{"paper_id":"39b0918a-46ea-485d-b3b0-1f8e0f1e97ef","body_text":"Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Based Highly Directive Leaky-Wave Antenna With Pinnate Shaped Slots | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Based Highly Directive Leaky-Wave Antenna With Pinnate Shaped Slots Harsh Kumar, Garima Srivastava This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7211470/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this work, a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with pinnate-shaped slots and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is presented. The suggested antenna design employs eleven periodic slots to increase its gain to 13.1 dB. The antenna exhibits a narrow beamwidth for all scanning frequencies, scanning from forward to backward for frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency. It radiates at − 76˚, − 30˚, 6˚, 15˚, 20˚, 28˚, 60˚, and 80˚ for frequencies 26.4 GHz, 32.4 GHz, 31.3 GHz, 29.2 GHz, 27.8 GHz, 26.2 GHz, 25 GHz, and 30 GHz, respectively. TE 10 mode excitation occurs in the proposed SIW-based LWA, in which the antenna leaks the wave through periodic slots embedded in the uppermost layer of SIW. The EM-wave leakage and phase constant can be controlled by varying the slot orientation. The presented LWA is highly directive, with high radiation efficiency and a wide impedance bandwidth (9 GHz) ranging from 25 GHz to 34 GHz. The experimental results of the designed LWA match the simulation results. Backward scanning beam scanning forward scanning LWA SIW Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 30 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7211470\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":624122766,\"identity\":\"3b6a9f44-865d-45b0-b3df-1d6b8ff0c42b\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Harsh Kumar\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyBmBmIeIHUASEvIEK+Fh4EtAaSFh2gtQGt4DCA0IWDOfvbx5wKGbTL20j2fX92oseBhYD98dAM+LZY96WbSMxhu8/DInN1mnXMM6DCetLQbeB12II2NmQekRSJ3m3EOG1CLBI8Zfi3nnzF/hmjJeWac848YLTfSGKShWpgf57YRpeUZmzSPAVDLnWNmzLl9EjxsBP1yPg3osIrb9uyzmx9/zvlWJ8fPfvgYXi1QjUAswcAmAWKzEVYOAxIMzB+IVz0KRsEoGAUjCQAA8Xk+DCnYjFgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University School of Information, Communication and Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Harsh\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kumar\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":624122767,\"identity\":\"a3451b9d-64e6-448c-90e1-3248bd8b7f63\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Garima Srivastava\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Netaji Subhas University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Garima\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Srivastava\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-07-25 07:23:34\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7211470/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7211470/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":107868916,\"identity\":\"9c0ad1fd-5074-4aaa-93dc-f31c55c9acdc\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-04-27 07:34:57\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1555567,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SIWbasedleakywaveantenna.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7211470/v1_covered_d2d9f45b-89bc-4a27-8861-8d2d6427d08d.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSubstrate Integrated Waveguide-Based Highly Directive Leaky-Wave Antenna With Pinnate Shaped Slots\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"wireless-networks\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"wine\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Wireless Networks](http://link.springer.com/journal/11276)\",\"snPcode\":\"11276\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11276/3\",\"title\":\"Wireless Networks\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Backward scanning, beam scanning, forward scanning, LWA, SIW\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7211470/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7211470/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn this work, a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with pinnate-shaped slots and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is presented. The suggested antenna design employs eleven periodic slots to increase its gain to 13.1 dB. The antenna exhibits a narrow beamwidth for all scanning frequencies, scanning from forward to backward for frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency. It radiates at \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;76˚, \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;30˚, 6˚, 15˚, 20˚, 28˚, 60˚, and 80˚ for frequencies 26.4 GHz, 32.4 GHz, 31.3 GHz, 29.2 GHz, 27.8 GHz, 26.2 GHz, 25 GHz, and 30 GHz, respectively. TE\\u003csub\\u003e10\\u003c/sub\\u003e mode excitation occurs in the proposed SIW-based LWA, in which the antenna leaks the wave through periodic slots embedded in the uppermost layer of SIW. The EM-wave leakage and phase constant can be controlled by varying the slot orientation. The presented LWA is highly directive, with high radiation efficiency and a wide impedance bandwidth (9 GHz) ranging from 25 GHz to 34 GHz. The experimental results of the designed LWA match the simulation results.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Based Highly Directive Leaky-Wave Antenna With Pinnate Shaped Slots\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-04-22 07:34:05\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7211470/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"72030442734053538234056743690222738720\",\"date\":\"2026-04-16T07:42:34+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"288436248368945642852766276549001935073\",\"date\":\"2026-04-15T19:55:05+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"337747755804711123393852127464248594352\",\"date\":\"2026-04-15T04:00:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-04-14T14:56:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-03-30T14:02:37+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-07-29T06:28:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Wireless Networks\",\"date\":\"2025-07-25T07:20:49+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"wireless-networks\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"wine\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Wireless Networks](http://link.springer.com/journal/11276)\",\"snPcode\":\"11276\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11276/3\",\"title\":\"Wireless Networks\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"0090cc8c-993e-42cf-b7e1-dc65ef84afb0\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"April 22nd, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-04-22T07:34:06+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-04-22 07:34:05\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7211470\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7211470\",\"identity\":\"rs-7211470\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}