{"paper_id":"332db8a6-eaba-4ff9-8b75-12146d4d65b3","body_text":"Hip-related Functional Limitations in Individuals With Idiopathic Scoliosis: a Controlled Trial | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hip-related Functional Limitations in Individuals With Idiopathic Scoliosis: a Controlled Trial Fatih ÇELİK, Burcu ŞENOL, Gökhan DEMİRKIRAN, Nilgün BEK, Yavuz YAKUT, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970000/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Since scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity, it causes some movement limitations in the spine and related joints. However, functional limitations associated with scoliosis-related hip joint involvement are the subject of research. Aims This study aims to investigate the physical characteristics and functional limitations associated with idiopathic scoliosis (IS), focusing on hip joint. Methods Participants with IS and a control group were assessed using manual goniometry for hip joint RoM, indirect methods for lumbar mobility, the Foot Posture Index (FPI) for foot posture, the Trendelenburg sign within the single leg squat (SLS) test for muscle strength, the Y-Balance test (YBT) for balance, the hip joint position sense (JPS) test for proprioception, and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) for functional status. Results Individuals with scoliosis exhibited limitations in hip joint RoM, particularly in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and internal rotation compared to controls.Lumbar mobility was reduced in the scoliosis group. The SLS and Y-Balance tests showed decreased scores in the posterior direction. Scoliosis participants had a tendency towards pronated foot posture. Hip JPS did not differ significantly between the groups. Muscle strength, as indicated by the Trendelenburg sign, was weaker in the scoliosis group. LEFS scores were lower in the scoliosis group but lacked clinical significance. Conclusion However, the observed differences were relatively small and may not have significant clinical implications. Future research should consider specific curve patterns of scoliosis and employ more advanced measurement techniques for enhanced reliability. Physical Medicine & Rehab Orthopedics Scoliosis Hip joint Range of motion Joint position Foot posture 1. INTRODUCTION Scoliosis is a 3D deformity of the spine and trunk that is characterized by a lateral deviation of the spine combined with a vertebral axial rotation and hypokyphosis [ 1 ]. Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is considered a multifactorial process that involves genetic, neurosensorial, hormonal, and metabolic dysfunctions, together with neuromuscular, neurological, and biomechanical aspects [ 1 , 2 ]. As a result of its multifactorial origin, scoliosis’s effects on the body are also multifaceted [ 3 ]. The three-dimensional structure of the deformation in scoliosis is responsible for biomechanical and morphological changes in the trunk and the entire body [ 4 , 5 ]. These alterations affect the movement of the joints as well as segmental mobility. Due to this limited mobility, compensatory changes occur in other body parts associated with the spine to guarantee the minimum energy consumption required to maintain an upright posture along the entire kinetic chain [ 6 ]. The erect position requires efficient central processing of multisensorial information provided by cortical, subcortical, and medullary integration, especially somatic input [ 7 ]. The spine affected by scoliosis exhibits perceptual impairments and deficits in sensorimotor adaptation and balance control [ 8 , 9 ]. Lack of necessary range of motion (RoM) can decrease the effectiveness of hip and ankle joint strategies. If a person is unable to counteract a perturbation due to lack of appropriate RoM, their balance may be affected, may potentially resulting in a fall [ 10 ]. The presence of scoliosis deformity causes weak global equilibrium because the normal spine, joint, and tendon biomechanics are altered [ 11 , 12 ]. The pathological structure and adaptation of the spine and vertebrae cause muscular imbalance [ 13 ]. With scoliosis, structural disturbances are mostly seen in the trunk. But the trunk and the pelvis are the main sites of interaction for postural kinetic activities and the entire kinetic chain [ 14 ]. In Mahaudens et al.’s study, although there was no significant difference between individuals with scoliosis and healthy subjects in standing and walking in the 3D kinematic assessment, an increase in muscle external work, a decrease in the efficiency of the locomotor mechanism, and a prolonged activation time in the erector spine and quadratus lumborum were observed in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients [ 15 ]. In another study, it was shown that individuals with IS have different hip adduction movements between their right and left legs according to dominance [ 16 ]. Biomechanical changes, a decrease in lordosis, or increased rotations of the lumbar spine make facet joints looser and indicate structural stiffness because of lack of movement and limitations in the spine or surrounding structure, such as the pelvis and lower extremities (11). Previously, we have found some alterations in hip joint motions among individuals with IS depending on the spine’s curve pattern [ 17 ]. These alterations consisted of different passive RoM of hip abduction depending on curve types and an asymmetry between right and left, active and passive RoM of hip extension movements [ 18 ]. A comprehensive study of the effects of IS on hip joint parameters could not be found in the literature. Therefore, to build on our previous research (with a different ethics board approval number), a more comprehensive study was needed to evaluate hip joint parameters that can be affected in patients with IS. This study had three aims: first, to investigate hip joint mobility, hip joint position sense, balance, and functionality levels in individuals with IS; second, to compare these individuals with healthy peers; third, to examine the relationship among hip-related functional parameters in individuals with IS. 2. METHODS 2.1. Participants and Study Protocol: Eighty-six patients diagnosed with IS by an orthopedic surgeon between November 2020 and February 2021 were included in the study. Thirty-four age-matched individuals who had no orthopedic or neurological disease participated as the control group after the consultation of orthopedic surgeon. Ethical approval was obtained from the University’s Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Board. Patients (n = 86) and healthy individuals (n = 34) were informed about the study. Consent was obtained from individuals aged above 18 years and from both individuals and their parents for participants aged below 18 years. The mean age of patients was 15.7 (3.4) years and that of healthy individuals 16.1 (4.8) years (range 10–26). The inclusion criteria for the scoliosis group were being 10 years of age or older and having lateral curves between 10° and 50° of Cobb. Patients with a history of rheumatological, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal diseases were excluded. In addition, those with congenital scoliosis or spinal deformity, those who had undergone surgical correction of the spine, those who had a tumor, those who were unable to participate in the evaluation, and those who refused to participate were excluded. The inclusion criteria for the control group were being 10 years of age or older, having no medical illness or prior history of scoliosis, and being willing to participate in the study. 2.2. Examination Procedure: Patients’ demographic characteristics, including age, height, body weight, and body mass index, were recorded. Standing posteroanterior full-spine radiographs in the coronal plane were made for each patient. The orthopedic surgeon analyzed the X-rays to determine the magnitude of the main curve and its pattern. The curve magnitude was assessed with the Cobb method digitally, which consists of measuring the angle between the two tangents of the upper and lower end plates of the upper and lower end vertebrae of the curve. These scoliosis-specific assessments (cobb angle and curve pattern) were performed by the third author (GD), who is an experienced orthopedic surgeon. The hip-related functional parameters of all the participants were evaluated by the blinded observer who was the second author (BS) as described below. Hip joint RoM assessment (both active and passive) was performed by manual goniometric measurement, which has been found to be valid and reliable by Nussbaumer et al. [ 19 ]. The angles were recorded in degrees. Hip joint flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal, and external rotation movements were assessed. Both active and passive hip joint flexion, abduction, and adduction were evaluated in a supine position; extension was evaluated in a prone position, while internal and external rotation in a sitting position. The lumbar mobility of all the patients in the study was evaluated with the Modified Schober test, which has been found to be valid and reliable by Macrae et al. [ 20 ]. This test measures the amount of flexion in the lumbar region. While testing, a horizontal line is drawn between the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). Two points (10 cm above and 5 cm below) are marked on the cranial line perpendicular to this line; the patients are then asked to lean forward without bending their knees. The length between these two points at full flexion is measured and 15 cm is subtracted from it. The resulting amount is calculated and recorded in millimeters. Hip joint position sense assessment was performed by evaluating the active joint position sense. In our study, the hip joint measurements were made in the flexion, abduction, and adduction directions. The joint position sense (JPS) test is a test of the ability to reproduce the same joint position. In this study, the JPS test was used for the flexion and abduction directions. For the flexion direction, the test begins with the patient in a neutral standing position and blindfolded to eliminate visual cues. The patient is then asked to flex the hip toward the target position of a 45° flexion. When the joint reaches the target position, movement is stopped by a physical barrier. The patient maintains this position for five seconds and returns to the starting position. The physical barrier is then removed and the patient is asked to return the hip to the test position and stop where he/she feels the correct position is. Five repetitions are performed for each leg and the kinematics of the hip joint are averaged across these repetitions. The starting and stopping angles are recorded for data analysis and the amount of discrepancy in degrees is recorded as an error. A universal goniometer is used to measure the degrees. For the abduction and adduction directions, the same procedure as the one just described is followed, but with a 15° angle [ 21 ]. The Single Leg Squat (SLS) test was used to evaluate the strength, endurance, and balance of the lower extremity muscles. Six markers were used for testing: the lateral process of the acromion, the trochanter major, the lateral femoral condyle, the lateral malleolus, the lateral part of the heel, and the base of the 5th metatarsal. Two extra markers were placed on the patient’s anterior superior iliac crests to create reference points for the researchers. The patient was told how to perform a single leg squat and was allowed to repeat it until he/she felt comfortable. In the test, a maximum of five repetitions was carried out. The patient was asked to perform a 45° flexion at the hip and a 90° flexion at the knee joint while lifting the other leg from the ground. A physical barrier was used to provide angles. For this test, the patient’s shoulders should be flexed at 90°, the elbows should be fully extended, and the hands should be clenched. The patient was asked to crouch down until the hip touched the physical barrier and return to the starting position in less than six seconds. There are three criteria in the evaluation of this test: hip joint flexion should not exceed 65°, hip joint adduction 10°, and knee valgus angle 10°. Three points (excellent) were assigned for all three criteria being met, two points (good) for two criteria, one point (reasonable) for one criterion, and zero points (weak) for zero criteria being met. If the hip adduction in the first second of the neutral standing position on one leg was over 10°, the Trendelenburg test was positive. In this case, the findings were recorded as “positive”; otherwise, they were recorded as “negative” [ 22 ]. To evaluate lower extremity balance, the Y-Balance test (YBT) was used, which has been found to be valid and reliable by Shaffer et al. [ 23 ]. The patients viewed an instructional video demonstrating the testing procedure. They then practiced six trials on each leg in each of the three reach directions before formal testing. The patient stood on one leg in the center of a grid, with the most distal part of the great toe on the starting line. While maintaining a single-leg stance, the patient was asked to reach with the free limb in the anterior, posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) directions in relation to the stance foot. The maximal reach distance was measured by marking the tape measure with erasable ink at the point where the most distal part of the foot reached. The trial was discarded and repeated if the patient failed to maintain unilateral stance, if they lifted or moved the stance foot from the grid, if they touched down with the reach foot, or if they failed to return the reach foot to the starting position. The process was repeated while standing on the other leg. The three greatest reach distances in each direction were used for analysis; the distances were recorded in centimeters. Furthermore, the greatest reach distance from each direction was added up to yield a composite reach distance for analyzing overall performance in the test. Reach distances were normalized to limb length by calculating the maximized reach distance (%MAXD) using the formula (excursion distance/limb length) × 100 = %MAXD [ 24 ]. To evaluate foot posture, we used the Foot Posture Index (FPI). The FPI is a six-item reference tool that has been found to be valid and reliable for measuring foot position in a variety of clinical settings by Redmond et al. [ 25 ]. The index consists of six criterion-based observations of the rear foot and forefoot of a subject standing in a relaxed position. The rear foot was assessed via palpation of the head of the talus, observation of the curves above and below the lateral malleoli, and the extent of the inversion/eversion of the calcaneus. The forefoot examination assessed the bulge in the region of the talonavicular joint, the congruence of the medial longitudinal arch, and the extent of abduction/adduction of the forefoot on the rear foot (25). To evaluate lower extremity functions, we used the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), which has been found to be valid and reliable by Yeung et al., as well as Citaker et al. in their Turkish adaptation and validation study [ 26 , 27 ]. The LEFS is a 20-item, region-specific measure that asks patients about their perceived difficulties in daily activities. Each item is rated on a five-point scale. Total scores range from zero to 80, with a higher score indicating better function. Excessive strain or inability to perform an activity is scored with zero points, significant strain with one point, moderate strain with two points, little strain with three points, and no difficulty with four points. All the assessments were carried out in University’s Physical Therapy Clinic that was isolated from external factors, with only the therapist and the patient present. 2.3. Statistical Analysis: Demographic and clinical findings were expressed as means and standard deviations (m [SD]). Qualitative variables were expressed by group and percentage (n, %). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine normality. The validity of the tests (normal distribution, equal variance) was not confirmed; therefore, non-parametric tests were used. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to verify the significance of differences in the mean values of the examined variables between the scoliosis and the control group. The relationship between two qualitative variables were tested with the Chi 2 test. Spearman’s correlations (r) were performed to compare the RoM of the hip joint and the scores of the Modified Schober, JPS, SLS, and Y-Balance tests. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics version 21 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA), with a significance level of p < 0.05. The sample size of the study was determined with G* Power (G* Power Ver. 3.0.10, Franz Faul, Universität Kiel, Germany). Pilot testing was performed on 10 volunteers (5 patients in the scoliosis group, 5 healthy group) by using hip active adduction data to determine the number of participants required. Power analysis based on the results of the pilot study was completed to achieve a significant α level (0.05), power (0.90), and effect size (0.64). The results of the power analysis showed that the current study would require at least 85 participants to study group, 29 participants to control group. 3. RESULTS The study had 120 participants, of whom 86 (71%) were in the scoliosis group and 34 (28%) in the control group. The mean age of the scoliosis group was 15.7 (3.4) years and that of the control group was 16.1 (4.8) years (range 10–26). There was no statistically significant difference in the demographic characteristics of the two groups (p > 0.05). In the scoliosis group, 37 participants had single curves and 49 had double curves; 35 patients had thoracic curves, 39 lumbar curves, and 12 thoracolumbar curves. The mean Cobb angle of the primary curve was 28.3° (9.8°) (Table 1). After applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, statistical analyses revealed several significant differences between the participants with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and the control group. Individuals with IS exhibited significantly limited active and passive range of motion (RoM) of the hip joint for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and internal rotation compared to controls (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in left active abduction, right active and passive external rotation, and left passive external rotation (p > 0.05). The comparison of the active, passive, left, and right RoMs of the hip joint in the two groups is shown in Table 2. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of left active abduction, right active, passive, and left passive external rotation. The scores for right and left flexion, extension, adduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint (both active and passive) were lower in the scoliosis group than in the control group (p < 0.001); the same was true for right active and passive abduction, left passive abduction, and active external rotation. There were clinically significantly differences between right active and passive flexion; left and right passive extension; left and right both active and passive adduction, right and left active IR ROMs and the clinically significant ranges with confidence interval 95% of differences are shown in Table 2. In terms of functional assessments, lumbar mobility was different in the scoliosis group compared to the control group, both statistically and clinically CI [95% 1.75 (1.18-2.31)] (p < 0.001). In the study for Modified Schrober test, differences of 1 cm and above values were evaluated as clinically significant about lumbar mobility [28]. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of bilateral flexion, abduction, and adduction in the JPS test (p > 0.05). Both left and right SLS test scores were lower in the scoliosis group (p < 0.001). But there is no clinically meaningful difference between groups. Based on the normalized Y-Balance test scores, the elongation rates in the PM and PL directions were reduced in the scoliosis group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Clinically significant differences were found only between right and left PM results. The Y-Balance test also showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of right and left anterior direction (p > 0.05) (Table 3). Regarding proprioceptive abilities, there were no significant differences between the groups in hip joint position sense (JPS) (p > 0.05), suggesting similar proprioceptive abilities in individuals with and without scoliosis. In terms of muscle strength, the scoliosis group demonstrated a significant decrease in hip adductor muscle strength, as indicated by the Trendelenburg sign within the SLS test (p < 0.05). This finding suggests weakness in hip adductors among individuals with IS. In terms of functional status, the scoliosis group had significantly lower scores on the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) compared to controls (p < 0.05). However, the differences observed did not reach clinical significance (Table 4). The correlations between the RoM and hip-related functional parameters in the scoliosis group are shown in Table 5-6. These findings highlight the presence of significant differences in hip joint RoM, foot posture, balance, muscle strength, and functional status between individuals with IS and the control group. It is important to note that these statistical comparisons were made using the Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons and reduce the likelihood of false-positive results. 4. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated active and passive hip joint RoM limitations in the participants with IS. Lumbar mobility, SLS test scores, and Y-Balance test scores in the posterior direction decreased in the scoliosis group compared to the control group. Participants with IS also tended to have a pronated foot posture. Hip joint position sense did not differ between the groups. In addition, there was a relationship between joint RoM and individuals with scoliosis, especially according to the results of the SLS and Y-Balance tests, which evaluated balance-related parameters. We found a significant decrease in the scoliosis group in terms of right and left RoM (both active and passive) for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and IR vs ER, with the exception of left active abduction, right active and passive external rotation, and left passive external rotation. In addition to this difference, for clinical meaningful difference was chosen based on a previous study that suggested that the precision of goniometric measurements was such that a difference of >6 degrees was required to accurately detect a real change in ROM [29]. Kotwicki et al. [30] reported numerous asymmetries around the pelvis in adolescent girls with IS. Hip joint asymmetries could be the result of muscle imbalance or morphological asymmetries of the pelvis. The sum of the external and internal rotations was symmetrical only in 26 of 158 girls with scoliosis; in the remaining 132 girls, the asymmetry was seen. Similarly, Cheung et al. (16) found a high rate of right hip joint abduction deficit in their study; they concluded that left dominance may play a role in both this deficit and scoliosis. As mentioned above, in our previous study, we detected hip joint movement changes (17). The changes in passive hip joint abduction RoM and active and passive extension of the right and left hip joints that we detected differed from the healthy controls. Allam et al. [31] found that hip abductor muscles activation was higher in the contralateral side of the scoliotic curve compared to the normal curve. These asymmetric moments may be a result of the body compensating for the curvature of the spine. The adduction of the hip is a specific asymmetry of the hip joint RoM and is considered an etiologic factor for IS [32]. In the SLS test, the relative co-activation of gluteal and hip adductor muscles endurance and strength affects both joint RoM of adduction and IR [33]. In this study, we found differences in both right and left adduction RoM values between the two groups; in keeping with this result, there was also a correlation between hip adduction and the SLS test results for both sides in the scoliosis group. In contrast, we found a significant decrease in lumbar mobility in the scoliosis group. Eyvazov et al. [12] found similar results in their study and concluded that mobility is affected depending on the severity of the curve. Although we did not directly measure lumbar lordosis in our study, it is thought that altered lumbar mobility might affect hip flexion and extension values. Driscoll et al. [34], for example, found that hip flexion extension was associated with lumbar lordosis. The changes seen in the patients with IS are likely due to the altered biomechanical forces caused by the need to compensate for their balance or to the asymmetrical mechanical loading that results from the deformity. Le Berre et al. [35] similar to the difference they observed between the healthy group and the scoliosis group in terms of dynamic balance, we also found a decrease in T balance in the PM and PL directions in the scoliosis group. According to Schwiertz et al. minimal clinically change between children 4.90% and we found only PM direction left and right measurement results [36]. One of the factors that we thought that the difference in the active and passive adduction ranges of motion of the scoliosis and control groups and the mobility in the PM direction may support each other. We did not find a significant difference in the anterior direction. Like Le Berre et al. the loss of dynamic balance in individuals with scoliosis found in our study is thought to be due to the weak motor response caused by the immature central integration of dynamic proprioceptive input. This explains the difference in postural stabilization that we evaluated with the YBT in our study. The alterations in question were statistically significant but rather small; therefore, they likely had no clinical effect in this study. Proprioceptive input is one of the most important factor for balance and stabilization and proprioceptive sensitivity is also altered in IS [37]. Patients with this condition may experience problems with postural righting, particularly when the balance task challenges the vestibular pathways. Although Haumont et al. [37] reported that perfect adaptation to different situations in IS was more dependent on hip joint strategies than ankle joint, the fact that there was no difference between the two groups according to the hip JPS test in our study supports that the effect of factors other than the hip may also be effective. The results of the proprioception assessment study conducted by Yekutiel et al. [38] noted no difference in joint position sense and fine motor control between 24 scoliotics and matched controls. In our study, there was no difference in the sense of hip joint position, which is in line with the literature. Muscle strength is one of the most important factors for maintaining posture. In our study, the results of the Trendelenburg sign, which was evaluated within the SLS test, which shows weakness in the hip adductor muscles, showed that there was a significant decrease in muscle strength in the scoliosis group. This aspect of our results contradicts those of Hassan et al.’s study. One of the factors that we thought could affect lower extremity muscle balance was foot posture. Therefore, we investigated variations in the foot structure of patients and healthy participants. According to some scholars, in the presence of scoliosis, the lower limbs change, especially the foot joints and arches. Using the footprint method, Carpintero et al. [39] reported a correlation between scoliosis and cavus foot. However, in our study, the scoliotic adolescents presented lower longitudinal arc level, which may predispose to arch collapses, flat foot, and pronated foot as verified through the FPI. Park et al. [40] reported that left calcaneal valgus angle correlated with scoliosis imbalance and left ankle arch collapses, causing flat feet. In our study, participants with IS tended to have low foot arches and more pronated foot posture compared to the controls, which was also found in Zhu et al. study [41]. Lower extremity functional status was assessed using the LEFS to evaluate possible difficulties in daily activities. Mirek E. et al. [42] found a positive correlation between LEFS scores and body coordination of the large muscles involved in posture and endurance. In our study, LEFS scores decreased in the scoliosis group. But there is no significant generalization in the low result in the scoliosis group, since this test is generally applied to the adult/elderly and people who are more affected in terms of lower extremities, it did not give clinically significant results in children with scoliosis. One limitation of this study is that the scoliosis group was not classified according to curve patterns. Also in our study, the minimal clinical significance values with which we can compare the statistically significant results clinically do not generally match the age and scoliosis study group. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized for a specific curve pattern. In this study, a manual goniometer was used for the assessment of RoM of the hip joint; however, an electrogoniometer could be used to measure curve patterns because of its greater reliability. 5. CONCLUSION In conclusion, individuals with scoliosis displayed distinct characteristics and functional limitations compared to the control group. These findings underscore the importance of assessing and addressing hip range of motion, lumbar mobility, proprioception, foot posture and functional abilities in the management and treatment of scoliosis. 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Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 136:389-395 Tousignant M, Poulin L, Marchand S, Viau A, Place C (2005) The Modified–Modified Schober Test for range of motion assessment of lumbar flexion in patients with low back pain: A study of criterion validity, intra-and inter-rater reliability and minimum metrically detectable change. Disability and rehabilitation 27:553-559 Sankar WN, Laird CT, Baldwin KD (2012) Hip range of motion in children: what is the norm? Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 32:399-405 Kotwicki T, Walczak A, Szulc A (2008) Trunk rotation and hip joint range of rotation in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis: does the\" dinner plate\" turn asymmetrically? Scoliosis 3:1-11 Allam HH, Al-walah MA, Banjer H, Alsufiany M (2021) Hip And Knee Abductor Moments In Normal Subjects And Subjects With Idiopathic Scoliosis During Level Walking: Comparative Study. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 12:522-526 Karski T, Kalakucki J, Karski J (2006) \" Syndrome of contractures\"(according to Mau) with the abduction contracture of the right hip as causative factor for development of the so-called idiopathic scoliosis. Studies in health technology and informatics 123:34 Mauntel TC, Begalle RL, Cram TR, Frank BS, Hirth CJ, Blackburn T, Padua DA (2013) The effects of lower extremity muscle activation and passive range of motion on single leg squat performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 27:1813-1823 Driscoll C, Aubin C-E, Labelle H, Dansereau J (2008) The relationship between hip flexion/extension and the sagittal curves of the spine. In: Research into Spinal Deformities 6. IOS Press, pp 90-95 Le Berre M, Guyot M-A, Agnani O, Bourdeauducq I, Versyp M-C, Donze C, Thévenon A, Catanzariti J-F (2017) Clinical balance tests, proprioceptive system and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. 