrow). Blood sinusoids (arrowheads) were visible between hepatic cords \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Figure 12a)\\u003c/strong\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Figure 12b) illustrates investigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;sections in the liver of the HCFD group,\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eshowing severe hepatic injury with disorganized structure (circle) including congestion of portal vein (rectangle) and blood sinusoids (arrowhead), hydropic degeneration (arrow), apoptotic hepatocytes (arrow with tail), as well as inflammatory cells infiltration (wave arrow).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eH\\u0026amp;E-stained liver sections from the PAE group (Figure 12c)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eshow identical architecture to the control group with normal portal triad structure, including\\u0026nbsp;preserved portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile canaliculi (rectangle). Large hepatocytes with centrally located, spherical, vesicular nuclei (arrow) formed the hepatic cords, with blood sinusoids (arrowheads) clearly visible between these cords.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE group\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eH\\u0026amp;E-stained sections\\u0026apos; investigations in the liver are illustrated in (Figure 12d),\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eshowing partial restoration of tissue structure characterized by normalized portal area (rectangle), organized hepatic cords with almost normal hepatocytes (arrow) in certain regions while in other areas still detected disorganized cords (circle) with hydropic degenerated hepatocytes (curvy arrow). Notice collapsed sinusoids (arrowhead) and few inflammatory cell infiltrations (wave arrow).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInvestigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained sections in the liver of the HCFD+Ator group\\u003c/strong\\u003e displayed significant improvement demonstrated by visibly typical hepatocytes (arrow) with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, intact blood sinusoids (arrowhead). The portal triad exhibited mild portal vein congestion (rectangle) accompanied by sparse inflammatory cell infiltration (wave arrow).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;(Figure 12e)\\u003c/strong\\u003e.\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHeart tissues:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;(Figure 13a) illustrates investigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;sections in the heart of control group,\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eshowing the typical histological structure of cardiomyocytes. These cells are characterized by elongated, branched shapes with cross-striations, containing large oval centrally-positioned nuclei (arrow) and thin slit-like spaces (arrowhead) separating adjacent cells.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Investigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;sections in heart of HCFD group\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ehighlighting severe histological alterations including apoptotic cardiomyocytes (arrow), disorganization and hyalinization of some myofibers (curvy arrow), vascular congestion (arrow with tail), hemorrhage (rectangle) at the intervening space between the cardiac myofibers, clear interstitial edema (star), and noticeable inflammatory cell infiltration (wave arrow) \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Figure 13b)\\u003c/strong\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;H\\u0026amp;E-stained\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003esections investigations in the heart of the PAE group are displayed in (Figure 13c),\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eexhibiting a picture similar to the control group, evidenced by the intact structure of cardiomyocytes. They have lengthy, branching, and cross-striated structures with big, oval nuclei (arrow) and narrow, slit-like spaces (arrowhead) between them.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInvestigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained sections in the heart of the\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+PAE group\\u003c/strong\\u003e showed significant improvement, as shown by nearly normal cardiac myocytes (arrow), decreased vascular congestion (arrow with tail), and haemorrhage (rectangle). A small number of cells remained apoptotic (curvy arrow).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Figure 13d)\\u003c/strong\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD+Ator\\u0026nbsp;group\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eH\\u0026amp;E-stained sections\\u0026apos; investigations in the heart are illustrated in (Figure 13e),\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003edisplaying moderate degenerative changes including dilatation and vascular congestion (arrow with tail) and mild hemorrhage (rectangle). Furthermore, cardiomyocytes appear in 2 forms: normal (arrow) and apoptotic (curvy arrow), plus the inflammatory cells (wave arrow) are reduced to a great extent.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eKidney tissues:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eH\\u0026amp;E-stained sections investigations in the kidney of the control group are displayed in (Figure 14a),\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003erepresenting the typical histological configuration of the renal cortex, containing proximal (arrow), distal (arrowhead), and renal corpuscle (rectangle) convoluted tubules.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHCFD group\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eH\\u0026amp;E-stained sections\\u0026apos; investigations in the kidney are illustrated in (Figure 14b),\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003edisplaying severe kidney injury, including severe vacuolations, congestion, and degeneration of renal corpuscle (circle), interstitial edema (star), and inflammatory cells infiltration (arrow with tail). Additionally, certain renal tubules exhibit deterioration with necrotic changes (circle), and desquamation of epithelial lining (arch arrow). Others exhibit cytoplasmic vacuolization (curvy arrow), hydropic degeneration (wave arrow), or pyknotic nuclei of the lining epithelium (arrow).