{"paper_id":"2ee07096-f380-4f1a-81ae-37ccc97b4b34","body_text":"Lipids Productivity of Cyanobacterium Anabaena vaginicola in an Internally Illuminated Photobioreactor Using LED Bar Lights | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Lipids Productivity of Cyanobacterium Anabaena vaginicola in an Internally Illuminated Photobioreactor Using LED Bar Lights Hootan Goldoost, Farzaneh Vahabzadeh, Narges Fallah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2550651/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Concerns over environmental issues exists and desire to decrease of their extent, have directed efforts toward green energy production. Growth behavior of Anabaena vaginicola , was determined in a photobioreator which illuminated internally (IIPBR) using LED bar light. Excessive heat generated in the IIPBR was taken care of by applying a novel air-cooled system. Further note in experimentation was to find favorable cultivation conditions in the IIPBR for A. vaginicola growth and its lipids production capacity. The following results are expressed: 80 µmol photons m -2 s -1 as light intensity, 0.5 g/l as NaNO 3 , and 120 ml/min as CO 2 amount being expressed in terms of aeration rate. The findings were interpreted in terms of a two-component system where the genes encoded to the relevant proteins are present in cyanobacteria and their expressiveness depends on environmental stress. By determining growth rate constant as 0.11 d -1 , the productivity in terms of biomass formation was calculated as 202.6 mg L −1 d −1 . While rate of lipids production by the test cyanobacterium is 15.65 mg L −1 d −1 . Based on total energy used for IIPBR performance, biomass productivity per unit power input equals to 0.74 g W -1 d -1 and this is in favorable position compared with other photobioreactors. Physical sciences/Engineering/Chemical engineering Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Environmental biotechnology Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Plant biotechnology Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Biofuels Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Light responses Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant biotechnology Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant stress responses internally illuminated photobioreactor led light bar cyanobacterium anabaena vaginicola biomass formation lipids production Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Competitions between microbes in nature are tense and when one focuses on potential application of certain microbial biomass in human heath areas and in relevant industrial interests, then decision making process on large scale production of biomass will be easier. Cyanobacteria with simple nutrient requirements and cell structure are among eligible microorganisms and are preciously involved in agricultural practices and in control and managing environmental issues [ 1 ]. Capability of cyanobacteria in performing oxygenic photosynthesis and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen simultaneously, has given special character to these prokaryotes in synthesizing variety of biomolecule with wide range of applications. [1] developing new approaches in many cases is necessary. For instance, in clean technology subject when one focuses on bioenergy, the aim is to reduce extent of seriousness of environmental issues. Thus, production of biodiesel and biohydrogen is of interest using cyanobacteria, i.e., these biofuels have almost no roles in production of greenhouse gases [ 2 – 6 ]. In isolation of cyanobacteria from different rice cultivation provinces in Iran (perhumid and semi-arid regions), Anabaena and Nostoc have found to be the dominant genera [ 7 ]. Effects of several factors on A. vaginicola growth were studied in the present work: light (quantity and quality), CO 2 supply in terms of the aeration, and nitrogen content of the culture medium. All these factors affect cell metabolism and biomass composition including lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins can be modulated in this manner [ 8 ]. The reactor study of these influential factors appears to be necessary before any scale up consideration on the biomass production. Based on using LED bar lights, an internally illuminated photobioreactor was designed (500 ml as the working capacity) to monitor growth behavior of A. vaginicola during its cultivation in BG11 medium with use of different regimes of nutrients and light intensities. To keep the photobioreactor system at a constant temperature, the effort was directed to position the LED light bars into a glass enclosure and contact of the bars with the aqueous medium was avoided. This configuration with its two ports provided satisfactory conditions by letting the fresh air to enter from one port and the warm air was forced to exit from another port (see the experimental section for the details). 2. Materials And Methods 2.1. Microbial Culture and Maintenance A. vaginicola isolated from rice (Oryza, sativa L.) was obtained from the previous study and all the necessary methods used in this study were in accordance with the relevant guidelines [ 9 ]. BG11 medium which contains synthetic nitrogen and carbon sources and other inorganic salts (NaNO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 ), was used to support growth of the test cyanobacterium [ 10 ]. Light is driving force for photosynthesis and details of all these growth requirements and the cultivation process are given elsewhere [ 7 , 11 ]. Briefly, BG11 medium poured in several graduated cylinders, was inoculated with use of A. vaginicola . By installation of daylight fluorescent light lamps in horizontal position in front of graduated cylinder, the culture was illuminated, and a lux meter was used for measuring light intensity (LM 76 Light meter, Multimetrix®, China). The light at level of 80 µmol photons m − 2 s − 1 was provided. With use of laboratory tubing, CO 2 was supplied through continuous aeration with filtered wet air (Fig. 1 ). 2.2. Design, Geometry, and Operation of IIPBR Structural details of the experimental setup (600 ml as the nominal volume, 13 cm as height and 8 cm as the diameter) are presented in Fig. 2 . illumination details were as follows: Two 8 W LED bars (dimensions 30×1 cm) were used for the illumination where one bar was able to emit cool white light (6500 K) and the other one was capable to emit warm white light (3500 K), and both were connected to a 220 V AC power supply. Each of the LED bar consisted of 72 diodes with 180° beam angle (Tranyton Co. Ltd., Taiwan). LEDs were placed inside a Pyrex glass tube of 22 mm internal diameter. Temperature of LED illumination system is higher than the ambient temperature (i.e., part of electric energy is converted to heat energy) and is advisable to use an appropriate system for controlling temperature. This adjustment simply was done by use of an aquarium pump (ACO-5505, HAILEA ® , China) where fresh air would be available through connecting tubing (Fig. 2 ). For keeping temperature of the Pyrex glass surface at 28°C, air flow rate was adjusted. Incubator made of chipboard (10 mm thickness), has the following dimensions (L* W* H): 50* 50* 50 cm. Electric coiling and fans were places at two positions and by fixing a temperature control switch sensor module at the top corner of the incubator (XH-W1401, Covvy ® , China) each of these was able to respond appropriately to the temperature fluctuations. With all these considerations, the setup was finalized by placing the IIPBR inside the incubator and in this manner fluctuations of the system’s temperature were kept at the minimum level (± 1°C). CO 2 as the substrate was admitted into the IIPBR using an aquarium pump. Carbon dioxide was quantified in terms of aeration rate where air was passed through filter unit (0.22 µm) and water container (250 ml flask) (Fig. 2 ). Air flow rate was monitored by a flow meter (LZB-3WB, Changzhou Chengfeng ® Flowmeter, China). wetted air provides favorable environment for growth and metabolic activity. Table 1 presents the details of the experimental plans and the growth behavior was tested in terms of A. vaginicola expression to certain environmental stresses, i.e., Nitrogen content of the BG11 medium (0.5, 1.5 g/l as NaNO 3 and the system without inorganic Nitrogen), quality and quantity of LED light bar (warm and cool white LED with intensity equaled to 80, 150, and 8 µmol photons m -2 s -1 ), and amount of CO 2 expressed in terms of air flow rate (120, 40 ml/min, and system without aeration). Table 1 Experimental plan used in the IIPBR considering different regimes of intensities of the LED light bar, inorganic nitrogen content of the growth medium, and amount of CO 2 admitted to the reactor. Treatment No. Treatment variables Nitrogen content of the BG11 medium as NaNO 3 [g/l] Intensity of LED light bar [µmol photons m -2 s -1 ] Amount of CO 2 admitted to the IIPBR [ml/min] (as air flow rate) 1 0.5 80 120 2 0.5 8 120 3 0.5 150 120 4 1.5 80 120 5 - a 80 120 6 0.5 80 40 7 0.5 80 - a a) without the test variable. A. vaginicola culture grown in graduated cylinder as described in section 2.1 , was used for the IIPBR study where the inoculum size was 4 ml/l considering 400 ml as the IIPBR working volume. IIPBR operation was lasted for 11 days, and analyses were performed regularly (d -1 ) by taking appropriate sample in each time interval. The data were presented properly using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA test- Microsoft Excel 2021). The level of significance was set at α = 0.05 (i.e., type I error- accepting the alternate hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true) and 95% of the reported value lies between ± 3 SD (standard deviation). 2.3. Analytical Methods Growth of the cyanobacterium was determined spectrophotometrically in the rage of 380 to 800 nm (V-550 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, JASCO®, Italy) where the absorption peaks were used for quantification. Gravimetric method was used to measure biomass dry weight, i.e., the cells were collected daily using 10 ml of sample and by Büchner funnel liquid portion was separated and the wet residue remained on the funnel surface (Whatman filter paper 4) was dried in a laboratory oven (105°C for 24 h). the data fitting was performed using regression analysis. Further note was to extract lipids from the test cyanobacteria and the obtained content was estimated [ 12 , 13 ]. different amounts of chloroform and methanol were used at the dried biomass and homogenization and filtration were carried on according to the details given in the relevant reference. The Chloroform solvent was let to evaporate, and the residue was used in the gravimetric methods and the lipids content was determined. 