{"paper_id":"3793fcb6-20b7-4918-b8f0-4e4d4e4cc848","body_text":"QoS-aware and Energy-efficient Metaheuristic Optimization based Service Placement strategy for Fog-based IoT Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article QoS-aware and Energy-efficient Metaheuristic Optimization based Service Placement strategy for Fog-based IoT Applications Pallavi Mettupalli Venkata, Thatikonda Supraja, Priyanka Chawla, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8184429/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 22 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Optimal placement of services poses a significantchallenge in the context of fog computing due to the resource-constrained and heterogeneous nature of nodes. Services mustbe placed optimally without overloading the nodes. Energyconsumption should also be minimized, along with the provisionof Quality of Service (QoS). Traditional methods such as ParticleSwarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) tendto result in high energy consumption as well as prematureconvergence. Differential Evolution (DE) possesses powerful ex-ploration features but is not energy-aware. Although the WhaleOptimization Algorithm (WOA) and Ant Colony Optimization(ACO) attain placement trade-offs, both are affected by poorconvergence and high-evaluation costs, respectively. An efficienthybrid optimization approach that integrates JAYA and DEalgorithms is proposed to overcome these problems. The JAYA-DE methodology combines the strengths of JAYA with theexploration capability of DE to yield an efficient solution forenergy-efficient and QoS-aware service placement. Evaluationwith iFogSim proved that the technique decreases execution timeby 68.5%, delay by 22.25%, and energy by 0.005% againstbaseline techniques. Moreover, resource utilization as well as QoSincreased by 22.43%, validating its efficiency for dynamic andscalable fog-based scenarios. Fog Computing Service Placement Performance Optimization Evolutionary algorithm Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8184429\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":629923635,\"identity\":\"9bc3b545-3f70-4e21-8e2e-70412a3ff4cf\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Pallavi Mettupalli Venkata\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"National Institute of Technology Warangal\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pallavi\",\"middleName\":\"Mettupalli\",\"lastName\":\"Venkata\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":629923638,\"identity\":\"9fae4641-17e6-48dc-bc4b-0a93f0d47a37\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Thatikonda Supraja\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"National Institute of Technology Warangal\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Thatikonda\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Supraja\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":629923641,\"identity\":\"8bd96e83-05b8-4b39-a116-15aa651ab1e7\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Priyanka Chawla\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYgkcDAwN7AcABJhBgtPAcYDhwgTgsYALVIAPEBYtSaSx9uk/i5I02ef+bbg4c/tjHI8zcwtz3Ap8WyL7FNsvdMjuGM23kJBw62MRjOOMDYboBPi8EZxjYJ3rYKxg3SOQYHDm5jYNzAABQhpEXyb1uF/QbJM2At9kRpkeZty0ncIMED1pJIUItlD2OztWxbWvKMM0CHnf0nkTzjMAEt5jzsD2++bUu27W8/Y/yh4owNkNH+DL/DGBhYkBUA2cz41EO0MH8goGYUjIJRMApGOgAAXX5Mkg5nBzQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"National Institute of Technology Warangal\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Priyanka\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chawla\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":629923645,\"identity\":\"e5f77003-06d5-4ab2-af49-af1291233677\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Sukhpal Singh Gill\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Queen Mary University of London\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sukhpal\",\"middleName\":\"Singh\",\"lastName\":\"Gill\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-11-23 09:08:06\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8184429/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8184429/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":107874388,\"identity\":\"52331613-6951-4f84-9b74-281e6f86f0d8\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-04-27 08:06:24\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":2359965,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ognsp.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8184429/v1_covered_dcfb77c1-d5b5-4996-a819-c170e5664b97.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"QoS-aware and Energy-efficient Metaheuristic Optimization based Service Placement strategy for Fog-based IoT Applications\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"the-journal-of-supercomputing\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [The Journal of Supercomputing](https://www.springer.com/journal/11227)\",\"snPcode\":\"11227\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11227/3\",\"title\":\"The Journal of Supercomputing\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Fog Computing, Service Placement, Performance Optimization, Evolutionary algorithm\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8184429/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8184429/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"Optimal placement of services poses a significantchallenge in the context of fog computing due to the resource-constrained and heterogeneous nature of nodes. Services mustbe placed optimally without overloading the nodes. Energyconsumption should also be minimized, along with the provisionof Quality of Service (QoS). Traditional methods such as ParticleSwarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) tendto result in high energy consumption as well as prematureconvergence. Differential Evolution (DE) possesses powerful ex-ploration features but is not energy-aware. Although the WhaleOptimization Algorithm (WOA) and Ant Colony Optimization(ACO) attain placement trade-offs, both are affected by poorconvergence and high-evaluation costs, respectively. An efficienthybrid optimization approach that integrates JAYA and DEalgorithms is proposed to overcome these problems. The JAYA-DE methodology combines the strengths of JAYA with theexploration capability of DE to yield an efficient solution forenergy-efficient and QoS-aware service placement. Evaluationwith iFogSim proved that the technique decreases execution timeby 68.5%, delay by 22.25%, and energy by 0.005% againstbaseline techniques. Moreover, resource utilization as well as QoSincreased by 22.43%, validating its efficiency for dynamic andscalable fog-based scenarios.\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"QoS-aware and Energy-efficient Metaheuristic Optimization based Service Placement strategy for Fog-based IoT Applications\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-04-27 07:42:32\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8184429/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-05-04T15:08:54+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-04T07:51:05+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-03T22:51:05+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"29765966868543913900910958360409205937\",\"date\":\"2026-04-25T12:57:26+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"233629472198684186606202815237506379540\",\"date\":\"2026-04-24T20:53:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-04-23T07:53:37+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"211652198942046597772718801048478836696\",\"date\":\"2026-04-22T01:52:35+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"107746916806877272064111002159653230796\",\"date\":\"2026-04-21T23:13:51+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"251469039716186849997178395912252979013\",\"date\":\"2026-04-21T18:20:56+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-04-21T09:02:47+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"339642263014986429863101333320370908063\",\"date\":\"2026-04-21T05:03:44+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"220979654674959981204753870205527199726\",\"date\":\"2026-04-21T01:21:18+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"95865191112624393096552551173401668729\",\"date\":\"2026-04-20T12:52:41+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"193552330267947820922170306064025498856\",\"date\":\"2026-04-20T12:35:26+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"264060912521404356217624763797376818771\",\"date\":\"2026-04-20T11:30:01+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"289582119503190570710280359604275941411\",\"date\":\"2026-04-20T08:50:15+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"332318587765958048473019443632523102325\",\"date\":\"2026-04-20T02:36:46+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"62045988633836681731668808877206099220\",\"date\":\"2026-04-20T01:40:12+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-04-19T17:53:54+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-11-24T10:28:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-11-24T10:27:47+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"The Journal of Supercomputing\",\"date\":\"2025-11-23T09:06:23+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"the-journal-of-supercomputing\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [The Journal of Supercomputing](https://www.springer.com/journal/11227)\",\"snPcode\":\"11227\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11227/3\",\"title\":\"The Journal of Supercomputing\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"8607ce4d-fd38-433c-b6a3-363f1e9e1dfc\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"April 27th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-05-04T15:08:54+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-04T07:51:05+00:00\",\"index\":153,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-05-03T22:51:05+00:00\",\"index\":152,\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"in-revision\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-04T15:23:54+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-04-27 07:42:32\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8184429\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8184429\",\"identity\":\"rs-8184429\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}