{"paper_id":"3073bf2f-b600-422d-a3d8-cfef062faca7","body_text":"Effect of plantain barrier plants on potyvirus-associated diseases in yam cultivation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of plantain barrier plants on potyvirus-associated diseases in yam cultivation José Efraín González Ramírez, Vaniert Ventura Chávez, Alberto Fereres, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3824767/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection → Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Yam belongs to a very diverse plant genus ( Dioscorea L.), comprising more than 600 species, both wild and cultivated. In Cuba, different species are distributed in the central and eastern regions, where the most widespread cultivars belong to the species water yam ( Dioscorea alata L.) and white yam ( Dioscorea cayenensis subsp. rotundata (Poir.) J. Miège). Among global major constraints facing the yam production areas are those caused by viral diseases. In this sense, potyviruses have the greatest economic impact, since they can cause losses of more than 50% in agricultural yields. In Cuba, the presence of yam mosaic virus and yam mild mosaic virus has been detected in commercial plantations by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) tests. The movement of propagules between plantations without phytosanitary certification has facilitated the distribution of the viruses throughout the producing areas. Disease management involves a continuous process of events consisting of the selection and use of techniques aimed at reducing plant diseases to a tolerable level. Knowledge about the existing relationships between the host, virus, vector, and ecosystem is fundamental to the implementation of successful management. In the present work, by using potyvirus-free propagation material of two commercial yam cultivars and the perimeter protection with a live barrier based on plantain ‘Burro CEMSA’, it was possible to reduce the field incidence of viral diseases (average infection decreased from 60 to 15%). Likewise, the barrier avoided losses in agricultural yields ranging between 50–57% for both cultivars, compared to the farmer’s usual practices. Dioscorea potyviral diseases disease management yield losses nutritional significance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Yam ( Dioscorea spp.) ranks fourth worldwide in production among roots and tubers, only surpassed by potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.) (Ejikeme and Matthew 2017 ). According to FAOSTAT ( 2020 ), world production reached 72.5 x 10 6 t, where West Africa produces more than 90% (Aighewi et al. 2020 ), and Cuba ranks twenty-first in the world (Pérez-Camacho and Raz 2017 ). In this sense, the Food and Agriculture Organization does not record the productions of China and India, so world production must be higher than the statistical data consulted. Yam tubers are an excellent source of carbohydrates and contain vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, and carotene. In addition, they possess many of the essential amino acids and minerals needed in the human diet (USDA NAL 2017 ), with low-fat contents, so it is considered an indispensable food for much of the population in tropical regions (Padhan and Panda 2020 ). In Africa alone, about 300 x 10 6 people incorporate more than 280 calories daily (Darkwa et al. 2020 ). Viral infections decrease tuber yield and quality, thus threatening crop sustainability. Up to eight potyviruses have been described in yams (Dey et al. 2019 ; Luo et al. 2022 ). Potyviruses are transmitted non-persistently by many aphid species (Revers and Garcia 2015). This type of transmission is characterized by very short acquisition and inoculation periods because they are rapidly lost by the vector within a matter of a few hours after acquisition (Revers and Garcia 2015). These viruses are acquired by the vector following exploratory tests on the epidermis by the aphids after landing in the crop, which lasts less than 1 min. They are also rapidly inoculated after an intracellular test in the epidermis (Fereres and Moreno 2009 ). The application of chemical products (insecticides) has not been shown to be very effective in preventing non-persistent transmission of viruses, as aphids can spread them before they are eliminated (Hooks and Fereres 2006 ). However, aphids prefer the edges of plantations attracted by the contrast between their green color and the color of the soil and immediately begin to insert their stylet to determine whether or not the plant is their host (A'Brook 1968 ). If the aphid carries the viral particles on its stylet (typical of non-persistent transmission) and lands and tests on a non-host plant of the virus in question, it quickly inoculates it and also loses the virus, resulting in a virus-free aphid. The use of barrier (non-host) crops has been suggested as a cultural control option to reduce the natural spread of non-persistent viruses in the main host crop. In this sense, Hooks and Fereres ( 2006 ) proposed four hypotheses to explain the effect of barrier plants i.e. virus sink (tall plants protect the main crop by acting as a natural sink for non-persistent viruses), physical barriers (plants slow the spread of the virus by blocking the arrival of the winged aphids to the main crop), host plant camouflage (high density of intercropped (non-host) plants hinders plant-to-plant transmission, reducing the spread of the disease), and trap crop (a secondary plant species is used that is more attractive to the target pest than the neighboring primary crop). The use of barrier crops has made it possible to reduce the spread of diseases caused by insect-transmitted viruses in a non-persistent manner. In potyviruses, this practice has been successfully applied in potato, pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), squash ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and papaya ( Carica papaya L.) (Avilla et al. 1996; Manandhar and Hooks 2011 ; Cabera Mederos 2013), where sorghum ( Sorghum spp.), maize ( Zea mays L.), and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) have been used as barrier crops (Hooks and Fereres 2006 ). In yam, this practice has not been reported for potyvirus control, nor has the use of plantain barrier plants from seedlings. The objective of the present work was to determine the influence of plantain barrier plants cultivar ‘Burro CEMSA’ (ABB) on potyvirus transmission and yield of yam in the field. Materials and Methods Establishment of plantain barrier plants To determine the influence on potyvirus transmission, a perimeter live barrier of plantain cultivar ‘Burro CEMSA’ was established in August 2015, using calibrated commercial propagules (B-caliber basic seed) (MINAG 2012 ), covering an area of 0.5 ha (Fig. 1 ). A planting frame of 1.5 m between rows and 1.5 m between plants was used, running the planting points 0.5 m between rows (false stagger). An entrance of 4 m was left with three rows 10 m long, acting as a trap directly in front of the entrance. Free tillering was allowed in the direction of the furrow. All cultural attentions were carried out according to the technical instructions for the cultivation of bananas and plantains ( Musa spp.) (MINAG 2012 ). In March 2016, mini-tubers of the cultivar ‘Guinea’ ( Dioscorea cayenensis subsp. rotundata ) were planted and seedlings of the cultivar ‘Belep’ ( Dioscorea alata ) were transplanted, both free of potyvirus by Antigen Coated Plate (ACP)-Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Twenty-four plants (six groups of four plants) of each cultivar were used (T1: virus-free planting material plus protection inside the barrier and T2: virus-free planting material without barrier protection). As a control, the same number of plants of both cultivars were planted from seeds obtained by traditional methods from plants coming from production areas (T3: planting material without virus certification and without barrier protection). A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. The distance between yam plots and the plantain barrier was always greater than 3 m. Cultural practices were carried out according to the technical instructions for yam cultivation (MINAG 2012 ). A total of eight plots of each treatment (T1, T2, and T3) and two yam cultivars were used for each treatment (Fig. 1 ). Detection of yam infected plants To determine the infected plants in the field from potyvirus-free planting material (mini-tubers of cultivar ‘Guinea’ and seedlings of cultivar ‘Belep’), symptoms were observed from 30 days after planting (dap) every two weeks. Symptomatic plants were marked for further evaluations and the status of plants that remained asymptomatic, throughout the crop cycle, was verified by ACP-ELISA analysis at 270 dap (January 2017). All yam crop evaluation was repeated between March 2017 and January 2018. For the detection of potyviruses in the yam collected samples, an ELISA diagnostic system was used, with the ACP-ELISA variant, which uses a generic monoclonal antibody for potyviruses (DSMZ, Germany), following the manufacturer's recommendations, with two replicates per sample. After the enzymatic reaction and incubation periods with the aforementioned antibody, absorbance was determined at 405 nm on a Biotek® ELx-800 automated plate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, Vermont, USA). The cut-off limit, for the determination of the presence of potyvirus, was calculated as twice the average of the absorbance values of the negative controls. This methodology was used throughout this investigation for all asymptomatic samples collected and for 25% of the samples showing viral symptoms. The percentage of infected plants was determined and statistically analyzed with Student’s t-test for independent samples. Identification of aphids To capture aphids, five Moericke traps were placed at ground level inside and five outside the living plant barrier. Sampling was carried out every 15 days. The collected aphids were preserved in 70% ethanol and transferred to the laboratory for identification. The insects were rinsed in a 10% (m/v) KOH solution for 24 h and washed twice for 10 min in distilled water. An optical microscope (200x) (Olympus, Japan) was used to observe the morphological characters of the aphids, and species identification was performed according to Navarro and García-Marí ( 2014 ). Production per plant and field yield