{"paper_id":"37f333d1-1144-46c8-9bc1-c52dc7f9ed96","body_text":"Abstract\nObjective\nTo investigate the level of cytokines and immune cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) of different stages of endometriosis.\nMethods\nA prospective study was conducted to include 97 women with (n 60) and without (n 37) histopathologically confirmed endometriosis. Based on rASRM classification, stage I/II and stage III/IV were categorized as early-and late-staged endometriosis. Prior to surgery, 10 ml of blood was withdrawn from antecubital vein and serum was obtained. Aliquots were made and stored at −70°C until assayed for cytokines. PF was aspirated from the pouch of Douglas. Peripheral and PF samples were analyzed by ELISA in terms of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Determinations of T helper, T suppressor, NK, and B cells were assessed by using cluster determinant-3 (CD-3), CD4, CD8, CD25, CD28, CD45, CD16, CD23 and antibodies against early T cell activation antigens such as CD45RA/CD45RO, CD-69 and late activation antigens such as HLA-DR. A multiparameter flow cytometry was applied to detect the cell activation antigen expression.\nResults\nIn terms of cytokine levels in PB and PF’s of control group and early- and late-staged endometriosis cases, no significant difference was depicted in the cytokine levels (p > 0.05). Levels of immune cells did not differ between three groups (p > 0.05).\nConclusions\nThe result of this study did not show any significant difference in PB and PF cytokine and lymphocyte subgroups between normal and early- and late-staged endometriosis.\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nKyama CM, Debrock S, Mwenda JM, D’Hooghe TM (2003) Potential involvement of the immune system in the development of endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 1:123. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-1-123\nSiristatidis C, Nissotakis C, Chrelias C, Iacovidou H, Salamalekis E (2006) Immunological factors and their role in the genesis and development of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 32(2):162–170. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2006.00373.x\nXavier P, Xavier P, Belo L, Beires J, Rebelo I, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Lunet N, Barros H (2006) Serum levels of VEGF and TNF-alpha and their association with C-reactive protein in patients with endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 273(4):227–231. doi:10.1007/s00404-005-0080-4\nKyama CM, Overberg L, Debrock S, Valckx D, Perre SV, Meuleman C et al (2006) Increased peritoneal and endometrial gene expression of biologically relevant cytokines and growth factors during the menstrual phase in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 85:1667–1675. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.11.060\nGurgan T, Bukulmez O, Yarali H, Tanir M, Akyildiz S (1999) Serum and peritoneal fluid levels of IGF I and II and insulin-like growth binding protein-3 in endometriosis. J Reprod Med 44(5):450–454\nNa YJ, Yang SH, Baek DW, Lee DH, Kim KH, Choi YM et al (2006) Effects of peritoneal fluid from endometriosis patients on the release of vascular endothelial growth factor by neutrophils and monocytes. Hum Reprod 21(7):1846–1855. doi:10.1093/humrep/del077\nAkoum A, Lawson C, Herrmann-Lavoie C, Maheux R (2007) Imbalance in the expression of the activating type I and the inhibitory type II interleukin 1 receptors in endometriosis. Hum Reprod 22(5):1464–1473. doi:10.1093/humrep/dem021\nHarada T, Iwabe T, Terakawa N (2001) Role of cytokines in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 76(1):1–10. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01816-7\nNap AW, Groothuis PG, Demir AY, Evers JL, Dunselman GA (2004) Pathogenesis of endometriosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 18(2):233–244. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.01.005\nThe American Society for Reproductive Medicine (1996) Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 67:817–821. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81391-X\nGazvani R, Templeton A (2002) New considerations for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 76(2):117–126. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(01)00577-X\nBarcz E, Kaminski P, Marianowski L (2000) Role of cytokines in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Med Sci Monit 6(5):1042–1046\nVelasco I, Quereda F, Bermejo R, Campos A, Acien P (2007) Intraperitoneal recombinant interleukin-2 activates leukocytes in rat endometriosis. J Reprod Immunol 74(1–2):124–132. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2006.12.001\nBedaiwy MA, El-Nashar SA, Sharma RK, Falcone T (2007) Effect of ovarian involvement on peritoneal fluid cytokine concentrations in endometriosis patients. Reprod Biomed Online 14(5):620–625\nSeli E, Berkkanoglu M, Arici A (2003) Pathogenesis of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 30(1):41–61. doi:10.1016/S0889-8545(02)00052-9\nWu MH, Yang BC, Lee YC, Hsu CC (2004) The differential expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and regulation by interferon-gamma during th epathogenesis of endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 51(5):373–380. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00171.x\nAntsiferova YS, Sotnikova NY, Posiseeva LV, Shor AL (2005) Changes in the T-helper cytokine profile and in lymphocyte activation at the systemic and local levels in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 84(6):1705–1711. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.05.066\nPodgaec S, Abrao MS, Dias JA Jr, Rizzo LV, de Oliveira RM, Baracat EC (2007) Endometriosis: an inflammatory disease with a Th2 immune response component. Hum Reprod 22(5):1373–1379. doi:10.1093/humrep/del516\nKoga K, Osuga Y, Yoshino O, Hirota Y, Yano T, Tsutsumi O et al (2005) Elevated interleukin-16 levels in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis mat be a mechanism for inflammatory reactions associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 83:878–882. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.12.004\nLin J, Zhang X, Lin D, Fang Q, Qian Y (2006) Decreased peritoneal concentrations of interleukin-15 in women with advanced stage endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 129:169–173. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.01.005\nMorin M, Bellehumeur C, Therreault MJ, Metz C, Mahuex E, Akoum A (2005) Elevated levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the peripheral blood of women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 83:865–872. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.10.039\nD’Hooghe TM, Xiao L, Hill JA (2001) Cytokine profiles in autologous peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood of women with deep and superficial endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 265:40–44. doi:10.1007/s004040000126\nLin YJ, Lai MD, Lei HY, Wing LY (2006) Neutrophils and macrophages promote angiogenesis in the early stage of endometriosis in a mouse model. Endocrinology 147(3):1278–1286. doi:10.1210/en.2005-0790\nConflict of interest statement\nAll the authors had conflict of interest (financial or otherwise).\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nRights and permissions\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nHassa, H., Tanir, H.M., Tekin, B. et al. Cytokine and immune cell levels in peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood of women with early- and late-staged endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 279, 891–895 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-008-0844-8\nReceived:\nAccepted:\nPublished:\nIssue date:\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-008-0844-8","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}