{"paper_id":"3609e6c6-ab32-4564-a19d-7af8a5012115","body_text":"Correlation between induced polarization and sulfide content of rock samples obtained from seafloor hydrothermal mounds of the Okinawa Trough, Japan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Correlation between induced polarization and sulfide content of rock samples obtained from seafloor hydrothermal mounds of the Okinawa Trough, Japan Yusuke Ohta, Tada-nori Goto, Katsuaki Koike, Koki Kashiwaya, Weiren Lin, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2513713/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Physical properties of seafloor massive sulfides provide a basis for interpreting of sub-seafloor images obtained from geophysical surveys. They are useful for elucidating the evolution of seafloor mineral deposits. A few reports have described studies of the correlation between electrical conductivity and the volume of conductive minerals of rocks collected from seafloor massive sulfide deposits. More studies are performed on artificial samples than on natural rock samples, and the characteristics of natural samples are not well understood. For this study, complex conductivity measurements, elemental concentration analysis, and content mineral identification analysis were applied to rock samples collected from the hydrothermal active zones of the Okinawa Trough in Japan. The measured complex conductivity is characterized by a very high overall value, with a large imaginary component and a wide frequency band by induced polarization. Most of the rock samples have contained large amounts of conductive sulfide minerals, e.g., pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena predominating. A rock physics model, the Cole–Cole model, was applied to the measured data. Our results indicate good correlation between rock chargeability and the volume fraction of conductive sulfide minerals. However, the correlation trend differs from those found from earlier studies. The intensity of the induced polarization is much larger than that predicted from earlier studies of artificial samples. The samples have less distinct quadrature conductivity peaks, and might continue to be polarized outside of the conventional measurement frequency bands. This discrepancy is probably attributable to the geometric characteristics of sulfide minerals. Seafloor massive sulfide Induced polarization electrical conductivity Cole-Cole model Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Full Text Supplementary Files Artboard920x100.jpg Graphical Abstract Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-2513713\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":171525162,\"identity\":\"1b9c9e14-e35b-4634-948f-dd75476047d3\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Yusuke Ohta\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABE0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRBRwcDAhi7BjFsLSOoMyVoY20hxF790/8HPvPPq5Pj4D7A9+PHLJrG/gceA4UcNA7s5Di2Scw4zS/NuO2zMJpHAbtjbl5Y44wCPAWPPMQZmywbsWgxuJDMAtRxIbJNgYJPg7Tmc2HD/jQEDbwMDs8EBnFqYf/POqatvAzpM8i9Qy3yQLX/xa2GT5m1gTmBjSGCT5vlxOHEDUAszPlskZySbWc45dtiwTSKxTVq2Ic144wG2gsMyxyRw+oVfIvHxjTc1dfLy/YePSb75YyM77wDzxodvamyScYUYCDDxgCnGBlAEOYLMBjpJItkAjxbGH3DmHwZ7GNMOn5ZRMApGwSgYUQAAmtxUKiI2ajAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8433-6286\",\"institution\":\"Kyoto University - Katsura Campus: Kyoto Daigaku - Katsura Campus\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yusuke\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Ohta\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525163,\"identity\":\"fb4d4835-8dff-4dd0-b93b-42dafb21591c\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Tada-nori Goto\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Hyogo: Hyogo Kenritsu Daigaku\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Tada-nori\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Goto\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525164,\"identity\":\"4e74be7d-e4a1-470c-a78c-b3f62ff22929\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Katsuaki Koike\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kyoto Daigaku - Katsura Campus\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Katsuaki\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Koike\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525165,\"identity\":\"b6891c68-e198-4c5c-a7f3-c13c9d28d394\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Koki Kashiwaya\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kyoto Daigaku - Katsura Campus\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Koki\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kashiwaya\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525166,\"identity\":\"292532a8-f91b-40ff-be29-8dda547cf394\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Weiren Lin\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kyoto Daigaku - Katsura Campus\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Weiren\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Lin\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525167,\"identity\":\"b0db1604-848b-4d82-ada7-5e18c4555084\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Osamu Tadai\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Marine Works Japan Ltd.