estimation Tuber mass at harvest was determined using a handheld digital balance (Wei Heng, China). The percentage of losses avoided by using potyvirus-free seed and/or the protection provided by the live plant barrier was calculated, adapting the formula used by Lal and Lal Jat ( 2015 ). where MTM: the mean tuber mass with field management (potyvirus-free planting material inside (T1) and outside (T2) the living barrier) and MTSM: the mean tuber mass obtained from the planting material and cultivation method indicated in MINAG ( 2012 ), which not include any field management (T3). Considering the plantation framework most commonly used by producers, the density of plantations in Cuba is approximately 8,300 plants ha − 1 . From this density, yam plants grown according to traditional methods (MINAG 2012 ), and from the differences in production per plant determined, the yield per area was estimated for each of the treatments. Also, the nutritional value of the avoided losses was estimated from the composition of the crop. For the comparison of the percentage of infected plants, a t-test was performed for independent samples. On the other hand, the comparison of production per plant (kg) was performed by simple rank analysis of variance and Tuckey's mean multiple ranks test. The experiment was repeated in the 2017–2018 season. In parallel, plantain bunches were harvested during the period of the experiment in the perimeter of the live plant barrier and their mass was determined with the use of a Roman balance. Nutritional estimations From the nutritional composition of yam tubers (Bekele y Bekele 2018 ; Mulualem et al. 2018 ), carbohydrates in g, proteins in g, dietary fiber in g, vitamin C in mg and the potassium in mg stopped producing due to potyvirus diseases were calculated. Results Detection of yam infected plants No difference was detected between yam crop development inside and outside the barrier. The percentage and date of plant sprouting, leaf emission rate and number of vines were similar across barrier locations. The total number of infected plants in the field at 270 dap outside the barrier was 52 and 63 on the cultivar ‘Guinea’, and 62 and 64 on the cultivar ‘Belep’ for both seasons, respectively. However, when the crop was protected from infection inside the live barrier, the number of infected plants, according to ELISA results, decreased to 12 and 16 plants in cultivar ‘Guinea’ and to 13 and 9 in cultivar ‘Belep’, respectively (Table 1). All symptomatic plants tested positive for the presence of potyvirus by ACP-ELISA. In the cultivar ‘Guinea’, the presence of the rolling and chlorosis symptoms was detected in 50 and 61 plants in both growing seasons, while the severe mosaic symptom was observed in 8 and 13 plants in the same period. Meanwhile, in cultivar ‘Belep’, the presence of yellow banding symptom was detected in 38 and 47 plants in both growing seasons, while the light mosaic symptom was observed in 25 and 17 plants in the same period. However, 41 asymptomatic plants tested positive for potyvirus at 270 dap by ACP-ELISA. With the application of this assay, 6.3% of potyvirus-positive plants were detected within the total number of asymptomatic plants. Identification of aphids The aphid species collected were Myzus persicae , Aphis gossypii and Toxoptera citricidus , both inside and outside the Musa sp. barrier, and it was not possible to collect individuals of other species. Statistical analyses showed no differences between the number of individuals collected inside and outside the barrier in the five traps installed. Production per plant and field yield estimation Figure 2 shows the results of tuber production per plant in the cultivars ‘Guinea’ and ‘Belep’, in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons. The use of potyvirus-free planting material and the use of live barriers of cultivar ‘Burro CEMSA’ allowed increasing production per plant, regardless of the cultivar used. The lowest yields per plant were obtained with the use of planting material from traditional production systems, without confirmed criteria on the presence or absence of potyvirus and without the protection of the live barrier (T3). Under these growing conditions, more than 90% of the plants, of the total number planted in both seasons, showed symptoms typical of potyvirus-associated diseases for the two yam species under study. In the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons, yield per plant using potyvirus-free planting material protected from field infection with live barrier (T1), compared to that obtained without phytosanitary certification and grown without the use of live barrier (T3), increased by 50 and 55% (percentage of losses avoided) in the cultivar ‘Belep’ and by 57 and 55% in the cultivar ‘Guinea’, respectively. Similarly, yield per plant was higher when potyvirus-free planting material (T2) was used compared to the traditional cultivar without live barrier protection (T3). In the cultivar ‘Belep’, the percentages of avoided losses coincided at 22% for both campaigns, while for the cultivar ‘Guinea’ they were 33 and 28%, respectively. In the cultivar ‘Belep’, in the three treatments evaluated, the estimated yields were between 20.4 and 31.3 t ha -1 . Overall, in the experiments carried out in this research, the yield per plant achieved in the cultivar ‘Guinea’ was numerically higher than that achieved in the cultivar ‘Belep’. The use of the living barrier and the use of potyvirus-free planting material (T1) allowed estimating yields of 39.4 t ha -1 and 31.3 t ha -1 in the cultivars ‘Guinea’ and ‘Belep’, respectively, higher by 14.2 and 10.9 t ha -1 than the agricultural yields achieved when the traditional form of the crop was used (T3). On the other hand, a total of 590 banana bunches were harvested between July and August 2016, 1 150 between March and April 2017 and 1 100 approximately between November and December 2017, for a total of 2 840 banana bunches during the two campaigns of duration of the experiments with Dioscorea spp. Production per plant averaged 16.5 kg, a value that is within the potential yield ranges for this cultivar in our country (MINAG 2012). Nutritional estimations Table 2 shows the elements that ceased to be produced due to potyvirus infection. The greatest losses were in carbohydrates, vitamin C and potassium. Discussion The number of asymptomatic plants that tested positive by ACP-ELISA is numerically lower than reported by Njukeng et al. ( 2014 ) in two production areas in Cameroon, and Aihebhoria et al. ( 2017 ) in experimental areas of IITA in Nigeria. In this sense, serial sampling of symptoms expressed in the field contributes to the decrease in the number of asymptomatic plants observed when sampling a single symptom at the end of the crop cycle. The similarity between the number of aphids found inside and outside the barrier suggests that the decrease in the number of infected plants obtained for both cultivars in the two seasons could be due to a sink effect of potyviruses in the living barrier, where virus-carrying insect vectors (viruliferous aphids) reduce their infective load after alighting on the barrier crop and before reaching the susceptible host (Manandhar and Hooks 2011 ). Therefore, the reduction in the number of potyvirus-infected plants is not due to a reduction in the number of aphids landing on yam, but to a reduction in the number of viruliferous aphids reaching the crop. According to Gadhave et al. ( 2020 ), M. persicae and A. gossypii are considered very efficient vectors of potyviruses and transmit 53.4% and 25.6% of total potyviruses, respectively. The control of vectors or their ability to spread the disease is fundamental in the disease management (DM) programs, as pointed out by Islam et al. ( 2020 ). In this regard, Boiteau et al. ( 2009 ) were able to decrease potato virus Y (PVY) incidence in susceptible cultivars by surrounding them with a resistant cultivar for three consecutive years. Similarly, Avilla et al. (1996) observed that a sorghum barrier was able to reduce PVY and cucumber mosaic virus incidence in bell pepper cultivars. The use of planting material without sanitary certification of Dioscorea commercial cultivars in successive seasons leads to the accumulation of virus-infected tubers. In this sense, the use of live barriers contributes to maintaining the phytosanitary quality of the seed used by growers. Planting new areas with “healthy seeds” is a fundamental aspect of Dioscorea spp. development programs, which contribute to increasing the economic efficiency of the crop (Asala and Alegbejo 2016 ). The cultivar ‘Burro CEMSA’ used as a living barrier in this research harbors neither the potyviruses reported in Dioscorea spp. nor their aphid vectors (ICTV 2020 ; Holman 2009 ). On the other hand, it has the advantage that it can be used for several years without replanting, unlike when using short-cycle or annual crops. In this case, a rotation of crops such as cocoyam ( Xanthosoma spp. and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), sweet potato and papaya can be established within the barrier, taking advantage of the protection offered by the living barrier. In this case, these plant species are affected in Cuba by viruses of the Potyvirus genus transmitted in the field in the same way, non-persistent, and by aphids. Phytosanitary certification of planting material should be the starting point of any field DM program to reduce losses due to viral diseases (Islam 2017 ). In this regard, Aihebhoria et al. ( 2017 ) found yield increases in Dioscorea spp. due to the use of potyvirus-free planting material. Similarly, Adeniji et al. ( 2012 ) reached differences between 50 and 65% in commercial cultivars of D. rotundata when comparing yields obtained by using yam mosaic virus (YMV)-free and YMV-inoculated planting material, while Séka et al. ( 2014 ) reported losses of about 40% by using YMV-inoculated planting material. In the cultivar ‘Belep’, in the three treatments evaluated, the estimated yields were between 20.4 and 31.3 t ha − 1 , similar to those achieved in five D. alata cultivars developed by the breeding program of the Central Tuber Crops Research Institute at its Regional Center in Thiruvananthapuram, India, with values between 23–30 t ha − 1 (Sivakumar et al. 2009 ). In all the experiments conducted in this research, the production per plant achieved in the cultivar ‘Guinea’ was numerically higher than that achieved