{"paper_id":"37f7e51a-fe78-4e8f-88bd-62b31eb34b2b","body_text":"A Multi-Pronged Investigation of Efflux Time from Cylindrical Tanks Using: Measurements, Analytical/Empirical Approaches, and Free Surface Modeling Methodologies | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Method Article A Multi-Pronged Investigation of Efflux Time from Cylindrical Tanks Using: Measurements, Analytical/Empirical Approaches, and Free Surface Modeling Methodologies Gautham Krishnamoorthy, DeMarkus Hodge, Briley Zhang, Gayatri Gautham, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7687427/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Efflux times from a cylindrical tank with exit pipes are reported from: measurements, analytical/empirical approaches and 2D/3D simulations invoking different free surface modeling methodologies in: OpenFOAM, ANSYS FLUENT, and DualSPHysics. A transient mass balance analysis using Torricelli’s equation through an exit orifice resulted in significant errors highlighting the importance of both fluid properties as well as frictional losses. The use of an analytically derived equation that ignored entrance and exit losses but assumes fully developed laminar flow profiles was able to predict both: efflux times within 6% of the measured values and an increase in efflux time with exit pipe length (due to frictional losses) at laminar conditions. A modified Bernoulli’s equation with assumed values of entrance and exit losses [K], and friction factors [f] was able to predict both: efflux times to within 12% of the measured values and a decrease in efflux time with an increase in exit pipe length resulting from a higher pressure head in the turbulent scenarios. However, efflux time estimates varied up to 15% when the values of K and f were varied within reasonable limits. 3D OpenFOAM simulations using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) methodology resulted in similar fidelities as the modified Bernoulli’s equation across all scenarios. Using 2D axisymmetric VOF simulations in ANSYS FLUENT showed spurious results near the centerline axis near complete drainage. Efflux time predictions using DualSPHysics were significantly higher than corresponding OpenFOAM, modified Bernoulli equation predictions possibly resulting from inaccurate modeling of fluid-solid interactions at wall boundaries. Efflux time OpenFOAM ANSYS FLUENT DualSPHysics pipe friction Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7687427\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Method Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":526296952,\"identity\":\"825a5e7e-d3fa-44aa-a89b-569a5e2f0cd8\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Gautham 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