{"paper_id":"3078b19c-05af-4e67-98a4-028e24b6ad3a","body_text":"Mechanical, morphological, and elemental analysis of bio-hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with areca husk fiber and seed filler | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mechanical, morphological, and elemental analysis of bio-hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with areca husk fiber and seed filler Sasi Kumar M, MakeshKumar M, Gopinath A, Krishna Varun B, Sinchana Shri V This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7380387/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Polymer Bulletin → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study examines the mechanical, physical, water-absorption, and elemental characteristics of epoxy composites reinforced with Areca husk fiber and included with Areca nut seed filler. Five distinct composites were fabricated using compression moulding techniques, maintaining a constant 70 wt.% epoxy while varying the fiber/filler ratios from 30/0 to 20/10 wt.%. Areca fibers were treated with 5% NaOH to enhance surface roughness and strengthen the fiber-matrix adhesion. The mechanical characteristics, including tensile, flexural, impact, interlaminar shear strength, and hardness were determined. Also, examined the structure and components by water absorption, SEM, and EDAX analyses. The composite containing 22.5% areca husk fiber and 7.5% areca nut seed filler (22.5AF7.5AFI) exhibited superior performance, achieving a tensile strength of 14.35 MPa, a flexural strength of 43.19 MPa, an impact strength of 11.43 kJ/m², and compression strength of 4.7 MPa. The composite with 20% of areca husk fiber and 10% of areca seed filler has maximum hardness value of 78.17, and a low water absorption rate of 5.89%. EDAX indicated the presence of carbon, oxygen, and other elements, signifying effective dispersion of the filler and optimal interaction with the matrix. The findings indicate that hybrid composites derived from Areca fiber are suitable for application in the field of light weight automotive and aerospace industries. NFRC Areca husk fiber compression moulding automotive and aerospace industries Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction Presently, fibers made from plants, animals, and minerals can be replaced for synthetic ones in more environmentally friendly composites. The natural fibers are extracted in the subtropical and tropical regions; they are also a cheaper alternative to synthetic materials [ 1 ]. When comparing natural fibers to synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon, and aramid fibers there are technical as well as environmental considerations. Natural fiber composite structures are generally lighter due to lower densities (1.2–1.5 g/cm³), compared to glass fibers (≈ 2.5 g/cm³) [ 2 ]. Synthetic fibers show superior ultimate tensile and thermal resistance properties than natural fibers, while natural fibers offer renewability, biodegradability, and cost advantages. Synthetic fibers are not renewably, are not biodegradable and disposal can be an issue. Natural fibers also tend to absorb moisture, resulting in dimensional instability unless treated. Natural fibers present these disadvantages, but with appropriate surface treatments, can provide comparable mechanical performance for less structural significance products [ 3 ]. There are many ways to modify the compatibility of hydrophilic natural fibers with a hydrophobic polymer matrix through various surface and chemical treatments like alkali, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, etc., Alkali treatment (using NaOH) is one of the most common treatments that removes the amorphous parts, including hemicellulose, lignin, and the surface waxes on the fiber surfaces. This surface treatment enhances the fiber roughness and increases the cellulose content available for the mechanical interlocking [ 4 ]. These treatments allow for improved fiber-matrix adhesion, reduced moisture absorption and the mechanical performance and durability of the composite structures [ 5 ]. Fillers can be incorporated into polymer composites to not only lower the cost of materials, but also to improve some mechanical, thermal, and physical properties. Fillers fill the voids in the polymer matrix and help to reduce shrinkage and microcracking that can occur through curing and improve the stress distribution through the composite [ 6 ] [ 7 ]. Fillers can also improve tensile and compressive strength, and increase stiffness and impact resistance also thermal and electrical conductivity. Composites made with natural fillers from agro waste, like dust from fiber or husk powders, facilitate the production of composites to be more aligned with sustainable manufacturing approaches. By utilizing fillers of this kind, resource utilization can be maximized and waste valorization can be utilized, contributing to the circular economy [ 8 ]. Natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRC) can be found in almost all the sectors. In the automotive sector, such as door trim, dashboards, headliners, and insulation panels that contribute outside the vehicle with weight and improved fuel economy in the vehicle [ 9 ]. In aerospace sector, natural fiber composites are used in elements such as secondary structures and interior components (tray tables and meal preparation area) because they meet some similar requirements that is, light weight and adequate strength. In construction, these composites are also used as roofing sheets, partition walls or panels and as concrete reinforcement composites for their durability and thermal insulation. In consumer goods, industries use NFRC for furniture products and other applications, packaging and sporting goods that meet aesthetic, low weight, and cost performance. In addition, NFRC are still being used in the marine and electrical sectors, for examples decorative & trim and non-structural panels that also can have corrosion resistance properties [ 10 ]. Hybrid composites reinforced with abaca and jute fibers, incorporating 1–3 wt.% rice husk filler, were fabricated through compression moulding and subsequently evaluated for their mechanical properties. The incorporation of rice husk enhanced mechanical performance. A 19.37% enhancement in tensile strength and a 43% improvement in flexural strength were noted in S2 relative to S1. The maximum tensile strength recorded was 92.106 MPa, while the tensile modulus reached 0.708 GPa at a concentration of 3 wt.% rice husk. Fractography demonstrated enhanced fiber–matrix bonding attributed to the increased surface area resulting from the incorporation of rice husk [ 11 ]. Chemical treatments significantly increase the structural and mechanical properties of areca sheath fibers by removing impurities and improving surface roughness, therefore promoting superior fiber–matrix adhesion. The alkaline treatment improves crystallinity and thermal stability by reducing the amorphous content, as demonstrated by XRD and FTIR measurements. Treatments like mercerisation, acetylation, and benzene diazonium chloride significantly reduce moisture absorption and improve bonding characteristics. The optimum mechanical and thermal performance was attained using benzene diazonium chloride. An ideal fiber loading of 36% was identified, yielding maximum strength due to homogeneous dispersion. The work highlights the potential of treated areca fibers as sustainable reinforcements in advanced bio composites [ 12 ]. There is no scientific literature on hybrid composites reinforced with Areca husk fiber. The main goal of this work was to investigate the effects of various percentages of Areca nut seed filler (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) on the water absorption and mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials that are manufactured using the compression molding method. The effect of Areca nut seed filler on hybrid composites was investigated using various mechanical tests. 2. Materials and Methods Areca husk fiber (AHF) and Areca nut seed filler (ASF) is Sourced from Hassen District, Karnataka, India. The Epoxy Matrix is used at a Standard Composition of 70% with the fiber reduction from 30–20% at a eventual reduction ratio. The Filler is added to the composite from 0–10% in an eventual Ratio (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 wt.