{"paper_id":"39b2b98f-ca7f-42b9-9f7c-9d044e6849a5","body_text":"Unmasking Users in IoC: LLMs, Text Profiling, and Privacy Implications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Unmasking Users in IoC: LLMs, Text Profiling, and Privacy Implications ASIMINA TSOUPLAKI, Christos Kalloniatis, George Mikros, Apostolis Siatras This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6412412/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The synthesis of Large Language Models (LLMs) with the Internet of Cloud (IoC) ecosystems creates multiple opportunities across diverse domains such as healthcare, finance, and smart cities. This study explores the combination of these technologies, focusing on their ability to profile authors and the associated privacy challenges. We conducted two interesting experiments using real data from the Blog Authorship Corpus and the Reddit Self-Reported Depression Diagnosis (RSDD). Then we evaluated the capabilities of two well-known LLMs which are the ChatGPT-4o and Llama 3-70B, in identifying sensitive user demographic data such as gender, age, profession, and psychological conditions. Our findings highlight both the strengths and limitations of these LLMs, with ChatGPT achieving higher reliability across tasks but demonstrating biases and ethical concerns. Moreover, key insights indicate that while LLMs improve precision and adaptability in textual data analysis, they also increase the potential risks of detecting profiling in sensitive contexts. This research highlights the urgency of implementing robust privacy-preserving strategies to mitigate ethical risks and social impacts. Finally, it presents all the useful findings from the two experiments and then provides a detailed analysis of the results by comparing the two LLMs used. Internet of Cloud (IoC) Large Language Models (LLMs) Text Profiling Ethical Challenges Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6412412\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":456545566,\"identity\":\"43f7b268-33f3-4cad-b64a-bf88ab7b6ffe\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"ASIMINA TSOUPLAKI\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCwYJZuYDRCpmA5MSQC1sCaRqYeAxIE4H//z2h495d0jIS7bzfPzw4ZeNvDkD+7UP+LRIHOMxNuY9I2E4m5l3s+TMvjTDnQ08xTPwWnOMh02at02CcR4z7wZp3p7DjBsO8CTj1SF/jP0ZSIv9PGaex7//9vy3J6jF4BiDGUhL4mxmoHUMPw4kbjjAfhivFsNjOcaGc89IJM9sZjOz7G1ITt5wmIcZrxa5w8cfPni7w8Z2xvnDj2/8+GNnu+F4+2O8WsCAsQHGaAMSzMREEFwLwx8Qwf6AsJZRMApGwSgYSQAAFuRHr12iSE0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of the Aegean\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"ASIMINA\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"TSOUPLAKI\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":456545567,\"identity\":\"8a1fd6b0-a232-49db-bde1-9ee75d1f5901\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Christos Kalloniatis\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of the Aegean\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Christos\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kalloniatis\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":456545568,\"identity\":\"30ff301e-e38f-417b-9f4a-5e8b81385381\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"George Mikros\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hamad bin Khalifa University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"George\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Mikros\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":456545569,\"identity\":\"204ff553-09a3-444a-aada-a4c16af8957d\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Apostolis Siatras\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of the Aegean\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Apostolis\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Siatras\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-04-09 13:38:15\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6412412/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6412412/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":84481996,\"identity\":\"4900272e-42b3-4730-bf16-451f0b6fe11d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-06-12 12:47:08\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":434906,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"UnmaskingUsers.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6412412/v1_covered_ff956061-825a-4343-a26c-3add1b1209ee.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Unmasking Users in IoC: LLMs, Text Profiling, and Privacy Implications\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\" Internet of Cloud (IoC), Large Language Models (LLMs), Text Profiling, Ethical Challenges\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6412412/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6412412/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"The synthesis of Large Language Models (LLMs) with the Internet of Cloud (IoC) ecosystems creates multiple opportunities across diverse domains such as healthcare, finance, and smart cities. 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