{"paper_id":"2eae20cf-2b95-4560-9dde-c4532066fa64","body_text":"Meta-Topolin induced highly efficient plant regeneration from various explants of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Meta-Topolin induced highly efficient plant regeneration from various explants of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Kranthikumar Gande, Vasudha Marapaka, Phanikanth Jogam, Venkataiah Peddaboina This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709106/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the essential vegetables worldwide, and cultivated genotypes of eggplant suffer from numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. A reproducible and efficient plant regeneration system is crucial for applying molecular breeding methods to overcome the difficulties of conventional breeding programs to improve eggplant germplasm, such as genetic transformation and genome editing techniques. The three explant types, cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf, were obtained from two different cultivars, Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green red (PGR) of eggplant. Three explants were cultivated on media augmented with a variety of cytokinins like BAP, mT, and ZEA with different concentrations. The media supplemented with mT at 8.28 µM generated the highest number of shoots, which showed the optimum regeneration efficiency for all three explants in two eggplant genotypes. The cotyledon explants generated the optimum number of shoot buds on the medium amended with low concentrations of BAP (2.22 µM), KIN (2.32 µM), and ZEA (2.28 µM), and mT at 8.28 µM. The mT (8.28 µM) and BAP at 2.22 µM combinations produced 25.8 and 18.3 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively. The addition of various concentrations of IAA (1.43 to 5.71 µM), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 µM), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 µM) in combination with mT (8.28 µM) were evaluated to find out their role on the induction and proliferation of numerous shoot buds from cotyledon explants of two cultivars of eggplant. The medium augmented with mT (8.28 µM) and IAA (2.85 µM) produced 26.4 shoots and 17.8 shoots in cotyledon explants of PPL and PGR cultivars, respectively. The optimum rooting efficiency of shoots was recorded on the medium containing the IAA (5.71 µM) and produced complete plantlets. The plantlets showed 100% similarity with their mother plants. Cotyledon cytokinins hypocotyl meta-topolin multiple shoots leaf Figures Figure 1 Introduction Aubergine, Brinjal, or Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family, is extensively cultivated worldwide in tropical, temperate, and subtropical regions and is one the most significant vegetables all over the world after tomato and potato (Alam and Samiullah, 2021; Uddin et al., 2021 ). Apart from the importance of vegetables and different cuisines, they are also used to treat various ailments of human beings (Kumar and Rajam, 2005 ; Gurbaz et al., 2018). The worldwide production of this vegetable crop is severely affected by an extensive range of abiotic and biotic stresses (Saini and Kaushik, 2019 ; Sharma et al., 2020 ; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). Classical breeding plays a vital role in developing superior eggplant cultivars. The success rate is minimal due to sexual incompatibilities and the selection of suitable germplasm to generate fertile progenies (Subramanyam et al., 2013 ). The production of new cultivars with desired traits requires a lot of time (Saini and Kaushik, 2019 ; Sharma et al., 2020 ; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). The application of genetic transformation techniques will help overcome