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInvestigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained Sections in the kidney of the PAE group\\u003c/strong\\u003e exhibited a structure identical to the control group. It exhibits the complete architecture of the renal cortex, comprising renal corpuscle (rectangle), proximal (arrow), and distal (arrowhead) convoluted tubules \\u003cstrong\\u003e(Figure 14c)\\u003c/strong\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Figure 14d) illustrates investigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained sections in the kidney of HCFD+PAE group,\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eindicating moderate tissue repair as seen by atrophy of some renal corpuscles with mild vacuolations (rectangle), some renal tubules contain intact lining epithelium (arrowhead), while few renal tubules display desquamated epithelium (arch arrow), pyknotic nuclei (arrow), vacuolations (arch arrow), as well as scarce tubules with hydropic degeneration (wave arrow).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInvestigations of H\\u0026amp;E-stained sections in the kidney of the HCFD+Ator group\\u003c/strong\\u003e marked obvious tissue improvement and reduced the renal damage seen in the group on HCFD. It demonstrates a recovery of the majority of histological components within the renal corpuscle (rectangle). However, tubular degeneration presented in a limited amount as a small number of apoptotic lining epithelium (arrow), and most cells existed in an intact structure (arrowhead). Epithelial desquamation (arch arrow) and vascular congestion (arrow with tail) are still discernible, however, not as strongly as in the HCFD group.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Figure 14e)\\u003c/strong\\u003e. \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn the current work, significant changes in body weights (BW) were observed in the HCFD group. These observations corroborate findings previously established by Esmail et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e), who proposed that HCFD consumption leads to obesity by establishing a positive energy balance that enhances visceral fat accumulation. Our data demonstrated a notable decline in BW in rats receiving HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;PAE compared to those receiving HCFD alone, this decrease in BW was even greater than that of HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Ator. The observed BW changes could be attributed to the extracts' capacity to ameliorate various physiological irregularities, including loss of BW \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eGad et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). Also, a study conducted on diabetic rats treated with PAE suggested that the ability of PAE to oppose the HCFD-induced increase in BW possibly stems from the extract's diuretic properties \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAbou Khalil et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). Our results indicated that HCFD administration significantly increased serum ALT and AST activity levels, consistent with previous findings \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eLiu et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). The high levels of these enzymes have been attributed to hepatocyte injury, potentially modifying hepatocyte membrane characteristics and transport capabilities, thus enabling enzymes to seep outward \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAljaff et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Enzyme activity improved in rats given PAE, consistent with Bastampoor et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e), who linked parsley's protective effects against Pb-induced hepatotoxicity to its flavone component. Additionally, HCFD resulted in a marked increase in serum ALP activity. Comparable findings were previously reported by Adekiya et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e), supporting this outcome. The primary reason for this is the elevated translation of ALP messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), driven by increasing bile acid levels, and the augmented release of ALP into the serum through canalicular leakage into the hepatic sinusoids \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eGreen and Sambrook, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e. According to the current results, HCFD leads to a marked decrease in serum albumin and total protein levels. These findings align with the previous research \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eCisneros et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e). Low albumin and total protein levels could be because a high-calorie fatty diet reduces the amount of protein that the body absorbs from the intestines \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eOlorunnisola et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR64\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). Owing to its high energy density, the high-fat diet likely induced early satiety, reduced overall feed consumption, and impaired the absorption of protein and other essential nutrients \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eOtunola et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR65\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e). Our results revealed a decrease in ALT, AST and ALP levels in the HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Ator group. Contrast results were recorded by Veillard et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR92\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2002\\u003c/span\\u003e) who reported an increase in ALT, AST, and ALP liver enzyme levels following Ator treatment and raise HDL-C while lowering LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC, and TG.