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Journal of physical therapy science 27:3895-3899 Zhu F, Hong Q, Guo X, Wang D, Chen J, Zhu Q, Zhang C, Chen W, Zhang M (2021) A comparison of foot posture and walking performance in patients with mild, moderate, and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Plos one 16:e0251592 Mirek E, Logan D, Boullard K, Hall AM, Staffa SJ, Sethna N (2019) Physical therapy outcome measures for assessment of lower extremity chronic pain-related function in pediatrics. Pediatric Physical Therapy 31:200-207 Tables Table 1 . Demographic and scoliosis-specific clinical characteristics of the participants Scoliosis Group (n=86) Mean (SD) Control Group (n=34) Mean (SD) p Age (years) 15.67 (3.41) 16.06 (4.83) 0.86 Body mass (kg) 52.88 (9.70) 55.18 (11.92) 0.69 Height(m) 163.33 (7.80) 164.32 (10.79) 0.29 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 19.77 (2.97) 20.22 (2.63) 0.31 Curve Pattern n (%) Single Curve Double Curve 37 (43) 49 (57) n/a n/a Primary Curve Region n (%) Thoracic Lumbar Thoracolumbar 35 (40.7) 39 (45.3) 12 (14) n/a n/a Cobb angle of primary curve (°) 28.30 (9.81) n/a n/a BMI: Body Mass Index; SD: Standard Deviation **p<0.001 statistical significance Table 2. Comparison of the hip range of motion measurements between scoliosis and control groups Scoliosis Group (n=86) Mean (SD) Control Group (n=34) Mean (SD) Difference in mean change Mean (95% CI) p Flexion (°) AROM R 115.74 (10.94) 122.24 (9.06) 6.49 (2,60-10,37) <0.001** L 114.57 (10.26) 120.24 (8.44) 5.66 (2.03-9.29) <0.001** PROM R 131.93 (11.01) 139.09 (10.42) 7.16 (2.87-11.44) <0.001** L 132.88 (10.04) 137.71 (11.51) 4.82 (0.62-9.02) <0.001** Extension (°) AROM R 21.09 (17.32) 23.18 (3.17) 2.08 (-3.85 - 8.01) <0.001** L 17.88 (5.35) 24.50 (3.91) 6.61 (4.61-8.61) <0.001** PROM R 28.87 (18.01) 39.91 (8.43) 11.03 (6.24- 15.83) <0.001** L 24.81 (7.99) 40.97 (8.69) 16.15 (12.70-19.60) <0.001** Abduction (°) AROM R 39.73 (6.69) 42.97 (5.17) 3.23 (0.96-5.51) <0.001** L 40.69 (6.71) 41.68 (4.28) 0.99 (-1.05-3.03) 0.354 PROM R 49.52 (8.84) 53.59 (6.99) 4.06 (1.01-7.11) <0.05* L 50.03 (7.17) 56.88 (6.9) 6.84 (4.02-9.67) <0.001** Adduction (°) AROM R 18.88 (5.59) 26.50 (5.89) 7.61 ( 5.25-9.97) <0.001** L 18.12 (5.48) 29.09 (8.21) 10.97 (7.89-14.04) <0.001** PROM R 26.79 (9.13) 39.65 (10.00) 12.85 (8.89-16.817) <0.001** L 25.00 (8.47) 39.79 (11.58) 14.79 (10.39-19.18) <0.001** Internal Rotation (°) AROM R 27.67 (7.12) 34.88 (5.13) 7.2 (4.88-9.52) <0.001** L 29.66 (6.21) 37.79 (4.85) 8.13 (6.0-10.25) <0.001** PROM R 37.30 (9.46) 43.06 (4.88) 5.75 (2.37-9.13) <0.001** L 38.66 (9.09) 43.56 (5.51) 4.89 (1.58-8.20) <0.001** External Rotation (°) AROM R 35.77 (7.02) 36.62 (4.26) 0.85 (-1.70-3.40) 0.451 L 33.66 (7.44) 38.00 (4.01) 4.33 (1.66-7.01) <0.001** PROM R 44.19 (5.44) 45.06 (2.46) 0.87 (-1.05-2.79) 0.125 L 42.67 (6.63) 43.88 (3.43) 1.20 (-0.6-3.04) 0.176 * = p < 0.05; **=p<0.001 statistical significance; AROM: Active range of motion; PROM: Passive range of motion; R: Right, L: Left. Table 3. Comparative analysis of Lumbar Mobility, Joint Position Sense, Single Leg Squat and Y Balance Test Scores Between Scoliosis and Control Groups Scoliosis Group (n=86) Mean (SD) Control Group (n=34) Mean (SD) Difference in mean change Mean (95% CI) p Modified Schober Test (cm) 5.85 (1.59) 7.60 (1.31) 1.75 (1.18-2.31) <0.001** Joint Position Sense (°) Flexion R Flexion L Abduction R Abduction L Adduction R Adduction L 1.92 (7.89) 1.02 (7.16) 2.05 (3.25) 1.53 (3.03) 0.91 (2.75) 1.11 (3) 2.29 (2.62) 1.41 (2.75) 0.88 (2.68) 0.56 (2.77) 0.78 (2.46) 1.56 (2.42) 0.37(-1.5-2.27) 3.89(-1.4-2.18) -1.16(-2.3- -0.01) -0.96(-2.11-0,18) -0.12(-1.15-0.90) 0.44(-0.59-1.49) 0.818 0.464 0.071 0.172 0.893 0.454 Single Leg Squat Test R L 2.08 (0.84) 2.03 (0.98) 2.68 (0.73) 2.76 (0.55) 0.5(0.28-0.90) 0.73(0.14-0.44) <0.001** <0.001** Normalized Y Balance Test (%) Anterior, R Anterior, L Posterolateral, R Posterolateral, L Posteromedial, R Posteromedial, L 90 (19) 92.9 (19.6) 97 (15) 97 (15) 90 (14) 92 (15) 97 (16) 97 (14) 103 (9) 102 (9) 101 (9) 100 (10) 4.34(-0.6-9.3) 2.31(-2.3-7.01) 3.98(-0.9-8.9) 2.91(-1.9-7.7) 7.53(3.35-11.7) 5.50(1.15-9.85) 0.092 0.338 0.016* 0.049* <0.001** 0.002* **p<0.001 statistical significance; R: Right, L: Left. Table 4 . Comparison of the Right and Leg Side Foot Posture Index Between Scoliosis and Control Groups Foot Posture Index-6 (Right Foot) Scoliosis Group n=86 (%) Control Group n=34 (%) p Normal 40 (46.5) 30 (88.2) <0.001** Pronation 46 (53.5) 4 (11.8) Foot Posture Index-6 (Left Foot) Scoliosis Group n=86 (%) Control Group n=3 4(%) p Normal 39 (45.3) 30 (88.2) <0.001** Pronation 47 (54.7) 4 (11.8) Scoliosis Group n=86 Mean (SD) Control Group n=34 Mean (SD) p Lower Extremity Functional Scale 76.15 (2.14) 77.74 (1.24) <0.001** **p<0.001 statistical significance Table 5 . Correlations between bilateral range of motions of hip and hip-related functional parameters in the scoliosis group Modified Schober JPS R Flexion JPS L Flexion JPS R Abd JPS L Abd JPS R Add JPS L Add Right Active Flexion r 0.163 0.055 - 0.106 - 0.071 - 0.035 - 0.031 - 0.103 P 0.133 0.615 0.329 0.051 0.748 0.778 0.345 Left Active Flexion r 0.182 0.156 0.156 - 0.172 - 0.117 0.075 0.006 P 0.093 0.151 0.152 0.113 0.282 0.495 0.959 Right Passive Flexion r - 0.044 0.064 - 0.135 0.054 0.063 - 0.089 0.026 P 0.212 0.694 0.20 0.322 0.042* 0.654 0.53 Left Passive Flexion r 0.714 - 0.018 - 0.122 0.192 - 0.037 - 0.036 0.119 P 0.156 0.87 0.262 0.077 0.736 0.742 0.276 Right Active Extension r - 0.136 0.043 - 0.139 0.108 0.220 0.049 0.069 P 0.212 0.694 0.2 0.322 0.042* 0.654 0.53 Left Active Extension r 0.032 - 0.044 - 0.168 0.057 0.038 - 0.117 - 0.133 P 0.769 0.684 0.123 0.601 0.731 0.284 0.223 Right Passive Extension r -0.313 - 0.092 - 0.232 0.243 0.266 - 0.134 0.056 P 0.003* 0.398 0.032 0.024* 0.042* 0.219 0.608 Left Passive Extension r - 0.174 - 0.193 - 0.330 0.264 0.173 - 0.134 0.071 P 0.109 0.075 0.002* 0.014* 0.112 0.217 0.513 Right Active Abduction r 0.01 0.11 0.257 - 0.081 0.266 0.100 0.147 P 0.929 0.316 0.017* 0.458 0.013* 0.360 0.178 Left Active Abduction r 0.095 0.096 0.239 - 0.219 0.264 - 0.070 - 0.092 P 0.385 0.377 0.026* 0.043* 0.014* 0.520 0.40 Right Passive Abduction r - 0.082 - 0.118 - 0.115 0.099 0.156 - 0.044 0.031 P 0.453 0.28 0.291 0.365 0.151 0.685 0.777 Left Passive Abduction r 0.072 - 0.069 - 0.163 - 0.134 0.017 - 0.058 0.003 P 0.51 0.531 0.134 0.22 0.879 0.598 0.976 Right Active Adduction r 0.047 - 0.185 - 0.215 0.04 0.280 - 0.224 - 0.2 P 0.671 0.087 0.047 0.718 0.009* 0.038* 0.065 Left Active Adduction r 0.081 -0.221 - 0.274 0.032 0.197 - 0.242 - 0.138 P 0.457 0.041* 0.011* 0.769 0.069 0.025* 0.206 Right Passive Adduction r 0.163 - 0.231 -0.332 0.272 0.053 - 0.126 - 0.111 P 0.134 0.032* 0.002* 0.011* 0.629 0.249 0.31 Left Passive Adduction r 0.036 - 0.246 - 0.351 0.176 0.086 - 0.117 - 0.077 P 0.74 0.022* 0.001* 0.105 0.429 0.283 0.482 Right Active Internal Rotation r 0.154 -0.048 - 0.024 0.005 0.251 0.043 0.071 P 0.157 0.661 0.828 0.967 0.02* 0.698 0.517 Left Active Internal Rotation r 0.077 - 0.01 - 0.087 0.143 0.260 0.061 0.084 P 0.481 0.924 0.425 0.188 0.016* 0.579 0.442 Right Passive Internal Rotation r 0.252 - 0.163 - 0.271 0.290 0.088 0.014 0.049 P 0.019* 0.134 0.012* 0.007* 0.421 0.895 0.657 Left Passive Internal Rotation r - 0.256 - 0.123 - 0.261 0.228 0.152 - 0.069 0.059 P 0.017* 0.259 0.015* 0.035* 0.162 0.527 0.588 Right Active External Rotation r 0.263 0.149 0.373 - 0.357 0.252 0.042 0.163 P 0.014* 0.17 <0.001** 0.001* 0.019* 0.703 0.135 Left Active External Rotation r 0.173 0.041 0.124 - 0.189 0.217 0.147 - 0.014 P 0.111 0.707 0.255 0.082 0.045 0.177 0.899 Right Passive External Rotation r 0.028 0.229 0.139 - 0.338 - 0.171 - 0.157 - 0.175 P 0.009* 0.034* 0.203 0.001* 0.115 0.148 0.107 Left Passive External Rotation r 0.06 - 0.041 0.003 - 0.11 - 0.082 0.109 0.084 P 0.581 0.705 0.981 0.312 0.451 0.319 0.443 JPS: Joint Position Sense; **=p<0.01; *=p<0.05 Table 6 . Correlations between bilateral range of motions of hip and hip-related functional parameters in the scoliosis group Single Leg Squat R Single Leg Squat L A Right A Left PM Right PM Left PL Right PL Left Right Active Flexion r 0.323 0.357 0.306 0.307 0.254 0.200 0.179 0.252 P 0.002* 0.001* 0.004* 0.004* 0.018* 0.065 0.099 0.019* Left Active Flexion r 0.173 0.250 0.048 0.081 0.128 0.099 0.023 - 0.018 P 0.111 0.02* 0.659 0.459 0.239 0.362 0.831 0.867 Right Passive Flexion r 0.441 0.436 0.577 0.598 0.468 0.430 0.334 0.445 P <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.002* <0.001** Left Passive Flexion r 0.321 0.260 0.436 0.477 0.392 0.386 0.249 0.290 P 0.003* 0.016* <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.021* 0.007* Right Active Extension r 0.378 0.359 0.508 0.487 0.287 0.341 0.166 0.161 P <0.001** 0.001* <0.001** <0.001** 0.007* <0.001** 0.127 0.139 Left Active Extension r 0.395 0.400 0.468 0.496 0.373 0.399 0.291 0.272 P <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.007* 0.011* Right Passive Extension r 0.472 0.377 0.723 0.729 0.471 0.521 0.357 0.356 P <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.001* 0.001* Left Passive Extension r 0.429 0.301 0.658 0.706 0.431 0.465 0.349 0.372 P <0.001** 0.005* <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.001* <0.001** Right Active Abduction r - 0.023 0.138 0.039 0.04 - 0.07 -0.087 - 0.155 - 0.041 P 0.834 0.204 0.723 0.717 0.524 0.426 0.154 0.708 Left Active Abduction r - 0.043 0.125 - 0.052 - 0.087 0.083 0.069 - 0.039 0.069 P 0.693 0.252 0.635 0.425 0.448 0.53 0.724 0.053 Right Passive Abduction r 0.289 0.357 0.515 0.521 0.253 0.212 0.167 0.251 P 0.007* 0.001* <0.001** <0.001** 0.019* 0.050 0.124 0.020* Left Passive Abduction r 0.286 0.277 0.354 0.335 0.274 0.240 0.153 0.279 P 0.008* 0.01* 0.001* 0.002* 0.011* 0.026* 0.160 0.009* Right Active Adduction r 0.357 0.420 0.507 0.494 0.511 0.456 0.437 0.436 P 0.001* <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** Left Active Adduction r 0.304 0.306 0.486 0.492 0.467 0.418 0.393 0.404 P 0.004* 0.004* <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** Right Passive Adduction r 0.498 0.405 0.708 0.714 0.556 0.528 0.486 0.501 P <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** Left Passive Adduction r 0.430 0.294 0.597 0.615 0.428 0.398 0.339 0.359 P <0.001** 0.006* <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.001* 0.001* Right Active Internal Rotation r 0.233 0.137 0.319 0.303 0.194 0.213 0.229 0.320 P 0.031* 0.208 0.003* 0.005* 0.074 0.049 0.034* 0.003* Left Active Internal Rotation r 0.007 0.067 0.244 0.241 0.191 0.301 0.330 0.283 P 0.951 0.541 0.026* 0.026* 0.078 0.005* 0.002* 0.008* Right Passive Internal Rotation r 0.452 0.306 0.695 0.659 0.443 0.459 0.447 0.519 P <0.001** 0.004* <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** Left Passive Internal Rotation r 0.256 0.198 0.629 0.641 0.390 0.453 0.427 0.419 P 0.017* 0.067 <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** Right Active External Rotation r - 0.228 0.04 - 0.414 -0.429 - 0.350 - 0.280 - 0.287 -0.370 P 0.034* 0.717 <0.001** <0.001** 0.001** 0.009* 0.007* <0.001** Left Active External Rotation r - 0.050 - 0.019 - 0.141 - 0.190 -0.159 - 0.15 -0.177 -0.275 P 0.644 0.865 0.020* 0.080 0.143 0.169 0.283 0.010* Right Passive External Rotation r - 0.056 0.041 - 0.270 -0.251 - 0.246 - 0.175 - 0.272 -0.290 P 0.612 0.706 0.012* 0.002* 0.022* 0.108 0.011* 0.007* Left Passive External Rotation r 0.266 0.153 0.242 0.218 0.107 0.115 0.03 - 0.011 P 0.013* 0.159 0.025* 0.044* 0.327 0.292 0.784 0.922 A: Anterior; PM: Posteromedial; PL: Posterolateral; R: Right; L: Left ; **=p<0.01; *=p<0.05 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3970000\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":273676286,\"identity\":\"d70361fd-6f5b-4872-b301-be01f52978a8\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Fatih ÇELİK\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIie3QsYrCQBCA4QnCphlMOwdHniEihOvuVRIOtopvICoELLUN+BKBe4GBcHtNHmDhrjjvCQRBrNQxrZLEzmL/bmA/mB0Al+sJ8xfgccIqDKiZ6bWTIAMIGY5fCvAWQrAfAQ7T0jYEehC/Yv6rY+/zJ//+t9M3BL/6KlsJ6oQTqwfxr0nzzMhiqLVtI++EESc7o2KbjfJMCSGMWwlSsBNyxnFxJadeBOViVlFEQibLPgS1LFariKxON5MVoer6i1xsuz0aNV8XH7zPDrMw8CvTSm5Tjz13uVwu170ufxRLpdijPtUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-9521\",\"institution\":\"Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Fatih\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"ÇELİK\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":273676287,\"identity\":\"ac5fc19c-5ee4-44bb-bacb-41f92d9b8431\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Burcu ŞENOL\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Burcu\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"ŞENOL\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":273676288,\"identity\":\"0f26340b-67f5-4ee1-96e8-081d084d63b4\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Gökhan DEMİRKIRAN\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Gökhan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"DEMİRKIRAN\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":273676289,\"identity\":\"1d4c4e61-393a-4ad8-abc2-c96868cafe48\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Nilgün BEK\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Health Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Nilgün\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"BEK\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":273676290,\"identity\":\"9fc7e16a-b1fa-4a74-898a-a467a6c6a126\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Yavuz YAKUT\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hasan Kalyoncu University, Faculty of Health Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yavuz\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"YAKUT\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":273676291,\"identity\":\"04cf38ce-138c-4b2e-8486-28b1790b76b2\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Gözde YAĞCI\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Gözde\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"YAĞCI\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-02-19 12:47:44\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":{\"humanSubjects\":true,\"vertebrateSubjects\":false,\"conflictsOfInterestStatement\":false,\"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":true,\"humanSubjectConsent\":true,\"humanSubjectClinicalTrial\":false,\"humanSubjectCaseReport\":false,\"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false},\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970000/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970000/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":51387445,\"identity\":\"892a7e0d-7164-4d15-83b9-b8b8fe534dce\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-20 17:57:43\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1211223,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3970000/v1/5e14d63f-83e1-47b9-ab83-9cb6f1beae3c.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHip-related Functional Limitations in Individuals With Idiopathic Scoliosis: a Controlled Trial\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eScoliosis is a 3D deformity of the spine and trunk that is characterized by a lateral deviation of the spine combined with a vertebral axial rotation and hypokyphosis [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is considered a multifactorial process that involves genetic, neurosensorial, hormonal, and metabolic dysfunctions, together with neuromuscular, neurological, and biomechanical aspects [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. As a result of its multifactorial origin, scoliosis\\u0026rsquo;s effects on the body are also multifaceted [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe three-dimensional structure of the deformation in scoliosis is responsible for biomechanical and morphological changes in the trunk and the entire body [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e]. These alterations affect the movement of the joints as well as segmental mobility. Due to this limited mobility, compensatory changes occur in other body parts associated with the spine to guarantee the minimum energy consumption required to maintain an upright posture along the entire kinetic chain [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The erect position requires efficient central processing of multisensorial information provided by cortical, subcortical, and medullary integration, especially somatic input [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The spine affected by scoliosis exhibits perceptual impairments and deficits in sensorimotor adaptation and balance control [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Lack of necessary range of motion (RoM) can decrease the effectiveness of hip and ankle joint strategies. If a person is unable to counteract a perturbation due to lack of appropriate RoM, their balance may be affected, may potentially resulting in a fall [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The presence of scoliosis deformity causes weak global equilibrium because the normal spine, joint, and tendon biomechanics are altered [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The pathological structure and adaptation of the spine and vertebrae cause muscular imbalance [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWith scoliosis, structural disturbances are mostly seen in the trunk. But the trunk and the pelvis are the main sites of interaction for postural kinetic activities and the entire kinetic chain [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In Mahaudens et al.\\u0026rsquo;s study, although there was no significant difference between individuals with scoliosis and healthy subjects in standing and walking in the 3D kinematic assessment, an increase in muscle external work, a decrease in the efficiency of the locomotor mechanism, and a prolonged activation time in the erector spine and quadratus lumborum were observed in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In another study, it was shown that individuals with IS have different hip adduction movements between their right and left legs according to dominance [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Biomechanical changes, a decrease in lordosis, or increased rotations of the lumbar spine make facet joints looser and indicate structural stiffness because of lack of movement and limitations in the spine or surrounding structure, such as the pelvis and lower extremities (11). Previously, we have found some alterations in hip joint motions among individuals with IS depending on the spine\\u0026rsquo;s curve pattern [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]. These alterations consisted of different passive RoM of hip abduction depending on curve types and an asymmetry between right and left, active and passive RoM of hip extension movements [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. A comprehensive study of the effects of IS on hip joint parameters could not be found in the literature. Therefore, to build on our previous research (with a different ethics board approval number), a more comprehensive study was needed to evaluate hip joint parameters that can be affected in patients with IS.