%). The Samples are termed as 30AHF0ASF, 27.5AHF2.5ASF, 25AHF5ASF, 22.5AHF7.5ASF and 20AHF10ASF, Table 1 . Shows the Composite Samples with their Compositions. Table 1 Composite Composition Composite samples Areca-Nut Husk Fiber Epoxy Areca-Nut Seed Filler (%wt) (%wt) (%wt) 30AHF0ASF 30 70 0 27.5AHF2.5ASF 27.5 70 2.5 25AHF5ASF 25 70 5 22.5AHF7.5ASF 22.5 70 7.5 20AHF10ASF 20 70 10 2.1. Fiber Extraction The Areca Husk Fiber is extracted from Areca fruit using a multi-step process. The areca fruit is dried, then fiber is peeled from the fruit and repeatedly cleaned with running water from the tap to get rid of dirt and other contaminants. This manual extraction process determines the amount and quality of the fiber. To get rid of contaminants, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is subsequently utilized. Using distilled water, the Areca Husk Fiber is repeatedly cleaned. The fibers are sun-dried after oxidation. The natural fiber may be combined to create composite materials once it has dried. Figure 1 represent the fiber extraction process and fiber treated with 5% NaOH. (e) Finely Processed AHF 2.2. Epoxy Matrix Epoxy is a commonly utilized matrix material in natural fiber composites owing to its superior adherence, adequate mechanical qualities, and engineering versatility. It is characterized by high tensile strength, flexural stiffness, and compressive performance and is therefore well suited to load-bearing structures. Its resistance to elastic deformation confers structural stability under load, while toughness and impact resistance are factors that lead to durability under severe conditions. All these advantages notwithstanding, absorption of moisture and biodegradability are among the parameters to be weighed in specialist applications. Epoxy generally has a suitable water absorption resistance, a value of utmost concern to composite integrity in humid environments. Also, various epoxy resin systems offer flexibility to tailor to specific needs, e.g., enhanced water resistance. LY556 epoxy is employed as the matrix in the current work with the matrix content level of 70%. 2.3. Fillers Areca nut seed filler (ASF) is a natural material obtained from the matured fruits of Areca. The extracted seeds were initially cleaned, and the nuts were dried under direct sunlight for a week. After drying, the nuts were pulverized to fragments and reduced further in size. The obtained seed fragments were ground to fine powder in a double-blade pulverizer. The final particle size of 40–50 nm was determined by analyzing the ground nut particles using a Nano-Trac Flux particle size analyser. 2.4 Fabrication of composite materials The fabrication of Areca-nut husk fiber and nut-reinforced composites involved manual stacking of reinforcements throughout the production process, followed by compression molding using a two-layer compression molding machine. Areca nut seed fillers were incorporated at varying weight fractions (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) based on the rule of mixtures. The epoxy resin and hardener were homogeneously blended with the fillers using a magnetic stirrer. A 300 × 300 × 5 mm aluminum mold was utilized for preparing the hybrid composites. The mold and frames were cleaned, and a white release agent was applied to minimize friction. The fiber/filler mixture was poured into the mold, heated to 120°C, and compressed at 35 bars. Following the curing process, composite plates were sectioned with a diamond cutter in accordance with ASTM standards for mechanical, water absorption, elemental, and SEM analyses. Figure 3 illustrates the process of fabricating Areca husk fiber reinforced composites infused with nut seed filler. 3. Characterization 3.1. Tensile strength: For tensile testing, tensile strength, deformation, reduction of area, and other tensile characteristics, tensile testing of the composite specimens prepared was conducted. The specimens were fabricated to dimensions of 250 x 25 x 5 mm with a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min in accordance with ASTM D3039 standards. The evaluation was performed with an automated universal testing apparatus produced by AIMIL Ltd. in India. Before testing, the samples are affixed to the machine and fastened using a hydraulic system to prevent displacement. The value of each specimen is documented. Each component was evaluated using three samples, with the mean value being the foundation for the analysis. 3.2. Flexural strength: The incorporation of plant fiber as reinforcement in an epoxy matrix diminishes the flexural strength due to its hydrophilic properties. Reduced matrix-fiber adhesion diminishes the load-bearing capability of composites. To prevent this, researchers examined the flexural properties of composites derived from husk nuts and Areca-husk fiber. Materials for the flexural testing were constructed in accordance with ASTM Standard D 790, with dimensions of 125 x 12.7 x 5 mm. The bending test is typically performed via a Universal Testing Machine (UTM), incorporating a three-point bending fixture and a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. 3.3. Compression Strength: Testing the strength, modulus, and deformation behavior of the material under compression is of prime significance while deciding the compressive strength of a material during compression testing. Determining this, which can be achieved with the help of the universal testing machine (UTM), can be utilized in the automotive and aviation sectors and entails applying quantifiable forces to the material until it fails. ASTM D3410/D3410M standards regulate the testing of polymer composites, hence the need for meticulous specimen preparation through advanced means to yield dependable and reproducible results. 3.4. Impact test: Epoxy composites with Areca husk fiber and Areca nut seed filler were subjected to impact to find their load-carrying capacity. All the specimens were of dimensions 65 x 12.7 x 5 mm and tested according to procedures described in ASTM Standard D 256. The values of digital Izod impact test were recorded. 3.5. Hardness: The material's hardness is a measure of its resistance to deformation. Specimen hardness is influenced by factors like fiber loading, quality of the material, and type of filler. The samples of the dimensions 25 x 25 x 5 mm and prepared as per the standards ASTM D2240 were tested using a Shore D durometer. Four positions were utilized to prepare indents, and the average reading was taken. 3.6. Water absorption: Water absorption test is conducted to test water absorption resistance. Samples were prepared according to ASTM D570 specifications and were 64 x 12.7 x 5 mm in dimensions. Room temperature distilled water is poured over the samples for seven days. Observations are taken. Samples are extracted, cleaned using a cloth, and subsequently weighed after a designated interval. The following formula is applied to calculate water absorption in a sample. W (%) = \\(\\:\\frac{(\\text{W}\\text{a}-\\text{W}\\text{i})}{\\text{W}1}\\) × 10 Where the percentage of water absorbed (w%) is calculated using the initial weight (Wi) before immersion and the final weight (Wa) after immersion, indicating the material's water absorption capacity. 3.7. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): A scanning electron microscope (Carl ZEISS EVO 18, Germany) was utilized to examine the microstructure of the mechanically tested material. To improve electrical conductivity, the samples were gold-coated using an ion-sputter machine. Scanning electron microscopy images identified voids, fiber-matrix bonding, fiber pullout, and interfacial bonding. 3.8. Element analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) is a commonly employed analytical technique for ascertaining elemental composition. This study employed an FEI Quanta 200 FEG scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an ultra-thin window EDX detector for the qualitative elemental analysis of Areca husk fibers. The atoms are excited by high-energy electrons, causing characteristic X-rays to be emitted and then detected to determine the presence of certain elements. 4. Result and Discussion The natural fiber or filler-reinforced epoxy hybrid composite is defined by mechanical, morphological, and chemical characterization. As evident from Table 2 , structural composite properties were determined by mechanical tests that yielded significant attributes such as tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, impact strength, and hardness. Morphological characterization was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the study of fiber-matrix adhesion and failure modes. Chemical characterization was also used to determine material composition and investigate the likely reasons for degradation. Table 2 Mechanical Test Results Composition code Strength Hardness Water absorption (%) Tensile (MPa) Flexural (MPa) Impact (kJ/m 2 ) Compression (MPa) 30AHF0ASF 9.56 16.82 7.69 1.59 62.58 18.24 27.5AHF2.5ASF 10.07 20.3 8.37 3.06 65.54 14.35 25AHF5ASF 12.3 29.45 9.81 4.49 72.42 11.76 22.5AHF7.5ASF 14.35 43.19 11.43 4.7 73 8.41 20AHF10SAF 11.4 26.95 10.11 2.59 78.17 5.89 4.1. Tensile strength Upon comparison of the data from all samples, the plate containing 22.5 wt% Areca husk fiber and 7.5% Areca nut seed Filler has the highest tensile strength of 14.35 MPa. This characteristic results from the robust interfacial adhesion between the Areca husk fiber, the filler, and the epoxy matrix. The filler particles occupied the voids formed between the fiber and the matrix[ 13 ]. The alkaline treatment improves surface roughness and disrupts hydrogen bonds in the network structure, hence facilitating the formation of stronger composites with treated fibers. Moreover, the treatment removes a particular quantity of lignin, wax, and oils that envelop the exterior of the fiber cell wall. This procedure breaks down cellulose, which enhances mechanical interlocking and makes it easier for the fiber and matrix to transmit stress effectively[ 14 ].On Observing the Fig. 4 , the tensile strength is kept increasing as 9.56 < 10.07 < 12.3 < 14.35 MPa and then after reaching the maximum strength it is decreased to 11.4 MPa. The more weight percentage of Areca nut seed filler results in inadequate filler accumulation and dispersion in the matrix and it caused the decrease in tensile strength. Figure 4 shows the data on the tensile strength of hybrid composites. 