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNevertheless, co-treatment with extracts of PAE leaves showed a marked improvement in the serum albumin \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAshry et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e) and total protein levels, which may be due to the potential of PAE to boost protein levels, which may be due to the richness of PAE in amino acids \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eRazzaghi-Abyaneh et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR75\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn the current study, HCFD induction significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels, consistent with the findings of Dawood et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). This outcome indicates glomerular damage and reduced filtration rate in the kidney \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eMani et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). In the group co-treated with parsley, kidney function indicators significantly improved, though not to the same extent as in the statin-treated group; however, the improvement was notable compared to the HCFD group. By enhancing renal perfusion, PAE reduces cell damage and the pressure of Bowman\\u0026rsquo;s space, leading to boosted glomerular filtration rate and improvement in the blood urea and creatinine levels \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003ePark et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR68\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). Co-treatment of PAE with HCFD showed marked improvement in renal structure in harmony with nephrotoxic experimental models \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eSapoval et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR79\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRenal damage in the HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Ator group improved, with some histopathological abnormalities remaining but less severe than in the HCFD group, consistent with the findings of Mustafa and Abdulah (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e. Congestion and vasodilation following Ator administration are attributed to its effects on multiple phases of the blood coagulation cascade \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eUndas et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR90\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). The impact of Ator appears to be dose-dependent. High doses can lead to complications such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and testicular damage due to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eNasri et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR61\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). Lower doses have been shown to alleviate hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eFarag et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHyperlipidemia caused by consumption of HCFD is due to excessive mobilization of fat from the adipose tissue, stimulation of VLDL-C formation by the intestine, and decreased activity of hepatic lipoprotein lipase \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eBhujbal et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn the present study, we demonstrated a significant increase in serum levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and AI following HCFD intake, with a marked decrease in HDL-C levels and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio (a good index reflecting the abnormality of lipid metabolism), these findings align with the previous research \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAlshatwi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). This investigation also demonstrated that concurrent administration of Ator with HCFD resulted in to correction of all the aforementioned lipid profile tests. The hypolipidemic effect of Ator is due to the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eKotyla, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e and the major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells stimulated by IFN-γ \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eDing et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). By preventing the reduction of Bacteroides and promoting better metabolic activity, Ator mitigates lipid metabolism abnormalities caused by high-fat diet consumption in rats \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eLi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). The ability of Ator to improve lipid profile is consistent with Sadeghi et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR77\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe current study showed that the group fed on HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;PAE had significant (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;0.05) lower mean values of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio and higher values of HDL-C \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eLi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). PAE exhibits hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic properties as a result of its flavonoids, flavonoids reduce blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cholesterol and increasing the phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase indirectly \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eYousuf, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR96\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e. The vitamin C content of parsley stimulates the enzyme 7α-hydroxylase, which is the initial step in bile acid production. Activating this enzyme aids in converting cholesterol to bile acids, which ultimately lowers serum cholesterol concentrations \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eEteng et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). A marked elevation in c-TnI was observed after consumption of HCFD, in line with the findings of DeMartini et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). It is commonly known that cardiovascular disorders, particularly heart failure and CHD, are directly correlated with obesity. Due to its limited ability to synthesize de novo fatty acids and consequent dependence on an exogenous supply, diet-induced Obesity can trigger the heart's lipid composition to change significantly \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003ePakiet et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR67\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). Co-treatment of PAE along with HCFD was much reduced in the current work, the same result was also obtained in the HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Ator group when compared to the HCFD group (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). The flavonoids in parsley exhibit a cardioprotective effect by neutralizing free radicals \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003ePotapovich and Kostyuk, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR71\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2003\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e, downregulating key hypertrophic markers and apoptosis-related proteins, and enhancing mitochondrial function \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eHedayati et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn HCFD there were severe histological alterations, including apoptotic cardiomyocytes, disorganization and hyalinization of some myofibers, vascular congestion, hemorrhage at the