{"paper_id":"2efaf442-14dd-40d6-b1ed-c7f113d5c16c","body_text":"Comparative Genomics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Reveals the Effector Repertoire and Molecular Arsenal for Date Palm Infection. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Genomics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Reveals the Effector Repertoire and Molecular Arsenal for Date Palm Infection. Abdou Lahat MBAYE, Aliou Moussa Diouf, Maimouna Deh, Houda Ghait, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8388991/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Plant Biology → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) is a highly aggressive soilborne pathogen that poses a serious threat to date palm cultivation. Causal agent of the devastating palm dieback, also known as Bayoud disease, Foa remains one of the most destructive fungal pathogens threatening date palm sector across North Africa. Despite its economic and ecological impact, the molecular determinants underlying its virulence and host adaptation remain poorly understood. Results To address this gap, a comparative genomic and secretome analyses of four Foa strains was conducted, three newly sequenced Moroccan strains (ZG10, ER10, and ER20) and one publicly available reference genome (Foa133). The assembled genomes ranged from 58.81 to 61.24 Mb and encoded between 17,016 and 18,318 predicted protein-coding genes, of which approximately 27–30% were associated with pathogenicity. Functional annotation revealed an extensive repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), particularly glycoside hydrolases, that facilitate host cell wall degradation and tissue colonization. Several key virulence effectors were identified, including Secreted in Xylem (SIX) proteins, necrosis-inducing proteins (NPP1s), and Hce2-like effectors, each potentially contributing to virulence, necrosis, and phytotoxicity. Additionally, genome mining uncovered multiple secondary metabolite biosynthetic clusters encoding polyketides and mycotoxins, suggesting a complementary toxin-mediated infection strategy. Conclusion These findings provide a solid genomic insight into Foa’s pathogenic potential and molecular complexity. By delineating the genetic basis of virulence and metabolic diversity, this study establishes a foundation for the development of molecular diagnostics, targeted disease management strategies, and breeding programs aimed at enhancing date palm resistance to Bayoud disease. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis palm dieback disease (Bayoud) genome sequencing analysis effector proteins SIX genes secondary metabolites Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Additionalfile3.csv Additionalfile5.xlsx Additionalfile1.docx Additionalfile6.docx Additionalfile4.docx Additionalfile2.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Plant Biology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 05 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 05 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 02 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8388991\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":573583278,\"identity\":\"0ac0689c-86ac-4104-94e2-beb719f0b59d\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Abdou Lahat MBAYE\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Agrobiosciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Abdou\",\"middleName\":\"Lahat\",\"lastName\":\"MBAYE\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":573583279,\"identity\":\"7a6a992e-0de0-4d18-9408-61a0649b6db3\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Aliou Moussa Diouf\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Agrobiosciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Aliou\",\"middleName\":\"Moussa\",\"lastName\":\"Diouf\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":573583280,\"identity\":\"5bb402fc-d97c-447e-874a-4b757bf34bbc\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Maimouna Deh\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Agrobiosciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Maimouna\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Deh\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":573583281,\"identity\":\"c21525db-215c-4b7f-aaa0-5d3fe6c1cd12\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Houda Ghait\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"African Genomic Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Houda\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Ghait\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":573583282,\"identity\":\"3289aa34-426d-4fec-8f9a-74f1e7ddbcd5\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Slimane Khayi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Slimane\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Khayi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":573583283,\"identity\":\"9d9635d5-3295-4a03-b77a-9a094ef1e682\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Rachid Lahlali\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès (ENA-Meknès), Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Rachid\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Lahlali\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":573583284,\"identity\":\"0faa5bd9-4634-4bfd-ac6d-c39d38a4bc41\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Mustapha Barakate\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Agrobiosciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mustapha\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Barakate\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":573583285,\"identity\":\"81770465-82b6-44da-9ab4-85b52a53531b\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Zineb Rchiad\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+2YGBmYQwwBISnxgYJAjqIURWYvkDAYGY8JaGmBagFiah4EhkaAWZnbeg48LGO7Jm7MzP7xt27YtwZyBO/EDPi1szHzJxjMYig13NrMZW+e23c6zbODdLIFPCw8zjxnQPQkJBocZzKSBWooNDvBuwKtFgpnH/DdEC/s3acu224kbDvBu/oFPiwHQFmaIFqB1jBAt2/DaAtRiLD3DIMFww2GeYsuec7eNLZt5t1ng02Lff8bwc0FFgrzB+eMbb/wouy1nzt67+QY+LVC7UOwlrB6P9lEwCkbBKBgFIAAADL9AWwtv8scAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Biosciences CoreLab, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Zineb\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Rchiad\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-12-17 20:23:43\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8388991/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8388991/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-08659-8\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2026-04-20T15:57:15+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":100373125,\"identity\":\"e05923be-9e70-4b77-b752-8cd029c918fd\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:41\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":10493928,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Manuscript.