4.2. Flexural Strength The flexural strength of the composite rises from 16.82 to 43.19 MPa with an increase in filler content. The plate containing 22.5 wt% Areca husk fiber and 7.5% filler exhibits a maximum tensile strength of 43.19 MPa. The flexural properties are enhanced by an increased load transfer capacity and a reduction in fracture propagation, attributable to improved matrix-fiber adhesion [ 15 ]. The Flexural strength brakes down at the plate where the filler is maximum of 10% and the flexural strength is 26.95 MPa. It is due to the more quantity of Filler accumulated in a certain area which holds the load transfer in certain area and breaks down. Adding a greater quantity of Areca nut seed filler reduces the adhesion strength due to clustering, leading to a decrease in flexural strength for the specimen[ 16 ]. Figure 5 describes the flexural properties of Composite with Areca husk fiber and nut filler with epoxy resin. 4.3. Impact Strength Table 2 presents the impact strength of the Areca husk fiber /epoxy composite plates, whereas Fig. 6 illustrates the results derived from this table. Upon examining the graph below, the sample 22.5AHF7.5ASF had the greatest impact of 11.43 kJ/m 2 . The significant impact strength arises from the robust link among the fiber, matrix, and filler. Furthermore, the flexibility of interface molecules facilitates the efficient absorption and dispersion of energy, hence diminishing stress concentration and successfully postponing the first development of cracks. The Impact strength increased as the following: 7.69 < 8.37 < 9.81 < 11.43 kJ/m 2 . In Contrast the impact strength in 20AHF10ASF reduces to 10.11 kJ/m 2 after reaching the peek value. The decreased value is due to the clustering of filler in a certain area[ 17 ]. 4.4. Compression Strength The maximum compression strength of 4.7 MPa is seen for the 22.5AHF7.5ASF, attributable to optimal interfacial adhesion among the fiber, epoxy, and filler. Fiber reinforcement enhances structural integrity and resistance to deformation, and the epoxy matrix ensures stiffness and load distribution. By increasing stress dispersion and decreasing crack initiation, the filler qualifies the material for high-performance load-bearing applications[ 18 ]. The strength increases accordingly: 1.59 < 3.06 < 4.49 < 4.7 MPa. Then the strength reduces to 2.59 MPa at the plate 20AHF10ASF due to the clustering of filler in certain area reduces the load distribution in the plate. In Fig. 7 the compression strength are shown. 4.5. Hardness The Hybrid composite is greatly influenced by filler and its adhesion with fiber and epoxy. The result increases from 62.58 < 65.54 < 72.42 < 73 < 78.17. The plate 20AHF10ASF produces a greater hardness of 78.17, it is due to the amount of filler increase the hardness of the composite material[ 19 ]. The hardness value of all the composite specimen is shown in the Fig. 8 . 4.6. Water Absorption The Plate 30AHF0ASF exhibited a maximum water absorption of 18.24%. This is due to the high availability of empty spaces around the fibers. The lack of fillers and the presence of voids also a reason for the increase in water absorption[ 20 ]. The Water Absorption reduces for each specimen due to the inversely proportional increase of filler to the plate. The water absorption reduced as follows: 18.24 > 14.35 > 11.76 > 8.41 > 5.89 %. n contrast the water absorption reduces in the plate 20AHF10ASF due to less voids and higher level of filler content in the fabricated composites. The water absorption level of each specimen is shown in the Fig. 9 . 4.7. Morphology analysis (SEM) The evaluation of interfacial bonding within the fiber matrix, instances of fiber failure, void content, cracks, and agglomeration in the produced composite was conducted by the analysis of the specimens' fractured surfaces using SEM [ 21 ]. Figure 10 a) defines the epoxy composite reinforced with Areca husk fiber but it lacks filler. The visible delamination of the fibers from the matrix causes the lack of adhesion on the outside layer of this hybrid composite, indicating inadequate bonding between the epoxy and the modified Areca husk fiber [ 22 ]. Figure 10 b) defines the composite material surface comprising of 2.5 wt% of Areca nut seed fillers. Due to inadequate filler material distribution within the composite laminate, the Areca composite surface displays voids[ 23 ]. Figure 10 c) shows the surface of the specimen containing 5 wt% Areca nut seed filler. Even though the fibers were glued together, the Areca nut seeds were not distributed uniformly throughout the epoxy matrix, which is why there are some surface spaces. Figure 10 d) illustrates the composite surface of specimen containing 7.5 wt% of Areca nut seed fillers, which has a good bonding of fiber-filler. Fiber pullout is prevented by the even dispersion of Areca nut seed fillers on the fiber surface. The connection between the Areca nut seeds and the epoxy matrix is exceptional. Figure 10 e) shows the composite surface with 10 wt% Areca nut seed filler. The existence of additional fillers may account for the diminished interfacial interaction between the fiber and the matrix. Filler agglomeration can lead to diminished tensile strength as it impairs the load transmission capability between the fiber and matrix [ 23 ]. 4.8. Elemental Analysis In this study, the presence of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen in the treated Areca husk fiber was determined by elemental analysis. Figure 11 shows the results of a quantitative analysis of the elements' weight and atomic percentage in the Areca husk fiber treated with NaOH. The primary components of Areca husk fiber are carbon and oxygen, which together account for the majority of the fiber surface. Its carbon content is 65.07% by weight and 70.82% by atomic percentage, while its oxygen content is 29.41% by weight and 24.03% by atomic percentage. According to EDX results, nitrogen is roughly 5.52% in weight and 5.15% in atomic percentage. A region of interest chosen where composition by elements is being examined is shown in Fig. 12 . The region used for EDX mapping or point analysis is depicted by the yellow box. 5. Conclusion This study confirms that Areca nuts and fibers can function well as natural filler and reinforcement in epoxy-based composite systems. The mechanical properties demonstrate that the composite containing 22.5 weight percent fiber and 7.5 weight percent filler has superior tensile, flexural, impact, and compressive strength. This enhancement results from the effective dispersion of the filler and better interfacial adhesion, which strengthened the fiber-matrix interface. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed enhanced interfacial adhesion and uniform elemental distribution, respectively. Filler addition had minimal effect on water absorption, thereby enhancing durability. A high filler loading of 10 wt%, however, caused agglomeration, which negatively influenced mechanical performance. In general, the study confirms that the incorporation of Areca husk fiber and nut, when mixed in proper proportioning, produces a bio-composite with balanced mechanical properties and water resistance. These biodegradable, eco-friendly composites provide an appropriate substitute for synthetic materials in structural and semi-structural applications, particularly within the aerospace, automotive, and construction sectors, thus guaranteeing environmental safety while maintaining performance standards. Declarations Sasi Kumar M - manuscript preparation, original draft preparation, supervision; Makeshkumar M - data collection and methodology; Gopinath A - study conception and design and interpretation of results; Krishna Varun B and Sinchana Shri V - drafting and revising the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval was not applicable for this article. Consent for publication Ethics approval was not applicable for this article. Competing interest The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Declaration The authors did not receive any financial support for the submitted work. Author Contribution Sasi Kumar M - manuscript preparation, original draft preparation, supervision; Makeshkumar M - data collection and methodology; Gopinath A - study conception and design and interpretation of results; Krishna Varun B and Sinchana Shri V - drafting and revising the manuscript. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7380387\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":513580476,\"identity\":\"addae3d8-f960-46d6-899e-db4361c4ca74\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Sasi Kumar M\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCgw1QBmNDBZBkZm7ArRZTyxmQFkbCWuBKGBvbUPjYgXz78YcHZ7Ztkzdv4E78OHNebTR/O1DLj4ptOLUYnMkxOLix7bbhnAO8myU3bjueO+MwYwNjz5nbuLUw5DAcfNh2m3EGA+8GyYfbjuU2ALUwM7bh1iLf//wBSIs9UMvmnw/nHMudT0gLw40EsMMSgVq2SW5sqMndQEiLwY03BgdnnLudPIOZd5vljGMHcjcCtRzE5xf5/vTHH3vKbtvOYO/dfLOnpi533vnDBx/8qMDjMDhgBpOHweQBItTDQR0pikfBKBgFo2CEAADSdWai4Ia+hgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sasi\",\"middleName\":\"Kumar\",\"lastName\":\"M\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":513580477,\"identity\":\"0197b2b6-99d5-42f6-b03b-22eddac08810\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"MakeshKumar M\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"KPR Institute of Engineering and 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V\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sinchana\",\"middleName\":\"Shri\",\"lastName\":\"V\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-08-15 09:53:23\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7380387/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7380387/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-026-06291-y\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2026-01-19T15:57:01+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":91150250,\"identity\":\"f66362ff-336a-4325-9891-2f06ac192566\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2931935,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(a) Raw AHF (b) Peeled AHF (c) Cleaned AHF (d) AHF treated with 5% NaOH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(e) Finely Processed AHF\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/a93a53e0c8b8664f2f7ac279.png\"},{\"id\":91150504,\"identity\":\"d561f15e-9d98-4f86-abce-834c7f8a9856\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 07:04:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1768201,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(a) ASF Nuts (b) Manual Grinding (c) Double Blade Pulverizer (d) Final Filler\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/c7b62282046a6ea705420623.png\"},{\"id\":91150500,\"identity\":\"4980bb4a-fee7-46fa-9d6d-b42db86db053\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 07:04:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":681837,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFabrication of Areca husk fiber reinforced composites infused with nut seed filler\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/ed8a113d6daec3610f447686.png\"},{\"id\":91151365,\"identity\":\"19da3883-693c-4175-8a41-4ce9c2a52f97\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 07:12:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":165385,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTensile properties of hybrid composites\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/9ab7438edee4d978185b7fb1.png\"},{\"id\":91151366,\"identity\":\"cb9c3685-5436-4265-bd0e-dcc029128a20\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 07:12:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":127679,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFlexural Properties of composites\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/ee4f32b19eed8f2e45f8e7fe.png\"},{\"id\":91150241,\"identity\":\"0b7b138b-a70a-426c-9a93-56bfb7787f28\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":55258,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eImpact Properties of composites\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/8ba60c4ded13dee865228acd.png\"},{\"id\":91150252,\"identity\":\"ea322ee0-b6f8-4e94-a01c-bd1669f3969f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":217558,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eCompression Properties of composites\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"7.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/d081be4495ee4f10ada49cd1.png\"},{\"id\":91150255,\"identity\":\"a5dbfbb0-dcba-4411-8123-65e1e8ebfc12\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"Figure 8\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":158463,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eHardness Properties of composites\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"8.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/0dd9c90cb4df74d8f908d5f1.png\"},{\"id\":91150267,\"identity\":\"a48619de-60ed-4f13-b81e-8619e02ce3f7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":9,\"title\":\"Figure 9\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":220321,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWater absorption Properties of composites\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"9.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/b3d623661cfdd1882ac7f9b9.png\"},{\"id\":91150265,\"identity\":\"03daab84-b81f-413f-9755-04926b76449a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"Figure 10\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1607765,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSEM images of the composite specimen named as 30AHF0ASF, 27.5AHF2.5ASF, 25AHF5ASF, 22.5AHF7.5ASF and 20AHF10ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"10.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/c294bf5f063b910b736c5fcd.png\"},{\"id\":91150253,\"identity\":\"b21a6843-55ca-464a-bfdb-0b3166c7695c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:11\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"Figure 11\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":40406,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEDAX of NaOH treated for Composite 22.5AF7.5AFI\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"11.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/ed462cf6fcc1b4e8ba37cdbe.png\"},{\"id\":91150274,\"identity\":\"f5966d2f-d0fe-4cec-baa2-dc83156e4e74\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:12\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":12,\"title\":\"Figure 12\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":63580,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eElemental composition analyzed area.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"12.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/5000f137d4784e8025f30dc2.png\"},{\"id\":101151693,\"identity\":\"4a230872-ae9c-43d2-aca2-b08443dd47c4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-26 16:01:32\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":8346180,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7380387/v1/b6ac8c38-bd7f-4add-a7cd-45bd03300ea7.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Mechanical, morphological, and elemental analysis of bio-hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with areca husk fiber and seed filler\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePresently, fibers made from plants, animals, and minerals can be replaced for synthetic ones in more environmentally friendly composites. The natural fibers are extracted in the subtropical and tropical regions; they are also a cheaper alternative to synthetic materials [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. When comparing natural fibers to synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon, and aramid fibers there are technical as well as environmental considerations. Natural fiber composite structures are generally lighter due to lower densities (1.2\\u0026ndash;1.5 g/cm\\u0026sup3;), compared to glass fibers (\\u0026asymp;\\u0026thinsp;2.5 g/cm\\u0026sup3;) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Synthetic fibers show superior ultimate tensile and thermal resistance properties than natural fibers, while natural fibers offer renewability, biodegradability, and cost advantages. Synthetic fibers are not renewably, are not biodegradable and disposal can be an issue. Natural fibers also tend to absorb moisture, resulting in dimensional instability unless treated. Natural fibers present these disadvantages, but with appropriate surface treatments, can provide comparable mechanical performance for less structural significance products [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThere are many ways to modify the compatibility of hydrophilic natural fibers with a hydrophobic polymer matrix through various surface and chemical treatments like alkali, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, etc., Alkali treatment (using NaOH) is one of the most common treatments that removes the amorphous parts, including hemicellulose, lignin, and the surface waxes on the fiber surfaces. This surface treatment enhances