{"paper_id":"39c2871f-ada4-4d7b-b41a-36702c62fa45","body_text":"A Unified Framework and Synergy Performance Index for Integrated Energy–Water–Ventilation Systems in Buildings: A Systematic Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Unified Framework and Synergy Performance Index for Integrated Energy–Water–Ventilation Systems in Buildings: A Systematic Review Ghulam Qadir, Majid Baseer, Madhar Haddad, Ibrahim Ali Kachalla This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8387783/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Integrated management of energy, water, and ventilation (E–W–V) systems is increasingly recognised as a critical pathway for advancing sustainable development by reducing environmental impacts, improving resource efficiency, and strengthening climate resilience in the built environment. Despite growing interest, existing research remains fragmented, with limited attention to cross-domain synergies and a lack of standardised approaches for evaluating integrated system performance. This study addresses these gaps by introducing the Unified E–W–V Integration Framework (UEVIF) and the Synergy Performance Index (SPI), which together constitute the first combined methodological tools for systematically characterising and assessing multi-domain E–W–V interactions in buildings. A PRISMA-based systematic review of 107 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted to identify dominant integration typologies, resource-flow interdependencies, enabling technologies, and reported performance outcomes. The proposed SPI provides a normalised metric for evaluating synergy effects across energy demand, water use, and indoor environmental performance, enabling consistent cross-study comparison and benchmarking. The reviewed evidence indicates that integrated E–W–V strategies can achieve energy-use reductions of 30–70%, water-consumption savings of 20–40%, and measurable improvements in indoor air quality across diverse building types and climatic contexts. Nevertheless, the analysis reveals persistent limitations related to empirical validation, cross-domain modelling, and the absence of unified performance metrics. By offering a transferable analytical framework and a standardised synergy indicator, this review supports evidence-based design, research, and policy interventions aimed at accelerating the transition toward climate-aligned, net-zero, and circular built environments. Sustainable development Integrated building systems Energy–Water–Ventilation nexus Resource efficiency Digital twins and interoperability System-level optimization Building efficiency Figures Figure 5 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8387783\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":562362847,\"identity\":\"435bafe8-12e2-4aee-865e-4d3f8a92fac8\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Ghulam Qadir\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Southern Cross University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ghulam\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Qadir\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":562362850,\"identity\":\"b03c1149-a7aa-49d1-ab7a-cbf778fa3b64\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Majid Baseer\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIie3RsQqCQBjA8e+4oeWgtSHoCYKLoHAIX+VCaMo1GoVAlx5AKPAVfIQvDpqkVgcHI3ASEloay0SIiLMx6P7LeYc/7hMBdLrfTCADrB4LAFau+DUhfk2aDNSEsvpERfoenjCHpNfzVvvrxE264xYSWSjIKBJit4VsEEZ7a2O7GTPWQj3YCIWQDCQJO/MhtV3JODaRY/okZhBcrtQoyTFtIHF1y9SJGaWkJHHTLXH6+BaeWWE0G5L1QTLDPzkYKQebW0W+TCaBJ89wW0hz3LZksVSQx08RAPxlz4E4SgDQepubf3xLp9Pp/rk7MRJdKhK8yjYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Palermo\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Majid\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Baseer\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":562362851,\"identity\":\"ae94e97b-6a09-4c00-b80c-c0467d5a06dc\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Madhar Haddad\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"United Arab Emirates University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Madhar\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Haddad\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":562362853,\"identity\":\"c59069af-f194-458f-82b2-1ba3fcdd08d4\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Ibrahim Ali Kachalla\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Builders School of Engineering Normandy\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ibrahim\",\"middleName\":\"Ali\",\"lastName\":\"Kachalla\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-12-17 17:10:12\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8387783/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8387783/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":98626794,\"identity\":\"829b3251-4971-487b-b66c-b5377feb777f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:09:57\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":2326427,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Manuscript.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/454da4072db19568ff4f7d8c.docx\"},{\"id\":98576578,\"identity\":\"47108faf-ad7d-42a8-850c-34d134c6ce73\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 07:29:09\",\"extension\":\"json\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":6363,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"f27a37338fd44b609cb0f44c1161d3f9.json\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/881d5efb52c31a35f5ada255.json\"},{\"id\":98628782,\"identity\":\"0966c680-9529-4f5f-b531-fbb1554f09f6\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:12:28\",\"extension\":\"xml\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":336497,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"f27a37338fd44b609cb0f44c1161d3f91enriched.xml\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/5b63f44e26d06770ac33b4a1.xml\"},{\"id\":98627406,\"identity\":\"38e84f9e-8175-4f77-afb6-02ad8a85d232\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:21\",\"extension\":\"eps\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":205,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"drawingimage1.eps\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/27a76bc7a6aac7c7fa1d5a10.eps\"},{\"id\":98627842,\"identity\":\"2301c4e0-76f8-4106-a7aa-d5ed8d998a09\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:42\",\"extension\":\"eps\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":205,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"drawingimage1.eps\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/7698f98fb77e7f58bc9c9196.eps\"},{\"id\":98627597,\"identity\":\"622ead3d-452f-477f-858a-a7b155a59e97\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:30\",\"extension\":\"eps\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":139704,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"drawingimage4.eps\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/acc1ce8184281fcd400c14db.eps\"},{\"id\":98627359,\"identity\":\"f27f7f87-7cc5-404a-84ea-c5ed6a786e91\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:18\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":68346,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/e8b49bfbef7a75c8925f694c.png\"},{\"id\":98626839,\"identity\":\"dbc7363e-9e14-4a98-a8a9-3ccb343dd5df\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:09:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":1373245,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/9f8d474ab46a740674f8fd8b.png\"},{\"id\":98626883,\"identity\":\"6fd6c4da-6a32-4d43-9621-67a91e8e29c3\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":9,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":169279,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/db9a06f77319faf1b707518f.png\"},{\"id\":98576590,\"identity\":\"909bb67f-34c7-4554-9796-cf48907ad084\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 