2.4. Growth Kinetics and its relationship to Lipids Production A typical growth curve for A. vaginicola was obtained using exponential growth model: \\({C}_{t}={C}_{i}{e}^{\\mu .t}\\) (Eq. 1) where C i is the biomass content (g L − 1 ) at initial stage, C t is biomass at any time t during experiment, and µ is the growth rate constant (d -1 ). For measuring the µ, the linearized form the Eq. 1 was used: \\(\\mu =\\left(ln {C}_{t}-{ln}{C}_{0}\\right)∕t\\) (Eq. 2) With use of the growth rate constant, biomass productivity was determined (mg L − 1 d − 1 ): \\({P}_{B}={C}_{t}\\times \\mu\\) (Eq. 3) Capacity of A. vaginicola for production of lipids was determined in terms of lipids yield (%): \\({Y}_{L}=\\left({W}_{L}∕{W}_{d}\\right)*100\\) (Eq. 4) where W L is the weight of the total lipids (g), and W d is the weight of the dry biomass (g). Further approach on A. vaginicola was to measure lipids productivity (mg L − 1 d − 1 ) based on the following equation: \\({P}_{L}=\\left({P}_{B}*{Y}_{L}\\right) / 100\\) (Eq. 5) 2.5. IIPBR Energetics Considering different forms of energies which are involved in functionality and operation of these types of photobioreactors, is a reasonable approach for giving an estimate for the process cost as described in the results and discussion section. The point of interest in the present study is IIPBR’s energy utilization in terms of energy of the LED light bar and energy consumed for mixing operation as the input energy. Biomass productivity and the lipids formation by the A. vaginicola cyanobacterium culture under selected operation variables described in the experimental (Table 1 ) were measured. On the bases of energy required for system’s illumination (E L− W m − 3 ), IIPBR performance was assessed, and comparison was made with other types of the photobioreactors (PBRs). E L was estimated in terms of power input per unit culture volume [ 14 ]: \\({E}_{L}=\\frac{0.22{I}_{o}A}{V}\\) (Eq. 6) where I o is incident light intensity per unit incident area (µmol m − 2 s − 1 ), A is incident area (m 2 ), and V is the culture volume (m 3 ). Similar approach was used for estimation of mixing energy input per unit culture volume (E M,B -W m -3 ) [ 15 ]: \\({E}_{M,B}=\\frac{Q\\gamma h}{60V}\\) (Eq. 7) where, Q is the volumetric gas flow rate (m 3 min − 1 ), γ is the specific weight of the broth (N m − 3 ), h is the culture depth (m), and V is culture volume (m 3 ). On bases of total energy used for IIPBR performance, biomass productivity per unit power input (P UV -g W -1 d -1 ) was estimated and used for further comparisons with other photobioreactors [ 16 ]: \\({P}_{UV}={P}_{B}/({E}_{L}+{E}_{M,B})\\) (Eq. 8) 3. Results And Discussion Photosystem (PS)I, PSII, and the associated phycobilisomes (PBSs) (which contain phycobilins as chromophores among different molecular species), are major photosynthetic pigments in cyanobacteria. Cooperative action of PSI and PSII upon receiving light (quality of light characterized by its wavelength) leads to charge separation process in which O 2 as strong oxidant is formed and movement of the excited electron through the formed electron carrier results in formation of strong reductant (NADPH). While the hydrogen ion accumulation across the thylakoid membrane is calculable in terms of pH gradient which acts as driving force for enzymatic synthesis of ATP from ADP and P I . Occurrence of all these events is for a system being illuminated under ordinary/ natural growth condition. Interpretation of the results depends on the environmental condition used for cyanobacterium cultivation. In fact, not all genes of an organism express during ordinary growth condition and expressiveness of some genes depend on environmental stress being sensed by the cell where the response of the cell with theses received signals (chemical/ physical) controls the organism performance. i.e., cell tries to find a proper strategy to cope with this imposed condition. Histidine protein kinases (HPKs) are a diverse group of signal transduction enzymes which their catalytic role is in the transfer of phosphate group from molecules having high phosphate group potential (such as ATP) to a histidine residue [ 17 ]. Actually, several genes encode HPKs have been isolated in cyanobacteria where the gene assigned to HK2 is found in all cyanobacteria and functionality of these protein is similar to chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK) and regulatory role of CSK is in redux state in plants and algae during changes in light quality [ 17 , 18 ]. HPKs are also associated in thylakoid membrane (TM) where this membrane is the site for production of most ATP, NADPH and the carrier molecules in chains of electron transport in photosynthesis and in respiration [ 19 ]. Inorganic nitrogen of BG11 growth medium, light substrate (quality and quantity), and CO 2 substrate (quantified in terms of aeration rate) were the variables studied in the present work and the findings have been discussed with reference to Histidine kinases being expressed under ordinary and stressful conditions. 3.1. Light as the Substrate Autotrophic condition used to monitor the cyanobacterium A. vaginicola growth in IIPBR which was under continuous mode of light illumination, was practiced in the present study. cool and warm white LED light having narrow spectral ranges of 400–450 and 580–650 nm were the source of system’s illumination and Fig. 3 shows A. vaginicola growth under this specified condition. Study on cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 showed that the bacterium absorbed blue light to a similar extent as orange and red light, but it was less able to use it effectively in oxygenic photosynthesis. [20] The results supported the hypothesis that blue light could create an imbalance between the two PSs where excess energy found to be associated with PSI side which contained more chlorophyll ‘a’ than PSII and the PSII side was less efficient and O 2 production was not effectively proceeded. PSII association with Phycobilisomes (PBSs) increases chance of the PSII participation in synthesis of ATP. It was also found that when intensity of the blue light was high enough to saturate PSII, the O 2 production rate in the blue light was close to the rate found in orange and red light [ 20 ]. further, one should consider performance of beta-carotene (absorbing blue and green wavelength) more abundant in PSI than PSII and this also contribute photosynthetic light harvesting antenna on PSI. The findings of the present work agree with the results reported on effects of the LED light (combined forms of blue and red LED light) on Nannochloropsis oculuta and Tetraselmis chuii [ 21 ]. Table 2 shows that the 8 µmol photons m -2 s -1 did not support A. vaginicola growth and growth rate constant was 45% lower than the other two test intensities values where biomass productivity, lipids yield, and lipids productivity were close for 80 and 150 µmol photons m -2 s -1 . 80 µmol photons m -2 s -1 was chosen for further experiments mainly because of operational costs ( Fig. 4 ). However, the lipids yield in terms of percentage was similar for all three test intensities (Table 2 ). Regulatory role of genes of HPKs in completion of heterocystous structure is also interesting in nitrogen fixation ability of these cells. Synthesis of glycolipids at the end of growth stage facilitates differentiation of heterocyst from vegetative cells where resistance of the envelope layer composed of the glycolipids, is enough to prevent entry of oxygen into the heterocyst [ 22 ]. This study indicates decisive role of lipids in heterocyst structure, thus nitrogen fixation ability of the filamentous cyanobacteria. Table 2 A. vaginicola performance under influence of light intensity Treatment No. Light intensity [µmol photons m -2 s -1 ] Specific growth rate [d -1 ] Biomass productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] Lipids yield [%] Lipids productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] 1 80 0.11 ± 0.03 202.60 ± 9.27 7.63 ± 2.11 15.65 ± 4.98 2 8 0.05 ± 0.01 50.31 ± 2.63 7.71 ± 1.47 3.92 ± 0.94 3 150 0.11 ± 0.02 198.43 ± 6.74 7.61 ± 0.98 15.17 ± 2.46 3.2. Inorganic Nitrogen as the Substrate With use of exponential equation A. vaginicola growth was modeled and effect of inorganic nitrogen (NaNO 3 ) as the main constituent of BG11 medium was examined. Table 3 shows the cyanobacterium performance under influence of nitrogen at three different concentrations which were considered in the present study when illumination of IIPBR was set at 80 µmol photons m -2 s -1 LED intensity. Table 3 A. vaginicola performance under influence of nitrogen content of the BG11 medium (as NaNO 3 ) illumination of IIPBR was set at 80 µmol photons m -2 s -1 LED intensity. Treatment No. Nitrogen content [g/l] Specific growth rate [d -1 ] Biomass productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] Lipids yield [%] Lipids productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] 1 0.5 0.11 ± 0.03 202.60 ± 9.27 7.63 ± 2.11 15.65 ± 4.98 4 1.5 a) 0.06 ± 0.01 62.26 ± 4.34 6.52 ± 3.14 4.20 ± 2.24 5 No NaNO 3 0.11 ± 0.04 193.10 ± 8.65 7.54 ± 1.96 14.73 ± 4.44 a) considering as BG11 std Quaintly and quality of carbon and nitrogen sources being used for culturing cyanobacteria are sensed by the bacterium and how the cells respond to the flow rates of theses bioelements and how the cells metabolically gain ability to maintain balanced situation for utilization of these elements. Study on glutamine synthetase (GS) for instance shows importance of the enzyme in catalytic conversion of inorganic nitrogen to amino acid (reductive amination reaction) [ 23 ]. As has mentioned above, studies focusing on signaling mechanism have indicated crucial roles of environmental stresses on cyanobacteria performance (two-component system…) [ 18 , 19 , 24 ]. findings in Table 3 shows that A. vaginicola cultivation in a medium containing 1/3 of NaNO 3 present in BG11 medium, gave three-fold increase in lipids productivity and similar increase was observed for the biomass productivity. Figure 5 shows that growth of A. vaginicola in BG11 which prepared without NaNO 3 was gradually increased up to 6th day of the cultivation in IIPBR and thereafter it was raised and interestingly the measured \\(\\mu\\) value was very close to the test cyanobacterium cultured in BG11 prepared with 2/3 decrease in NaNO 3 (Table 3 ). Study on cyanobacteria showed that the bacteria were able to accumulate cyanophycin (a nitrogen-rich polypeptide as the light storage material) under nitrogen-poor conditions and this appears to be a strategy used by cyanobacteria through optimized nitrogen assimilation [ 25 ]. Acyl carrier protein, acetyl CoA carboxylate, … all are proteins involved in lipids biosynthesis pathway [ 23 ]. Reasonable approach in describing these types of results is to consider involvement of different strains of Anabaena Sp., formation of (some) intermediates acting as a signal molecule due to activation of (some) genes related to NtcA-light system. Importance of signaling mechanism and its applicability should be appreciated in any future work. 3.3. Effect of CO 2 Expressed in Terms of Aeration Flow Rate The rate limiting step in carbon fixation, is addition of the gaseous form of the inorganic carbon to the phosphorylated ketose catalyzed ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) where its half saturation constant in cyanobacteria is in the range of 100–180 micromolar and this reported finding in the literature is despite of low atmospheric concentration of CO 2 . Carbon dioxide concentrations mechanism (CCMs) developed in cyanobacteria consists of several steps being expressed as a plan used by the cells and these abilities to effectively increase the CO 2 concentration around rubisco active site and this decreases chance of rubisco to catalyze oxygenation (photorespiration). First consideration in CCMs is passage of the hydrated form of CO 2 (HCO 3 - ) from the cell membrane through the synthesized transporters, diffusion of hydrogen carbonate across the shell of carboxysomes as protein micro compartment where carbonic anhydrase catalysis conversion of HCO 3 - to CO 2 [ 26 , 27 ]. Table 4 shows A. vaginicola performance under influence of CO 2 (expressed in terms of aeration flow rate) when the nitrogen concentration used in the experiment was 0.5 g L -1 and the IIPBR was illuminated at 80 µmol photons m -2 s -1 When highest aeration rate used in the present study (120 ml/min) A. vaginicola relied on its CCMs plan which corresponded to growth quality maintenance. Significant increase in biomass productivity was obtained compared to the conditions of cells culturing under no aeration ( Fig. 6 ) . Decrease of the aeration to 1/3 did not have effect on the lipids yield this condition affected negatively on production od biomass and lipids. Table 4 A. vaginicola performance under influence of CO 2 (expressed in terms of aeration flow rate) when the nitrogen concentration used in the experiment was 0.5 g L -1 and the IIPBR was illuminated at 80 µmol photons m -2 s -1 Treatment No. CO 2 expressed in terms of air flow rate [ml/min] Specific growth rate [d -1 ] Biomass productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] Lipids yield [%] Lipids productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] 1 120 0.11 ± 0.03 202.60 ± 9.27 7.63 ± 2.11 15.65 ± 4.98 6 40 0.06 ± 0.01 61.92 ± 8.28 7.06 ± 2.18 4.55 ± 1.93 7 No Aeration 0.03 ± 0.01 18.48 ± 1.79 6.83 ± 0.98 1.28 ± 0.30 Table 5 Characteristics of photobioreactors used in different studies Type