the fiber roughness and increases the cellulose content available for the mechanical interlocking [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. These treatments allow for improved fiber-matrix adhesion, reduced moisture absorption and the mechanical performance and durability of the composite structures [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFillers can be incorporated into polymer composites to not only lower the cost of materials, but also to improve some mechanical, thermal, and physical properties. Fillers fill the voids in the polymer matrix and help to reduce shrinkage and microcracking that can occur through curing and improve the stress distribution through the composite [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e] [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Fillers can also improve tensile and compressive strength, and increase stiffness and impact resistance also thermal and electrical conductivity. Composites made with natural fillers from agro waste, like dust from fiber or husk powders, facilitate the production of composites to be more aligned with sustainable manufacturing approaches. By utilizing fillers of this kind, resource utilization can be maximized and waste valorization can be utilized, contributing to the circular economy [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNatural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRC) can be found in almost all the sectors. In the automotive sector, such as door trim, dashboards, headliners, and insulation panels that contribute outside the vehicle with weight and improved fuel economy in the vehicle [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In aerospace sector, natural fiber composites are used in elements such as secondary structures and interior components (tray tables and meal preparation area) because they meet some similar requirements that is, light weight and adequate strength. In construction, these composites are also used as roofing sheets, partition walls or panels and as concrete reinforcement composites for their durability and thermal insulation. In consumer goods, industries use NFRC for furniture products and other applications, packaging and sporting goods that meet aesthetic, low weight, and cost performance. In addition, NFRC are still being used in the marine and electrical sectors, for examples decorative \\u0026amp; trim and non-structural panels that also can have corrosion resistance properties [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHybrid composites reinforced with abaca and jute fibers, incorporating 1\\u0026ndash;3 wt.% rice husk filler, were fabricated through compression moulding and subsequently evaluated for their mechanical properties. The incorporation of rice husk enhanced mechanical performance. A 19.37% enhancement in tensile strength and a 43% improvement in flexural strength were noted in S2 relative to S1. The maximum tensile strength recorded was 92.106 MPa, while the tensile modulus reached 0.708 GPa at a concentration of 3 wt.% rice husk. Fractography demonstrated enhanced fiber\\u0026ndash;matrix bonding attributed to the increased surface area resulting from the incorporation of rice husk [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eChemical treatments significantly increase the structural and mechanical properties of areca sheath fibers by removing impurities and improving surface roughness, therefore promoting superior fiber\\u0026ndash;matrix adhesion. The alkaline treatment improves crystallinity and thermal stability by reducing the amorphous content, as demonstrated by XRD and FTIR measurements. Treatments like mercerisation, acetylation, and benzene diazonium chloride significantly reduce moisture absorption and improve bonding characteristics. The optimum mechanical and thermal performance was attained using benzene diazonium chloride. An ideal fiber loading of 36% was identified, yielding maximum strength due to homogeneous dispersion. The work highlights the potential of treated areca fibers as sustainable reinforcements in advanced bio composites [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThere is no scientific literature on hybrid composites reinforced with Areca husk fiber. The main goal of this work was to investigate the effects of various percentages of Areca nut seed filler (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) on the water absorption and mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials that are manufactured using the compression molding method. The effect of Areca nut seed filler on hybrid composites was investigated using various mechanical tests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAreca husk fiber (AHF) and Areca nut seed filler (ASF) is Sourced from Hassen District, Karnataka, India. The Epoxy Matrix is used at a Standard Composition of 70% with the fiber reduction from 30\\u0026ndash;20% at a eventual reduction ratio. The Filler is added to the composite from 0\\u0026ndash;10% in an eventual Ratio (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 wt.%). The Samples are termed as 30AHF0ASF, 27.5AHF2.5ASF, 25AHF5ASF, 22.5AHF7.5ASF and 20AHF10ASF, Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. Shows the Composite Samples with their Compositions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eComposite Composition\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eComposite samples\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAreca-Nut Husk Fiber\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEpoxy\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAreca-Nut Seed Filler\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(%wt)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(%wt)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(%wt)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30AHF0ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e27.5AHF2.5ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e27.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25AHF5ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22.5AHF7.5ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20AHF10ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.1. Fiber Extraction\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe Areca Husk Fiber is extracted from Areca fruit using a multi-step process. The areca fruit is dried, then fiber is peeled from the fruit and repeatedly cleaned with running water from the tap to get rid of dirt and other contaminants. This manual extraction process determines the amount and quality of the fiber. To get rid of contaminants, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is subsequently utilized. Using distilled water, the Areca Husk Fiber is repeatedly cleaned. The fibers are sun-dried after oxidation. The natural fiber may be combined to create composite materials once it has dried. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e represent the fiber extraction process and fiber treated with 5% NaOH.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(e) Finely Processed AHF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.2. Epoxy Matrix\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEpoxy is a commonly utilized matrix material in natural fiber composites owing to its superior adherence, adequate mechanical qualities, and engineering versatility. It is characterized by high tensile strength, flexural stiffness, and compressive performance and is therefore well suited to load-bearing structures. Its resistance to elastic deformation confers structural stability under load, while toughness and impact resistance are factors that lead to durability under severe conditions. All these advantages notwithstanding, absorption of moisture and biodegradability are among the parameters to be weighed in specialist applications. Epoxy generally has a suitable water absorption resistance, a value of utmost concern to composite integrity in humid environments. Also, various epoxy resin systems offer flexibility to tailor to specific needs, e.g., enhanced water resistance. LY556 epoxy is employed as the matrix in the current work with the matrix content level of 70%.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.3. Fillers\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAreca nut seed filler (ASF) is a natural material obtained from the matured fruits of Areca. The extracted seeds were initially cleaned, and the nuts were dried under direct sunlight for a week. After drying, the nuts were pulverized to fragments and reduced further in size. The obtained seed fragments were ground to fine powder in a double-blade pulverizer. The final particle size of 40\\u0026ndash;50 nm was determined by analyzing the ground nut particles using a Nano-Trac Flux particle size analyser.