{"paper_id":"314fbe14-df5b-4e90-824c-3d3067a2890c","body_text":"Combining Graphical and Diallel Analyses to Identify Elite Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Grain Yield and Its Component Traits | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Combining Graphical and Diallel Analyses to Identify Elite Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Grain Yield and Its Component Traits Khaled F.M. Salem, Essam F. El-Hashash, Mohamed Ali Abdelsatar, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9320431/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Enhancing grain yield and its components through understanding of genetic parameters remains a central challenge in wheat breeding due to the complexity of improving multiple agronomic traits simultaneously. This study utilized numerical and graphical Hayman diallel analyses to investigate the inheritance of grain yield and related traits in seven bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes and their F₁ progenies, evaluated under a randomized complete block design with three replications. Morley–Jones analysis revealed significant differences ( p < 0.05 or 0.01 ) for grain yield and most traits. Inheritance was predominantly governed by both additive and dominant gene effects, with nonadditive action, particularly overdominance, playing a substantial role in grain yield per plant (GY/P) and most traits. Parental genotypes exhibited higher frequencies of dominant than recessive alleles, and favorable alleles outnumbered unfavorable ones. Regression analysis indicated the absence of nonallelic interactions for plant height (PH), spike length (SL), spike weight (SW), number of grains per spike (NGS), spike grain weight (SGW), and number of spikelets per spike (NSP), while epistatic interactions were detected for number of tillers (NT), number of spikes (NS), and GY/P. Low Wr + Vr values suggested that dominant alleles primarily controlled SD, SGW, SW, and SL. Graphical analysis revealed partial dominance for PH, SL, NT, NS, and GY/P; overdominance for SGW, SD, NGS, and SW; and complete dominance for NSP. Genotypes P6 and P7 carried more recessive alleles, whereas P2 and P3 had higher dominant allele frequencies, suggesting potential hybridization to develop superior lines. GGE biplot analysis identified P2 (Sakha 93) as the top performer for SD, NS, NT, and NSP, while P2, P3, and P5 combined high stability and grain yield, positioning them near the ideal genotype. Hayman diallel analysis numerical methods graphic approaches GGE biplot genetic structure wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Tables are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 27 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 10 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9320431\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":630000301,\"identity\":\"aa1b7aef-714f-4cab-9615-619a316121dd\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Khaled F.M. 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This study utilized numerical and graphical Hayman diallel analyses to investigate the inheritance of grain yield and related traits in seven bread wheat (\\u003cem\\u003eTriticum aestivum\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) genotypes and their F₁ progenies, evaluated under a randomized complete block design with three replications. Morley\\u0026ndash;Jones analysis revealed significant differences (\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/em\\u003e or \\u003cem\\u003e0.01\\u003c/em\\u003e) for grain yield and most traits. Inheritance was predominantly governed by both additive and dominant gene effects, with nonadditive action, particularly overdominance, playing a substantial role in grain yield per plant (GY/P) and most traits. Parental genotypes exhibited higher frequencies of dominant than recessive alleles, and favorable alleles outnumbered unfavorable ones. Regression analysis indicated the absence of nonallelic interactions for plant height (PH), spike length (SL), spike weight (SW), number of grains per spike (NGS), spike grain weight (SGW), and number of spikelets per spike (NSP), while epistatic interactions were detected for number of tillers (NT), number of spikes (NS), and GY/P. Low Wr\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Vr values suggested that dominant alleles primarily controlled SD, SGW, SW, and SL. Graphical analysis revealed partial dominance for PH, SL, NT, NS, and GY/P; overdominance for SGW, SD, NGS, and SW; and complete dominance for NSP. Genotypes P6 and P7 carried more recessive alleles, whereas P2 and P3 had higher dominant allele frequencies, suggesting potential hybridization to develop superior lines. GGE biplot analysis identified P2 (Sakha 93) as the top performer for SD, NS, NT, and NSP, while P2, P3, and P5 combined high stability and grain yield, positioning them near the ideal genotype.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Combining Graphical and Diallel Analyses to Identify Elite Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 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