in the cultivar ‘Belep’, similar to what occurs in producing areas in the central and eastern regions of Cuba. As proposed by Udiarto et al. ( 2023 ), the use of live plantain barrier and the use of potyvirus-free planting material (T1) showed a favorable influence on yields of the main crop (yam), due to protection against the incidence of viral diseases. Similarly, there is a plantain production that is economically favorable for farmers who adopt this management strategy. The amount of vitamin C left unproduced per hectare, in the cultivar ‘Guinea’, is equivalent to the daily requirement of 53 960 boys or girls between 7 and 13 years old (USDA NAL 2017 ), while the potassium not produced, would mean the amount needed to be consumed daily by 34 080 or 44 560 adults (males or females, respectively) to reduce the risks of arterial hypertension, according to recommendations of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine of the United States of America (Greer et al. 2020 ). This analysis should be taken into account for the design of agricultural strategies aimed at achieving the food and nutritional sovereignty pursued by the Ministry of Agriculture of Cuba. In this sense, development programs should be favored for those crops that, due to their biochemical composition, contribute to improving the quality of the population’s diet. The perception of risks and damage caused by viral diseases is subjective and is limited to diseases that have marked significant advances in plant virology research or that have been devastating in economically important crops (Velásquez et al. 2018 ). However, the results obtained in this research demonstrate that it is necessary to evaluate in each agricultural system viral diseases that may go unnoticed due to tolerant plant-host interactions, as is the case of potyviruses in the economically important yam cultivars used in this research. The association of Dioscorea spp. plants (main crop) with cutivar ‘Burro CEMSA’ (barrier crop) involves a redesign of the agricultural ecosystem to the detriment of potyvirus diseases in Dioscorea spp. by reducing their dissemination in the field and reducing the economic losses they can cause. In this case, the perimeter living barrier would fulfill the main function of protecting the host crop from potyvirus infection and, in addition, of producing food. On the other hand, the use of non-“biorational” agents (insecticides) is avoided, thus preventing contamination of the environment (Matyjaszczyk 2018 ). This approach would allow the establishment of environmentally friendly, long-lasting and economically sustainable DM methodologies. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors thank to Plant Virology Department from The Leibniz Institute (DSMZ) German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures for the donation of all the reagents used in the ELISA tests. We are also grateful for the financing granted through the project entitled \"Sistemas Biointensivos de cultivo en papaya ( Carica papaya ), y ñame ( Dioscorea spp.) para la disminución de las pérdidas causadas por enfermedades virales en Cuba\", code: PN131LH001.63. Author contributions Conceptualization was done by JEGR and OP; methodology was done by JEGR and VVC; validation was done by AF and OP; formal analysis was done by JEGR and OP; investigation was done by JEGR and VVC; resources were done by JEGR, AF and OP; data curation was done by JEGR, AF and OP; writing - original draft preparation were done by JEGR and OP; writing - review and editing were done by JEGR, AF and OP; visualization was done by AF; supervision was done by AF and OP; project administration was done by JEGR; and funding acquisition was done by JEGR. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. References A'Brook J (1968) The effect of plant spacing on the numbers of aphids trapped over the groundnut crop. 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Virus Res 186:144-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.007 Séka AO, Etchian K, Assiri MNY, Toualy HA, Diallo N, Kouassi S, Ake K (2014) Yield loss caused by yam mosaic virus (YMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on the varieties of Dioscorea spp. Int J Agric Res 5:64-71. Sivakumar PS, Nedunchezhiyan M, Paramaguru S, Ray RC (2009) Production system-specific differences in farmer’s demand for greater yam ( Dioscorea alata ) varietal attributes in Orissa state, India. Exp Agric 45:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479709990433 Udiarto BK, Setiawati W, Muharam A, Dadi (2023) Seedling protection and barrier crops in chili pepper to reduce whitefly denseness and prevalence of pepper yellow leaf curl virus. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1172:012029. https://doi.org/doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1172/1/012029 USDA NAL (2017) Food Data Central for Standard Reference. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-composition. Accessed 17 June 2017 Velásquez AC, Castroverde CDM, He SY (2018) Plant–pathogen warfare under changing climate conditions. Curr Biol 28:R619-R634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054 Viruel J, Segarra-Moragues JG, Raz L, Forest F, Wilkin P, Sanmartín I, Catalán P (2016) Late Cretaceous–early Eocene origin of yams ( Dioscorea, Dioscoreaceae ) in the Laurasian Palaearctic and their subsequent Oligocene–Miocene diversification. J Biogeogr 43:750-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12678 Tables Table 1 Infected plants in the field on cultivars ‘Guinea’ and ‘Belep’ during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons Treatments Symptoms ELISA Cultivar ‘ Guinea ’ Cultivar ‘ Belep ’ 2016-2017 2017-2018 2016-2017 2017-2018 No barrier Symptomatic 47 60 54 58 Asymptomatic ELISA + 5 3 8 6 ELISA - 44 33 34 32 Infection (%) 54.2 a 65.6 a 64.6 a 66.7 a Barrier Symptomatic 11 14 9 6 Asymptomatic ELISA + 1 2 4 3 ELISA - 84 80 83 87 Infection (%) 12.5 b 16.7 b 14.5 b 9.4 b Different letters in the columns differ according to the T-test for p < 0,05 Table 2 Nutritional elements lost per hectare in the yam cultivars ‘Guinea’ and ‘Belep’ E lements Cultivar ‘ Guinea ’ Cultivar ‘ Belep ’ Carbohydrate (g) 3 958 960 3 038 920 Protein (g) 217 260 166 777 Dietary fiber (g) 582 200 446 900 Vitamin C (mg) 2 428 200 1 863 900 Potassium (mg) 115 872 000 88 944 000 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection → Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 03 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 03 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 30 Dec, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3824767\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":265101780,\"identity\":\"a02be105-f456-42f1-a4c8-bf392d17a305\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"José Efraín González Ramírez\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"José\",\"middleName\":\"Efraín González\",\"lastName\":\"Ramírez\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":265101781,\"identity\":\"7970d630-dd21-4211-86c6-f0f7c974e850\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Vaniert Ventura Chávez\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Vaniert\",\"middleName\":\"Ventura\",\"lastName\":\"Chávez\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":265101782,\"identity\":\"7b552f5c-ad84-4865-86db-9c01fe355360\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Alberto Fereres\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Alberto\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Fereres\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":265101783,\"identity\":\"9156dd6c-edd3-4b11-9ca2-029a1e6e3809\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Orelvis Portal\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIie3RoQ7CMBCA4SNLNtNQ2wWxV7iFBMXDtGZqWUhmphYUioCl4SXgDUpq+wIEMzyiD4CgBNAtjoT+5sx9OXEAsdhvNlKAbmRLgCHUvAhRADycPGM8kNCJVpos+gbPt9KKFRSoPCTfVFwT1C1e6ilzpDz4CBqCpx0qIff1DLgB7r2ChlpHeiGlCSYElMVEbBlxpAsg+TpFR3RLSdUy3rFS+gglyXXg975JM320FufF2Ec+8fdkgfvwxd9jsVjsD3sAmCs/sbnJAg4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Orelvis\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Portal\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2023-12-30 20:22:30\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3824767/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3824767/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00948-4\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2024-08-01T15:57:04+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":49207969,\"identity\":\"96fffb00-74c4-4921-912e-6cbeb48c4d85\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-05 07:56:05\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":51292,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eDiagram of plantain barrier plants preestablished and the treatment arrangements for the two yam cultivars under study (‘Guinea’ and ‘Belep’). T1) virus-free ACP-ELISA propagation material + inside the barrier; T2) virus-free ACP-ELISA propagation material + outside the barrier; T3) virus-uncertified propagation material + outside the barrier\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figura1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3824767/v1/4cf7ca13e667511d133c03bc.png\"},{\"id\":49207970,\"identity\":\"128fa4db-2727-43be-982e-7c311d236447\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-05 07:56:05\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":103945,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eYield of yam per plant obtained in two commercial cultivars of \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. T1) potyvirus-free planting material inside a live barrier of cultivar ‘Burro CEMSA’; T2) potyvirus-free planting material without live barrier; T3) propagation material without virus certification + outside the barrier. Different letters differ according to Tuckey’s test for \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3824767/v1/99eb132a932d35ab607698ef.png\"},{\"id\":61793372,\"identity\":\"bde6068c-5494-4463-8da3-333e1be7b640\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-08-05 16:11:42\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":591039,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3824767/v1/09e2c56c-4bee-4a5b-af5a-1585032cba45.