of PBR a) Micro- Organism b) Gas: liquid ratio (m 3 min -1 m 3 ) Light Reactor’s input energy Biomass productivity Reference Incident area (m 2 ) Intensity (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Type c) Light energy (W m -3 ) Mechanical energy (W m -3 ) P B (g l -1 d -1 ) P UV (g W -1 d -1 ) TRC Ch 0.30 0.05 660 H 399.1 9.7 0.30 0.73 [28] BC Ap 1.0 0.18 150 F 1923.5 122.5 0.77 0.38 [29] BC Ch 0.2 0.03 100 F 1212.5 15.1 0.34 0.27 [30] BC Ch* 0.25 0.07 300 F 5385.9 8.5 0.50 0.09 [31] BC No 0.25 0.07 300 F 5385.9 8.5 0.42 0.08 [32] A Na 0.1 9.3 89 F 1315.3 23.3 0.20 0.15 [33] A Na 0.1 9.3 133 M 1965.5 23.3 0.25 0.13 [33] MFPP Na 0.5 3.40 230 F 8304.5 129.0 0.97 0.12 [34] Helical Sp 0.038 0.65 197 F 3496.7 5.3 0.51 0.15 [35] IIPBR Sc 0.044 0.25 91.4 F 276.7 5.9 0.40 1.42 [16] IIPBR Ns 0.044 0.25 91.4 F 276.7 5.9 0.1 0.34 [16] IIPBR Av 0.24 0.008 80 LED 281.6 4.2 0.21 0.74 present study EIPBR Av 0.24 0.015 80 F 528 4.2 0.21 0.39 present study a) TRC transparent rectangular chamber; BC bubble column; FPA flat panel airlift; A annular; MFPP modular flat plate panel, EIPBR externally illuminated photobioreactor; b) Ch , Chlorella ; Ap, Aphanothece microscopic Nageli; Ch*, Chlorella sp.; No , Nannochloropsis oculta ; Sp, Spirulina platensis ; Na, Nannochloropsis ; Sp, Spirulina ; Sc , Scenedesmus sp.; Ns, Nannochloropsis salina; Av, Anabaena Vaginicola ; c) H halogen lamp; F florescent lights; M metal halide lights 3.4. Literature Survey and Data Comparison The data presented in Table 5 have been used to compare performance of various types of PBR designs and the involved microorganisms have also been mentioned in that table. The values are presented in terms of light energy which indicates its intensity (µmol photons m -2 s -1 ), incident area in the reactor (m 2 ), and type of the lamp used for illumination. Power used for reactor’s operation per cubic meter (W m -3 ) classified as light energy and mechanical energy. The biomass productivity per unit volume (P UV ) has been calculated (Table 5 ). Capturing light energy, its distribution, and utilization by microorganism are among important factor affecting PBR efficiency. PBR performance in terms of stability of biomass production also depends on a particular culture strain and its capability in (micro/macro)-nutrient consumption. Recent report on nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria as a potential resource for biodiesel production, better indicates complex nature of these prokaryotes where decision making process based on the growth rate constant, lipid productivity, etc. is not an easy task [ 13 ]. Table 6 prepared with use of the data presented in that report shows extent of the data wideness. Cyanobacterium A. vaginicola occupies an acceptable position. Recognition of gene-based strategy followed by cyanobacteria is important and may help to explain behavior of these wonderful microorganism in responding to the environmental changes. Table 6 Growth behavior for some nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria [ 13 ] Species growth rate constant [d -1 ] Biomass productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] Lipids yield [%] Lipids productivity [mg L − 1 d − 1 ] Sysnechosis sp. 0.31 15.27 Anabaena cylindrica 0.27 ± 0.05 303.06 ± 41.6 6.95 ± 0.2 21.02 ± 2.3 Anabaena cycadeae 0.27 ± 0.03 131.67 ± 2.46 9.75 ± 0.25 12.84 ± 0.58 Anabaena vaginicola 0.11 ± 0.03 202.60 ± 9.27 7.63 ± 2.11 15.65 ± 4.98 Design of PBR internally illuminated with LED light bar in the present study was adequate and supported cyanobacterium A. vaginicola growth under nitrogen limited condition (correlation with lipids production). Design of IIPBR reported by Pegallapati et al. appeared to be good enough for growth of Scenedesmus sp. [ 16 ]. it is reasonable to see different approached used for comparison between theses microorganisms (Table 5 ). With use of fluorescent lamp instead of LED bars and placed four of them outside the reactor (20 cm distance) in the present study, the biomass production by A. vaginicola cultivation under externally illuminated process was practiced (same operational conditions as IIPBR for A. vaginicola growth, introduced as EIPBR in Table 5 ). By this experimental work, comparison of the IIPBR with its externally illuminated counterpart, appears to make comparison more reasonable where the P uv was 48% higher in the IIPBR (0.74 vs 0.39 g w -1 d -1 ). Presence of the novel air-cooled system in the reactor has placed IIPBR economically in favorable position. 4. Conclusions By use of a novel air-cooled system and placing it inside the IIPBR, illumination of the reactor with the LED light bar was appropriately provided and this configuration supported cultivation of A. vaginicola under specified growth conditions (80 µmol photons m -2 s -1 as the light intensity, 0.5 g L -1 as the inorganic nitrogen source, and 120 ml min -1 as aeration rate as the CO 2 substrate). Lipids content was measured simultaneously with the biomass and the test cyanobacterium has potential to be placed in the lipids source category usable as feedstock for biodiesel production, thus biomass-derived energy is feasible. The findings were discussed based on the two component systems having regulatory function and the expressiveness is well correlated with the environmental changes sensed by cyanobacteria. Further note is to consider the IIPBR energetics in which the value of biomass productivity per unit power input has placed the IIPBR in favorable position compared to other photobioreactors as discussed in the above text. Declarations Data Availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. References Singh, J. S., Kumar, A., Rai, A. N., Singh, D. P., Cyanobacteria: A Precious Bio-resource in Agriculture, Ecosystem, and Environmental Sustainability. Front. Microbiol. , 529 , 7 (2016 ). Reardon, T., Timmer, C., Five inter-linked transformations in the Asian agrifood economy: food security implications. Glob. Food Sec. 3 (2), 108–117 (2014). Mata, T., Martins, A., Caetano, N., Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev . 14 , 217–232 (2010). Demirbas, A., Demirbas, M. F., Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel. Energy Convers. 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M., Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120: laboratory maintenance, cultivation, and heterocyst induction. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol . 52 , 1–13 (2019). Baniasadi, B., Vahabzadeh, F., The performance of a cyanobacterial biomass-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 , 106338 (2021). Bligh, E. G., Dyer, W. J., A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 39 , 911-917 (1959). Nagappan, S. et al. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria as a potential resource for efficient biodiesel production. Fuel 279 , 118440 (2020). Ogbonna, J.C., Yada, H., Tanaka, H., Light supply coefficient: A new engineering parameter for photobioreactor design. J. Ferment. Bioeng . 80 , 369-376 (1995). Chisti, Y., Pneumatically Agitated Bioreactors in Industrial and Environmental Bioprocessing: Hydrodynamics, Hydraulics, and Transport Phenomena. Appl Mech Rev. 51 (1), 33–112 (1998). Pegallapati, A. K., Nirmalakhandan, N., Energetic evaluation of an internally illuminated photobioreactor for algal cultivation. Biotechnol. Lett. 33 (11), 2161-2167 (2011). Wolanin, P. M., Thomason, P. A., Stock, J. B., Histidine protein kinases: key signal transducers outside the animal kingdom. Genome Biol. 3 , 3013.1-3013.8 (2002). Ashby, M. K., Houmard, J., Cyanobacterial two-component proteins: structure, diversity, distribution, and evolution. Microbiol . Mol. Biol. Rev . 70 (2), 472-509 (2006). Wang, J. et al. The quantitative proteome atlas of a model cyanobacterium. J Genet Genomics 49 , 96-108 (2022). Luimstra, V. M., Schuurmans, J. M., Hellingwerf, K. J., Matthijs, H. C. P., Huisman, J., Blue light induces major changes in the gene expression profile of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Physiol. Plant. 170 (1), 10-26 (2020). Schulze, P. S.C. et al . Effect of light quality supplied by light emitting diodes (LEDs) on growth and biochemical profiles of Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis chuii . Algal Res . 16 , 387-398 (2016). Shi, L., Li, J. H., Cheng, Y., Wang, L., Chen, W. L., Zhang, C. C., Two Genes Encoding Protein Kinases of the HstK Family Are Involved in Synthesis of the Minor Heterocyst-Specific Glycolipid in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol . 189 , 5075-5081 (2007). Zubay, G. Biochemistry , (William C Brown,1999). Ibrahim, I. M., Puthiyaveetil, S., Allen, J. F., A Two-Component Regulatory Systemin Transcriptional Control of Photosystem Stoichiometry: Redox-Dependent and Sodium Ion-Dependent Phosphoryl Transfer from Cyanobacterial Histidine Kinase Hik2 to Response Regulators Rre1 and RppA. Front. Plant Sci . 7 :137, 1-12 (2016). Zhang, H., Yang, C., Arginine and nitrogen mobilization in cyanobacteria, Mol. Microbiol . 111 , 863-867 (2019). El Shafay, Sh. M., Gaber, A., Alsanie, W. F., Elshobary, M. E., Influence of Nutrient Manipulation on Growth and Biochemical Constituent in Anabaena variabilis and Nostoc muscorum to Enhance Biodiesel Production. Sustainability 13 (16), 9081 (2021). Gim, G.H., Ryu, J., Kim, M.J., Kim, P.I., Kim, S.W., Effects of carbon source and light intensity on the growth and total lipid production of three cyanobacterium under different culture conditions. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol . 43 (5), 605-616 (2016). Hsieh, C. H., Wu, W. T., A novel photobioreactor with transparent rectangular chambers for cultivation of microalgae Biochem. Eng. J. 46 , 300–305 (2009). Jacob-Lopes, E., Scoparo, C.H.G., Lacerda, L. M. C. F., Franco, T.T., Effect of light cycles (night/day) on CO 2 fixation and biomass production by microalgae in photobioreactors. Chem. Eng. Process. 48 , 306–310 (2009). Ryu, H. J., Oh, K. K., Kim, Y. S., Optimization of the influential factors for the improvement of CO 2 utilization efficiency and CO 2 mass transfer rate. J. Ind. Eng. Chem . 15 , 471–475 (2009). Chiu, S. Y., Kao, C. Y., Chen, C. H., Kuan, T.C., Ong, S.C., Lin, C. S., Reduction of CO 2 by a high-density culture of Chlorella sp. in a semicontinuous photobioreactor. Bioresour. Technol . 99 (9), 3389–3396 (2008). Chiu, S. Y., Kao, C. Y., Tsai, M. T., Ong, S.C., Chen, C. H., Lin, C. S., Lipid accumulation and CO 2 utilization of Nannochloropsis oculata in response to CO 2 aeration. Bioresour. Technol . 100 (2), 833–838 (2009). Zittelli, G. C., Rodolfi, L., Tredici, M. R., Mass cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. in annular reactors. J. Appl. Phycol . 15 , 107–114 (2003). Zittelli, G. C., Pastorelli, R., Tredici, M. R., A Modular Flat Panel Photobioreactor (MFPP) for indoor mass cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. under artificial illumination J. Appl. Phycol . 15 , 521–526 (2000). Watanabe, Y., Hall, O. D., Photosynthetic CO 2 conversion technologies using a photobioreactor incorporating microalgae - energy and material balances. Energy Convers. Mgmt . 37 , 1321–1326 (1996). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Att1Illuminationrawdata.xlsx Att2NitrogenSourcerawdata.xlsx Att3Aerationrawdata.xlsx SupplementaryFileRawData.