\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Osamu\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Tadai\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525168,\"identity\":\"2298d828-3f5f-4d21-9006-dc9dfc282079\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Takafumi Kasaya\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology: Kaiyo Kenkyu Kaihatsu Kiko\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Takafumi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kasaya\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525169,\"identity\":\"79c8c583-cbe4-44e0-a084-1036247e3376\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Toshiya Kanamatsu\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology: Kaiyo Kenkyu Kaihatsu Kiko\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Toshiya\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kanamatsu\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":171525170,\"identity\":\"92d023db-f3b6-46ac-a593-61375b2cfc9b\",\"order_by\":8,\"name\":\"Hideaki Machiyama\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology: Kaiyo Kenkyu Kaihatsu Kiko\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Hideaki\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Machiyama\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2023-01-25 11:50:53\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2513713/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2513713/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-024-01998-6\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2024-04-08T00:00:00+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":32351248,\"identity\":\"2144c95d-a653-42c2-a29a-925f7aba16b9\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-02-01 21:09:02\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":4635004,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePhotographs of rock samples and complex conductivities of three typical rock samples: (a)-(c) rock sample KM18-08C #81 R01; (d)-(f) rock sample KM18-08C #84 R04; plots portraying measurement data at the fluid conductivity shown in the legends. Dashed lines represent the model (Eq. 11) curves calculated with the estimated parameters and the fluid conductivity of the same colors used in plot legends.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2513713/v1/5197e0ccbf56fd4f0892c02c.png\"},{\"id\":32351247,\"identity\":\"e814968e-a101-44d6-b152-d1f5bdaf72b5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-02-01 21:09:02\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":751789,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eChargeability features of rocks and a photograph of a rock geometric structure that might introduce possible reasons for the chargeability feature. (a) Relations between the volume fraction of conductive sulfide minerals and chargeability/apparent chargeability. Red squares represent the chargeability calculated using the model (Eq. 11). Yellow asterisk and blue cross mark plots respectively show the average chargeability by individual CCM and the average apparent (observable) chargeability calculated using the two conductivity values at maximum and minimum frequencies. A dotted green line represents the equation m= 4.5\\u003cem\\u003eϕ\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003em.\\u003c/sub\\u003e(b) Cutting plane of rock sample KM18-08C #84R04A in Figure 1(b). The yellowish stripe structure is made mainly of the chalcopyrite (Cp) and pyrite (Py), together with the matrix mainly occupied by sphalerite (Sp; basically nonconductor).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2513713/v1/965273bff9dcad82ce67438a.png\"},{\"id\":54377845,\"identity\":\"d3ac75a2-8b4b-4578-b6a3-d3d33b9157e2\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-04-09 14:43:32\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":678074,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ManuscriptJan25Ohta.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2513713/v1_covered_5ce9fd62-51f9-47c9-91b5-3fadd7c9c20a.pdf\"},{\"id\":32351249,\"identity\":\"4a92915a-a406-4288-b796-0892093fc2cd\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-02-01 21:09:02\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":801080,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eGraphical Abstract\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Artboard920x100.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2513713/v1/55fb277344cfec219b36dfd0.jpg\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Correlation between induced polarization and sulfide content of rock samples obtained from seafloor hydrothermal mounds of the Okinawa Trough, Japan\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Seafloor massive sulfide, Induced polarization, electrical conductivity, Cole-Cole model\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2513713/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2513713/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePhysical properties of seafloor massive sulfides provide a basis for interpreting of sub-seafloor images obtained from geophysical surveys. They are useful for elucidating the evolution of seafloor mineral deposits. A few reports have described studies of the correlation between electrical conductivity and the volume of conductive minerals of rocks collected from seafloor massive sulfide deposits. More studies are performed on artificial samples than on natural rock samples, and the characteristics of natural samples are not well understood. For this study, complex conductivity measurements, elemental concentration analysis, and content mineral identification analysis were applied to rock samples collected from the hydrothermal active zones of the Okinawa Trough in Japan. The measured complex conductivity is characterized by a very high overall value, with a large imaginary component and a wide frequency band by induced polarization. Most of the rock samples have contained large amounts of conductive sulfide minerals, e.g., pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena predominating. A rock physics model, the Cole\\u0026ndash;Cole model, was applied to the measured data. Our results indicate good correlation between rock chargeability and the volume fraction of conductive sulfide minerals. However, the correlation trend differs from those found from earlier studies. The intensity of the induced polarization is much larger than that predicted from earlier studies of artificial samples. The samples have less distinct quadrature conductivity peaks, and might continue to be polarized outside of the conventional measurement frequency bands. 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