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Effect of plantain barrier plants on potyvirus-associated diseases in yam cultivation\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eYam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.) ranks fourth worldwide in production among roots and tubers, only surpassed by potato (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum tuberosum\\u003c/em\\u003e L.), cassava (\\u003cem\\u003eManihot esculenta\\u003c/em\\u003e Crantz) and sweet potato (\\u003cem\\u003eIpomoea batatas\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) (Ejikeme and Matthew \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). According to FAOSTAT (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), world production reached 72.5 x 10\\u003csup\\u003e6\\u003c/sup\\u003e t, where West Africa produces more than 90% (Aighewi et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), and Cuba ranks twenty-first in the world (P\\u0026eacute;rez-Camacho and Raz \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). In this sense, the Food and Agriculture Organization does not record the productions of China and India, so world production must be higher than the statistical data consulted.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYam tubers are an excellent source of carbohydrates and contain vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, and carotene. In addition, they possess many of the essential amino acids and minerals needed in the human diet (USDA NAL \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e), with low-fat contents, so it is considered an indispensable food for much of the population in tropical regions (Padhan and Panda \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). In Africa alone, about 300 x 10\\u003csup\\u003e6\\u003c/sup\\u003e people incorporate more than 280 calories daily (Darkwa et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eViral infections decrease tuber yield and quality, thus threatening crop sustainability. Up to eight potyviruses have been described in yams (Dey et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Luo et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Potyviruses are transmitted non-persistently by many aphid species (Revers and Garcia 2015). This type of transmission is characterized by very short acquisition and inoculation periods because they are rapidly lost by the vector within a matter of a few hours after acquisition (Revers and Garcia 2015). These viruses are acquired by the vector following exploratory tests on the epidermis by the aphids after landing in the crop, which lasts less than 1 min. They are also rapidly inoculated after an intracellular test in the epidermis (Fereres and Moreno \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe application of chemical products (insecticides) has not been shown to be very effective in preventing non-persistent transmission of viruses, as aphids can spread them before they are eliminated (Hooks and Fereres \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, aphids prefer the edges of plantations attracted by the contrast between their green color and the color of the soil and immediately begin to insert their stylet to determine whether or not the plant is their host (A'Brook \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1968\\u003c/span\\u003e). If the aphid carries the viral particles on its stylet (typical of non-persistent transmission) and lands and tests on a non-host plant of the virus in question, it quickly inoculates it and also loses the virus, resulting in a virus-free aphid.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe use of barrier (non-host) crops has been suggested as a cultural control option to reduce the natural spread of non-persistent viruses in the main host crop. In this sense, Hooks and Fereres (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e) proposed four hypotheses to explain the effect of barrier plants \\u003cem\\u003ei.e.\\u003c/em\\u003e virus sink (tall plants protect the main crop by acting as a natural sink for non-persistent viruses), physical barriers (plants slow the spread of the virus by blocking the arrival of the winged aphids to the main crop), host plant camouflage (high density of intercropped (non-host) plants hinders plant-to-plant transmission, reducing the spread of the disease), and trap crop (a secondary plant species is used that is more attractive to the target pest than the neighboring primary crop).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe use of barrier crops has made it possible to reduce the spread of diseases caused by insect-transmitted viruses in a non-persistent manner. In potyviruses, this practice has been successfully applied in potato, pepper (\\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annuum\\u003c/em\\u003e L.), squash (\\u003cem\\u003eCucurbita pepo\\u003c/em\\u003e L.), and papaya (\\u003cem\\u003eCarica papaya\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) (Avilla et al. 1996; Manandhar and Hooks \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e; Cabera Mederos 2013), where sorghum (\\u003cem\\u003eSorghum\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.), maize (\\u003cem\\u003eZea mays\\u003c/em\\u003e L.), and sunflower (\\u003cem\\u003eHelianthus annuus\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) have been used as barrier crops (Hooks and Fereres \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). In yam, this practice has not been reported for potyvirus control, nor has the use of plantain barrier plants from seedlings. The objective of the present work was to determine the influence of plantain barrier plants cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Burro CEMSA\\u0026rsquo; (ABB) on potyvirus transmission and yield of yam in the field.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eEstablishment of plantain barrier plants\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTo determine the influence on potyvirus transmission, a perimeter live barrier of plantain cultivar ‘Burro CEMSA’ was established in August 2015, using calibrated commercial propagules (B-caliber basic seed) (MINAG \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e), covering an area of 0.5 ha (Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). A planting frame of 1.5 m between rows and 1.5 m between plants was used, running the planting points 0.5 m between rows (false stagger). An entrance of 4 m was left with three rows 10 m long, acting as a trap directly in front of the entrance. Free tillering was allowed in the direction of the furrow. All cultural attentions were carried out according to the technical instructions for the cultivation of bananas and plantains (\\u003cem\\u003eMusa\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.) (MINAG \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). In March 2016, mini-tubers of the cultivar ‘Guinea’ (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea cayenensis\\u003c/em\\u003e subsp. \\u003cem\\u003erotundata\\u003c/em\\u003e) were planted and seedlings of the cultivar ‘Belep’ (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea alata\\u003c/em\\u003e) were transplanted, both free of potyvirus by Antigen Coated Plate (ACP)-Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Twenty-four plants (six groups of four plants) of each cultivar were used (T1: virus-free planting material plus protection inside the barrier and T2: virus-free planting material without barrier protection). As a control, the same number of plants of both cultivars were planted from seeds obtained by traditional methods from plants coming from production areas (T3: planting material without virus certification and without barrier protection). A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. The distance between yam plots and the plantain barrier was always greater than 3 m. Cultural practices were carried out according to the technical instructions for yam cultivation (MINAG \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). A total of eight plots of each treatment (T1, T2, and T3) and two yam cultivars were used for each treatment (Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eDetection of yam infected plants\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTo determine the infected plants in the field from potyvirus-free planting material (mini-tubers of cultivar ‘Guinea’ and seedlings of cultivar ‘Belep’), symptoms were observed from 30 days after planting (dap) every two weeks. Symptomatic plants were marked for further evaluations and the status of plants that remained asymptomatic, throughout the crop cycle, was verified by ACP-ELISA analysis at 270 dap (January 2017). All yam crop evaluation was repeated between March 2017 and January 2018.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor the detection of potyviruses in the yam collected samples, an ELISA diagnostic system was used, with the ACP-ELISA variant, which uses a generic monoclonal antibody for potyviruses (DSMZ, Germany), following the manufacturer's recommendations, with two replicates per sample. After the enzymatic reaction and incubation periods with the aforementioned antibody, absorbance was determined at 405 nm on a Biotek® ELx-800 automated plate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, Vermont, USA). The cut-off limit, for the determination of the presence of potyvirus, was calculated as twice the average of the absorbance values of the negative controls. This methodology was used throughout this investigation for all asymptomatic samples collected and for 25% of the samples showing viral symptoms. The percentage of infected plants was determined and statistically analyzed with Student’s t-test for independent samples.