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/ec811aa036faffa27ea1b18f.docx\"},{\"id\":100372973,\"identity\":\"f6af7005-1cf3-4bbd-99df-9904817d5081\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:29\",\"extension\":\"json\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":9972,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3feb90af14a84f9ba672137fe72bab86.json\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/c62edca7df4ec0be71b8595b.json\"},{\"id\":100373225,\"identity\":\"365ea73b-96f9-48a5-880f-39438b67cb53\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:51\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":123773,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile1.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/b68f93057cf3edb2d0275405.docx\"},{\"id\":100373230,\"identity\":\"3c3b1a2e-39e5-4a3d-80c9-ecdb7b59f7d1\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:52\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":1650748,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile2.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/f658a604ff2a04f662b25e4e.docx\"},{\"id\":100372794,\"identity\":\"9f9338ee-d3c2-4aa0-8f81-730c5f7bbec5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:12\",\"extension\":\"csv\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":14089,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile3.csv\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/a63d4afac7278a8f0cd2e237.csv\"},{\"id\":100268820,\"identity\":\"4b462672-3189-4222-8b09-1e589c98da71\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":450529,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile4.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/f93ce801fca96e01a1660730.docx\"},{\"id\":100372527,\"identity\":\"e216b1c4-4b9a-4264-85d3-9f0d0622605e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:12:36\",\"extension\":\"xlsx\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":13439,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile5.xlsx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/dd18cdc160aab24194e30f74.xlsx\"},{\"id\":100372700,\"identity\":\"169a46fe-7fac-4d66-a74f-7c721973d39e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:12:58\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":151261,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile6.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/41957f91969a9b7f51a1c775.docx\"},{\"id\":100373228,\"identity\":\"40be9afd-0914-468c-88b8-5457f876a61e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:51\",\"extension\":\"xml\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":220419,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3feb90af14a84f9ba672137fe72bab861enriched.xml\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/e9b4d237741824ebda6082bc.xml\"},{\"id\":100268830,\"identity\":\"32abca2e-2b61-4add-aec1-3aeb9a6468ce\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":9,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":1244963,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/3bbd6384fecf046679185477.png\"},{\"id\":100268849,\"identity\":\"21d1ea27-3e2b-4ec5-9f22-502bd7901d8c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":592377,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage10.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/5071caf170e69de9d620320f.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100268829,\"identity\":\"853691f6-1329-4be4-a089-3b113b9c236a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":390450,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage11.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/7c36ed1f24a7ed883c5493bc.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100268828,\"identity\":\"42d32eac-2058-4ef2-ae3f-e7b447ae98c6\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":12,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":3469912,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/1edfd39db803980f2474e973.png\"},{\"id\":100372801,\"identity\":\"10b1b86a-4832-491a-a707-a7e4e39094cb\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:12\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":13,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":493830,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/bf078d52037669ec66ff9757.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100373024,\"identity\":\"4cb1d8d8-0c49-4980-b267-5656a044c062\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:31\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":14,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":541955,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/ddd46e57b2ddf63324508559.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100373131,\"identity\":\"8ea99941-bfec-498a-aae2-20f4b12019ff\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:42\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":15,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":1156792,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage5.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/0abc5be5b564717cad31aa14.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100268834,\"identity\":\"afb39dc3-578d-4a48-b96b-d50bedf7db62\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":16,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":1362757,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage6.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/557926c41016f962aebc87af.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100268851,\"identity\":\"60b234d7-c36d-4d45-a9e1-9aeaf1262358\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":17,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":933725,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage7.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/d0045aed003f290e9a3f2c42.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100268833,\"identity\":\"2d303197-da28-4330-9955-8e188c54ee53\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"jpeg\",\"order_by\":18,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":726801,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage8.