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis study had three aims: first, to investigate hip joint mobility, hip joint position sense, balance, and functionality levels in individuals with IS; second, to compare these individuals with healthy peers; third, to examine the relationship among hip-related functional parameters in individuals with IS.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1. Participants and Study Protocol:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEighty-six patients diagnosed with IS by an orthopedic surgeon between November 2020 and February 2021 were included in the study. Thirty-four age-matched individuals who had no orthopedic or neurological disease participated as the control group after the consultation of orthopedic surgeon. Ethical approval was obtained from the University\\u0026rsquo;s Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Board.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePatients (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;86) and healthy individuals (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;34) were informed about the study. Consent was obtained from individuals aged above 18 years and from both individuals and their parents for participants aged below 18 years. The mean age of patients was 15.7 (3.4) years and that of healthy individuals 16.1 (4.8) years (range 10\\u0026ndash;26).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe inclusion criteria for the scoliosis group were being 10 years of age or older and having lateral curves between 10\\u0026deg; and 50\\u0026deg; of Cobb. Patients with a history of rheumatological, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal diseases were excluded. In addition, those with congenital scoliosis or spinal deformity, those who had undergone surgical correction of the spine, those who had a tumor, those who were unable to participate in the evaluation, and those who refused to participate were excluded. The inclusion criteria for the control group were being 10 years of age or older, having no medical illness or prior history of scoliosis, and being willing to participate in the study.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2. Examination Procedure:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePatients\\u0026rsquo; demographic characteristics, including age, height, body weight, and body mass index, were recorded.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStanding posteroanterior full-spine radiographs in the coronal plane were made for each patient. The orthopedic surgeon analyzed the X-rays to determine the magnitude of the main curve and its pattern. The curve magnitude was assessed with the Cobb method digitally, which consists of measuring the angle between the two tangents of the upper and lower end plates of the upper and lower end vertebrae of the curve. These scoliosis-specific assessments (cobb angle and curve pattern) were performed by the third author (GD), who is an experienced orthopedic surgeon. The hip-related functional parameters of all the participants were evaluated by the blinded observer who was the second author (BS) as described below.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHip joint RoM assessment (both active and passive) was performed by manual goniometric measurement, which has been found to be valid and reliable by Nussbaumer et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The angles were recorded in degrees. Hip joint flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal, and external rotation movements were assessed. Both active and passive hip joint flexion, abduction, and adduction were evaluated in a supine position; extension was evaluated in a prone position, while internal and external rotation in a sitting position.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe lumbar mobility of all the patients in the study was evaluated with the Modified Schober test, which has been found to be valid and reliable by Macrae et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This test measures the amount of flexion in the lumbar region. While testing, a horizontal line is drawn between the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). Two points (10 cm above and 5 cm below) are marked on the cranial line perpendicular to this line; the patients are then asked to lean forward without bending their knees. The length between these two points at full flexion is measured and 15 cm is subtracted from it. The resulting amount is calculated and recorded in millimeters.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHip joint position sense assessment was performed by evaluating the active joint position sense. In our study, the hip joint measurements were made in the flexion, abduction, and adduction directions. The joint position sense (JPS) test is a test of the ability to reproduce the same joint position. In this study, the JPS test was used for the flexion and abduction directions. For the flexion direction, the test begins with the patient in a neutral standing position and blindfolded to eliminate visual cues. The patient is then asked to flex the hip toward the target position of a 45\\u0026deg; flexion. When the joint reaches the target position, movement is stopped by a physical barrier. The patient maintains this position for five seconds and returns to the starting position. The physical barrier is then removed and the patient is asked to return the hip to the test position and stop where he/she feels the correct position is. Five repetitions are performed for each leg and the kinematics of the hip joint are averaged across these repetitions. The starting and stopping angles are recorded for data analysis and the amount of discrepancy in degrees is recorded as an error. A universal goniometer is used to measure the degrees. For the abduction and adduction directions, the same procedure as the one just described is followed, but with a 15\\u0026deg; angle [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe Single Leg Squat (SLS) test was used to evaluate the strength, endurance, and balance of the lower extremity muscles. Six markers were used for testing: the lateral process of the acromion, the trochanter major, the lateral femoral condyle, the lateral malleolus, the lateral part of the heel, and the base of the 5th metatarsal. Two extra markers were placed on the patient\\u0026rsquo;s anterior superior iliac crests to create reference points for the researchers. The patient was told how to perform a single leg squat and was allowed to repeat it until he/she felt comfortable. In the test, a maximum of five repetitions was carried out. The patient was asked to perform a 45\\u0026deg; flexion at the hip and a 90\\u0026deg; flexion at the knee joint while lifting the other leg from the ground. A physical barrier was used to provide angles. For this test, the patient\\u0026rsquo;s shoulders should be flexed at 90\\u0026deg;, the elbows should be fully extended, and the hands should be clenched. The patient was asked to crouch down until the hip touched the physical barrier and return to the starting position in less than six seconds. There are three criteria in the evaluation of this test: hip joint flexion should not exceed 65\\u0026deg;, hip joint adduction 10\\u0026deg;, and knee valgus angle 10\\u0026deg;. Three points (excellent) were assigned for all three criteria being met, two points (good) for two criteria, one point (reasonable) for one criterion, and zero points (weak) for zero criteria being met. If the hip adduction in the first second of the neutral standing position on one leg was over 10\\u0026deg;, the Trendelenburg test was positive. In this case, the findings were recorded as \\u0026ldquo;positive\\u0026rdquo;; otherwise, they were recorded as \\u0026ldquo;negative\\u0026rdquo; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo evaluate lower extremity balance, the Y-Balance test (YBT) was used, which has been found to be valid and reliable by Shaffer et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The patients viewed an instructional video demonstrating the testing procedure. They then practiced six trials on each leg in each of the three reach directions before formal testing. The patient stood on one leg in the center of a grid, with the most distal part of the great toe on the starting line. While maintaining a single-leg stance, the patient was asked to reach with the free limb in the anterior, posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) directions in relation to the stance foot. The maximal reach distance was measured by marking the tape measure with erasable ink at the point where the most distal part of the foot reached. The trial was discarded and repeated if the patient failed to maintain unilateral stance, if they lifted or moved the stance foot from the grid, if they touched down with the reach foot, or if they failed to return the reach foot to the starting position. The process was repeated while standing on the other leg. The three greatest reach distances in each direction were used for analysis; the distances were recorded in centimeters. Furthermore, the greatest reach distance from each direction was added up to yield a composite reach distance for analyzing overall performance in the test. Reach distances were normalized to limb length by calculating the maximized reach distance (%MAXD) using the formula (excursion distance/limb length) \\u0026times; 100 = %MAXD [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo evaluate foot posture, we used the Foot Posture Index (FPI). The FPI is a six-item reference tool that has been found to be valid and reliable for measuring foot position in a variety of clinical settings by Redmond et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The index consists of six criterion-based observations of the rear foot and forefoot of a subject standing in a relaxed position. The rear foot was assessed via palpation of the head of the talus, observation of the curves above and below the lateral malleoli, and the extent of the inversion/eversion of the calcaneus. The forefoot examination assessed the bulge in the region of the talonavicular joint, the congruence of the medial longitudinal arch, and the extent of abduction/adduction of the forefoot on the rear foot (25).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo evaluate lower extremity functions, we used the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), which has been found to be valid and reliable by Yeung et al., as well as Citaker et al. in their Turkish adaptation and validation study [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The LEFS is a 20-item, region-specific measure that asks patients about their perceived difficulties in daily activities. Each item is rated on a five-point scale. Total scores range from zero to 80, with a higher score indicating better function. Excessive strain or inability to perform an activity is scored with zero points, significant strain with one point, moderate strain with two points, little strain with three points, and no difficulty with four points.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAll the assessments were carried out in University\\u0026rsquo;s Physical Therapy Clinic that was isolated from external factors, with only the therapist and the patient present.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3. Statistical Analysis:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDemographic and clinical findings were expressed as means and standard deviations (m [SD]). Qualitative variables were expressed by group and percentage (n, %). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine normality. The validity of the tests (normal distribution, equal variance) was not confirmed; therefore, non-parametric tests were used. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to verify the significance of differences in the mean values of the examined variables between the scoliosis and the control group. The relationship between two qualitative variables were tested with the Chi\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e test. Spearman\\u0026rsquo;s correlations (r) were performed to compare the RoM of the hip joint and the scores of the Modified Schober, JPS, SLS, and Y-Balance tests. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics version 21 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA), with a significance level of p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05. The sample size of the study was determined with G* Power (G* Power Ver. 3.0.10, Franz Faul, Universit\\u0026auml;t Kiel, Germany). Pilot testing was performed on 10 volunteers (5 patients in the scoliosis group, 5 healthy group) by using hip active adduction data to determine the number of participants required. Power analysis based on the results of the pilot study was completed to achieve a significant α level (0.05), power (0.90), and effect size (0.64). The results of the power analysis showed that the current study would require at least 85 participants to study group, 29 participants to control group.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. RESULTS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe study had 120 participants, of whom 86 (71%) were in the scoliosis group and 34 (28%) in the control group. The mean age of the scoliosis group was 15.7 (3.4) years and that of the control group was 16.1 (4.8) years (range 10–26). There was no statistically significant difference in the demographic characteristics of the two groups (p \\u0026gt; 0.05). In the scoliosis group, 37 participants had single curves and 49 had double curves; 35 patients had thoracic curves, 39 lumbar curves, and 12 thoracolumbar curves. The mean Cobb angle of the primary curve was 28.3° (9.8°) (Table 1).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAfter applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, statistical analyses revealed several significant differences between the participants with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and the control group. Individuals with IS exhibited significantly limited active and passive range of motion (RoM) of the hip joint for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and internal rotation compared to controls (p \\u0026lt; 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in left active abduction, right active and passive external rotation, and left passive external rotation (p \\u0026gt; 0.05).\\u0026nbsp;The comparison of the active, passive, left, and right RoMs of the hip joint in the two groups is shown in Table 2. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of left active abduction, right active, passive, and left passive external rotation. The scores for right and left flexion, extension, adduction, and internal rotation of the hip joint (both active and passive) were lower in the scoliosis group than in the control group (p \\u0026lt; 0.001); the same was true for right active and passive abduction, left passive abduction, and active external rotation. There were clinically significantly differences between right active and passive flexion; left and right passive extension; left and right both active and passive adduction, right and left active IR ROMs and \\u0026nbsp;the clinically significant ranges with confidence interval 95% of differences are shown in Table 2.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn terms of functional assessments, lumbar mobility was different in the scoliosis group compared to the control group, both statistically and clinically CI [95% 1.75 (1.18-2.31)] (p \\u0026lt; 0.001). In the study for Modified Schrober test, differences of 1 cm and above values were evaluated as clinically significant about lumbar mobility\\u0026nbsp;[28]. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of bilateral flexion, abduction, and adduction in the JPS test (p \\u0026gt; 0.05). Both left and right SLS test scores were lower in the scoliosis group (p \\u0026lt; 0.001). But there is no clinically meaningful difference between groups. Based on the normalized Y-Balance test scores, the elongation rates in the PM and PL directions were reduced in the scoliosis group compared to the control group (p \\u0026lt; 0.05). Clinically significant differences were found only between right and left PM results. The Y-Balance test also showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of right and left anterior direction (p \\u0026gt; 0.05) (Table 3).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eRegarding proprioceptive abilities, there were no significant differences between the groups in hip joint position sense (JPS) (p \\u0026gt; 0.05), suggesting similar proprioceptive abilities in individuals with and without scoliosis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn terms of muscle strength, the scoliosis group demonstrated a significant decrease in hip adductor muscle strength, as indicated by the Trendelenburg sign within the SLS test (p \\u0026lt; 0.05). This finding suggests weakness in hip adductors among individuals with IS.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn terms of functional status, the scoliosis group had significantly lower scores on the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) compared to controls (p \\u0026lt; 0.05). However, the differences observed did not reach clinical significance\\u0026nbsp;(Table 4).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;The correlations between the RoM and hip-related functional parameters in the scoliosis group are shown in Table 5-6.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThese findings highlight the presence of significant differences in hip joint RoM, foot posture, balance, muscle strength, and functional status between individuals with IS and the control group. It is important to note that these statistical comparisons were made using the Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons and reduce the likelihood of false-positive results.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study demonstrated active and passive hip joint RoM limitations in the participants with IS. Lumbar mobility, SLS test scores, and Y-Balance test scores in the posterior direction decreased in the scoliosis group compared to the control group. Participants with IS also tended to have a pronated foot posture. Hip joint position sense did not differ between the groups. In addition, there was a relationship between joint RoM and individuals with scoliosis, especially according to the results of the SLS and Y-Balance tests, which evaluated balance-related parameters.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWe found a significant decrease in the scoliosis group in terms of right and left RoM (both active and passive) for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and IR vs ER, with the exception of left active abduction, right active and passive external rotation, and left passive external rotation. In addition to this difference, for clinical meaningful\\u0026nbsp;difference was chosen based on a previous study that suggested that the precision of goniometric measurements was such that a difference of \\u0026gt;6 degrees was required to accurately detect a real change in ROM\\u0026nbsp;[29].\\u0026nbsp;Kotwicki et al.\\u0026nbsp;[30]\\u0026nbsp;reported numerous asymmetries around the pelvis in adolescent girls with IS. Hip joint asymmetries could be the result of muscle imbalance or morphological asymmetries of the pelvis. The sum of the external and internal rotations was symmetrical only in 26 of 158 girls with scoliosis; in the remaining 132 girls, the asymmetry was seen. Similarly, Cheung et al. (16) found a high rate of right hip joint abduction deficit in their study; they concluded that left dominance may play a role in both this deficit and scoliosis. As mentioned above, in our previous study, we detected hip joint movement changes (17). The changes in passive hip joint abduction RoM and active and\\u0026nbsp;passive extension of the right and left hip\\u0026nbsp;joints\\u0026nbsp;that we detected differed from the healthy controls.\\u0026nbsp;Allam et al.\\u0026nbsp;[31]\\u0026nbsp;found that hip abductor muscles activation was higher in the contralateral side of the scoliotic curve compared to the normal curve. These asymmetric moments may be a result of the body compensating for the curvature of the spine. The adduction of the hip is a specific asymmetry of the hip joint RoM and is considered an etiologic factor for IS\\u0026nbsp;[32]. In the SLS test, the relative co-activation of gluteal and hip adductor muscles endurance and strength affects both joint RoM of adduction and IR\\u0026nbsp;[33]. In this study, we found differences in both right and left adduction RoM values between the two groups; in keeping with this result, there was also a correlation between hip adduction and the SLS test results for both sides in the scoliosis group.\\u0026nbsp;In contrast, we found a significant decrease in lumbar mobility in the scoliosis group. Eyvazov et al.\\u0026nbsp;[12]\\u0026nbsp;found similar results in their study and concluded that mobility is affected depending on the severity of the curve. Although we did not directly measure lumbar lordosis in our study, it is thought that altered lumbar mobility might affect hip flexion and extension values. Driscoll et al.\\u0026nbsp;[34], for example, found that hip flexion extension was associated with lumbar lordosis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe changes seen in the patients with IS are likely due to the altered biomechanical forces caused by the need to compensate for their balance or to the asymmetrical mechanical loading that results from the deformity. Le Berre et al. [35] similar to the difference they observed between the healthy group and the scoliosis group in terms of dynamic balance, we also found a decrease in T balance in the PM and PL directions in the scoliosis group. According to Schwiertz et al. minimal clinically change between children 4.90% and we found only PM direction left and right measurement results [36]. One of the factors that we thought that the difference in the active and passive adduction ranges of motion of the scoliosis and control groups and the mobility in the PM direction may support each other. \\u0026nbsp;We did not find a significant difference in the anterior direction. Like Le Berre et al. the loss of dynamic balance in individuals with scoliosis found in our study is thought to be due to the weak motor response caused by the immature central integration of dynamic proprioceptive input. This explains the difference in postural stabilization that we evaluated with the YBT in our study. The alterations in question were statistically significant but rather small; therefore, they likely had no clinical effect in this study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eProprioceptive input is one of the most important factor for balance and stabilization and proprioceptive sensitivity is also altered in IS\\u0026nbsp;[37]. Patients with this condition may experience problems with postural righting, particularly when the balance task challenges the vestibular pathways. Although\\u0026nbsp;Haumont et al.\\u0026nbsp;[37]\\u0026nbsp;reported that perfect adaptation to different situations in IS was more dependent on hip joint strategies than ankle joint, the fact that there was no difference between the two groups according to the hip JPS test in our study supports that the effect of factors other than the hip may also be effective. The results of the proprioception assessment study conducted by Yekutiel et al.\\u0026nbsp;[38]\\u0026nbsp;noted no difference in joint position sense and fine motor control between 24 scoliotics and matched controls. In our study, there was no difference in the sense of hip joint position, which is in line with the literature.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMuscle strength is one of the most important factors for maintaining posture. In our study, the results of the Trendelenburg sign, which was evaluated within the SLS test, which shows weakness in the hip adductor muscles, showed that there was a significant decrease in muscle strength in the scoliosis group. This aspect of our results contradicts those of Hassan et al.\\u0026rsquo;s study. One of the factors that we thought could affect lower extremity muscle balance was foot posture. Therefore, we investigated variations in the foot structure of patients and healthy participants. According to some scholars, in the presence of scoliosis, the lower limbs change, especially the foot joints and arches. Using the footprint method, Carpintero et al.\\u0026nbsp;[39]\\u0026nbsp;reported a correlation between scoliosis and cavus foot. However,\\u0026nbsp;in our study, the scoliotic adolescents presented lower longitudinal arc level, which may predispose to arch collapses, flat foot, and pronated foot as verified through the FPI. Park et al.\\u0026nbsp;[40]\\u0026nbsp;reported that left calcaneal valgus angle correlated with scoliosis imbalance and left ankle arch collapses, causing flat feet. In our study, participants with IS tended to have low foot arches\\u0026nbsp;and more pronated foot posture compared to the controls, which was also found in Zhu et al. study\\u0026nbsp;[41].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Lower extremity functional status was assessed using the LEFS to evaluate possible difficulties in daily activities. Mirek E. et al. [42] found a positive correlation between LEFS scores and body coordination of the large muscles involved in posture and endurance. In our study, LEFS scores decreased in the scoliosis group. But there is no significant generalization in the low result in the scoliosis group, since this test is generally applied to the adult/elderly and people who are more affected in terms of lower extremities, it did not give clinically significant results in children with scoliosis. \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOne limitation of this study is that the scoliosis group was not classified according to curve patterns. Also in our study, the minimal clinical significance values with which we can compare the statistically significant results clinically do not generally match the age and scoliosis study group. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized for a specific curve pattern. In this study, a manual goniometer was used for the assessment of RoM of the hip joint; however, an electrogoniometer could be used to measure curve patterns because of its greater reliability.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"5. CONCLUSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn conclusion, individuals with scoliosis displayed distinct characteristics and functional limitations compared to the control group. These findings underscore the importance of assessing and addressing hip range of motion, lumbar mobility, proprioception, foot posture and functional abilities in the management and treatment of scoliosis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eStokes IA, Armstrong JG, Moreland MS (1988) Spinal deformity and back surface asymmetry in idiopathic scoliosis. J Orthop Res 6:129-137. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100060117\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eWang WJ, Yeung HY, Chu WC, Tang NL, Lee KM, Qiu Y, Burwell RG, Cheng JC (2011) Top theories for the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 31:S14-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181f73c12\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eLe Berre M, Guyot MA, Agnani O, Bourdeauducq I, Versyp MC, Donze C, Thevenon A, Catanzariti JF (2017) Clinical balance tests, proprioceptive system and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 26:1638-1644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4802-z\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eNault M-L, Allard P, Hinse S, Le Blanc R, Caron O, Labelle H, Sadeghi H (2002) Relations between standing stability and body posture parameters in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 27:1911-1917\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMov APCO (1981) Aulisa L, Di Benedetto A, Vinciguerra A: Biomechanical analysis of the spinal brace system in idiopathic scoliosis. Arch Putti Chir Organi Mov 31:185-194\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eCole A, Burwell R, Jacobs K (1990) Hip rotation, knee rotation and femoral anteversion in healthy subjects and in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: relation of hip rotation to lateral spinal curves. Clin Anat 3:65\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKotwicki T, Walczak A, Szulc A (2009) Measurement of the hip joint range of motion in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis 4:1-1\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eWijekoon A, Wettasinghe A, de Silva M (2020) Hip Joint Range of Motion in Different Curve Types of Conservatively Managed Adolescents With Idiopathic Structural Scoliosis in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 5:8-13. https://doi.org/10.33564/IJEAST.2020.v05i05.002\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKarski T (2002) Etiology of the so-called \\u0026ldquo;idiopathic scoliosis\\u0026rdquo;. Biomechanical explanation of spine deformity. Two groups of development of scoliosis. New rehabilitation treatment; possibility of prophylactics. In: Research into Spinal Deformities 4. IOS Press, pp 37-46\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eGaur K, Davinder A (2014) Comparision of ankle joint range of motion on balance score in healthy young and adult individuals. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy 10:25-30\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003ePoussa M, Mellin G (1992) Spinal mobility and posture in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at three stages of curve magnitude. Spine 17:757-760\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eEyvazov K, Samartzis D, Cheung JPY (2017) The association of lumbar curve magnitude and spinal range of motion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 18:1-9\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAssaiante C, Mallau S, Jouve J-L, Bollini G, Vaugoyeau M (2012) Do adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) neglect proprioceptive information in sensory integration of postural control? PloS one 7:e40646\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eReiman MP, Matheson J (2013) Restricted hip mobility: clinical suggestions for self‐mobilization and Muscle re‐education. International journal of sports physical therapy 8:729\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMahaudens P, Thonnard J-L, Detrembleur C (2005) Influence of structural pelvic disorders during standing and walking in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. The Spine Journal 5:427-433\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eCheung K, Cheng A, Cheung W, Chooi Y, Wong Y, Luk K (2008) Right hip adduction deficit and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 16:24-26\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKaratel M, Yagci G, Yakut Y (2021) Investigation of multidirectional hip range of motion and hip motion asymmetry in individuals with idiopathic scoliosis with different curve patterns. J Bodyw Mov Ther 27:77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.02.001\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKarski T (2011) Biomechanical Etiology of the So-Called Idiopathic Scoliosis (1995-2007)\\u0026mdash;Connection with \\u0026ldquo;Syndrome of Contractures\\u0026rdquo;\\u0026mdash;Fundamental Information for Pediatricians in Program of Early Prophylactics. Journal of US-China Medical Science 8\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eStokes IA, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH (2006) Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis\\u0026ndash;a test of the\\u0026apos;vicious cycle\\u0026apos;pathogenetic hypothesis: Summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis 1:1-21\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMacrae I, Wright V (1969) Measurement of back movement. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 28:584\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eOlsson L, Lund H, Henriksen M, Rogind H, Bliddal H, Danneskiold-Sams\\u0026oslash;e B (2004) Test\\u0026ndash;retest reliability of a knee joint position sense measurement method in sitting and prone position. Advances in Physiotherapy 6:37-47\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eDiMattia MA, Livengood AL, Uhl TL, Mattacola CG, Malone TR (2005) What are the validity of the single-leg-squat test and its relationship to hip-abduction strength? Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 14:108-123\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eShaffer SW, Teyhen DS, Lorenson CL, Warren RL, Koreerat CM, Straseske CA, Childs JD (2013) Y-balance test: a reliability study involving multiple raters. Military medicine 178:1264-1270\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eFullam K, Caulfield B, Coughlan GF, Delahunt E (2014) Kinematic analysis of selected reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test compared with the Y-Balance Test. Journal of sport rehabilitation 23:27-35\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eRedmond AC, Crane YZ, Menz HB (2008) Normative values for the foot posture index. Journal of Foot and Ankle research 1:1-9\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eYeung TS, Wessel J, Stratford P, MacDermid J (2009) Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the lower extremity functional scale for inpatients of an orthopaedic rehabilitation ward. Journal of orthopaedic \\u0026amp; sports physical therapy 39:468-477\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eCitaker S, Kafa N, Kanik ZH, Ugurlu M, Kafa B, Tuna Z (2016) Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale on patients with knee injuries. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 136:389-395\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eTousignant M, Poulin L, Marchand S, Viau A, Place C (2005) The Modified\\u0026ndash;Modified Schober Test for range of motion assessment of lumbar flexion in patients with low back pain: A study of criterion validity, intra-and inter-rater reliability and minimum metrically detectable change. Disability and rehabilitation 27:553-559\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSankar WN, Laird CT, Baldwin KD (2012) Hip range of motion in children: what is the norm? Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 32:399-405\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKotwicki T, Walczak A, Szulc A (2008) Trunk rotation and hip joint range of rotation in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis: does the\\u0026quot; dinner plate\\u0026quot; turn asymmetrically? Scoliosis 3:1-11\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAllam HH, Al-walah MA, Banjer H, Alsufiany M (2021) Hip And Knee Abductor Moments In Normal Subjects And Subjects With Idiopathic Scoliosis During Level Walking: Comparative Study. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 12:522-526\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKarski T, Kalakucki J, Karski J (2006) \\u0026quot; Syndrome of contractures\\u0026quot;(according to Mau) with the abduction contracture of the right hip as causative factor for development of the so-called idiopathic scoliosis. Studies in health technology and informatics 123:34\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMauntel TC, Begalle RL, Cram TR, Frank BS, Hirth CJ, Blackburn T, Padua DA (2013) The effects of lower extremity muscle activation and passive range of motion on single leg squat performance. The Journal of Strength \\u0026amp; Conditioning Research 27:1813-1823\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eDriscoll C, Aubin C-E, Labelle H, Dansereau J (2008) The relationship between hip flexion/extension and the sagittal curves of the spine. In: Research into Spinal Deformities 6. IOS Press, pp 90-95\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eLe Berre M, Guyot M-A, Agnani O, Bourdeauducq I, Versyp M-C, Donze C, Th\\u0026eacute;venon A, Catanzariti J-F (2017) Clinical balance tests, proprioceptive system and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. European Spine Journal 26:1638-1644\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSchwiertz G, Brueckner D, Schedler S, Kiss R, Muehlbauer T (2019) Performance and reliability of the Lower Quarter Y Balance Test in healthy adolescents from grade 6 to 11. Gait \\u0026amp; posture 67:142-146\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eHaumont T, Gauchard GC, Lascombes P, Perrin PP (2011) Postural instability in early-stage idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent girls. Spine 36:E847-E854\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eYekutiel M, Robin G, Yarom R (1981) Proprioceptive function in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 6:560-566\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eCarpintero P, Entrenas R, Gonzalez I, Garcia E, Mesa M (1994) The relationship between pes cavus and idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 19:1260-1263\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003ePark J, Lee SG, Bae J, Lee JC (2015) The correlation between calcaneal valgus angle and asymmetrical thoracic-lumbar rotation angles in patients with adolescent scoliosis. Journal of physical therapy science 27:3895-3899\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eZhu F, Hong Q, Guo X, Wang D, Chen J, Zhu Q, Zhang C, Chen W, Zhang M (2021) A comparison of foot posture and walking performance in patients with mild, moderate, and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Plos one 16:e0251592\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMirek E, Logan D, Boullard K, Hall AM, Staffa SJ, Sethna N (2019) Physical therapy outcome measures for assessment of lower extremity chronic pain-related function in pediatrics. Pediatric Physical Therapy 31:200-207\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Tables\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Demographic and scoliosis-specific clinical characteristics of the participants\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eScoliosis Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(n=86)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(n=34)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAge (years)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.67 (3.41)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.06 (4.83)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBody mass (kg)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e52.88 (9.70)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e55.18 (11.92)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHeight(m)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e163.33 (7.80)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e164.32 (10.79)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBMI (kg/m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.77 (2.97)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.22 (2.63)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCurve Pattern \\u0026nbsp; n (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Single Curve\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Double Curve\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37 (43)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e49 (57)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003en/a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003en/a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePrimary Curve Region n (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Thoracic\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Lumbar\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Thoracolumbar\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35 (40.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39 (45.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12 (14)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003en/a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003en/a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"42.21854304635762%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCobb angle of primary curve (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28.30 (9.81)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.85430463576159%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003en/a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.072847682119205%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003en/a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBMI: Body Mass Index; SD: Standard Deviation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;**p\\u0026lt;0.001 statistical significance\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2.\\u003c/strong\\u003e Comparison of the hip range of motion measurements between scoliosis and control groups\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"32.78145695364238%\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eScoliosis Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(n=86)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(n=34)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.364238410596027%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDifference in mean change\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (95% CI)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.417218543046358%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFlexion (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.927152317880795%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.635761589403973%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e115.74 (10.94)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e122.24 (9.06)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.364238410596027%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.49 (2,60-10,37)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.417218543046358%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e114.57 (10.26)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e120.24 (8.44)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.66 (2.03-9.29)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.2%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"5.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e131.93 (11.01)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e139.09 (10.42)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"24.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.16 (2.87-11.44)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e132.88 (10.04)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e137.71 (11.51)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.82 (0.62-9.02)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eExtension (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.927152317880795%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.635761589403973%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.09 (17.32)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.18 (3.17)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.364238410596027%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.08 (-3.85 - 8.01)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.417218543046358%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.88 (5.35)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.50 (3.91)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.61 (4.61-8.61)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.2%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"5.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28.87 (18.01)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.91 (8.43)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"24.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.03 (6.24- 15.83)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.81 (7.99)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40.97 (8.69)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.15 (12.70-19.60)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAbduction (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.927152317880795%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.635761589403973%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.73 (6.69)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e42.97 (5.17)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.364238410596027%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.23 (0.96-5.51)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.417218543046358%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40.69 (6.71)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41.68 (4.28)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.99 (-1.05-3.03)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.354\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.2%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"5.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e49.52 (8.84)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53.59 (6.99)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"24.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.06 (1.01-7.11)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.05*\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50.03 (7.17)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e56.88 (6.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.84 (4.02-9.67)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAdduction (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.927152317880795%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.635761589403973%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18.88 (5.59)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26.50 (5.89)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.364238410596027%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.61 ( 5.25-9.97)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.417218543046358%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18.12 (5.48)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e29.09 (8.21)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.97 (7.89-14.04)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.2%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"5.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26.79 (9.13)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.65 (10.00)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"24.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.85 (8.89-16.817)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.00 (8.47)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.79 (11.58)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.79 (10.39-19.18)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInternal Rotation (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.927152317880795%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.635761589403973%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27.67 (7.12)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e34.88 (5.13)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.364238410596027%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.2 (4.88-9.52)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.417218543046358%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e29.66 (6.21)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.79 (4.85)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.13 (6.0-10.25)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.2%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"5.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.30 (9.46)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.06 (4.88)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"24.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.75 (2.37-9.13)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38.66 (9.09)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.56 (5.51)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.89 (1.58-8.20)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eExternal Rotation (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.927152317880795%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.635761589403973%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.77 (7.02)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.218543046357617%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e36.62 (4.26)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.364238410596027%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.85 (-1.70-3.40)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.417218543046358%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.451\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33.66 (7.44)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38.00 (4.01)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.33 (1.66-7.01)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.2%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePROM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"5.