these difficulties. Plant regeneration protocols from diverse explants of several agronomically important genotypes are required to produce new germplasm through genetic transformation techniques and genome editing tools. Many plant regeneration procedures have been demonstrated from different cultivars of eggplant using diverse types of explants such as cotyledon (Garcia-Fortea et al., 2020; Bhat et al., 2021 ; Priyanka et al., 2021 ), hypocotyl (Satish et al., 2015 ; Kaur et al., 2020 ), epicotyl (Kaur et al., 2020 ), midrib (Rahman et al., 2006 ), node (Kanna and Jayabalan, 2010 ), nodal segment (Bhat et al., 2013 ), leaf (Kanna and Jayabalan, 2015 ; Garcia-Fortea et al., 2020), shoot tip (Jadhav et al., 2015 ), and root (Franklin et al., 2004 ; Pawar et al., 2013 ; Khatun et al., 2022 ). The regeneration frequencies rely upon various factors like the type and age of the explant, cultivar/genotype, and manipulation of plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Saini and Kaushik, 2019 ; Sharma et al., 2020 ; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). The plant regeneration protocol depends on shoot induction, proliferation, and rooting, significantly affecting the transformation efficiency (Saini and Kaushik, 2019 ; Sharma et al., 2020 ; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). Hence, reproducible plant regeneration protocols are essential to achieve optimal transformation efficiency. The PGRs are critical in differentiating shoot and root primordia by various plant systems (Petrasek et al., 2019 ; Gupta et al., 2020 ; Hurny et al., 2020 ; Hnatuszko-Konka et al., 2021 ). Several auxins and cytokinins, either alone or in combination, were successfully employed for adventitious shoot formation and proliferation from different explants of many eggplant cultivars (Saini and Kaushik, 2019 ; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). Cytokinins like benzyl aminopurine (BAP), 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP), kinetin (KIN), thidiazuron (TDZ), zeatin (ZEA), and zeatin riboside (ZR) alone or in combination with another cytokinin and with diverse auxins like naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) etc., (Saini and Kaushik, 2019 ; Sharma et al., 2020 ; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). Hence, the present study was performed to find out the role of varying concentrations and combinations of cytokinins (BAP, mT [6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino) purine], and ZEA) on the initiation and proliferation of shoot buds in three types of explants of eggplant cultivar Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green round (PGR). The effect of the mT, combined with various concentrations of BAP, KIN, and ZEA, was evaluated on the regeneration efficiency, adventitious shoot bud induction and proliferation from cotyledon explants of both genotypes. The influence of the mT combined with various auxins (IAA/IBA/NAA) was examined using cotyledon explants for the shoot bud initiation and proliferation following plantlet production. Materials and methods Plant material and explant preparation Seeds of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) two cultivars, Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green round (PGR), were procured from the National Seed Corporation (NSC), Warangal branch, Telangana, India. The uniform and healthy seeds were hand-picked and washed under water, then treated with 70% ethanol for 1–2 min, followed by 0.1% HgCl 2 for 3–5 min. The surfactants were removed by rinsing the sterilized seeds with sterile water. For germination, sterilized seeds were inoculated on the Murashige and Skoog (Murashige and Skoog, 1962 ) medium amended with sucrose (2%) and 0.8% agar was used as a solidifying agent. The pH of the media was set to 5.8 with either HCl (0.1N) or NaOH (0.1N) before autoclaving at 121 o C and 15 lb pressure for 20 min. The cultures were incubated in the culture room at 24 ± 2 o C under a 16/8 h photoperiod. The different explants, such as cotyledon and hypocotyl, were prepared using two-week-old seedlings and leaf (1 cm2) explants from four to six-week-old seedlings. Culture media and conditions The MS medium was fortified with 2% sucrose, diverse concentrations and combinations of cytokinins like BAP (2.22 to 13.32 µM), mT (2.07 to 12.43 µM), ZEA (2.28 to 13.68 µM), and KIN (2.32 to 9.29 µM) (Tables 1 – 4 ). The varying concentrations of cytokinins and combining with different auxins, namely IAA (1.43 to 5.71 µM), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 µM), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 µM), were used in all the experiments (Table 5 ). The rooting medium was prepared with different concentrations of auxins (IAA/IBA/NAA) and evaluated for the rooting frequency of shoots obtained from various explants. The medium was solidified with 0.8% agar, pH was adjusted to 5.8 and then autoclaved at 121 o C for 20 min. All the cultures were kept in a culture room at 24 ± 2°C and 16/8 h (light/dark) photocycle under fluorescent lamps. Table 1 Effect of various concentrations of BAP, mT, and ZEA on induction of multiple shoots from cotyledon explants of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.)* Plant growth regulators (µM) Pusa Purple Long (PPL) Pusa Green Red (PGR) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) BAP 2.22 58.7 ± 1.32 f 03.6 ± 1.36 f 52.4 ± 1.62 f 02.8 ± 1.53 ef 4.44 62.8 ± 1.46 e 06.8 ± 1.54 de 56.2 ± 1.44 e 04.4 ± 1.39 de 6.66 74.2 ± 1.53 d 09.2 ± 1.42 bc 68.5 ± 1.53 d 06.7 ± 1.62 cd 8.88 86.4 ± 1.68 bc 11.6 ± 1.57 ab 83.6 ± 1.36 ab 08.5 ± 1.73 abc 11.10 94.3 ± 1.82 a 13.4 ± 1.63 ab 85.2 ± 1.64 ab 10.9 ± 1.64 ab 13.32 84.6 ± 1.57 bc 08.7 ± 1.48 cd 81.4 ± 1.74 bc 08.2 ± 1.71 abc mT 2.07 72.5 ± 1.56 f 06.7 ± 1.51 f 64.3 ± 1.44 e 04.3 ± 1.56 f 4.14 84.3 ± 1.48 de 11.8 ± 1.28 de 78.6 ± 1.68 bcd 08.4 ± 1.75 cde 6.21 93.6 ± 1.82 bc 15.2 ± 1.62 bc 81.7 ± 1.18 bc 12.6 ± 1.59 abc 8.28 96.4 ± 1.67 a 18.6 ± 1.54 a 85.6 ± 1.26 a 14.2 ± 1.76 ab 10.36 91.2 ± 1.42 bc 14.4 ± 1.47 bc 82.8 ± 1.57 bc 11.6 ± 1.48 abc 12.42 86.6 ± 1.36 de 10.6 ± 1.36 de 76.2 ± 1.78 cd 09.7 ± 1.65 cde ZEA 2.28 48.6 ± 1.50 f 03.2 ± 1.09 ef 41.8 ± 1.29 f 02.5 ± 1.23 ef 4.56 56.2 ± 1.64 e 05.2 ± 1.34 bc 48.2 ± 1.36 e 06.3 ± 1.44 bc 6.84 71.5 ± 1.81 bc 07.6 ± 1.48 ab 62.4 ± 1.53 cd 07.2 ± 1.82 abc 9.12 75.6 ± 1.46 ab 09.5 ± 1.56 ab 74.8 ± 1.56 a 08.7 ± 1.63 ab 11.40 72.8 ± 1.86 ab 04.8 ± 1.26 cd 68.7 ± 1.72 b 04.2 ± 1.78 cde 13.68 66.4 ± 1.41 d 03.8 ± 1.31 def 63.5 ± 1.52 cd 02.9 ± 1.83 ef *Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean ± standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level ( P > 0.05). Table 2 Effect of various concentrations of BAP, mT, and ZEA on induction of multiple shoots from hypocotyl explants of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.)* Plant growth regulators (µM) Pusa Purple Long (PPL) Pusa Green Red (PGR) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) BAP 2.22 58.3 ± 1.46 f 01.9 ± 1.46 def 42.6 ± 1.57 f 01.7 ± 1.48 ef 4.44 65.4 ± 1.67 e 02.8 ± 1.38 def 51.7 ± 1.63 e 02.4 ± 1.67 de 6.66 68.7 ± 1.81 e 03.6 ± 1.57 def 62.3 ± 1.45 d 03.1 ± 1.81 cd 8.88 76.2 ± 1.62 cd 06.7 ± 1.82 abc 74.5 ± 1.52 bc 05.2 ± 1.63 ab 11.10 82.6 ± 1.38 ab 08.2 ± 1.46 abc 78.4 ± 1.84 a 06.8 ± 1.72 ab 13.32 78.1 ± 1.36 bc 06.9 ± 1.62 abc 73.8 ± 1.46 bc 04.9 ± 1.36 bc mT 2.07 63.8 ± 1.63 f 02.8 ± 1.74 de 57.9 ± 1.65 f 02.3 ± 1.48 de 4.14 74.6 ± 1.42 e 04.1 ± 1.26 de 66.4 ± 