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Jun, 2023 Editorial decision: Major revision 29 Jun, 2023 Reviews received at journal 15 Jun, 2023 Reviews received at journal 29 May, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 May, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 May, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 01 May, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 01 May, 2023 Editor invited by journal 01 Mar, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Mar, 2023 First submitted to journal 04 Feb, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-2550651\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":179948782,\"identity\":\"2d01cea1-8fa6-4d5e-ba40-402776e0ca2a\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Hootan Goldoost\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Amirkabir University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Hootan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Goldoost\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":179948784,\"identity\":\"9827ff03-56cb-4288-985f-97b1bef63af1\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Farzaneh Vahabzadeh\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAoElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYGxgcwzgGitPAcYGA2YGAwIE0LmwRMC3GAh/3ss4qfbX8Y+NsPMB6uIEoLT7rZzd42AwaJMwkMB88Qo8WeIY3tBi9QC8MNBoaDDUTZwv+MrfAvUIs88Vok0tiYQbYYkKDlGbO0zDljHsMziQ3EOiyN8eObMjk5ueOHD38kSgtcKwMDI0kaRsEoGAWjYBTgAwAQ0CxqAi0wgQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Amirkabir University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Farzaneh\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Vahabzadeh\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":179948786,\"identity\":\"163f785b-3abd-4906-84d5-b4fd446c8a34\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Narges Fallah\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Amirkabir University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Narges\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Fallah\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2023-02-04 15:59:16\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2550651/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2550651/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54414-0\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2024-03-21T00:48:28+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":33848800,\"identity\":\"ca2ea30e-4270-4d47-b9c5-590cfeecc3be\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 15:53:47\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":250168,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eInoculation of BG11 medium in graduated cylinder with \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e- the grown bacterium was used for the IIPBR study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/4bc31606f66c66e524532c21.jpg\"},{\"id\":33848801,\"identity\":\"0fbd6915-260f-4de5-a989-569b6279a369\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 15:53:47\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":880116,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSchematic diagram showing experimental setup of the IIPBR schematically shown(A)- see below for the details. The photograph of the photobioreactor which has been placed inside the incubator, is also presented (B). Dimension details of LED bar light which was placed in the Pyrex glass tube presented schematically (C). The photograph of temperature control switch sensor module is also given (D).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(A):\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1-main body of the IIPBR, 2-internal illumination system with use of the LED bar light positioned inside the Pyrex glass, 3-aquarium pump providing fresh air, 4-warm air outlet, 5-electrical power connection, 6-water container, 7-aquarium pump and relevant air filter, 8-sampling port, 9-magnetic stirrer and magnetic stir bar, 10-incubator, 11-system’s temperature controller, 12-top view of the IIPBR– See the text for the details.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/67a0a94e84c2a7aa5f0d0778.jpg\"},{\"id\":33848802,\"identity\":\"13f82a67-a5e5-4f06-ac37-55b86cafe441\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 15:53:47\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":108121,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSpecification of spectrum of cool and warm white LED lights in the IIPBR used to monitor \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/32748bf954dbe8c25c1de6f4.jpg\"},{\"id\":33851132,\"identity\":\"6dce5676-9b09-4c05-a46a-6296d1746e61\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 16:17:47\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":106367,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003egrowth curve of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e cultured under influence of light intensity as described in Table 2.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/1761ae964e5cb7f7b5c46624.jpg\"},{\"id\":33850463,\"identity\":\"ef4b43ab-614e-446e-8bc0-c9eb5a9c1369\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 16:09:47\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":114127,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003egrowth curve of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e in culture medium influence of nitrogen content of the BG11 medium (as NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e) as describe in Table 3\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/ffcf106d3c03af6102c1702b.jpg\"},{\"id\":33849838,\"identity\":\"ace30b15-605b-40c3-b624-b427eb1b2e4e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 16:01:48\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":105875,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003egrowth curve of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e in culture medium under influence of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e (expressed in terms of aeration flow rate) as describe in table 4.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/e029131525e34d8cbb0d2798.jpg\"},{\"id\":53209272,\"identity\":\"6818f8f4-a945-4a62-a377-e6cad6b87085\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-22 00:48:34\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1035071,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/7c4a97e1-a64b-4993-9bf6-051307174a09.pdf\"},{\"id\":33848806,\"identity\":\"32bde13e-dd90-4b69-968a-fc4e628dea44\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 15:53:48\",\"extension\":\"xlsx\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":673231,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Att1Illuminationrawdata.xlsx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/221697b7132abac8e76762fa.xlsx\"},{\"id\":33849836,\"identity\":\"61a2ce0f-a427-4f18-93d6-d66db62506a2\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 16:01:47\",\"extension\":\"xlsx\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":785323,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Att2NitrogenSourcerawdata.xlsx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/8680f98f6a25feb53f3fc85e.xlsx\"},{\"id\":33849840,\"identity\":\"0ae64e3b-0760-4af4-b32b-3f04d32d28a2\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 16:01:48\",\"extension\":\"xlsx\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":980560,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Att3Aerationrawdata.xlsx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/38855ad19b1b54d0394b1d0b.xlsx\"},{\"id\":33848809,\"identity\":\"5ed82f32-95a4-4b34-8521-fd130854946e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-03-06 15:53:48\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":17069,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SupplementaryFileRawData.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2550651/v1/ad793ae9c86532136dba20b1.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Lipids Productivity of Cyanobacterium Anabaena vaginicola in an Internally Illuminated Photobioreactor Using LED Bar Lights\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eCompetitions between microbes in nature are tense and when one focuses on potential application of certain microbial biomass in human heath areas and in relevant industrial interests, then decision making process on large scale production of biomass will be easier. Cyanobacteria with simple nutrient requirements and cell structure are among eligible microorganisms and are preciously involved in agricultural practices and in control and managing environmental issues [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Capability of cyanobacteria in performing oxygenic photosynthesis and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen simultaneously, has given special character to these prokaryotes in synthesizing variety of biomolecule with wide range of applications.\\u003csup\\u003e[1]\\u003c/sup\\u003e developing new approaches in many cases is necessary. For instance, in clean technology subject when one focuses on bioenergy, the aim is to reduce extent of seriousness of environmental issues. Thus, production of biodiesel and biohydrogen is of interest using cyanobacteria, i.e., these biofuels have almost no roles in production of greenhouse gases [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR3 CR4 CR5\\\" citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn isolation of cyanobacteria from different rice cultivation provinces in Iran (perhumid and semi-arid regions), \\u003cem\\u003eAnabaena\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eNostoc\\u003c/em\\u003e have found to be the dominant genera [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Effects of several factors on \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth were studied in the present work: light (quantity and quality), CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e supply in terms of the aeration, and nitrogen content of the culture medium. All these factors affect cell metabolism and biomass composition including lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins can be modulated in this manner [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe reactor study of these influential factors appears to be necessary before any scale up consideration on the biomass production. Based on using LED bar lights, an internally illuminated photobioreactor was designed (500 ml as the working capacity) to monitor growth behavior of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e during its cultivation in BG11 medium with use of different regimes of nutrients and light intensities.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo keep the photobioreactor system at a constant temperature, the effort was directed to position the LED light bars into a glass enclosure and contact of the bars with the aqueous medium was avoided. This configuration with its two ports provided satisfactory conditions by letting the fresh air to enter from one port and the warm air was forced to exit from another port (see the experimental section for the details).\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. Materials And Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e2.1. Microbial Culture and Maintenance\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e isolated from rice (Oryza, sativa L.) was obtained from the previous study and all the necessary methods used in this study were in accordance with the relevant guidelines [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e]. BG11 medium which contains synthetic nitrogen and carbon sources and other inorganic salts (NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e and Na\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eCO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e), was used to support growth of the test cyanobacterium [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Light is driving force for photosynthesis and details of all these growth requirements and the cultivation process are given elsewhere [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Briefly, BG11 medium poured in several graduated cylinders, was inoculated with use of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e. By installation of daylight fluorescent light lamps in horizontal position in front of graduated cylinder, the culture was illuminated, and a lux meter was used for measuring light intensity (LM 76 Light meter, Multimetrix\\u0026reg;, China). The light at level of 80 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e was provided. With use of laboratory tubing, CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e was supplied through continuous aeration with filtered wet air (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e2.2. Design, Geometry, and Operation of IIPBR\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStructural details of the experimental setup (600 ml