{"paper_id":"3aa09e15-1bcf-4e0d-be75-91d1009ecba6","body_text":"Landsat Observation of Land Use and Land Cover Change Monitoring and Its Correlation with Land Surface Temperature Through NDBI and NDVI Analysis: A Case Study of Pine Bluff City, Arkansas | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Landsat Observation of Land Use and Land Cover Change Monitoring and Its Correlation with Land Surface Temperature Through NDBI and NDVI Analysis: A Case Study of Pine Bluff City, Arkansas MAHBUBUR RAHMAN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836499/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract While rapid urbanization has been observed worldwide, some U.S. cities are experiencing a declining urbanization rate. For example, Pine Bluff city in Arkansas state has been losing its urban population at a concerning rate. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, this city has lost approximately 10,000 people in the last 3 decades (1993–2023). To observe population contraction resulting from urbanization, this study utilized remote sensing multispectral image analysis to identify whether urban decline accompanied by shrinking built-up areas is occurring in this city through land use and land cover (LULC) change analysis and to monitor the correlation between land surface temperature (LST) and built-up area and vegetation through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). The focus of the study was to extract the urban class via LULC analysis, which revealed a slight increase in the built-up area. However, the LST analysis revealed a notable increase in temperature, a positive correlation with the NDBI, and a negative correlation with the NDVI. Geographic Information Systems Remote Sensing Land use and Land Cover Change (LULC) Land Surface Temperature (LST) Landsat Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3836499\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":268914999,\"identity\":\"9adf36f8-41a0-4adc-a92b-c3d3eee8ff08\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"MAHBUBUR RAHMAN\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjYGxgYgzQ4iDCxI0cJzAKRFghQtEgkgHhFadNvPHnvMu2NbPv/M51c3/CiQYOBv707Aq8XsTF66Me+Z25YzbueU3ewBOkzizNkN+LUcyDGT5m27bcBwOyftBg9Qi4FELgEt599AtMjfPJN28w9RWm5AbTG4wX7sNnG23Hhjbjj3zG0DwzM5bLdlDCR4CPvlfI7Zg7c7bhvIHT/+7OabPzZy/O29+LUgAR4DMEmschBgf0CK6lEwCkbBKBhBAACWskqU1KYFTAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Miami University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"MAHBUBUR\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"RAHMAN\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-01-05 07:01:21\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836499/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836499/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":50828299,\"identity\":\"867135cd-4cef-48bb-88b1-ff10bae04d73\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-08 01:52:21\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1490621,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"MahbuburRahmanLandsatObservationManuscriptrevisedV3.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3836499/v1_covered_45ef1452-0970-4255-a477-bdeb1cacc94b.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Landsat Observation of Land Use and Land Cover Change Monitoring and Its Correlation with Land Surface Temperature Through NDBI and NDVI Analysis: A Case Study of Pine Bluff City, Arkansas\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, Land use and Land Cover Change (LULC), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Landsat\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836499/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3836499/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWhile rapid urbanization has been observed worldwide, some U.S. cities are experiencing a declining urbanization rate. 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