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.4 Fabrication of composite materials\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe fabrication of Areca-nut husk fiber and nut-reinforced composites involved manual stacking of reinforcements throughout the production process, followed by compression molding using a two-layer compression molding machine. Areca nut seed fillers were incorporated at varying weight fractions (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) based on the rule of mixtures. The epoxy resin and hardener were homogeneously blended with the fillers using a magnetic stirrer. A 300 \\u0026times; 300 \\u0026times; 5 mm aluminum mold was utilized for preparing the hybrid composites. The mold and frames were cleaned, and a white release agent was applied to minimize friction. The fiber/filler mixture was poured into the mold, heated to 120\\u0026deg;C, and compressed at 35 bars. Following the curing process, composite plates were sectioned with a diamond cutter in accordance with ASTM standards for mechanical, water absorption, elemental, and SEM analyses. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrates the process of fabricating Areca husk fiber reinforced composites infused with nut seed filler.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. Characterization\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.1. Tensile strength:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFor tensile testing, tensile strength, deformation, reduction of area, and other tensile characteristics, tensile testing of the composite specimens prepared was conducted. The specimens were fabricated to dimensions of 250 x 25 x 5 mm with a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min in accordance with ASTM D3039 standards. The evaluation was performed with an automated universal testing apparatus produced by AIMIL Ltd. in India. Before testing, the samples are affixed to the machine and fastened using a hydraulic system to prevent displacement. The value of each specimen is documented. Each component was evaluated using three samples, with the mean value being the foundation for the analysis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.2. Flexural strength:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe incorporation of plant fiber as reinforcement in an epoxy matrix diminishes the flexural strength due to its hydrophilic properties. Reduced matrix-fiber adhesion diminishes the load-bearing capability of composites. To prevent this, researchers examined the flexural properties of composites derived from husk nuts and Areca-husk fiber. Materials for the flexural testing were constructed in accordance with ASTM Standard D 790, with dimensions of 125 x 12.7 x 5 mm. The bending test is typically performed via a Universal Testing Machine (UTM), incorporating a three-point bending fixture and a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.3. Compression Strength:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTesting the strength, modulus, and deformation behavior of the material under compression is of prime significance while deciding the compressive strength of a material during compression testing. Determining this, which can be achieved with the help of the universal testing machine (UTM), can be utilized in the automotive and aviation sectors and entails applying quantifiable forces to the material until it fails. ASTM D3410/D3410M standards regulate the testing of polymer composites, hence the need for meticulous specimen preparation through advanced means to yield dependable and reproducible results.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.4. Impact test:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEpoxy composites with Areca husk fiber and Areca nut seed filler were subjected to impact to find their load-carrying capacity. All the specimens were of dimensions 65 x 12.7 x 5 mm and tested according to procedures described in ASTM Standard D 256. The values of digital Izod impact test were recorded.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.5. Hardness:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe material's hardness is a measure of its resistance to deformation. Specimen hardness is influenced by factors like fiber loading, quality of the material, and type of filler. The samples of the dimensions 25 x 25 x 5 mm and prepared as per the standards ASTM D2240 were tested using a Shore D durometer. Four positions were utilized to prepare indents, and the average reading was taken.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.6. Water absorption:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWater absorption test is conducted to test water absorption resistance. Samples were prepared according to ASTM D570 specifications and were 64 x 12.7 x 5 mm in dimensions. Room temperature distilled water is poured over the samples for seven days. Observations are taken. Samples are extracted, cleaned using a cloth, and subsequently weighed after a designated interval. The following formula is applied to calculate water absorption in a sample.\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eW (%) = \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{(\\\\text{W}\\\\text{a}-\\\\text{W}\\\\text{i})}{\\\\text{W}1}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u0026times; 10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWhere the percentage of water absorbed (w%) is calculated using the initial weight (Wi) before immersion and the final weight (Wa) after immersion, indicating the material's water absorption capacity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.7. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA scanning electron microscope (Carl ZEISS EVO 18, Germany) was utilized to examine the microstructure of the mechanically tested material. To improve electrical conductivity, the samples were gold-coated using an ion-sputter machine. Scanning electron microscopy images identified voids, fiber-matrix bonding, fiber pullout, and interfacial bonding.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.8. Element analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX)\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEnergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) is a commonly employed analytical technique for ascertaining elemental composition. This study employed an FEI Quanta 200 FEG scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an ultra-thin window EDX detector for the qualitative elemental analysis of Areca husk fibers. The atoms are excited by high-energy electrons, causing characteristic X-rays to be emitted and then detected to determine the presence of certain elements.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Result and Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe natural fiber or filler-reinforced epoxy hybrid composite is defined by mechanical, morphological, and chemical characterization. As evident from Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, structural composite properties were determined by mechanical tests that yielded significant attributes such as tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, impact strength, and hardness. Morphological characterization was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the study of fiber-matrix adhesion and failure modes. Chemical characterization was also used to determine material composition and investigate the likely reasons for degradation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMechanical Test Results\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eComposition code\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eStrength\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHardness\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWater absorption\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTensile (MPa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFlexural (MPa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eImpact (kJ/m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCompression (MPa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30AHF0ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9.56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e16.82\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e62.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e18.24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e27.5AHF2.5ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e65.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e14.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25AHF5ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9.81\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e72.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11.76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22.5AHF7.5ASF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e14.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e43.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11.43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8.41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20AHF10SAF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e26.95\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e78.