07:29:10\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":254102,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/3e9d333b3062af0077b96a28.png\"},{\"id\":98626788,\"identity\":\"7eb2d64e-66e0-41f2-b618-ad44e034c013\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:09:57\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":148803,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/50a65bfa8f497098ccde2e83.png\"},{\"id\":98627900,\"identity\":\"58f5d61c-6e6d-42b4-b637-4f8a04fc0757\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:45\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":12,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":21307,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/e7cf45ffccd075f2c619f913.png\"},{\"id\":98629107,\"identity\":\"ddd025be-67f1-4ea3-916c-a73e9b35485a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:13:15\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":13,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":77352,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/8d9a9a721266a2adf8981114.png\"},{\"id\":98627339,\"identity\":\"6b60050c-ebc0-4da0-acc2-dd8856346d22\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:17\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":14,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":47473,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/cca83ee242884230df0da6d8.png\"},{\"id\":98576596,\"identity\":\"2264d12a-a744-418b-9234-6c32a74e9d8e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 07:29:10\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":15,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":43500,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/58f792dda71d3057a081d5ef.png\"},{\"id\":98627753,\"identity\":\"6492b0b8-4df8-4a5f-85a5-13a5ce253efa\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:37\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":16,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":21922,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/b0d95e7e17a493b18fda1be4.png\"},{\"id\":98627613,\"identity\":\"8949c19e-2836-4998-b184-fb492609d59f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:30\",\"extension\":\"xml\",\"order_by\":17,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":334726,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"f27a37338fd44b609cb0f44c1161d3f91structuring.xml\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/d1912bef15de7d91bda44fcb.xml\"},{\"id\":98576597,\"identity\":\"68d7c53b-4aa9-4f93-823f-5926bcef1570\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 07:29:10\",\"extension\":\"html\",\"order_by\":18,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":357168,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"earlyproof.html\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/0d6c8da411baaabbcdbe551c.html\"},{\"id\":98627157,\"identity\":\"ed963673-5ca9-49e6-97bd-0d6943482e96\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-19 17:10:10\",\"extension\":\"eps\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":178170,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Illustrates the shifting research landscape of building-level E\\u0026ndash;W\\u0026ndash;V studies over the past decade (2015\\u0026ndash;2025), revealing four distinct phases in thematic progression.\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"drawingimage3.eps\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1/74c2e43be6b324f768bff627.eps\"},{\"id\":100371084,\"identity\":\"fb355a31-9d52-41d4-8f45-96a8cd499b94\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:09:22\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":963122,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8387783/v1_covered_cc772a0c-679c-4b4f-8029-9691094738f2.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"A Unified Framework and Synergy Performance Index for Integrated Energy–Water–Ventilation Systems in Buildings: A Systematic Review\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Sustainable development, Integrated building systems, Energy–Water–Ventilation nexus, Resource efficiency, Digital twins and interoperability, System-level optimization, Building efficiency\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8387783/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8387783/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIntegrated management of energy, water, and ventilation (E\\u0026ndash;W\\u0026ndash;V) systems is increasingly recognised as a critical pathway for advancing sustainable development by reducing environmental impacts, improving resource efficiency, and strengthening climate resilience in the built environment. Despite growing interest, existing research remains fragmented, with limited attention to cross-domain synergies and a lack of standardised approaches for evaluating integrated system performance. This study addresses these gaps by introducing the Unified E\\u0026ndash;W\\u0026ndash;V Integration Framework (UEVIF) and the Synergy Performance Index (SPI), which together constitute the first combined methodological tools for systematically characterising and assessing multi-domain E\\u0026ndash;W\\u0026ndash;V interactions in buildings. A PRISMA-based systematic review of 107 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted to identify dominant integration typologies, resource-flow interdependencies, enabling technologies, and reported performance outcomes. The proposed SPI provides a normalised metric for evaluating synergy effects across energy demand, water use, and indoor environmental performance, enabling consistent cross-study comparison and benchmarking. The reviewed evidence indicates that integrated E\\u0026ndash;W\\u0026ndash;V strategies can achieve energy-use reductions of 30\\u0026ndash;70%, water-consumption savings of 20\\u0026ndash;40%, and measurable improvements in indoor air quality across diverse building types and climatic contexts. Nevertheless, the analysis reveals persistent limitations related to empirical validation, cross-domain modelling, and the absence of unified performance metrics. By offering a transferable analytical framework and a standardised synergy indicator, this review supports evidence-based design, research, and policy interventions aimed at accelerating the transition toward climate-aligned, net-zero, and circular built environments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"A Unified Framework and Synergy Performance Index for Integrated Energy–Water–Ventilation Systems in Buildings: A Systematic Review\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-19 07:29:03\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8387783/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"7c2922a0-6d59-458e-9667-29d93bb4d0d2\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 19th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-01-14T13:24:55+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-19 07:29:03\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8387783\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8387783\",\"identity\":\"rs-8387783\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}