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44.19 (5.44)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.8%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.06 (2.46)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"24.6%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.87 (-1.05-2.79)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"6.451612903225806%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e42.67 (6.63)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.963133640552996%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.88 (3.43)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"28.341013824884794%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.20 (-0.6-3.04)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"17.28110599078341%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.176\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e* = p \\u0026lt; 0.05; **=p\\u0026lt;0.001 statistical significance; AROM: Active range of motion; PROM: Passive range of motion; R: Right, L: Left.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 3.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Comparative analysis of Lumbar Mobility, Joint Position Sense, Single Leg Squat and Y Balance Test Scores Between Scoliosis and Control Groups\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.71900826446281%\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.859504132231404%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eScoliosis Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(n=86)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.867768595041323%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(n=34)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.99173553719008%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDifference in mean change\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (95% CI)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.561983471074381%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.71900826446281%\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eModified Schober Test (cm)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.859504132231404%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.85 (1.59)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.867768595041323%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.60 (1.31)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.99173553719008%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e1.75 (1.18-2.31)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.561983471074381%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.562913907284768%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJoint Position Sense (\\u0026deg;)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.04635761589404%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFlexion R\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFlexion L\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAbduction R\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAbduction L\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAdduction R\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAdduction L\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.887417218543046%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.92 (7.89)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.02 (7.16)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.05 (3.25)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.53 (3.03)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.91 (2.75)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.11 (3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.894039735099337%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.29 (2.62)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.41 (2.75)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.88 (2.68)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.56 (2.77)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.78 (2.46)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.56 (2.42)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.026490066225165%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.37(-1.5-2.27)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e3.89(-1.4-2.18)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e-1.16(-2.3- -0.01)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e-0.96(-2.11-0,18)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e-0.12(-1.15-0.90)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.44(-0.59-1.49)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.582781456953642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.818\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.464\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.071\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.172\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.893\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.454\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.562913907284768%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSingle Leg Squat Test\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.04635761589404%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eL\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.887417218543046%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.08 (0.84)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.03 (0.98)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.894039735099337%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.68 (0.73)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.76 (0.55)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.026490066225165%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.5(0.28-0.90)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.73(0.14-0.44)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.582781456953642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.562913907284768%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNormalized Y Balance Test (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"18.04635761589404%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAnterior, R\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAnterior, L\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePosterolateral, R\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePosterolateral, L\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePosteromedial, R\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePosteromedial, L\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.887417218543046%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e90 (19)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e92.9 (19.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e97 (15)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e97 (15)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e90 (14)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e92 (15)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.894039735099337%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e97 (16)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e97 (14)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e103 (9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e102 (9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e101\\u0026nbsp;(9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e100 (10)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"21.026490066225165%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.34(-0.6-9.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.31(-2.3-7.01)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.98(-0.9-8.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.91(-1.9-7.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.53(3.35-11.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.50(1.15-9.85)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.582781456953642%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.092\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.338\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.016*\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.049*\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.002*\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e**p\\u0026lt;0.001 statistical significance;\\u0026nbsp;R: Right, L: Left.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Comparison of the Right and Leg Side Foot Posture Index Between Scoliosis and Control Groups\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"590\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"38.40947546531303%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFoot Posture Index-6\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Right Foot)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eScoliosis Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003en=86 (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003en=34 (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.96615905245347%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"38.40947546531303%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNormal\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40 (46.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30 (88.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.96615905245347%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"47.99154334038055%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePronation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.004228329809724%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46 (53.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.004228329809724%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4 (11.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"590\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"38.40947546531303%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFoot Posture Index-6\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Left Foot)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eScoliosis Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003en=86 (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003en=3 4(%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.96615905245347%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"38.40947546531303%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNormal\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39 (45.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30 (88.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.96615905245347%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"47.99154334038055%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePronation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.004228329809724%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47 (54.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"26.004228329809724%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4 (11.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"38.40947546531303%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.96615905245347%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"38.40947546531303%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eScoliosis Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003en=86\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eControl Group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003en=34\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.96615905245347%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"38.40947546531303%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLower Extremity Functional Scale\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e76.15 (2.14)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.81218274111675%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e77.74 (1.24)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.96615905245347%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e**p\\u0026lt;0.001 statistical significance\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Correlations between bilateral range of motions of hip and hip-related functional parameters in the scoliosis group\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"926\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eModified Schober\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJPS R\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFlexion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJPS L\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFlexion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJPS R\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAbd\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJPS L\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAbd\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJPS R\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAdd\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJPS L\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAdd\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Active Flexion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.163\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.055\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.106\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.071\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.035\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.031\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.103\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.133\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.615\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.329\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.051\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.748\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.778\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.345\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Active Flexion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.182\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.156\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.156\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.172\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.117\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.075\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.006\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.093\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.151\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.152\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.113\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.282\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.495\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.959\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Passive Flexion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.044\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.064\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.135\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.054\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.063\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.089\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.026\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.212\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.694\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.322\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.042*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.654\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Passive Flexion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.714\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.122\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.192\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.037\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.036\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.119\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n 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\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.178\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Active Abduction\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.095\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.096\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.239\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.219\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.264\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.070\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.092\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.385\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.377\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.026*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.043*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.014*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.520\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Passive