interstices between cardiac myofibers, distinct interstitial edema, and marked inflammatory cell infiltration, these alterations were similar to those observed by El Rabey et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e), They demonstrated vascular congestion and significant myocardial muscle degeneration, including ballooning and deterioration. The cardiac tissue is directly impacted by HCFD, with the proposed mechanisms involving fibrosis, hypertrophy, inflammation, and excessive perivascular fat, which significantly contribute to contractile and vascular dysfunction \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eEl-Baz et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). PAE co-treatment resulted in substantial recovery, demonstrated by cardiac myocytes appearing nearly normal except for scarce ones still apoptotic, with moderate vascular congestion and hemorrhage, this is in line with El Rabey et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). Parsley's defensive capacity against various pathological changes stems from its abundant antioxidant components, particularly flavonoids and phenolic compounds \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAli et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). The same ameliorative results were obtained in the HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Ator group, which is consistent with Yao and Lv (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR95\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe HCFD altered the antioxidant balance in liver tissues, in accordance with Tuzcu et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR89\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). The rise in MDA levels is likely linked to significant lipid peroxidation alongside decreased CAT activity. This reduction in CAT activity may be caused by the overproduction of superoxide anions, which impair CAT by transforming its ferric resting state into a weakly active ferro-oxy form \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eMahfouz et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1997\\u003c/span\\u003e). Increased H2O2 and NO levels in HCFD are in line with Lasker et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e) and El-Baz et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). The elevated generation of ROS resulted in the degradation of cell membranes leading to the production of lipid peroxidation products, including MDA, which are highly reactive with biomolecules like proteins \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eJarukamjorn et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). Furthermore, a previous report indicates that the high-fat diet substantially increased hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which may produce a significant amount of NO in the liver and react with the superoxide anion to form nitrosative stress \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eWan et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR93\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2000\\u003c/span\\u003e). The production of free radicals can directly lead to the depletion of antioxidant defenses, which can cause oxidative membrane damage and disruption of cellular function, as well as a higher susceptibility to lipid peroxidation \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eRahal et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR72\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). GSH, CAT, and SOD, the natural cellular antioxidants, which reduce oxidative stress, were impaired in the HCFD group due to elevated oxidative stress, a common effect of high-fat diet consumption in experimental models \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eCilla et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Jomova et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, our study demonstrated that all of these oxidative stress-induced ROS markers were greatly reduced or normalized using PAE. It was suggested to suppress lipid peroxidation and scavenge hydroxide and superoxide radicals, thus improving the antioxidant battery by the active constituents present in PAE such as flavonoids and vitamin C \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eElkomy et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). The significant decrease in liver MDA levels in the HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;PAE group is due to the ability of PAE to scavenge free radicals \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003ePopović et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR70\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). Previous research has shown that parsley possesses antioxidant properties. Fejes et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1998\\u003c/span\\u003e) discovered that myristicin, an ingredient abundant in parsley oil, exhibited strong activity as an inducer of the glutathione \\u003cem\\u003eS-transferase (GST\\u003c/em\\u003e) detoxifying enzyme \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eFejes et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1998\\u003c/span\\u003e). According to, Jassim (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e, parsley contains a substantial amount of flavonoids (apiin, luteolin-, and apigenin-glycosides), along with ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and essential oils (apiole, myristicin). It also includes coumarins like bergapten and imperatorin, which possess antioxidant properties that may help prevent oxidative damage. Parsley\\u0026rsquo;s ability to lower lipid levels is linked to its capacity to reduce lipid peroxidation and boost antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD and CAT \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAlobaidi, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e).