as the nominal volume, 13 cm as height and 8 cm as the diameter) are presented in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eillumination details were as follows: Two 8 W LED bars (dimensions 30\\u0026times;1 cm) were used for the illumination where one bar was able to emit cool white light (6500 K) and the other one was capable to emit warm white light (3500 K), and both were connected to a 220 V AC power supply. Each of the LED bar consisted of 72 diodes with 180\\u0026deg; beam angle (Tranyton Co. Ltd., Taiwan). LEDs were placed inside a Pyrex glass tube of 22 mm internal diameter. Temperature of LED illumination system is higher than the ambient temperature (i.e., part of electric energy is converted to heat energy) and is advisable to use an appropriate system for controlling temperature. This adjustment simply was done by use of an aquarium pump (ACO-5505, HAILEA\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e, China) where fresh air would be available through connecting tubing (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). For keeping temperature of the Pyrex glass surface at 28\\u0026deg;C, air flow rate was adjusted. Incubator made of chipboard (10 mm thickness), has the following dimensions (L* W* H): 50* 50* 50 cm. Electric coiling and fans were places at two positions and by fixing a temperature control switch sensor module at the top corner of the incubator (XH-W1401, Covvy\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e, China) each of these was able to respond appropriately to the temperature fluctuations. With all these considerations, the setup was finalized by placing the IIPBR inside the incubator and in this manner fluctuations of the system\\u0026rsquo;s temperature were kept at the minimum level (\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u0026deg;C).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e as the substrate was admitted into the IIPBR using an aquarium pump. Carbon dioxide was quantified in terms of aeration rate where air was passed through filter unit (0.22 \\u0026micro;m) and water container (250 ml flask) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Air flow rate was monitored by a flow meter (LZB-3WB, Changzhou Chengfeng\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e Flowmeter, China). wetted air provides favorable environment for growth and metabolic activity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e presents the details of the experimental plans and the growth behavior was tested in terms of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e expression to certain environmental stresses, i.e., Nitrogen content of the BG11 medium (0.5, 1.5 g/l as NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e and the system without inorganic Nitrogen), quality and quantity of LED light bar (warm and cool white LED with intensity equaled to 80, 150, and 8 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e), and amount of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e expressed in terms of air flow rate (120, 40 ml/min, and system without aeration).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eExperimental plan used in the IIPBR considering different regimes of intensities of the LED light bar, inorganic nitrogen content of the growth medium, and amount of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e admitted to the reactor.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTreatment No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTreatment variables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNitrogen content of the BG11 medium as NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[g/l]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIntensity of LED light bar\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[\\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAmount of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e admitted to the IIPBR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[ml/min] (as air flow rate)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ea) without the test variable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e culture grown in graduated cylinder as described in section \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2.1\\u003c/span\\u003e, was used for the IIPBR study where the inoculum size was 4 ml/l considering 400 ml as the IIPBR working volume. IIPBR operation was lasted for 11 days, and analyses were performed regularly (d\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) by taking appropriate sample in each time interval.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe data were presented properly using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA test- Microsoft Excel 2021). The level of significance was set at \\u0026alpha;\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05 (i.e., type I error- accepting the alternate hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true) and 95% of the reported value lies between \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3 SD (standard deviation).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e2.3. Analytical Methods\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGrowth of the cyanobacterium was determined spectrophotometrically in the rage of 380 to 800 nm (V-550 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, JASCO\\u0026reg;, Italy) where the absorption peaks were used for quantification. Gravimetric method was used to measure biomass dry weight, i.e., the cells were collected daily using 10 ml of sample and by B\\u0026uuml;chner funnel liquid portion was separated and the wet residue remained on the funnel surface (Whatman filter paper 4) was dried in a laboratory oven (105\\u0026deg;C for 24 h). the data fitting was performed using regression analysis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFurther note was to extract lipids from the test cyanobacteria and the obtained content was estimated [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e]. different amounts of chloroform and methanol were used at the dried biomass and homogenization and filtration were carried on according to the details given in the relevant reference. The Chloroform solvent was let to evaporate, and the residue was used in the gravimetric methods and the lipids content was determined.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e2.4. Growth Kinetics and its relationship to Lipids Production\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA typical growth curve for \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e was obtained using exponential growth model:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\({C}_{t}={C}_{i}{e}^{\\\\mu .t}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ewhere C\\u003csub\\u003ei\\u003c/sub\\u003e is the biomass content (g L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) at initial stage, C\\u003csub\\u003et\\u003c/sub\\u003e is biomass at any time t during experiment, and \\u0026micro; is the growth rate constant (d \\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e). For measuring the \\u0026micro;, the linearized form the \\u003cstrong\\u003eEq.\\u0026nbsp;1\\u003c/strong\\u003e was used:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\mu =\\\\left(ln {C}_{t}-{ln}{C}_{0}\\\\right)∕t\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWith use of the growth rate constant, biomass productivity was determined (mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e):\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\({P}_{B}={C}_{t}\\\\times \\\\mu\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCapacity of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e for production of lipids was determined in terms of lipids yield (%):\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\({Y}_{L}=\\\\left({W}_{L}∕{W}_{d}\\\\right)*100\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ewhere \\u003cem\\u003eW\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eL\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e is the weight of the total lipids (g), and \\u003cem\\u003eW\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003ed\\u003c/sub\\u003e is the weight of the dry biomass (g).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFurther approach on \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e was to measure lipids productivity (mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) based on the following equation:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\({P}_{L}=\\\\left({P}_{B}*{Y}_{L}\\\\right) / 100\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e2.5. IIPBR Energetics\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eConsidering different forms of energies which are involved in functionality and operation of these types of photobioreactors, is a reasonable approach for giving an estimate for the process cost as described in the \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003eresults and discussion\\u003c/span\\u003e section. The point of interest in the present study is IIPBR\\u0026rsquo;s energy utilization in terms of energy of the LED light bar and energy consumed for mixing operation as the input energy. Biomass productivity and the lipids formation by the \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e cyanobacterium culture under selected operation variables described in the experimental (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) were measured.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOn the bases of energy required for system\\u0026rsquo;s illumination (E\\u003csub\\u003eL\\u0026minus;\\u003c/sub\\u003e W m\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3\\u003c/sup\\u003e), IIPBR performance was assessed, and comparison was made with other types of the photobioreactors (PBRs). E\\u003csub\\u003eL\\u003c/sub\\u003e was estimated in terms of power input per unit culture volume [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e]:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\({E}_{L}=\\\\frac{0.22{I}_{o}A}{V}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ewhere I\\u003csub\\u003eo\\u003c/sub\\u003e is incident light intensity per unit incident area (\\u0026micro;mol m\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e), A is incident area (m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e), and V is the culture volume (m\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSimilar approach was used for estimation of mixing energy input per unit culture volume (E\\u003csub\\u003eM,B\\u003c/sub\\u003e-W m\\u003csup\\u003e-3\\u003c/sup\\u003e) [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\({E}_{M,B}=\\\\frac{Q\\\\gamma h}{60V}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ewhere, Q is the volumetric gas flow rate (m\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e min\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e), \\u0026gamma; is the specific weight of the broth (N m\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3\\u003c/sup\\u003e), h is the culture depth (m), and V is culture volume (m\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOn bases of total energy used for IIPBR performance, biomass productivity per unit power input (P\\u003csub\\u003eUV\\u003c/sub\\u003e-g W\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) was estimated and used for further comparisons with other photobioreactors [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\({P}_{UV}={P}_{B}/({E}_{L}+{E}_{M,B})\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (Eq.