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.1. Tensile strength\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUpon comparison of the data from all samples, the plate containing 22.5 wt% Areca husk fiber and 7.5% Areca nut seed Filler has the highest tensile strength of 14.35 MPa. This characteristic results from the robust interfacial adhesion between the Areca husk fiber, the filler, and the epoxy matrix. The filler particles occupied the voids formed between the fiber and the matrix[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The alkaline treatment improves surface roughness and disrupts hydrogen bonds in the network structure, hence facilitating the formation of stronger composites with treated fibers. Moreover, the treatment removes a particular quantity of lignin, wax, and oils that envelop the exterior of the fiber cell wall. This procedure breaks down cellulose, which enhances mechanical interlocking and makes it easier for the fiber and matrix to transmit stress effectively[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e].On Observing the Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e, the tensile strength is kept increasing as 9.56\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;10.07\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;12.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;14.35 MPa and then after reaching the maximum strength it is decreased to 11.4 MPa. The more weight percentage of Areca nut seed filler results in inadequate filler accumulation and dispersion in the matrix and it caused the decrease in tensile strength. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the data on the tensile strength of hybrid composites.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.2. Flexural Strength\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe flexural strength of the composite rises from 16.82 to 43.19 MPa with an increase in filler content. The plate containing 22.5 wt% Areca husk fiber and 7.5% filler exhibits a maximum tensile strength of 43.19 MPa. The flexural properties are enhanced by an increased load transfer capacity and a reduction in fracture propagation, attributable to improved matrix-fiber adhesion [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The Flexural strength brakes down at the plate where the filler is maximum of 10% and the flexural strength is 26.95 MPa. It is due to the more quantity of Filler accumulated in a certain area which holds the load transfer in certain area and breaks down. Adding a greater quantity of Areca nut seed filler reduces the adhesion strength due to clustering, leading to a decrease in flexural strength for the specimen[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e describes the flexural properties of Composite with Areca husk fiber and nut filler with epoxy resin.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec19\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.3. Impact Strength\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e presents the impact strength of the Areca husk fiber /epoxy composite plates, whereas Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrates the results derived from this table. Upon examining the graph below, the sample 22.5AHF7.5ASF had the greatest impact of 11.43 kJ/m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The significant impact strength arises from the robust link among the fiber, matrix, and filler. Furthermore, the flexibility of interface molecules facilitates the efficient absorption and dispersion of energy, hence diminishing stress concentration and successfully postponing the first development of cracks. The Impact strength increased as the following: 7.69\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;8.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;9.81\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;11.43 kJ/m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e. In Contrast the impact strength in 20AHF10ASF reduces to 10.11 kJ/m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e after reaching the peek value. The decreased value is due to the clustering of filler in a certain area[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.4. Compression Strength\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe maximum compression strength of 4.7 MPa is seen for the 22.5AHF7.5ASF, attributable to optimal interfacial adhesion among the fiber, epoxy, and filler. Fiber reinforcement enhances structural integrity and resistance to deformation, and the epoxy matrix ensures stiffness and load distribution. By increasing stress dispersion and decreasing crack initiation, the filler qualifies the material for high-performance load-bearing applications[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The strength increases accordingly: 1.59\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;3.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;4.49\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;4.7 MPa. Then the strength reduces to 2.59 MPa at the plate 20AHF10ASF due to the clustering of filler in certain area reduces the load distribution in the plate. In Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e the compression strength are shown.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec21\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.5. Hardness\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe Hybrid composite is greatly influenced by filler and its adhesion with fiber and epoxy. The result increases from 62.58\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;65.54\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;72.42\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;73\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;78.17. The plate 20AHF10ASF produces a greater hardness of 78.17, it is due to the amount of filler increase the hardness of the composite material[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The hardness value of all the composite specimen is shown in the Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec22\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.6. Water Absorption\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe Plate 30AHF0ASF exhibited a maximum water absorption of 18.24%. This is due to the high availability of empty spaces around the fibers. The lack of fillers and the presence of voids also a reason for the increase in water absorption[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The Water Absorption reduces for each specimen due to the inversely proportional increase of filler to the plate. The water absorption reduced as follows: 18.24\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;14.35\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;11.76\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;8.41\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;5.89 %. n contrast the water absorption reduces in the plate 20AHF10ASF due to less voids and higher level of filler content in the fabricated composites. The water absorption level of each specimen is shown in the Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig9\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec23\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.7. Morphology analysis (SEM)\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe evaluation of interfacial bonding within the fiber matrix, instances of fiber failure, void content, cracks, and agglomeration in the produced composite was conducted by the analysis of the specimens' fractured surfaces using SEM [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003ea) defines the epoxy composite reinforced with Areca husk fiber but it lacks filler. The visible delamination of the fibers from the matrix causes the lack of adhesion on the outside layer of this hybrid composite, indicating inadequate bonding between the epoxy and the modified Areca husk fiber [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003eb) defines the composite material surface comprising of 2.5 wt% of Areca nut seed fillers. Due to inadequate filler material distribution within the composite laminate, the Areca composite surface displays voids[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003ec) shows the surface of the specimen containing 5 wt% Areca nut seed filler. Even though the fibers were glued together, the Areca nut seeds were not distributed uniformly throughout the epoxy matrix, which is why there are some surface spaces. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003ed) illustrates the composite surface of specimen containing 7.5 wt% of Areca nut seed fillers, which has a good bonding of fiber-filler. Fiber pullout is prevented by the even dispersion of Areca nut seed fillers on the fiber surface. The connection between the Areca nut seeds and the epoxy matrix is exceptional. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003ee) shows the composite surface with 10 wt% Areca nut seed filler. The existence of additional fillers may account for the diminished interfacial interaction between the fiber and the matrix. Filler agglomeration can lead to diminished tensile strength as it impairs the load transmission capability between the fiber and matrix [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec24\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e4.8. Elemental Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, the presence of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen in the treated Areca husk fiber was determined by elemental analysis. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig11\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the results of a quantitative analysis of the elements' weight and atomic percentage in the Areca husk fiber treated with NaOH.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe primary components of Areca husk fiber are carbon and oxygen, which together account for the majority of the fiber surface. Its carbon content is 65.07% by weight and 70.82% by atomic percentage, while its oxygen content is 29.41% by weight and 24.03% by atomic percentage. According to EDX results, nitrogen is roughly 5.52% in weight and 5.15% in atomic percentage. A region of interest chosen where composition by elements is being examined is shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig12\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e. The region used for EDX mapping or point analysis is depicted by the yellow box.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"5. Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study confirms that Areca nuts and fibers can function well as natural filler and reinforcement in epoxy-based composite systems. The mechanical properties demonstrate that the composite containing 22.5 weight percent fiber and 7.5 weight percent filler has superior tensile, flexural, impact, and compressive strength. This enhancement results from the effective dispersion of the filler and better interfacial adhesion, which strengthened the fiber-matrix interface. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed enhanced interfacial adhesion and uniform elemental distribution, respectively. Filler addition had minimal effect on water absorption, thereby enhancing durability. A high filler loading of 10 wt%, however, caused agglomeration, which negatively influenced mechanical performance. In general, the study confirms that the incorporation of Areca husk fiber and nut, when mixed in proper proportioning, produces a bio-composite with balanced mechanical properties and water resistance. These biodegradable, eco-friendly composites provide an appropriate substitute for synthetic materials in structural and semi-structural applications, particularly within the aerospace, automotive, and construction sectors, thus guaranteeing environmental safety while maintaining performance standards.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSasi Kumar M - manuscript preparation, original draft preparation, supervision; Makeshkumar M - data collection and methodology; Gopinath A - study conception and design and interpretation of results; Krishna Varun B and Sinchana Shri V - drafting and revising the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEthics approval was not applicable for this article.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for publication\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEthics approval was not applicable for this article.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eFunding\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDeclaration\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors did not receive any financial support for the submitted work.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSasi Kumar M - manuscript preparation, original draft preparation, supervision; Makeshkumar M - data collection and methodology; Gopinath A - study conception and design and interpretation of results; Krishna Varun B and Sinchana Shri V - drafting and revising the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eElfaleh I et al (Sep. 2023) A comprehensive review of natural fibers and their composites: An eco-friendly alternative to conventional materials. Results Eng 19:101271. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/J.RINENG.2023.101271\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/J.RINENG.2023.101271\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAwais H, Nawab Y, Amjad A, Anjang A, Md Akil H, Zainol Abidin MS (Mar. 2021) Environmental benign natural fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites: A review. Compos Part C: Open Access 4:100082. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/J.JCOMC.2020.100082\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/J.JCOMC.2020.100082\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSharma AK, Bhandari R, Aherwar A, Rimašauskiene R (Jan. 2020) Matrix materials used in composites: A comprehensive study. 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Five distinct composites were fabricated using compression moulding techniques, maintaining a constant 70 wt.% epoxy while varying the fiber/filler ratios from 30/0 to 20/10 wt.%. Areca fibers were treated with 5% NaOH to enhance surface roughness and strengthen the fiber-matrix adhesion. The mechanical characteristics, including tensile, flexural, impact, interlaminar shear strength, and hardness were determined. Also, examined the structure and components by water absorption, SEM, and EDAX analyses. The composite containing 22.5% areca husk fiber and 7.5% areca nut seed filler (22.5AF7.5AFI) exhibited superior performance, achieving a tensile strength of 14.35 MPa, a flexural strength of 43.19 MPa, an impact strength of 11.43 kJ/m\\u0026sup2;, and compression strength of 4.7 MPa. The composite with 20% of areca husk fiber and 10% of areca seed filler has maximum hardness value of 78.17, and a low water absorption rate of 5.89%. EDAX indicated the presence of carbon, oxygen, and other elements, signifying effective dispersion of the filler and optimal interaction with the matrix. The findings indicate that hybrid composites derived from Areca fiber are suitable for application in the field of light weight automotive and aerospace industries.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Mechanical, morphological, and elemental analysis of bio-hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with areca husk fiber and seed filler\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:06\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7380387/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2025-09-20T08:14:04+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-17T06:01:35+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-13T15:38:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-11T10:05:31+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"208434787307411355487989058543807252262\",\"date\":\"2025-09-07T06:23:40+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"9574114403182888294038334079522260076\",\"date\":\"2025-09-07T05:06:02+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"292863791194463047447233870559395592404\",\"date\":\"2025-09-07T02:42:26+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-07T01:06:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-07T00:07:25+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-22T07:44:51+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Polymer Bulletin\",\"date\":\"2025-08-15T09:45:58+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"polymer-bulletin\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"pobu\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)\",\"snPcode\":\"289\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3\",\"title\":\"Polymer Bulletin\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"5af931c3-c7e0-408f-9303-819ffe08cb4e\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"September 12th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-01-26T15:59:59+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-7380387\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-026-06291-y\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"polymer-bulletin\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Polymer Bulletin\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-01-19 15:57:01\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"January 19th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-09-12 06:56:06\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s00289-026-06291-y\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-026-06291-y\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7380387\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7380387\",\"identity\":\"rs-7380387\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}