1.78 e 03.4 ± 1.54 de 6.21 86.6 ± 1.72 ab 06.5 ± 1.48 abc 78.2 ± 1.69 cd 04.7 ± 1.58 cd 8.28 89.7 ± 1.45 ab 08.3 ± 1.74 abc 86.5 ± 1.53 ab 06.4 ± 1.82 abc 10.36 83.7 ± 1.56 cd 07.6 ± 1.42 abc 84.2 ± 1.46 ab 07.2 ± 1.66 abc 12.42 81.3 ± 1.82 cd 06.6 ± 1.67 abc 77.8 ± 1.76 cd 05.8 ± 1.62 abc ZEA 2.28 43.5 ± 1.73 f 02.1 ± 1.42 de 37.6 ± 1.57 f 01.7 ± 1.62 de 4.56 52.4 ± 1.64 e 03.3 ± 1.67 cde 45.3 ± 1.74 e 02.6 ± 1.71 cde 6.84 58.7 ± 1.47 cd 05.4 ± 1.38 abc 54.7 ± 1.68 cd 03.7 ± 1.58 bcd 9.12 67.8 ± 1.91 ab 07.5 ± 1.46 abc 63.2 ± 1.47 ab 05.8 ± 1.45 ab 11.40 64.2 ± 1.28 ab 06.3 ± 1.38 abc 61.5 ± 1.59 ab 04.7 ± 1.64 ab 13.68 61.9 ± 1.56 cd 04.2 ± 1.64 cd 56.8 ± 1.35 cd 03.6 ± 1.56 bcd *Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean ± standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level ( P > 0.05). Table 3 Effect of various concentrations of BAP, mT, and ZEA on induction of multiple shoots from leaf explants of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.)* Plant growth regulators (µM) Pusa Purple Long (PPL) Pusa Green Red (PGR) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) BAP 2.22 54.2 ± 1.35 f 03.2 ± 1.05 ef 47.3 ± 1.46 f 02.9 ± 1.34 ef 4.44 61.5 ± 1.26 e 04.6 ± 1.23 de 54.1 ± 1.67 e 03.5 ± 1.25 de 6.66 67.6 ± 1.48 d 06.2 ± 1.42 cd 63.8 ± 1.72 d 04.7 ± 1.63 cd 8.88 75.3 ± 1.65 c 08.4 ± 1.56 bc 72.3 ± 1.45 c 06.6 ± 1.38 bc 11.10 89.7 ± 1.73 a 10.6 ± 1.62 ab 82.1 ± 1.36 ab 08.7 ± 1.56 ab 13.32 83.2 ± 1.38 b 07.3 ± 1.48 bc 80.3 ± 1.86 ab 07.1 ± 1.47 ab mT 2.07 66.4 ± 1.46 f 03.9 ± 1.43 e 63.5 ± 1.54 f 03.3 ± 1.34 f 4.14 78.2 ± 1.52 e 07.3 ± 1.31 cd 74.9 ± 1.63 e 06.2 ± 1.56 de 6.21 88.6 ± 1.68 bc 09.4 ± 1.48 bc 83.2 ± 1.46 bc 08.4 ± 1.57 bc 8.28 92.4 ± 1.32 ab 12.7 ± 1.67 ab 89.6 ± 1.67 a 11.3 ± 1.49 ab 10.36 91.5 ± 1.61 ab 10.3 ± 1.46 ab 85.2 ± 1.42 bc 10.4 ± 1.35 ab 12.43 86.7 ± 1.47 cd 08.7 ± 1.72 bc 80.1 ± 1.83 cd 07.4 ± 1.72 cd ZEA 2.28 46.2 ± 1.59 f 02.3 ± 1.24 ef 43.7 ± 1.56 f 01.8 ± 1.38 ef 4.56 53.7 ± 1.62 e 02.9 ± 1.45 ef 49.6 ± 1.74 e 03.2 ± 1.81 de 6.84 61.3 ± 1.45 cd 06.8 ± 1.36 abc 58.2 ± 1.89 cd 04.4 ± 1.64 bc 9.12 70.5 ± 1.63 ab 08.2 ± 1.74 ab 67.5 ± 1.47 a 06.2 ± 1.38 a 11.40 68.6 ± 1.72 ab 05.6 ± 1.63 cd 63.2 ± 1.73 bc 03.8 ± 1.62 cd 13.68 64.2 ± 1.54 cd 04.6 ± 1.37 de 61.7 ± 1.61 bc 02.5 ± 1.36 de *Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean ± standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level ( P > 0.05). Table 4 Effect of m-Topolin (8.88 µM) in combination with cytokinins (BAP, KIN, and ZEA) on induction of multiple shoots in cotyledon explants of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.)* Plant growth regulators (µM) Pusa Purple Long (PPL) Pusa Green Red (PGR) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) mT BAP 8.28 0.00 96.4 ± 1.67 abc 18.6 ± 1.54 cde 85.6 ± 1.26 cd 14.2 ± 1.76 de 8.28 2.22 98.6 ± 1.13 abc 25.8 ± 1.62 ab 87.8 ± 1.58 ab 18.3 ± 1.43 ab 8.28 4.44 97.3 ± 1.29 abc 23.5 ± 1.75 ab 86.4 ± 1.39 ab 17.5 ± 1.58 ab 8.28 6.66 96.8 ± 1.42 abc 19.7 ± 1.68 cde 84.9 ± 1.42 cde 16.9 ± 1.82 bc 8.28 8.88 95.7 ± 1.58 bcd 19.2 ± 1.47 cde 82.6 ± 1.63 de 15.6 ± 1.46 cd mT KIN 8.28 0.00 96.4 ± 1.67 ab 18.6 ± 1.54 ab 85.6 ± 1.26 bc 14.2 ± 1.76 cd 8.28 2.32 96.5 ± 1.48 ab 21.4 ± 1.65 ab 87.2 ± 1.65 ab 16.4 ± 1.82 ab 8.28 4.64 95.6 ± 1.82 ab 19.2 ± 1.49 ab 86.4 ± 1.73 ab 15.7 ± 1.64 ab 8.28 6.97 93.8 ± 1.49 bc 18.7 ± 1.38 bc 84.8 ± 1.38 bc 15.2 ± 1.59 ab 8.28 9.29 92.7 ± 1.58 cd 17.9 ± 1.76 cd 83.7 ± 1.49 cd 14.8 ± 1.48 bc mT ZEA 8.28 0.00 96.4 ± 1.67 ab 18.6 ± 1.54 cd 85.6 ± 1.26 bc 14.2 ± 1.76 cd 8.28 2.28 97.6 ± 1.53 ab 21.3 ± 1.38 ab 86.7 ± 1.64 ab 16.9 ± 1.62 ab 8.28 4.56 96.8 ± 1.72 ab 23.6 ± 1.66 ab 86.1 ± 1.39 ab 17.6 ± 1.56 ab 8.28 6.84 95.7 ± 1.57 bc 19.4 ± 1.48 bc 84.5 ± 1.45 bc 16.2 ± 1.47 abc 8.28 9.12 94.6 ± 1.68 cd 18.8 ± 1.72 cd 83.8 ± 1.72 cd 15.8 ± 1.69 cd *Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean ± standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level ( P > 0.05). Table 5 Effect of m-Topolin in combination with diverse concentrations of auxins on induction of multiple shoots in cotyledon explants of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.)