Abduction\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.082\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.118\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.115\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.099\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.156\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.044\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.031\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.453\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.291\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.365\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.151\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.685\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.777\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Passive Abduction\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.072\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.069\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.163\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.134\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.017\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.058\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.003\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.531\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0.134\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.879\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.598\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.976\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Active Adduction\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.047\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.185\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.215\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.280\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.224\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.671\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.087\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.047\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.718\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.009*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.038*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.065\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Active Adduction\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.081\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e-0.221\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.274\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.032\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.197\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.242\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.138\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.457\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.041*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.011*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.769\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.069\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.025*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.206\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Passive Adduction\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.163\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.231\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e-0.332\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.272\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.053\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.126\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.111\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.134\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.032*\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.002*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.011*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.629\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.249\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Passive Adduction\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.036\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.246\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.351\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.176\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.086\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.117\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.077\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.022*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.001*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.105\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.429\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.283\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.482\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Active Internal Rotation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n 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\\u003cp\\u003e0.071\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.157\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.661\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.828\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.967\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.02*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.698\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.517\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Active Internal Rotation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.077\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.087\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.143\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.260\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.061\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.084\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.481\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.924\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.425\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.188\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.016*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.579\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.442\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Passive Internal 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\\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.014\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.049\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.019*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.134\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.012*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.007*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.421\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.895\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.657\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Passive Internal Rotation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.256\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.123\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.261\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.228\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.152\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.069\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.059\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.017*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.259\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.015*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.035*\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.162\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.527\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.588\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Active External Rotation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.263\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.149\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.373\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.357\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.252\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.042\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.163\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.014*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001**\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.001*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.019*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.703\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.135\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Active External Rotation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.173\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.041\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.124\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.189\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.217\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.147\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.014\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.111\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.707\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.255\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.082\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.045\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.177\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.899\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRight Passive External Rotation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.028\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.229\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.139\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e- 0.338\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.171\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.157\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.175\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.009*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.034*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.203\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.001*\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.115\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.148\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.107\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeft Passive External Rotation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.9913700107874863%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003er\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.041\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"14.023732470334412%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.003\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e- 0.082\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.032362459546926%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.109\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.974110032362459%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.084\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"4.642409033877039%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.581\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.705\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.311166875784192%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.981\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.312\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.451\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"11.668757841907151%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.319\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.927227101631116%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.443\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eJPS: Joint Position Sense; **=p\\u0026lt;0.01; *=p\\u0026lt;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Correlations between bilateral range of motions of hip and hip-related functional parameters in the scoliosis group\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"919\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.26927252985885%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"3.474484256243214%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSingle Leg Squat R\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSingle Leg Squat L\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eA Right\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eA Left\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePM Right\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePM Left\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePL Right\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"10.532030401737241%\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePL Left\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.26927252985885%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n 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\\u003cp\\u003e0.327\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.004950495049505%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.292\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.004950495049505%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.784\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.004950495049505%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.922\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA: Anterior; PM: Posteromedial; PL: Posterolateral; R: Right; L: Left ; **=p\\u0026lt;0.01; *=p\\u0026lt;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hacettepe University\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Scoliosis, Hip joint, Range of motion, Joint position, Foot posture\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970000/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970000/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBackground\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSince scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity, it causes some movement limitations in the spine and related joints. However, functional limitations associated with scoliosis-related hip joint involvement are the subject of research.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eAims\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis study aims to investigate the physical characteristics and functional limitations associated with idiopathic scoliosis (IS), focusing on hip joint.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMethods\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e Participants with IS and a control group were assessed using manual goniometry for hip joint RoM, indirect methods for lumbar mobility, the Foot Posture Index (FPI) for foot posture, the Trendelenburg sign within the single leg squat (SLS) test for muscle strength, the Y-Balance test (YBT) for balance, the hip joint position sense (JPS) test for proprioception, and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) for functional status.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eResults\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIndividuals with scoliosis exhibited limitations in hip joint RoM, particularly in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and internal rotation compared to controls.Lumbar mobility was reduced in the scoliosis group. The SLS and Y-Balance tests showed decreased scores in the posterior direction. Scoliosis participants had a tendency towards pronated foot posture. Hip JPS did not differ significantly between the groups. Muscle strength, as indicated by the Trendelenburg sign, was weaker in the scoliosis group. LEFS scores were lower in the scoliosis group but lacked clinical significance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHowever, the observed differences were relatively small and may not have significant clinical implications. Future research should consider specific curve patterns of scoliosis and employ more advanced measurement techniques for enhanced reliability.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Hip-related Functional Limitations in Individuals With Idiopathic Scoliosis: a Controlled Trial\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-02-20 17:49:35\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970000/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"5afed8ed-af90-484f-953c-3b266e339abb\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"February 20th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":28854611,\"name\":\"Physical Medicine \\u0026 Rehab\"},{\"id\":28854612,\"name\":\"Orthopedics\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-02-20T17:49:35+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-02-20 17:49:35\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3970000\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3970000\",\"identity\":\"rs-3970000\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}