\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSevere hepatic injury was observed in the HCFD group in harmony with Sorour et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR85\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Following the administration of PAE, the liver of the HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;PAE group showed a moderate improvement in the tissue architecture. Consistent with the findings of Zugravu et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR97\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e), Diabetic rats treated with parsley extract exhibited reduced ALP and ALT enzyme activity in the liver, while electron microscopy revealed that hepatocytes displayed normal cellular structure \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eBolkent et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e). Our histological evaluation supported our biochemical findings, where free radical accumulation contributed to liver damage, which was reversed obviously with PAE treatment. In the sections of the liver of the HCFD\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Ator group, a significant improvement was observed with normal-appearing hepatocytes, intact sinusoids, and only mild portal vein congestion and inflammation. A previous study \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eMustafa and Abdulah, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e, after the administration of rats to Ator, showed areas of inflammatory cellular infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and necrosis. Ator administration was found to impact the liver's pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance by decreasing intracellular glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activity while increasing intracellular lipid peroxidation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis investigation revealed significantly increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels following HCFD consumption, which substantially decreased after PAE administration. Similarly, Ertaş et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e) demonstrated that PAE diminished oxidative damage and suppressed inflammatory responses. Bastampoor et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e) also demonstrated that exposure to aqueous-alcoholic extract of parsley leaves alters gene expression of TNF-α Parsley extract modulates cytokine production by enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β. Current research shows that parsley compounds myristicin and apiol inhibit inflammatory cytokine release, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), by blocking their active sites through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eAlobaidi, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn Previous clinical investigations, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, commonly referred to as \\u0026ldquo;statins,\\u0026rdquo; are believed to provide anti-atherogenic benefits beyond those expected from improved lipid profiles. The concept that HMG-CoA inhibitors function partly through reducing inflammation is corroborated by experimental models \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eSch\\u0026ouml;nbeck and Libby, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR80\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e. Therefore, in several atherogenesis models, Statins inhibit the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and other mediators, enhance the secretion of anti-atherogenic cytokines (e.g., IL-4 and IL-10), and downregulate the expression of pro-atherogenic cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) within macrophages \\u003cb\\u003e(\\u003c/b\\u003eCrowther, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e. It appears that parsley operates through a mechanism similar to that of statins, which explains the similarity in results between parsley administration and statin administration across all parameters, particularly in cytokines. There was an elevation in anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-4 and IL-13, accompanied by a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIt could be concluded that PAE, through its robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties shielded tissues from HCFD-induced damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart in rats by reducing lipid profile parameters and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic animals. This was demonstrated in all of the aforementioned effects of the extract. It was indicated that the use of statins as a treatment for high cholesterol is very similar in its results to the daily use of parsley. In the end, parsley remains a natural product that does not contain synthetic chemicals with harmful side effects. Further research priorities include human clinical trials, safety assessments, active compound isolation, pharmacological studies for dosing optimization, pharmacokinetic research, standardization protocols, and comprehensive population studies to confirm therapeutic benefits.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Abbreviations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePAE:Parsley aqueous extract\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e;\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eAtor:Atorvastatin; HCFD:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eHigh cholesterol and fat diet; CHD: Coronary heart disease; TC:Total cholesterol; TG:Triglycerides; LDL-C:Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C:Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C:High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ROS:Reactive oxygen species; RNS:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eReactive nitrogen species; CVD\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e:\\u003c/span\\u003eCardiovascular diseases; ALT:Alanine aminotransferases; AST:Aspartate aminotransferases; HMG-CoA: \\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e 3-\\u003c/span\\u003ehydroxy-3-ethyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A; USFDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; ALP:Alkaline phosphatase; MDA:Malondialdehyde; H2O2:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eHydrogen peroxide; NO:Nitric Oxide; GSH:Glutathione reduced\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e; CAT:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eCatalase; SOD:Superoxide dismutase\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e;\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003ec-TnI:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eCardiac Troponin I; IFN-\\u0026gamma;:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eInterferon-gamma; TNF-\\u0026alpha;\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eTumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1\\u0026beta;\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e: \\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eInterleukin 1 beta; IL-4:Interleukin 4; IL-13:Interleukin 13; NVERC: \\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eNew Valley Research Ethics Committee; ELISA:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eEnzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay; NBF:Neutral buffered formalin; H\\u0026amp;E\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e:\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eHematoxylin and Eosin; ANOVA\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e: \\u003c/span\\u003eOne-way Variance Analysis; AI:Atherogenic index; BW:Body weight; mRNA:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eMessenger ribonucleic acid; iNOS\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e:\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eInducible nitric oxide synthase; GST\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e: \\u003c/span\\u003eGlutathione S-transferase; IL-10:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eInterleukin 10; TGF-\\u0026beta;1:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eTransforming growth factor beta 1; MCP-1:\\u003cspan dir=\\\"RTL\\\"\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003eMonocyte chemoattractant pr\\u003cstrong\\u003e.