* Plant growth regulators (µM) Pusa Purple Long (PPL) Pusa Green Red (PGR) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) Response (%) (Mean ± SE) No. of shoots (Mean ± SE) mT IAA 8.28 0.00 96.4 ± 1.67 abc 18.6 ± 1.54 cd 85.6 ± 1.26 de 14.2 ± 1.76 de 8.28 1.43 96.6 ± 1.43 abc 20.3 ± 1.62 bc 87.9 ± 1.57 abc 16.3 ± 1.48 abc 8.28 2.85 98.2 ± 1.14 abc 26.4 ± 1.79 a 89.8 ± 1.78 abc 17.8 ± 1.92 abc 8.28 4.28 94.6 ± 1.66 cd 21.5 ± 1.82 bc 88.4 ± 1.91 abc 15.6 ± 1.67 cd 8.28 5.71 93.8 ± 1.58 de 18.7 ± 1.68 cd 84.3 ± 1.58 de 14.6 ± 1.49 cd mT IBA 8.28 0.00 96.4 ± 1.67 ab 18.6 ± 1.54 cd 85.6 ± 1.26 bc 14.2 ± 1.76 cd 8.28 1.23 93.8 ± 1.49 cde 19.1 ± 1.84 abc 86.7 ± 1.68 ab 15.8 ± 1.53 ab 8.28 2.46 97.2 ± 1.18 ab 22.4 ± 1.57 abc 87.6 ± 1.73 ab 16.7 ± 1.49 ab 8.28 3.69 94.3 ± 1.56 cde 18.8 ± 1.69 abc 85.3 ± 1.58 bc 15.6 ± 1.58 ab 8.28 4.92 92.1 ± 1.78 cde 18.4 ± 1.76 cd 84.2 ± 1.62 cd 14.8 ± 1.65 bcd mT NAA 8.28 0.00 92.4 ± 1.67 cd 18.6 ± 1.54 cd 85.6 ± 1.26 bc 14.2 ± 1.76 cd 8.28 1.34 92.6 ± 1.62 bcd 18.9 ± 1.73 abc 86.4 ± 1.58 ab 14.8 ± 1.29 abc 8.28 2.68 93.5 ± 1.75 abc 21.6 ± 1.71 ab 87.2 ± 1.67 ab 15.6 ± 1.48 abc 8.28 4.03 89.6 ± 1.49 de 19.8 ± 1.64 abc 86.2 ± 1.46 ab 15.3 ± 1.65 abc 8.28 5.37 88.7 ± 1.78 df 17.7 ± 1.82 cd 83.4 ± 1.72 cd 14.4 ± 1.36 cd *Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean ± standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level ( P > 0.05). Shoot induction, proliferation and elongation Three types of explants, such as cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf, were prepared and employed to evaluate multiple shoot induction on various cytokinins alone and combined with other cytokinins (Tables 1 – 4 ) and auxins (Table 5 ). After 2-weeks, the explants were shown the initiation of adventitious shoots from the cut ends. The explants showing the shoot bud induction were shifted onto the same medium containing a similar concentration of PGRs and incubated for another two weeks for shoot bud growth. The explants with multiple shoot buds were moved to the same medium for another round of subculture for two more weeks with the same culture media and conditions. The numerous shoot buds induced from the three different explants were further improved on the medium containing similar concentrations of PGRs after two to three subcultures on medium fortified with varying concentrations of BAP (2.22 or 4.44 µM), mT (2.07 or 4.14 µM), IAA (0.57 or 2.85µM) and Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.29 or 1.45 µM) alone or in combinations. The multiple shoots showed elongation and proliferation during the subculturing of the explants. The multiple shoot separation from clumps leads to a faster increase and elongation of shoots during the subcultures. Rooting of regenerated shoots The regenerated shoots from different explant types were separated from the bunch of shoots. The shoots were individually separated and inoculated to a medium amended with various auxins, such as IAA, IBA, and NAA, with various concentrations for rooting of shoots obtained from different explants. The shoots were inoculated onto the medium devoid of auxins and are regarded as a control in evaluating varying auxin concentrations for rooting by maintaining the same shoot induction and elongation conditions. Hardening and acclimatization The plantlets were removed carefully from