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eIdentification of aphids\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTo capture aphids, five Moericke traps were placed at ground level inside and five outside the living plant barrier. Sampling was carried out every 15 days. The collected aphids were preserved in 70% ethanol and transferred to the laboratory for identification. The insects were rinsed in a 10% (m/v) KOH solution for 24 h and washed twice for 10 min in distilled water. An optical microscope (200x) (Olympus, Japan) was used to observe the morphological characters of the aphids, and species identification was performed according to Navarro and García-Marí (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eProduction per plant and field yield estimation\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTuber mass at harvest was determined using a handheld digital balance (Wei Heng, China). The percentage of losses avoided by using potyvirus-free seed and/or the protection provided by the live plant barrier was calculated, adapting the formula used by Lal and Lal Jat (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg 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\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ewhere MTM: the mean tuber mass with field management (potyvirus-free planting material inside (T1) and outside (T2) the living barrier) and MTSM: the mean tuber mass obtained from the planting material and cultivation method indicated in MINAG (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e), which not include any field management (T3).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eConsidering the plantation framework most commonly used by producers, the density of plantations in Cuba is approximately 8,300 plants ha\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. From this density, yam plants grown according to traditional methods (MINAG \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e), and from the differences in production per plant determined, the yield per area was estimated for each of the treatments. Also, the nutritional value of the avoided losses was estimated from the composition of the crop. For the comparison of the percentage of infected plants, a t-test was performed for independent samples.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOn the other hand, the comparison of production per plant (kg) was performed by simple rank analysis of variance and Tuckey's mean multiple ranks test. The experiment was repeated in the 2017–2018 season. In parallel, plantain bunches were harvested during the period of the experiment in the perimeter of the live plant barrier and their mass was determined with the use of a Roman balance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eNutritional estimations\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFrom the nutritional composition of yam tubers (Bekele y Bekele \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Mulualem et al. \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e), carbohydrates in g, proteins in g, dietary fiber in g, vitamin C in mg and the potassium in mg stopped producing due to potyvirus diseases were calculated.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDetection of yam infected plants\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo difference was detected between yam crop development inside and outside the barrier. The percentage and date of plant sprouting, leaf emission rate and number of vines were similar across barrier locations. The total number of infected plants in the field at 270 dap outside the barrier was 52 and 63 on the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo;, and 62 and 64 on the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo; for both seasons, respectively. However, when the crop was protected from infection inside the live barrier, the number of infected plants, according to ELISA results, decreased to 12 and 16 plants in cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; and to 13 and 9 in cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, respectively (Table 1).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll symptomatic plants tested positive for the presence of potyvirus by ACP-ELISA. In the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo;, the presence of the rolling and chlorosis symptoms was detected in 50 and 61 plants in both growing seasons, while the severe mosaic symptom was observed in 8 and 13 plants in the same period. Meanwhile, in cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, the presence of yellow banding symptom was detected in 38 and 47 plants in both growing seasons, while the light mosaic symptom was observed in 25 and 17 plants in the same period. However, 41 asymptomatic plants tested positive for potyvirus at 270 dap by ACP-ELISA. With the application of this assay, 6.3% of potyvirus-positive plants were detected within the total number of asymptomatic plants.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIdentification of aphids \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe aphid species collected were \\u003cem\\u003eMyzus persicae\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eAphis gossypii\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eToxoptera citricidus\\u003c/em\\u003e, both inside and outside the \\u003cem\\u003eMusa\\u003c/em\\u003e sp. barrier, and it was not possible to collect individuals of other species. Statistical analyses showed no differences between the number of individuals collected inside and outside the barrier in the five traps installed.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eProduction per plant and field yield estimation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure 2 shows the results of tuber production per plant in the cultivars \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; and \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons. The use of potyvirus-free planting material and the use of live barriers of cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Burro CEMSA\\u0026rsquo; allowed increasing production per plant, regardless of the cultivar used. The lowest yields per plant were obtained with the use of planting material from traditional production systems, without confirmed criteria on the presence or absence of potyvirus and without the protection of the live barrier (T3). Under these growing conditions, more than 90% of the plants, of the total number planted in both seasons, showed symptoms typical of potyvirus-associated diseases for the two yam species under study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons, yield per plant using potyvirus-free planting material protected from field infection with live barrier (T1), compared to that obtained without phytosanitary certification and grown without the use of live barrier (T3), increased by 50 and 55% (percentage of losses avoided) in the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo; and by 57 and 55% in the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo;, respectively. Similarly, yield per plant was higher when potyvirus-free planting material (T2) was used compared to the traditional cultivar without live barrier protection (T3). In the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, the percentages of avoided losses coincided at 22% for both campaigns, while for the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; they were 33 and 28%, respectively. In the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, in the three treatments evaluated, the estimated yields were between 20.4 and 31.3 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Overall, in the experiments carried out in this research, the yield per plant achieved in the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; was numerically higher than that achieved in the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe use of the living barrier and the use of potyvirus-free planting material (T1) allowed estimating yields of 39.4 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 31.3 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e in the cultivars \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; and \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, respectively, higher by 14.2 and 10.9 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e than the agricultural yields achieved when the traditional form of the crop was used (T3).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOn the other hand, a total of 590 banana bunches were harvested between July and August 2016, 1 150 between March and April 2017 and 1 100 approximately between November and December 2017, for a total of 2 840 banana bunches during the two campaigns of duration of the experiments with \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. Production per plant averaged 16.5 kg, a value that is within the potential yield ranges for this cultivar in our country (MINAG 2012).\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNutritional estimations\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 2 shows the elements that ceased to be produced due to potyvirus infection. The greatest losses were in carbohydrates, vitamin C and potassium.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe number of asymptomatic plants that tested positive by ACP-ELISA is numerically lower than reported by Njukeng et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e) in two production areas in Cameroon, and Aihebhoria et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e) in experimental areas of IITA in Nigeria. In this sense, serial sampling of symptoms expressed in the field contributes to the decrease in the number of asymptomatic plants observed when sampling a single symptom at the end of the crop cycle.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe similarity between the number of aphids found inside and outside the barrier suggests that the decrease in the number of infected plants obtained for both cultivars in the two seasons could be due to a sink effect of potyviruses in the living barrier, where virus-carrying insect vectors (viruliferous aphids) reduce their infective load after alighting on the barrier crop and before reaching the susceptible host (Manandhar and Hooks \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). Therefore, the reduction in the number of potyvirus-infected plants is not due to a reduction in the number of aphids landing on yam, but to a reduction in the number of viruliferous aphids reaching the crop. According to Gadhave et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), M. \\u003cem\\u003epersicae\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eA. gossypii\\u003c/em\\u003e are considered very efficient vectors of potyviruses and transmit 53.4% and 25.6% of total potyviruses, respectively. The control of vectors or their ability to spread the disease is fundamental in the disease management (DM) programs, as pointed out by Islam et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). In this regard, Boiteau et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e) were able to decrease potato virus Y (PVY) incidence in susceptible cultivars by surrounding them with a resistant cultivar for three consecutive years. Similarly, Avilla et al. (1996) observed that a sorghum barrier was able to reduce PVY and cucumber mosaic virus incidence in bell pepper cultivars.