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/c54096733dfd0b64370d1baf.jpeg\"},{\"id\":100268841,\"identity\":\"5935abf8-fa1b-4f87-b496-cdbdd47b8f7b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":19,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":464258,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage9.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/35aa1a1f0194d2371da09063.png\"},{\"id\":100268845,\"identity\":\"0a858187-90cc-42d8-9b2c-cd3d2039af15\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":20,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":203849,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/bd9575a299190ef8bf77e275.png\"},{\"id\":100268837,\"identity\":\"bd442b16-3c0d-4b81-a86a-7cdaf84c5938\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":21,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":91335,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage10.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/5da7ab6c85a71fbc04583a68.png\"},{\"id\":100268832,\"identity\":\"4b6ae3ad-440e-4981-9c5c-ba1dd3680797\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":22,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":57177,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage11.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/95733242cd51d19fce870b96.png\"},{\"id\":100371225,\"identity\":\"6d807185-bc21-4768-abcc-f341e5e35ba7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:09:40\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":23,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":487322,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/1175211467046da20395b7ec.png\"},{\"id\":100371339,\"identity\":\"9c8d6a9a-5e89-47c3-8811-e235c94bdfcf\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:09:53\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":24,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":71054,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/2e7d446f4e9ed7540dac28b7.png\"},{\"id\":100372446,\"identity\":\"b0e71176-47c8-45b3-9ba1-8ba8f78b204a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:12:24\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":25,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":88241,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/f7b47a6319697802d6499af9.png\"},{\"id\":100373030,\"identity\":\"fc36c3d9-bb5b-4449-ae8b-6f3840442276\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:32\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":26,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":179295,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/4ee26e8c72bfc44ef6b2406c.png\"},{\"id\":100268852,\"identity\":\"066d03ef-281a-4830-a7c4-77e959397d1e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":27,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":342278,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/ad4504090f583371046daa9d.png\"},{\"id\":100268840,\"identity\":\"b69f7607-4320-4726-868b-d9f6f74ed278\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":28,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":125702,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage7.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/ddd47dc81702d293c0912472.png\"},{\"id\":100371401,\"identity\":\"c538c3d2-cfcb-4b02-9480-95d74b443505\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:09:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":29,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":112316,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage8.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/7886f02cb69688d6b3bb4d86.png\"},{\"id\":100268843,\"identity\":\"2f564f78-7ecc-4c39-99fc-9cd523916f7a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":30,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":45519,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage9.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/0e8133b58aa7a2b640099661.png\"},{\"id\":100268847,\"identity\":\"6fa24665-bb7d-4a7c-b9fc-0c8c1fd1d57d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:27\",\"extension\":\"xml\",\"order_by\":31,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":218470,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3feb90af14a84f9ba672137fe72bab861structuring.xml\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/c197be693a69f3978a9b53bc.xml\"},{\"id\":100371926,\"identity\":\"a98be895-1d49-4b54-bbbc-7de485b00cf3\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:11:15\",\"extension\":\"html\",\"order_by\":32,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":242876,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"earlyproof.html\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/7d34a9520409bc234b21fcfa.html\"},{\"id\":107929385,\"identity\":\"ed8d1a3f-9f82-4c15-b0ea-95de4c6b1060\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-04-27 16:15:13\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":2197671,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1_covered_613966b7-a151-4dc5-999f-8188e0d20bf1.pdf\"},{\"id\":100371235,\"identity\":\"5b315727-9b1a-4cd2-a104-78c311bc43db\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:09:42\",\"extension\":\"csv\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":14089,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile3.csv\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/d849573df6e56402873ebbcc.csv\"},{\"id\":100268814,\"identity\":\"e720819c-3e24-4ddf-b763-d5d8641f961d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"xlsx\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":13439,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile5.xlsx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/0cc43c9e72be89b4cb492196.xlsx\"},{\"id\":100268817,\"identity\":\"e7ea8edb-5ff9-4579-9e9d-e5d2c0dd2b43\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":123773,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile1.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/a9438f4e10a5905d320be187.docx\"},{\"id\":100371228,\"identity\":\"3c2a2a8a-2970-4f1f-bee9-53516fd35d64\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:09:40\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":151261,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile6.