{"paper_id":"35d3e98b-e957-48fd-b37b-9c2b00b1d6bc","body_text":"Resolving self-cavity effects in two-dimensional quantum materials | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Resolving self-cavity effects in two-dimensional quantum materials Marios Michael, Gunda Kipp, Alexander Potts, Matthew Day, Toru Matsuyama, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858480/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures host many strongly correlated and topological quantum phases on the $\\sim$ meV energy scale. Direct electrodynamical signatures of such states are thus expected to appear in the terahertz (THz) frequency range (1 THz $\\sim$ 4 meV). Because the typical size of vdW heterostructures ($\\sim$10 $\\mu m$) is much smaller than the diffraction limit of THz light, probing the complex THz conductivity necessitates the use of near-field optical probes. However, interpreting the response of such near-field probes is complicated by finite-size effects, the presence of electrostatic gates, and the influence of the probe itself on material dynamics --- all of which conspire to form polaritonic self-cavities, in which interactions between THz electromagnetic fields and material excitations form discretized standing waves. In this paper, we demonstrate the relevance of self-cavity effects in 2D materials and derive an analytical framework to resolve these effects using the emerging experimental technique of time-domain on-chip THz spectroscopy. We show that by pairing experiments with the analytical theory, it is possible to extract the THz conductivity and resolve collective mode dynamics far outside the light cone, with $\\sim \\mu m$ in-plane and $\\sim nm$ out-of-plane resolution. This study lays the groundwork for studying quantum phases and cavity effects in vdW heterostructures and 2D quantum materials. Physical sciences/Physics/Condensed-matter physics Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7858480\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":530014707,\"identity\":\"b81886d8-f5dc-400b-a74a-47831ad40ddb\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Marios 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Direct electrodynamical signatures of such states are thus expected to appear in the terahertz (THz) frequency range (1 THz $\\\\sim$ 4 meV). Because the typical size of vdW heterostructures ($\\\\sim$10 $\\\\mu m$) is much smaller than the diffraction limit of THz light, probing the complex THz conductivity necessitates the use of near-field optical probes. However, interpreting the response of such near-field probes is complicated by finite-size effects, the presence of electrostatic gates, and the influence of the probe itself on material dynamics --- all of which conspire to form polaritonic self-cavities, in which interactions between THz electromagnetic fields and material excitations form discretized standing waves. In this paper, we demonstrate the relevance of self-cavity effects in 2D materials and derive an analytical framework to resolve these effects using the emerging experimental technique of time-domain on-chip THz spectroscopy. We show that by pairing experiments with the analytical theory, it is possible to extract the THz conductivity and resolve collective mode dynamics far outside the light cone, with $\\\\sim \\\\mu m$ in-plane and $\\\\sim nm$ out-of-plane resolution. 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