culture vessels and cleaned in tap water to get rid of the agar medium sticking to the roots. The plantlets were moved to paper cups filled with soil-rite, soil and sand (1:1:1), and plantlets were covered with a polythene cover with tiny holes and kept for two weeks in the culture room for hardening. The plants were shifted to earthen pots containing sterile garden soil and placed in the greenhouse for further hardening and acclimatization for two to three weeks. The plants were grown to maturity in greenhouse conditions. After four weeks, the data on the survival of plants was recorded. Data analysis All the treatments consisted of triplicates consisting of 30 explants. The number of shoots/explants and treatments was counted using the stereomicroscope, and data was recorded. The data were evaluated using mean ± standard error (SE) and analyzed with Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) (SPSS Inc, USA). Results and discussion A repeatable and efficient plant regeneration protocol is crucial for applying molecular breeding methods to overcome the difficulties of conventional breeding programs to improve eggplant germplasm, such as genetic transformation and genome editing procedures (Khatun et al., 2022). Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a proficient plant regeneration method using cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf in two eggplant cultivars (Pusa purple long-PPL and Pusa green round-PRG). This investigation also evaluates the influence of a wide variety of factors on regeneration efficiency. The diverse factors like explants, genotypes, and manipulation of suitable concentrations and combination of the PGRs significantly affect the induction and enhancement of shoots and plant regeneration in eggplant (Saini and Kaushik, 2019; Sharma et al., 2020; Alam and Samiullah, 2021; Yesmin et al., 2021; Khatun et al., 2022). The different cytokinins like BAP, KIN, 2iP, TDZ, and ZEA were successfully employed for shoot induction and proliferation from various types of explants in diverse genotypes/cultivars of eggplant (Saini and Kaushik, 2019; Sharma et al., 2020; Alam and Samiullah, 2021; Yesmin et al., 2021; Khatun et al., 2022). Effect of cytokinins on shoot induction The three explant types, cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf, were obtained from different genotypes, Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green red (PGR) of eggplant. These explants were placed on a hormone-free medium, and no response was observed except for the inducing callus formation at the cut ends. All three explants were cultured on the medium augmented with a variety of cytokinin concentrations alone. The explants exhibited signs of the initiation of adventitious shoot buds while culturing on the medium containing all concentrations of cytokinins. Cytokinins involve several physiological functions, including the formation of the shoot and/or root meristem (Hurny et al., 2020; Hnatuszko-Konka et al., 2021). The formation of adventitious buds was recorded within one to two weeks of culture. The shoot bud induction significantly relies on many factors, such as explant, type of cytokinin, and cultivar/genotype. All three explants showed the occurrence of adventitious buds within a week on the culture medium fortified with either mT or BAP. Meanwhile, the ZEA-containing medium exhibited a delayed response. Among the two cultivars examined, the PPL cultivar was significantly more responsive than the PGR. Our findings are in agreement with previous investigations on eggplant, where different regeneration responses have been observed in various genotypes of eggplant (Pawar et al., 2013; Yesmin et al., 2018; 2021; Khatun et al., 2022). The media containing