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/541d5fc3f8937d61fed0058d.docx\"},{\"id\":100372792,\"identity\":\"f8ab6c80-300a-475b-a8fd-9a01e6832119\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 08:13:12\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":450529,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile4.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/c71258fa776ca623210999f1.docx\"},{\"id\":100268823,\"identity\":\"0dc526db-3bf1-4140-8d39-0912bedbe445\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:26\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":1650748,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Additionalfile2.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8388991/v1/ad16e20224c3befe1dabceff.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Comparative Genomics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Reveals the Effector Repertoire and Molecular Arsenal for Date Palm Infection.\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"bmc-plant-biology\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"pbio\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [BMC Plant Biology](http://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbio/default.aspx\",\"title\":\"BMC Plant Biology\",\"twitterHandle\":\"BMC_series\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"BMC Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, palm dieback disease (Bayoud), genome sequencing analysis, effector proteins, SIX genes, secondary metabolites\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8388991/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8388991/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eBackground\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eFusarium oxysporum\\u003c/em\\u003e f. sp. \\u003cem\\u003ealbedinis\\u003c/em\\u003e (Foa) is a highly aggressive soilborne pathogen that poses a serious threat to date palm cultivation. Causal agent of the devastating palm dieback, also known as Bayoud disease, Foa remains one of the most destructive fungal pathogens threatening date palm sector across North Africa. Despite its economic and ecological impact, the molecular determinants underlying its virulence and host adaptation remain poorly understood.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eResults\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo address this gap, a comparative genomic and secretome analyses of four Foa strains was conducted, three newly sequenced Moroccan strains (ZG10, ER10, and ER20) and one publicly available reference genome (Foa133). The assembled genomes ranged from 58.81 to 61.24 Mb and encoded between 17,016 and 18,318 predicted protein-coding genes, of which approximately 27\\u0026ndash;30% were associated with pathogenicity. Functional annotation revealed an extensive repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), particularly glycoside hydrolases, that facilitate host cell wall degradation and tissue colonization. Several key virulence effectors were identified, including Secreted in Xylem (SIX) proteins, necrosis-inducing proteins (NPP1s), and Hce2-like effectors, each potentially contributing to virulence, necrosis, and phytotoxicity. Additionally, genome mining uncovered multiple secondary metabolite biosynthetic clusters encoding polyketides and mycotoxins, suggesting a complementary toxin-mediated infection strategy.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThese findings provide a solid genomic insight into Foa\\u0026rsquo;s pathogenic potential and molecular complexity. By delineating the genetic basis of virulence and metabolic diversity, this study establishes a foundation for the development of molecular diagnostics, targeted disease management strategies, and breeding programs aimed at enhancing date palm resistance to Bayoud disease.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Comparative Genomics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Reveals the Effector Repertoire and Molecular Arsenal for Date Palm Infection.\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:21\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8388991/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-02-16T06:24:54+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-02-13T18:17:29+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-02-04T11:34:18+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"76484810474874612799170014529431291288\",\"date\":\"2026-01-29T11:25:30+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"236395022046066296353672971373740417045\",\"date\":\"2026-01-26T07:31:29+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"266047600447206513522888170784280830633\",\"date\":\"2026-01-23T05:09:42+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"271572982009288950550026873149333832151\",\"date\":\"2026-01-14T04:08:07+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-12T04:06:24+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-05T06:00:15+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-05T05:45:00+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-02T18:36:41+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"BMC Plant Biology\",\"date\":\"2026-01-02T18:28:23+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"bmc-plant-biology\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"pbio\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [BMC Plant Biology](http://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbio/default.aspx\",\"title\":\"BMC Plant Biology\",\"twitterHandle\":\"BMC_series\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"BMC Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"f1f5c136-9962-47b3-9475-a4259aeb39e6\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 14th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-04-27T16:14:19+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-8388991\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-08659-8\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"bmc-plant-biology\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"BMC Plant Biology\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-04-20 15:57:15\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"April 20th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-01-14 19:16:21\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1186/s12870-026-08659-8\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-08659-8\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8388991\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8388991\",\"identity\":\"rs-8388991\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}