{"paper_id":"35cb70a1-0579-42d0-b09b-c045edaedc97","body_text":"Determining the Exact Mass of M31 Using the Solar System | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Determining the Exact Mass of M31 Using the Solar System Aijack Chowdhury This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6871615/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper focuses on clarifying the impact of an increase in radius on the flatness of the rotation curve in galaxies. This paper has three main objectives. First, a revision of Newtonian dynamics is proposed to explain the unexpectedly high velocity and flatness of the rotation curve of stars at the galaxy’s edge. This revision does not conflict with other applications of Newtonian dynamics. Secondly, it presents a calculation of how a decrease in the specified centripetal force with an increase in distance from the galactic center contributes to these phenomena. In regions of weak gravitational force, changes in specified centripetal force and velocity align with the revised Newtonian dynamics. It demonstrates that an increase in radius only significantly affects velocity reduction in regions of strong gravitational force near the galactic center, such as the Solar system. However, in regions of weak gravitational force far from the galactic center, radius increase minimally impacts velocity reduction, resulting in the flatness of the rotation curve. Thirdly, a law based on the Solar system is proposed to estimate the exact mass of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) using the average velocity of its stars, building on the insights gained from the first two objectives. Physical sciences/Astronomy and planetary science/Astronomy and astrophysics/Galaxies and clusters Physical sciences/Astronomy and planetary science/Astronomy and astrophysics/Dark energy and dark matter galaxy gravity rotation curve radius mass Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6871615\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":469794070,\"identity\":\"4e7e3452-680c-40c8-bcac-4fd49e6ba960\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Aijack Chowdhury\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIie2PsQrCMBRFHwjt8qBrSov+QtwUpP5KINBJwcnZzcG69zP8hEChLhEnIaGLLro4OBZ0MBVc24yCOUO4Ce9w8wAcjl+kBwxAAHr+ytzoyF6JAxSNQmyrBEzCnDXJQgnWcHnUMkGqb6ddvSDmZcNaFVIADzPFkVazpc7Mx4g87NprCmARPESjpAqNQsm8XRmYludH0TLVLxuFFpBGoASGuV9WVi1Do4wzyTHAmVfFlGDnLv2j5Kouk6nn76/6/pr0g/W2Y31A9g30c3aMN/jiG84W0w6Hw/GPvAHtNkjTCDf9ogAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"National University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Aijack\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Chowdhury\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-06-11 12:01:31\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6871615/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6871615/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":84459231,\"identity\":\"c25f6d4c-2747-4ab9-9f64-18d9c05cc883\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-06-12 08:34:57\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":327380,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"Article File\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Darkdocument33.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6871615/v1_covered_9b61552e-7eac-4627-8799-930acf6b3e00.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"There is \\u003cb\\u003eNO\\u003c/b\\u003e Competing Interest.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Determining the Exact Mass of M31 Using the Solar System\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"galaxy, gravity, rotation curve, radius, mass\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6871615/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6871615/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"This paper focuses on clarifying the impact of an increase in radius on the flatness of the rotation curve in galaxies. 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