various concentrations of mT induced the maximum number of adventitious shoots and showed optimal regeneration frequency in all explants of two eggplant cultivars (Tables 1–5). The medium fortified with 11.10 µM BAP generated the optimum number of shoots in all three explants and showed the maximum regeneration response in both eggplant genotypes. The concentration of up to 11.10 µM of BAP declined the shoot number and percentage of regeneration in two genotypes of eggplant. Among the three cytokinins evaluated, the ZEA was observed as the least reactive cytokinin compared to mT and BAP in all explants of the eggplant cultivars. The shoot regeneration on medium augmented with 9.12 µM ZEA was observed as an appropriate concentration for inducing the maximum adventitious shoot buds and regeneration efficiency in the three explants of two cultivars of eggplant (Tables 1–3). The medium with mT at 8.28 µM was a highly proficient cytokinin than BAP and ZEA, generating from 2.3 to 18.6 shoots depending on the explant type in PPL and PGR after six weeks of cultures (Table 1–3). The medium augmented with 11.10 µM BAP induced the maximum number of adventitious buds in all three explant types and showed the highest regeneration response in both genotypes of eggplant (Tables 1–3). The initiation of multiple shoots and shoot regeneration were increased gradually. The cotyledons generated 18.6 and 13.2 shoots per explant on the medium amended with mT (8.28 µM) after six weeks of culture in PPL (Fig. 1a) and PGR, respectively (Tables 1–3). In contrast, hypocotyl explants produced an average of 8.3 and 6.4 shoots/explant on the medium augmented with mT at 8.27 µM in PPL (Fig. 1b) and PGR, respectively. The leaf explants produced with adventitious shoots were recorded at 12.7 and 11.3 shoots per explant (Fig. 1c). The medium containing diverse mT concentrations enhanced the adventitious shoot buds per explant in both genotypes of eggplant compared with the other two cytokinins, BAP and ZEA, in all the explants of both cultivars of eggplant (Tables 1–3). The medium was amended with BAP at 11.10 µM, which generated the optimum adventitious shoots per explants, such as 13.4 shoots per cotyledon, 8.2 shoots per hypocotyl, and 10.6 shoots per leaf explants of the PPL cultivar. In contrast, the PGR cultivar recorded 10.9 shoots per cotyledon, 8.7 shoots per leaf explant, and 6.8 shoots per hypocotyl. All concentrations of ZEA were found to be less significant than mT and BAP in the initiation of shoots from explant and regeneration from all explants of two cultivars of eggplant. Among various concentrations of ZEA, the medium containing 9.12 µM ZEA was shown as an efficient concentration in producing the maximum shoots per explant, and it showed the highest regeneration frequency (Tables 1–3). The cotyledons generated 9.5 and 8.7 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively. In comparison, 7.5 shoots and 5.8 shoots in hypocotyl and 8.2 shoots and 6.2 shoots in leaf were recorded in PPL and PGR cultivars, respectively. When the cytokinin concentrations were increased, they negatively affected regeneration efficiency and reduced the number of shoots (Tables 1–3). The cotyledon explants are better responsive in initiating the number of adventitious shoots and regeneration frequency, followed by leaf explants in both genotypes. When cultured on three different cytokinins, the hypocotyl explants are least responsive in both genotypes. The mT was recorded as highly efficient as BAP and ZEA regarding the number of shoots per explant and regeneration frequency for the three explants of two eggplant genotypes. In this study, we have compared three different cytokinins, BAP, mT, and ZEA, for their regeneration