\\u0026nbsp;8)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. Results And Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePhotosystem (PS)I, PSII, and the associated phycobilisomes (PBSs) (which contain phycobilins as chromophores among different molecular species), are major photosynthetic pigments in cyanobacteria. Cooperative action of PSI and PSII upon receiving light (quality of light characterized by its wavelength) leads to charge separation process in which O\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e as strong oxidant is formed and movement of the excited electron through the formed electron carrier results in formation of strong reductant (NADPH). While the hydrogen ion accumulation across the thylakoid membrane is calculable in terms of pH gradient which acts as driving force for enzymatic synthesis of ATP from ADP and P\\u003csub\\u003eI\\u003c/sub\\u003e. Occurrence of all these events is for a system being illuminated under ordinary/ natural growth condition. Interpretation of the results depends on the environmental condition used for cyanobacterium cultivation. In fact, not all genes of an organism express during ordinary growth condition and expressiveness of some genes depend on environmental stress being sensed by the cell where the response of the cell with theses received signals (chemical/ physical) controls the organism performance. i.e., cell tries to find a proper strategy to cope with this imposed condition. Histidine protein kinases (HPKs) are a diverse group of signal transduction enzymes which their catalytic role is in the transfer of phosphate group from molecules having high phosphate group potential (such as ATP) to a histidine residue [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Actually, several genes encode HPKs have been isolated in cyanobacteria where the gene assigned to HK2 is found in all cyanobacteria and functionality of these protein is similar to chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK) and regulatory role of CSK is in redux state in plants and algae during changes in light quality [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. HPKs are also associated in thylakoid membrane (TM) where this membrane is the site for production of most ATP, NADPH and the carrier molecules in chains of electron transport in photosynthesis and in respiration [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eInorganic nitrogen of BG11 growth medium, light substrate (quality and quantity), and CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e substrate (quantified in terms of aeration rate) were the variables studied in the present work and the findings have been discussed with reference to Histidine kinases being expressed under ordinary and stressful conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.1. Light as the Substrate\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAutotrophic condition used to monitor the cyanobacterium \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth in IIPBR which was under continuous mode of light illumination, was practiced in the present study. cool and warm white LED light having narrow spectral ranges of 400\\u0026ndash;450 and 580\\u0026ndash;650 nm were the source of system\\u0026rsquo;s illumination and Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e shows \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth under this specified condition.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStudy on cyanobacterium \\u003cem\\u003eSynechocystis\\u003c/em\\u003e sp. PCC6803 showed that the bacterium absorbed blue light to a similar extent as orange and red light, but it was less able to use it effectively in oxygenic photosynthesis.\\u003csup\\u003e[20]\\u003c/sup\\u003e The results supported the hypothesis that blue light could create an imbalance between the two PSs where excess energy found to be associated with PSI side which contained more chlorophyll \\u0026lsquo;a\\u0026rsquo; than PSII and the PSII side was less efficient and O\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e production was not effectively proceeded. PSII association with Phycobilisomes (PBSs) increases chance of the PSII participation in synthesis of ATP. It was also found that when intensity of the blue light was high enough to saturate PSII, the O\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e production rate in the blue light was close to the rate found in orange and red light [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. further, one should consider performance of beta-carotene (absorbing blue and green wavelength) more abundant in PSI than PSII and this also contribute photosynthetic light harvesting antenna on PSI.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe findings of the present work agree with the results reported on effects of the LED light (combined forms of blue and red LED light) on \\u003cem\\u003eNannochloropsis oculuta\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eTetraselmis chuii\\u003c/em\\u003e [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e shows that the 8 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e did not support \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth and growth rate constant was 45% lower than the other two test intensities values where biomass productivity, lipids yield, and lipids productivity were close for 80 and 150 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. 80 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e was chosen for further experiments mainly because of operational costs \\u003cstrong\\u003e(\\u003c/strong\\u003eFig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e).\\u003c/strong\\u003e However, the lipids yield in terms of percentage was similar for all three test intensities (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Regulatory role of genes of HPKs in completion of heterocystous structure is also interesting in nitrogen fixation ability of these cells. Synthesis of glycolipids at the end of growth stage facilitates differentiation of heterocyst from vegetative cells where resistance of the envelope layer composed of the glycolipids, is enough to prevent entry of oxygen into the heterocyst [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This study indicates decisive role of lipids in heterocyst structure, thus nitrogen fixation ability of the filamentous cyanobacteria.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e performance under influence of light intensity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTreatment No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLight intensity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[\\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSpecific growth rate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[d \\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBiomass productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids yield\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[%]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e202.60\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e15.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e50.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.71\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.92\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.94\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e198.43\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.61\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e15.17\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.2. Inorganic Nitrogen as the Substrate\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWith use of exponential equation \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth was modeled and effect of inorganic nitrogen (NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e) as the main constituent of BG11 medium was examined. Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the cyanobacterium performance under influence of nitrogen at three different concentrations which were considered in the present study when illumination of IIPBR was set at 80 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e LED intensity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e performance under influence of nitrogen content of the BG11 medium (as NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e) illumination of IIPBR was set at 80 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e LED intensity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTreatment No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNitrogen content\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[g/l]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSpecific growth rate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[d \\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBiomass productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids yield\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[%]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e202.60\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e15.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003csup\\u003ea)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e62.26\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e6.52\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4.20\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e193.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.54\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e14.73\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003ea)\\u003c/sup\\u003e considering as BG11\\u003csub\\u003estd\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eQuaintly and quality of carbon and nitrogen sources being used for culturing cyanobacteria are sensed by the bacterium and how the cells respond to the flow rates of theses bioelements and how the cells metabolically gain ability to maintain balanced situation for utilization of these elements. Study on glutamine synthetase (GS) for instance shows importance of the enzyme in catalytic conversion of inorganic nitrogen to amino acid (reductive amination reaction) [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e]. As has mentioned above, studies focusing on signaling mechanism have indicated crucial roles of environmental stresses on cyanobacteria performance (two-component system\\u0026hellip;) [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. findings in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e shows that \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e cultivation in a medium containing 1/3 of NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e present in BG11 medium, gave three-fold increase in lipids productivity and similar increase was observed for the biomass productivity. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e shows that growth of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e in BG11 which prepared without NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e was gradually increased up to 6th day of the cultivation in IIPBR and thereafter it was raised and interestingly the measured \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\mu\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e value was very close to the test cyanobacterium cultured in BG11 prepared with 2/3 decrease in NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStudy on cyanobacteria showed that the bacteria were able to accumulate cyanophycin (a nitrogen-rich polypeptide as the light storage material) under nitrogen-poor conditions and this appears to be a strategy used by cyanobacteria through optimized nitrogen assimilation [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Acyl carrier protein, acetyl CoA carboxylate, \\u0026hellip; all are proteins involved in lipids biosynthesis pathway [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eReasonable approach in describing these types of results is to consider involvement of different strains of Anabaena Sp., formation of (some) intermediates acting as a signal molecule due to activation of (some) genes related to NtcA-light system. Importance of signaling mechanism and its applicability should be appreciated in any future work.