{"paper_id":"2f6cc5c9-1f15-4fb1-be35-dad0ef4e393a","body_text":"Abstract\nUp to 15 % of couples experience infertility; this chapter provides an overview of reproductive endocrinology care, including ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization. The differential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and adnexal masses in this specific patient population is discussed. The diagnosis and management of complications of infertility care—including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), pelvic infections, ovarian torsion and ectopic pregnancy—are reviewed.\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nPractice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:63.\nThoma ME, McLain AC, Louis JF, King RB, Trumble AC, Sundaram R, et al. Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:1324–31.\nHoffman BL, Schorge JO, Schaffer JI, Halvorson LM, Bradshaw KD, Cunningham F, et al. Chapter 20. Treatment of the infertile couple. In Hoffman BL, Schorge JO, Schaffer JI, Halvorson LM, Bradshaw KD, Cunningham F, Calver LE, editors. Williams gynecology. 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/content.aspx?bookid=399&Sectionid=41722309. Accessed 02 June 2015.\nPurvin VA. Visual disturbance secondary to clomiphene citrate. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:482–4.\nPractice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Use of clomiphene citrate in infertile women: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2013;100:341–8.\nMitchell SY, Fletcher HM, Williams E. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome associated with clomiphene citrate. West Indian Med J. 2001;50:227–9.\nSacks PC, Simon JA. Infectious complications of intrauterine insemination: a case report and literature review. Int J Fertil. 1991;36:331–9.\nWeissman A, Lurie S, Zalel Y, Goldchmit R, Shoham Z. Human chorionic gonadotropin: pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous administration. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1996;10:273–6.\nMannaerts BM, Geurts TB, Odink J. A randomized three-way cross-over study in healthy pituitary-suppressed women to compare the bioavailability of human chorionic gonadotrophin (Pregnyl) after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:1461–4.\nBarnhart K. Ectopic pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:379–87.\nPractice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2013;100:638–44.\nBodri D, Guillén JJ, Polo A, Trullenque M, Esteve C, Coll O. Complications related to ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval in 4052 oocyte donor cycles. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;17:237–43.\nRagni G, Scarduelli C, Calanna G, Santi G, Benaglia L, Somigliana E. Blood loss during transvaginal oocyte retrieval. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2009;67:32–5.\nDessole S, Rubattu G, Ambrosini G, Miele M, Nardelli GB, Cherchi PL. Blood loss following noncomplicated transvaginal oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2001;76:205–6.\nBolster F, Mocanu E, Geoghegan T, Lawler L. Transvaginal oocyte retrieval complicated by life-threatening obturator artery haemorrhage and managed by a vessel-preserving technique. Ulster Med J. 2014;83:146–8.\nNouri K, Walch K, Promberger R, Kurz C, Tempfer CB, Ott J. Severe haematoperitoneum caused by ovarian bleeding after transvaginal oocyte retrieval: a retrospective analysis and systematic literature review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2014;29:699–707.\nRoest J, Mous HV, Zeilmaker GH, Verhoeff A. The incidence of major clinical complications in a Dutch transport IVF programme. Hum Reprod Update. 1996;2:345–53.\nLudwig AK, Glawatz M, Griesinger G, Diedrich K, Ludwig M. Perioperative and post-operative complications of transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval: prospective study of >1000 oocyte retrievals. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:3235–40.\nSomigliana E, Benaglia L, Paffoni A, Busnelli A, Vigano P, Vercellini P. Risks of conservative management in women with ovarian endometriomas undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21:486–99.\nPractice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:S188–93.\nDelvigne A. Symposium: update on prediction and management of OHSS. Epidemiology of OHSS. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19:8–13.\nLevin ER, Rosen GF, Cassidenti DL, Yee B, Meldrum D, Wisot A, et al. Role of vascular endothelial cell growth factor in Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1978–85.\nDelvigne A, Rozenberg S. Review of clinical course and treatment of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Hum Reprod Update. 2003;9:77–96.\nNeulen J, Yan Z, Raczek S, Weindel K, Keek C, Weich HA, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin-dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in human granulosa cells: importance in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:1967–71.\nRova K, Passmark H, Lindqvist PG. Venous thromboembolism in relation to in vitro fertilization: an approach to determining the incidence and increase in risk in successful cycles. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:95–100.\nPapanikolaou EG, Pozzobon C, Kolibianakis EM, Camus M, Tournaye H, Fatemi HM, et al. Incidence and prediction of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in women undergoing gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:112–20.\nAsch RH, Li HP, Balmaceda JP, Weckstein LN, Stone SC. Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in assisted reproductive technology: definition of high risk groups. Hum Reprod. 1991;6:1395–9.\nLee TH, Liu CH, Huang CC, Wu YL, Shih YT, Ho HN, et al. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone and estradiol levels as predictors of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in assisted reproduction technology cycles. Hum Reprod. 2008;23:160–7.\nEnskog A, Henriksson M, Unander M, Nilsson L, Brännström M. Prospective study of the clinical and laboratory parameters of patients in whom ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome developed during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1999;71:808–14.\nNardo LG, Gelbaya TA, Wilkinson H, Roberts SA, Yates A, Pemberton P, et al. Circulating basal anti-Müllerian hormone levels as predictor of ovarian response in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2009;92:1586–93.\nOcal P, Sahmay S, Cetin M, Irez T, Guralp O, Cepni I. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicle count as predictive markers of OHSS in ART cycles. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2011;28:1197–203.\nYoussef MA, Van der Veen F, Al-Inany HG, Mochtar MH, Griesinger G, Nagi Mohesen M, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist versus HCG for oocyte triggering in antagonist-assisted reproductive technology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD008046.\nMathur RS, Akande AV, Keay SD, Hunt LP, Jenkins JM. Distinction between early and late ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2000;73:901–7.\nScalea TM, Rodriguez A, Chiu WC, Brenneman FD, Fallon Jr WF, Kato K, et al. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST): results from an international consensus conference. J Trauma. 1999;46:466–72.\nNavot D, Bergh PA, Laufer N. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in novel reproductive technologies: prevention and treatment. Fertil Steril. 1992;58:249–61.\nGolan A, Ron-el R, Herman A, Soffer Y, Weinraub Z, Caspi E. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: an update review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1989;44:430–40.\nMathur R, Evbuomwan I, Jenkins J. Prevention and management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Curr Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;15:132–8.\nGranberg S, Gjelland K, Ekerhovd E. The management of pelvic abscess. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;23:667–78.\nNoone TC, Semelka RC, Worawattanakul S, Marcos HB. Intraperitoneal abscesses: diagnostic accuracy of and appearances at MR imaging. Radiology. 1998;208:525–8.\nYaron Y, Peyser MR, Samuel D, Amit A, Lessing JB. Infected endometriotic cysts secondary to oocyte aspiration for in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1994;9:1759–60.\nMais V, Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Angiolucci M, Paoletti AM, Melis GB. The efficiency of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Fertil Steril. 1993;60:776–80.\nHeilbrun ME, Olpin J, Shaaban A. Imaging of benign adnexal masses: characteristic presentations on ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2009;52:21–39.\nRackow BW, Patrizio P. Successful pregnancy complicated by early and late adnexal torsion after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2007;87:697.e9–12.\nKart C, Guven S, Aran T, Dinc H. Life-threatening intraabdominal bleeding after oocyte retrieval successfully managed with angiographicembolization. Fertil Steril. 2011;96:e99–102.\nAboulghar MA, Mansour RT, Serour GI, Rizk B. Ultrasonic transvaginal aspiration of endometriotic cysts: an optional line of treatment in selected cases of endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 1991;6:1408–10.\nChan LY, So WW, Lao TT. Rapid recurrence of endometrioma after transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration. Euro J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;109:196–8.\nAlborzi S, Zarei A, Alborzi S, Alborzi M. Management of ovarian endometrioma. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006;49:480–91.\nNishida M, Watanabe K, Sato N, Ichikawa Y. Malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2000;50:18–25.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nBrady, P.C., Ginsburg, E.S. (2016). Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. In: Handbook of Consult and Inpatient Gynecology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27724-0_20\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27724-0_20\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Cham\nPrint ISBN: 978-3-319-27722-6\nOnline ISBN: 978-3-319-27724-0\neBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}