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor contributions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEAA and AAH designed the experiment and carried out the biochemical assay. BKAS and WAM carried out the histological and immunohistochemical assay. EAA and AAH carried out the statistical analysis and was the main contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of data and materials\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDeclarations\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll the experimental techniques were applied according to the animal care recommendations of the New Valley Research Ethics Committee (NVERC), Faculty of Sciences, New Valley University, under protocol number (0614-20243), and were performed according to ARRIVE guidelines of animal experiments.\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for publication\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that there is no competing interests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor details\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El‑Kharga, Egypt. \\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli dir=\\\"LTR\\\"\\u003e Abou Khalil, N. 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Hepatic changes following a high-fat diet: effects of Cornus mas and gold nanoparticles phytoreduced with Cornus mas on oxidative stress, inflammation, and histological damage. \\u003cem\\u003eMedicine and Pharmacy Reports\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e97\\u003c/em\\u003e(3), 318.\\u0026rlm;\\u003cstrong\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.15386/mpr-2775\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Hypercholesterolemia, Cardiovascular diseases, Parsley, Liver, Kidney, Heart, Atorvastatin, Male albino rats\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6636941/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6636941/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBackground\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Numerous compounds with medicinal properties are provided by the plant kingdom, which shields humans and animals from several infectious diseases. The current study aimed to investigate how parsley aqueous extract (PAE) and atorvastatin (Ator) affect rats consuming a high-cholesterol and fat diet (HCFD).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMethods\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Thirty fully grown male rats were separated into five distinct groups: The first one functioned as a control. The second was orally and daily administered with PAE (2g/kg b.wt.). The third group received HCFD. The fourth one was fed on an HCFD and administered PAE (2g/kg b.wt.) orally and daily, and the last group was fed on an HCFD and given Ator (20 mg/kg b.wt./day) orally. After six weeks of the experiment, liver functions, cardiac biomarker, kidney functions, lipid profile tests, redox parameters, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines measurements, along with histopathological analysis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eResults:\\u003c/strong\\u003e The results revealed that administration of HCFD substantially elevated (\\u003cem\\u003eP \\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt; 0.05) the mean body weight, Hepatic biomarkers (ALT, AST, and ALP), cardiac biomarker (c-TnI), renal biomarkers (creatinine and urea), some lipid profile tests (TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, AI), oxidant biomarkers (MDA, H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e, NO), the pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β), but, significantly reduced (\\u003cem\\u003eP \\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026lt; 0.05) the mean of total protein, albumin, HDL-C, the anti-oxidant biomarkers (GSH, CAT, SOD), the anti-inflammatory (IL-4, and IL-13) levels in the treated HCFD groups compared to the control group. The administration of PAE and Ator ameliorated the aforementioned effects caused by HCFD. In addition, there was significant enhancements in histoarchitecture were observed in the groups that received treatment compared to those that did not.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/strong\\u003e: This indicates that PAE exhibited therapeutic effects comparable to Ator in managing hypercholesterolemia and the related impairments affecting critical organs including the liver, heart, and kidneys, likely due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Potential Protective Effects of Parsley Aqueous Extract Compared to Effects of Atorvastatin on Hypercholesterolemia: Influence on Liver, Heart, and Kidney Functions in Male Albino Rats\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:51\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6636941/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"20e1a4c8-9aa8-4b42-ad81-186072ffc977\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 29th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-01-26T16:08:03+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-6636941\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-025-00540-8\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"the-journal-of-basic-and-applied-zoology\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-01-19 15:57:01\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"January 19th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-05-29 07:58:51\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1186/s41936-025-00540-8\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-025-00540-8\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6636941\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6636941\",\"identity\":\"rs-6636941\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}