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.3. Effect of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e Expressed in Terms of Aeration Flow Rate\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe rate limiting step in carbon fixation, is addition of the gaseous form of the inorganic carbon to the phosphorylated ketose catalyzed ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) where its half saturation constant in cyanobacteria is in the range of 100\\u0026ndash;180 micromolar and this reported finding in the literature is despite of low atmospheric concentration of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e. Carbon dioxide concentrations mechanism (CCMs) developed in cyanobacteria consists of several steps being expressed as a plan used by the cells and these abilities to effectively increase the CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e concentration around rubisco active site and this decreases chance of rubisco to catalyze oxygenation (photorespiration). First consideration in CCMs is passage of the hydrated form of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e (HCO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e-\\u003c/sup\\u003e) from the cell membrane through the synthesized transporters, diffusion of hydrogen carbonate across the shell of carboxysomes as protein micro compartment where carbonic anhydrase catalysis conversion of HCO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e-\\u003c/sup\\u003e to CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e shows \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e performance under influence of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e (expressed in terms of aeration flow rate) when the nitrogen concentration used in the experiment was 0.5 g L\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e and the IIPBR was illuminated at 80 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e When highest aeration rate used in the present study (120 ml/min) \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e relied on its CCMs plan which corresponded to growth quality maintenance. Significant increase in biomass productivity was obtained compared to the conditions of cells culturing under no aeration \\u003cstrong\\u003e(\\u003c/strong\\u003eFig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e)\\u003c/strong\\u003e. Decrease of the aeration to 1/3 did not have effect on the lipids yield this condition affected negatively on production od biomass and lipids.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e performance under influence of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e (expressed in terms of aeration flow rate) when the nitrogen concentration used in the experiment was 0.5 g L\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e and the IIPBR was illuminated at 80 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTreatment No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e expressed in terms of air flow rate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[ml/min]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSpecific growth rate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[d \\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBiomass productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids yield\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[%]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e202.60\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e15.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e61.92\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4.55\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.93\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo Aeration\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e18.48\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e6.83\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCharacteristics of photobioreactors used in different studies\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eType of PBR \\u003csup\\u003ea)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMicro-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOrganism \\u003csup\\u003eb)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGas: liquid ratio\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(m\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e min\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e m\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth colspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eReactor\\u0026rsquo;s input energy\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBiomass productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eReference\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIncident area (m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIntensity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(\\u0026micro;mol m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eType \\u003csup\\u003ec)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLight energy (W m\\u003csup\\u003e-3\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMechanical energy\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(W m\\u003csup\\u003e-3\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003csub\\u003eB\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(g l\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003csub\\u003eUV\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e(g W\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTRC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCh\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e660\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e399.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e9.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[28]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAp\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1923.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e122.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[29]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCh\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e100\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1212.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e15.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[30]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCh*\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e300\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5385.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e8.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[31]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNo\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e300\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5385.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e8.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[32]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e9.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1315.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e23.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[33]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e9.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e133\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1965.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e23.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[33]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMFPP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e230\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e8304.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e129.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[34]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHelical\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSp\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.038\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e197\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3496.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[35]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIIPBR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSc\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.044\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e91.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e276.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[16]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIIPBR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNs\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.044\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e91.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e276.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e5.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e[16]\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIIPBR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAv\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.008\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLED\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e281.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003epresent study\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEIPBR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAv\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e528\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e4.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003epresent study\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctfoot\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003ea)\\u003c/sup\\u003eTRC transparent rectangular chamber; BC bubble column; FPA flat panel airlift; A annular; MFPP modular flat plate panel, EIPBR externally illuminated photobioreactor; \\u003csup\\u003eb)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCh\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eChlorella\\u003c/em\\u003e; \\u003cem\\u003eAp, Aphanothece microscopic Nageli; Ch*, Chlorella\\u003c/em\\u003e sp.; \\u003cem\\u003eNo\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eNannochloropsis oculta\\u003c/em\\u003e; \\u003cem\\u003eSp, Spirulina platensis\\u003c/em\\u003e; \\u003cem\\u003eNa, Nannochloropsis\\u003c/em\\u003e; \\u003cem\\u003eSp, Spirulina\\u003c/em\\u003e; \\u003cem\\u003eSc\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eScenedesmus\\u003c/em\\u003e sp.; \\u003cem\\u003eNs, Nannochloropsis salina; Av, Anabaena Vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e; \\u003csup\\u003ec)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eH\\u003c/em\\u003e halogen lamp; \\u003cem\\u003eF\\u003c/em\\u003e florescent lights; \\u003cem\\u003eM\\u003c/em\\u003e metal halide lights\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tfoot\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003e3.4. Literature Survey and Data Comparison\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe data presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e have been used to compare performance of various types of PBR designs and the involved microorganisms have also been mentioned in that table. The values are presented in terms of light energy which indicates its intensity (\\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e), incident area in the reactor (m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e), and type of the lamp used for illumination. Power used for reactor\\u0026rsquo;s operation per cubic meter (W m\\u003csup\\u003e-3\\u003c/sup\\u003e) classified as light energy and mechanical energy. The biomass productivity per unit volume (P\\u003csub\\u003eUV\\u003c/sub\\u003e) has been calculated (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCapturing light energy, its distribution, and utilization by microorganism are among important factor affecting PBR efficiency. PBR performance in terms of stability of biomass production also depends on a particular culture strain and its capability in (micro/macro)-nutrient consumption.