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe use of planting material without sanitary certification of \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e commercial cultivars in successive seasons leads to the accumulation of virus-infected tubers. In this sense, the use of live barriers contributes to maintaining the phytosanitary quality of the seed used by growers. Planting new areas with \\u0026ldquo;healthy seeds\\u0026rdquo; is a fundamental aspect of \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. development programs, which contribute to increasing the economic efficiency of the crop (Asala and Alegbejo \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Burro CEMSA\\u0026rsquo; used as a living barrier in this research harbors neither the potyviruses reported in \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. nor their aphid vectors (ICTV \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Holman \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e). On the other hand, it has the advantage that it can be used for several years without replanting, unlike when using short-cycle or annual crops. In this case, a rotation of crops such as cocoyam (\\u003cem\\u003eXanthosoma\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. and \\u003cem\\u003eColocasia esculenta\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) Schott), sweet potato and papaya can be established within the barrier, taking advantage of the protection offered by the living barrier. In this case, these plant species are affected in Cuba by viruses of the \\u003cem\\u003ePotyvirus\\u003c/em\\u003e genus transmitted in the field in the same way, non-persistent, and by aphids.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePhytosanitary certification of planting material should be the starting point of any field DM program to reduce losses due to viral diseases (Islam \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). In this regard, Aihebhoria et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e) found yield increases in \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. due to the use of potyvirus-free planting material. Similarly, Adeniji et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e) reached differences between 50 and 65% in commercial cultivars of \\u003cem\\u003eD. rotundata\\u003c/em\\u003e when comparing yields obtained by using yam mosaic virus (YMV)-free and YMV-inoculated planting material, while S\\u0026eacute;ka et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e) reported losses of about 40% by using YMV-inoculated planting material. In the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, in the three treatments evaluated, the estimated yields were between 20.4 and 31.3 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, similar to those achieved in five \\u003cem\\u003eD. alata\\u003c/em\\u003e cultivars developed by the breeding program of the Central Tuber Crops Research Institute at its Regional Center in Thiruvananthapuram, India, with values between 23\\u0026ndash;30 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e (Sivakumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e). In all the experiments conducted in this research, the production per plant achieved in the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; was numerically higher than that achieved in the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;, similar to what occurs in producing areas in the central and eastern regions of Cuba. As proposed by Udiarto et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e), the use of live plantain barrier and the use of potyvirus-free planting material (T1) showed a favorable influence on yields of the main crop (yam), due to protection against the incidence of viral diseases. Similarly, there is a plantain production that is economically favorable for farmers who adopt this management strategy.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe amount of vitamin C left unproduced per hectare, in the cultivar \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo;, is equivalent to the daily requirement of 53 960 boys or girls between 7 and 13 years old (USDA NAL \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e), while the potassium not produced, would mean the amount needed to be consumed daily by 34 080 or 44 560 adults (males or females, respectively) to reduce the risks of arterial hypertension, according to recommendations of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine of the United States of America (Greer et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). This analysis should be taken into account for the design of agricultural strategies aimed at achieving the food and nutritional sovereignty pursued by the Ministry of Agriculture of Cuba. In this sense, development programs should be favored for those crops that, due to their biochemical composition, contribute to improving the quality of the population\\u0026rsquo;s diet.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe perception of risks and damage caused by viral diseases is subjective and is limited to diseases that have marked significant advances in plant virology research or that have been devastating in economically important crops (Vel\\u0026aacute;squez et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, the results obtained in this research demonstrate that it is necessary to evaluate in each agricultural system viral diseases that may go unnoticed due to tolerant plant-host interactions, as is the case of potyviruses in the economically important yam cultivars used in this research.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe association of \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. plants (main crop) with cutivar \\u0026lsquo;Burro CEMSA\\u0026rsquo; (barrier crop) involves a redesign of the agricultural ecosystem to the detriment of potyvirus diseases in \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. by reducing their dissemination in the field and reducing the economic losses they can cause. In this case, the perimeter living barrier would fulfill the main function of protecting the host crop from potyvirus infection and, in addition, of producing food. On the other hand, the use of non-\\u0026ldquo;biorational\\u0026rdquo; agents (insecticides) is avoided, thus preventing contamination of the environment (Matyjaszczyk \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). This approach would allow the establishment of environmentally friendly, long-lasting and economically sustainable DM methodologies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgments\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors thank to Plant Virology Department from The Leibniz Institute (DSMZ) German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures for the donation of all the reagents used in the ELISA tests.\\u0026nbsp;We are also grateful for the financing granted through the project entitled \\u0026quot;Sistemas Biointensivos de cultivo en papaya (\\u003cem\\u003eCarica papaya\\u003c/em\\u003e), y \\u0026ntilde;ame (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.) para la disminuci\\u0026oacute;n de las p\\u0026eacute;rdidas causadas por enfermedades virales en Cuba\\u0026quot;, code: PN131LH001.63.\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor contributions\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eConceptualization was done by JEGR and OP; methodology was done by JEGR and VVC; validation was done by AF and OP; formal analysis was done by JEGR and OP; investigation was done by JEGR and VVC; resources were done by JEGR, AF and OP; data curation was done by JEGR, AF and OP; writing - original draft preparation were done by JEGR and OP; writing - review and editing were done by JEGR, AF and OP; visualization was done by AF; supervision was done by AF and OP; project administration was done by JEGR; and funding acquisition was done by JEGR.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDisclosure statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eA\\u0026apos;Brook J (1968) The effect of plant spacing on the numbers of aphids trapped over the groundnut crop. Ann Appl Biol 61:289-294. https://doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1968.tb04533.x \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAdeniji MO, Shoyinka SA, Ikotun T, Asiedu R, Hughes Jd\\u0026apos;A, Odu BO (2012) Yield loss in Guinea yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea rotundata\\u003c/em\\u003e Poir.) due to infection by yam mosaic virus (YMV) genus \\u003cem\\u003ePotyvirus\\u003c/em\\u003e. Ife J Sci 14:237-244 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAighewi B, Maroya N, Mignouna D, Aihebhoria D, Balogun M, Asiedu R (2020) The influence of minisett size and time of planting on the yield of seed yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea rotundata\\u003c/em\\u003e). Exp Agric 56:469-481. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479720000095 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAihebhoria DO, Aighewi B, Balogun M (2017) The response of White yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea rotundata\\u003c/em\\u003e Poir) tuber portions to positive selection for quality seed yam production. Adv Crop Sci Technol 5:1000294. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000294 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAsala SW, Alegbejo MD (2016) Effects of serial planting of seed yam tubers on virus incidence and yam tuber degeneration. Afr Crop Sci J 24:341-347. https://doi.org/10.4314/ACSJ.V24I4.1 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBekele A, Bekele E (2018) Proximate and mineral composition variability in Ethiopian yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.). Int J Food Sci Nutr 6:12-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20180601.12 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBoiteau G, Singh M, Lavoie J (2009) Crop border and mineral oil sprays used in combination as physical control methods of the aphid-transmitted potato virus Y in potato. Pest Manag Sci 65:255-259. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1679 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCabrera Mederos D, Garc\\u0026iacute;a Hern\\u0026aacute;ndez D, Gonz\\u0026aacute;lez JE, Portal O (2013) Manejo de epifitias del Virus de la mancha anular de la papaya utilizando barreras de \\u003cem\\u003eZea mays\\u003c/em\\u003e L. en \\u003cem\\u003eCarica papaya\\u003c/em\\u003e L. Rev Protecci\\u0026oacute;n Veg 28(2):127-131.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDarkwa K, Olasanmi B, Asiedu R, Asfaw A (2020) Review of empirical and emerging breeding methods and tools for yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.) improvement: Status and prospects. Plant Breed 139:474-497. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12783 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDey KK, Sugikawa J, Kerr C, Melzer MJ (2019) Air potato (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea bulbifera\\u003c/em\\u003e) plants displaying virus-like symptoms are co-infected with a novel potyvirus and a novel ampelovirus. Virus Genes 55:117-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-018-1616-6 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eEjikeme J, Matthew E (2017) The geography of yam cultivation in southern Nigeria: exploring its social meanings and cultural functions. J Ethn Foods 4:28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEF.2017.02.004 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFAOSTAT (2020) FAO Statistics Division. http://www.faostat.org. Accessed 04 June 2020 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFereres A, Moreno A (2009) Behavioral aspects influencing plant virus transmission by homopteran insects. Virus Res 141:158-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.10.020\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGadhave KR, Gautam S, Rasmussen DA, Srinivasan R (2020) Aphid transmission of \\u003cem\\u003ePotyvirus\\u003c/em\\u003e: the largest plant-infecting RNA virus genus. Viruses 12:773. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070773 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGreer RC, Marklund M, Anderson CAM, Cobb LK, Dalcin AT, Henry M, Appel LJ (2020) Potassium-enriched salt substitutes as a means to lower blood pressure. Benefits and risks. Hypertension 75:266-274. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13241 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHolman D (2009) Host Plant Catalog of Aphids. Springer, Dordrecht, Holland, p 1216\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHooks CRR, Fereres A (2006) Protecting crops from non-persistently aphid-transmitted viruses: A review on the use of barrier plants as a management tool. Virus Res 120:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VIRUSRES.2006.02.006 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eICTV (2020) Virus Taxonomy: release. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp. Accessed 24 May 2020\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eIslam W (2017) Management of plant virus diseases; farmer\\u0026rsquo;s knowledge and our suggestions. Hosts and Viruses 4:28-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.hv/2017/4.2.28.33 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eIslam W, Noman A, Naveed H, Alamri SA, Hashem M, Huang Z, Chen HYH (2020) Plan-insect vector-virus interactions under environmental change. Sci Total Environ 701:135044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135044 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eJones RAC (2018) Plant and insect viruses in managed and natural environments: novel and neglected transmission pathways. In: Malmstrom CM (ed) Advances in Virus Research. Elsevier Ltd., Amsterdam, Holland, pp 149-87\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLal R, Lal Jat B (2015) Bio-efficacy of insecticides and biorationals against the incidence of whitefly, \\u003cem\\u003eBemisia tabaci\\u003c/em\\u003e (Genn.) and yellow mosaic virus in mungbean. Afr J Agric Res 10:1050-1056. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9045 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLuo GF, Podolyan A, Kidanemariam D, Pilotti C, Houliston G, Sukal AC (2022) A Review of viruses infecting yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.). Viruses 14:662. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040662\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eManandhar R, Hooks CRR (2011) Using protector plants to reduce the incidence of papaya ringspot virus-watermelon strain in zucchini. Environ Entomol 40:391-398. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10229 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMatyjaszczyk E (2018) \\u0026lsquo;\\u0026lsquo;Biorationals\\u0026rsquo;\\u0026rsquo; in integrated pest management strategies. J Plant Dis Prot 125:523-527. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10229 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMINAG (2012) Instructivo T\\u0026eacute;cnico para la Producci\\u0026oacute;n de Semillas de Viandas. Agroinfo, La Habana, p 107\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMINAG (2017) Lista Oficial de Variedades Comerciales. GOC-2017-406-018. Agroinfo, La Habana, p 45 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMulualem T, Mekbib F, Hussein S, Gebre E (2018) Analysis of biochemical composition of yams (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.) landraces from southwest Ethiopia. Agrotechnology 7:177\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNavarro C, Garc\\u0026iacute;a-Mar\\u0026iacute; F (2014) Gu\\u0026iacute;a de identificaci\\u0026oacute;n pulgones y sus enemigos naturales. Denes, Valencia, Espa\\u0026ntilde;a, 36 p \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNjukeng AP, Azeteh IN, Mbong GA (2014) Survey of the incidence and distribution of two viruses infecting yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.) in two agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 3:1153-1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-019-00552-3 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNkere CK, Oyekanmi JO, Silva G, B\\u0026ouml;mer M, Atiri GI, Onyeka J, Maroya NG, Seal SE, Kumar PL (2018) Chromogenic detection of yam mosaic virus byclosed-tube reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (CT-RT-LAMP). Arch Virol 163:1057-1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3706-0 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePadhan B, Panda D (2020) Potential of neglected and underutilized yams (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.) for improving nutritional security and health benefits. Front Pharmacol 11:496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00496 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePag\\u0026aacute;n I, Garc\\u0026iacute;a-Arenal F (2020) Tolerance of plants to pathogens: A unifying view. Annu Rev Phytopathol 58: 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012749 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eP\\u0026eacute;rez-Camacho J, Raz L (2017) Dioscoreaceae. In: Greuter W, Rankin Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez R (eds) Flora de la Rep\\u0026uacute;blica de Cuba. Serie A, plantas vasculares. Fasc\\u0026iacute;culo 22(1). BGBM Press, Berlin, Germany, pp 1-63\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRaz L (2016) Untangling the West Indian Dioscoreaceae: new combinations, lectotypification. Phytotaxa 258:026-048. https://doi.org/10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.258.1.2 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRevers F, Garc\\u0026iacute;a JA (2015) Molecular biology of potyviruses. In: Maramorosch K, Mettenleiter TC (eds) Advances in Virus Research. Elsevier Ltd., Amsterdam, Holanda, pp 101-199\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSeal S, Turaki A, Muller E, Kumar PL, Kenyon L, Filloux D, Galzi S, Lopez-Montes A, Iskra-Caruana ML (2014) The prevalence of badnaviruses in west African yams (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea cayenensis-rotundata\\u003c/em\\u003e) and evidence of endogenous pararetrovirus sequences in their genomes. Virus Res 186:144-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.007 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eS\\u0026eacute;ka AO, Etchian K, Assiri MNY, Toualy HA, Diallo N, Kouassi S, Ake K (2014) Yield loss caused by yam mosaic virus (YMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on the varieties of \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. Int J Agric Res 5:64-71.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSivakumar PS, Nedunchezhiyan M, Paramaguru S, Ray RC (2009) Production system-specific differences in farmer\\u0026rsquo;s demand for greater yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea alata\\u003c/em\\u003e) varietal attributes in Orissa state, India. Exp Agric 45:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479709990433 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eUdiarto BK, Setiawati W, Muharam A, Dadi (2023) Seedling protection and barrier crops in chili pepper to reduce whitefly denseness and prevalence of pepper yellow leaf curl virus. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1172:012029. https://doi.org/doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1172/1/012029 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eUSDA NAL (2017) Food Data Central for Standard Reference. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-composition. Accessed 17 June 2017 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eVel\\u0026aacute;squez AC, Castroverde CDM, He SY (2018) Plant\\u0026ndash;pathogen warfare under changing climate conditions. Curr Biol 28:R619-R634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eViruel J, Segarra-Moragues JG, Raz L, Forest F, Wilkin P, Sanmart\\u0026iacute;n I, Catal\\u0026aacute;n P (2016) Late Cretaceous\\u0026ndash;early Eocene origin of yams (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea, Dioscoreaceae\\u003c/em\\u003e) in the Laurasian Palaearctic and their subsequent Oligocene\\u0026ndash;Miocene diversification. J Biogeogr 43:750-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12678 \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Tables\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/strong\\u003e Infected plants in the field on cultivars \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; and \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo; during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" align=\\\"\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.333333333333332%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTreatments\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.5%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSymptoms\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.166666666666666%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eELISA\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.5%\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCultivar \\u0026lsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGuinea\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026rsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25.5%\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCultivar \\u0026lsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBelep\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026rsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2016-2017\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2017-2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2016-2017\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"25%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2017-2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.27906976744186%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo barrier\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.435215946843854%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSymptomatic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.122923588039868%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.214285714285715%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAsymptomatic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.674603174603174%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eELISA +\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.41343669250646%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eELISA -\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.214285714285715%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eInfection (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.674603174603174%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54.2 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e65.6 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e64.6 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66.7 a\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"16.27906976744186%\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Barrier\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.435215946843854%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSymptomatic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"13.122923588039868%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"12.790697674418604%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.214285714285715%\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAsymptomatic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.674603174603174%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eELISA +\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"20.41343669250646%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eELISA -\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"19.896640826873384%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"23.214285714285715%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eInfection (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.674603174603174%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.5 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.7 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.5 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"15.277777777777779%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.4 b\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDifferent letters in the columns differ according to the T-test for \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u0026lt; 0,05 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/strong\\u003e Nutritional elements lost per hectare in the yam cultivars \\u0026lsquo;Guinea\\u0026rsquo; and \\u0026lsquo;Belep\\u0026rsquo;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eE\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003elements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCultivar \\u0026lsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGuinea\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026rsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCultivar \\u0026lsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBelep\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026rsquo;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCarbohydrate (g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3 958 960\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3 038 920\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eProtein (g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e217 260\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e166 777\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDietary fiber (g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e582 200\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e446 900\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVitamin C (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2 428 200\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1 863 900\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePotassium (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e115 872 000\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"33.333333333333336%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e88 944 000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":true,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"journal-of-plant-diseases-and-protection\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"jpdp\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection](https://www.springer.com/journal/41348)\",\"snPcode\":\"41348\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpdp\",\"title\":\"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Dioscorea, potyviral diseases, disease management, yield losses, nutritional significance\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3824767/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3824767/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eYam belongs to a very diverse plant genus (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea\\u003c/em\\u003e L.), comprising more than 600 species, both wild and cultivated. In Cuba, different species are distributed in the central and eastern regions, where the most widespread cultivars belong to the species water yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea alata\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) and white yam (\\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea cayenensis\\u003c/em\\u003e subsp. \\u003cem\\u003erotundata\\u003c/em\\u003e (Poir.) J. Mi\\u0026egrave;ge). Among global major constraints facing the yam production areas are those caused by viral diseases. In this sense, potyviruses have the greatest economic impact, since they can cause losses of more than 50% in agricultural yields. In Cuba, the presence of yam mosaic virus and yam mild mosaic virus has been detected in commercial plantations by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) tests. The movement of propagules between plantations without phytosanitary certification has facilitated the distribution of the viruses throughout the producing areas. Disease management involves a continuous process of events consisting of the selection and use of techniques aimed at reducing plant diseases to a tolerable level. Knowledge about the existing relationships between the host, virus, vector, and ecosystem is fundamental to the implementation of successful management. In the present work, by using potyvirus-free propagation material of two commercial yam cultivars and the perimeter protection with a live barrier based on plantain \\u0026lsquo;Burro CEMSA\\u0026rsquo;, it was possible to reduce the field incidence of viral diseases (average infection decreased from 60 to 15%). Likewise, the barrier avoided losses in agricultural yields ranging between 50\\u0026ndash;57% for both cultivars, compared to the farmer\\u0026rsquo;s usual practices.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Effect of plantain barrier plants on potyvirus-associated diseases in yam cultivation\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-01-05 07:56:00\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3824767/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-01-03T13:17:22+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-01-03T11:26:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection\",\"date\":\"2023-12-30T15:21:52+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"journal-of-plant-diseases-and-protection\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"jpdp\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection](https://www.springer.com/journal/41348)\",\"snPcode\":\"41348\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpdp\",\"title\":\"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"b5acba34-2559-4160-ad90-1d310d20aabf\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 5th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-08-05T16:00:15+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-3824767\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00948-4\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"journal-of-plant-diseases-and-protection\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2024-08-01 15:57:04\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"August 1st, 2024\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-01-05 07:56:00\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s41348-024-00948-4\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00948-4\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3824767\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3824767\",\"identity\":\"rs-3824767\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}