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eRecent report on nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria as a potential resource for biodiesel production, better indicates complex nature of these prokaryotes where decision making process based on the growth rate constant, lipid productivity, etc. is not an easy task [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e prepared with use of the data presented in that report shows extent of the data wideness. Cyanobacterium \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e occupies an acceptable position. Recognition of gene-based strategy followed by cyanobacteria is important and may help to explain behavior of these wonderful microorganism in responding to the environmental changes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab6\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGrowth behavior for some nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n\\u003cthead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003egrowth rate constant\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[d \\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBiomass productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids yield\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[%]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLipids productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[mg L\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/th\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSysnechosis sp.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e15.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnabaena cylindrica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.27\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e303.06\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;41.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e6.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e21.02\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnabaena cycadeae\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.27\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e131.67\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e9.75\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e12.84\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnabaena vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e202.60\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e7.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e15.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDesign of PBR internally illuminated with LED light bar in the present study was adequate and supported cyanobacterium \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth under nitrogen limited condition (correlation with lipids production). Design of IIPBR reported by Pegallapati et al. appeared to be good enough for growth of \\u003cem\\u003eScenedesmus\\u003c/em\\u003e sp. [\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]. it is reasonable to see different approached used for comparison between theses microorganisms (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWith use of fluorescent lamp instead of LED bars and placed four of them outside the reactor (20 cm distance) in the present study, the biomass production by A. vaginicola cultivation under externally illuminated process was practiced (same operational conditions as IIPBR for \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth, introduced as EIPBR in Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). By this experimental work, comparison of the IIPBR with its externally illuminated counterpart, appears to make comparison more reasonable where the P\\u003csub\\u003euv\\u003c/sub\\u003e was 48% higher in the IIPBR (0.74 vs 0.39 g w\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e). Presence of the novel air-cooled system in the reactor has placed IIPBR economically in favorable position.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBy use of a novel air-cooled system and placing it inside the IIPBR, illumination of the reactor with the LED light bar was appropriately provided and this configuration supported cultivation of \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e under specified growth conditions (80 \\u0026micro;mol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e as the light intensity, 0.5 g L\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e as the inorganic nitrogen source, and 120 ml min\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e as aeration rate as the CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e substrate). Lipids content was measured simultaneously with the biomass and the test cyanobacterium has potential to be placed in the lipids source category usable as feedstock for biodiesel production, thus biomass-derived energy is feasible. The findings were discussed based on the two component systems having regulatory function and the expressiveness is well correlated with the environmental changes sensed by cyanobacteria.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFurther note is to consider the IIPBR energetics in which the value of biomass productivity per unit power input has placed the IIPBR in favorable position compared to other photobioreactors as discussed in the above text.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData Availability\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSingh, J. S., Kumar, A., Rai, A. N., Singh, D. 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S., Reduction of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e by a high-density culture of \\u003cem\\u003eChlorella\\u003c/em\\u003e sp. in a semicontinuous photobioreactor.\\u003cem\\u003e Bioresour. Technol\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cstrong\\u003e99\\u003c/strong\\u003e(9), 3389\\u0026ndash;3396 (2008).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eChiu, S. Y., Kao, C. Y., Tsai, M. T., Ong, S.C., Chen, C. H., Lin, C. S., Lipid accumulation and CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e utilization of \\u003cem\\u003eNannochloropsis oculata\\u003c/em\\u003e in response to CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e aeration. \\u003cem\\u003eBioresour. Technol\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cstrong\\u003e100\\u003c/strong\\u003e(2), 833\\u0026ndash;838 (2009).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eZittelli, G. C., Rodolfi, L., Tredici, M. R., Mass cultivation of \\u003cem\\u003eNannochloropsis\\u003c/em\\u003e sp. in annular reactors. \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Appl. Phycol\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cstrong\\u003e15\\u003c/strong\\u003e, 107\\u0026ndash;114 (2003).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eZittelli, G. C., Pastorelli, R., Tredici, M. R., A Modular Flat Panel Photobioreactor (MFPP) for indoor mass cultivation of \\u003cem\\u003eNannochloropsis\\u003c/em\\u003e sp. under artificial illumination \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Appl. Phycol\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cstrong\\u003e15\\u003c/strong\\u003e, 521\\u0026ndash;526 (2000).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWatanabe, Y., Hall, O. D., Photosynthetic CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e conversion technologies using a photobioreactor incorporating microalgae - energy and material balances.\\u003cem\\u003e Energy Convers. Mgmt\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cstrong\\u003e37\\u003c/strong\\u003e, 1321\\u0026ndash;1326 (1996).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"internally illuminated photobioreactor, led light bar, cyanobacterium anabaena vaginicola, biomass formation, lipids production\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2550651/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2550651/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eConcerns over environmental issues exists and desire to decrease of their extent, have directed efforts toward green energy production. Growth behavior of \\u003cem\\u003eAnabaena vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e, was determined in a photobioreator which illuminated internally (IIPBR) using LED bar light. Excessive heat generated in the IIPBR was taken care of by applying a novel air-cooled system. Further note in experimentation was to find favorable cultivation conditions in the IIPBR for \\u003cem\\u003eA. vaginicola\\u003c/em\\u003e growth and its lipids production capacity. The following results are expressed: 80 µmol photons m\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e s\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e \\u003c/sub\\u003eas light intensity, 0.5 g/l as NaNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e, and 120 ml/min as CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e amount being expressed in terms of aeration rate. The findings were interpreted in terms of a two-component system where the genes encoded to the relevant proteins are present in cyanobacteria and their expressiveness depends on environmental stress. By determining growth rate constant as 0.11 d\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, the productivity in terms of biomass formation was calculated as 202.6 mg L\\u003csup\\u003e−1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e−1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. While rate of lipids production by the test cyanobacterium is 15.65 mg L\\u003csup\\u003e−1\\u003c/sup\\u003e d\\u003csup\\u003e−1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Based on total energy used for IIPBR performance, biomass productivity per unit power input equals to 0.74 g\\u0026nbsp;W\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;d\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e and this is in favorable position compared with other photobioreactors.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Lipids Productivity of Cyanobacterium Anabaena vaginicola in an Internally Illuminated Photobioreactor Using LED Bar Lights\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2023-03-06 15:53:42\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2550651/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2023-06-29T07:16:44+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Major revision\",\"date\":\"2023-06-29T07:16:44+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-06-15T14:16:10+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-05-30T01:36:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"8f2d632e-e1de-4d9f-b485-88543d612440\",\"date\":\"2023-05-25T03:18:34+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"0abd5f48-b2a2-40a2-9384-7cab0e7347fc\",\"date\":\"2023-05-01T16:34:10+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-05-01T16:31:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-05-01T16:29:26+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-03-01T12:43:03+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2023-03-01T12:39:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2023-02-04T15:53:29+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"e5224c8c-28f4-4e8a-804b-3293f0fee443\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"March 6th, 2023\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":19582479,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Engineering/Chemical engineering\"},{\"id\":19582480,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Environmental biotechnology\"},{\"id\":19582481,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Plant biotechnology\"},{\"id\":19582482,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Biofuels\"},{\"id\":19582483,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Light responses\"},{\"id\":19582484,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant biotechnology\"},{\"id\":19582485,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant stress responses\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-03-22T00:48:28+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-2550651\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54414-0\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2024-03-21 00:48:28\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"March 21st, 2024\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2023-03-06 15:53:42\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1038/s41598-024-54414-0\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54414-0\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-2550651\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-2550651\",\"identity\":\"rs-2550651\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"wLkW0s4AflPzk-lpfg-fK\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}