efficiency and induction of adventitious shoots in two genotypes using three explant types, cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf (Tables 1–3). The medium fortified with mT demonstrated the highest regeneration response and induced the optimum number of adventitious shoots. These observations are in agreement with previously reported studies on the effectiveness of the mT on the initiation of multiple shoots in many plant species like Cannabis sativa (Lata et al., 2016), Carthamus tinctorius (Vijaykumar et al., 2017), Pterocarpus marsupium (Ahmad and Anis, 2019), Tecoma stans (Hussain et al., 2019), Sesamum indicum (Elayaraja et al., 2019), Syzygium cumini (Naaz et al., 2019), Allamanda cathartica (Khanam et al., 2020), Maytenus emarginata (Shekhawat et al., 2021), Dioscorea pentaphylla (Manokari et al., 2022), Coleus forskohlii (Badhepuri et al., 2023), Ipomoea batatas (Behera et al., 2024) including the plants belongs to Solanaceae family like Withania somnifera (Kaur et al., 2021; Mahendran and Rahman, 2024), Physalis minima (Halder and Ghosh, 2021), and Solanum lycopersicum (Marapaka et al., 2024). Synergistic effect of cytokinin and cytokinin on shoot induction The cytokinins can induce several differentiation processes, such as shoot initiation, proliferation, and other developmental pathways (Petrasek et al., 2019; Phillips and Garda, 2019; Hurny et al., 2020). Among the three explants evaluated, cotyledon explants were more pronounced for both regeneration efficiency and production of the highest number of multiple shoot buds in the two genotypes. The cotyledon explants were used to find the most suitable combination and concentration of cytokinins. The medium was fortified with mT (8.28 µM), and different concentrations of cytokinins like BAP (2.22 to 8.88 µM), KIN (2.32 to 9.29 µM), and ZEA (2.28 to 9.12 µM) were added alone to determine the most appropriate combination of cytokinins in both genotypes. The addition of low concentrations of cytokinins induced an optimum regeneration response. The cotyledon explants generated the maximum number of shoot buds on the medium containing low concentrations of BAP, KIN, and ZEA (Table 4). The mT (8.28 µM) and BAP at 2.22 µM combinations generated 25.8 and 18.3 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively (Table 4). In contrast, the mT along KIN (2.32 µM) produced 20.4 and 16.4 shoots, and the ZEA (2.28 µM) had 21.3 and 16.6 shoots per explant in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively (Table 4). The increased BAP, KIN, and ZEA concentrations significantly decreased the regeneration response and the number of shoots in both genotypes. The combination of mT and BAP was more efficient than the combination of ZEA and KIN regarding the number of shoots per explant and regeneration frequency for the three explants of two eggplant genotypes (Table 4). The combination two cytokinins is crucial for forming and increasing the number of shoots from different explants of various plants (Shekhawat et al., 2020). A synergistic effect of combining two cytokinins on the increased number of shoots in different plants has been observed, such as Carthamus tinctorius (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), Musa spp. (Mohapatra and Deo, 2019), Maytenus emarginata (Shekhawat et al., 2021), Gerbera jamesonii (Shaheen et al., 2022). The various combinations of two cytokinins, such as BAP + KIN, TDZ + BAP, and TDZ + KIN, were successfully employed and obtained the highest number of adventitious shoots in cotyledons of eggplant (Shivaraj and Rao, 2011; Foo et al., 2018; Yesmin et al., 2018). Our study confirms the earlier observation that the interaction of two cytokinins significantly enhanced the shoot initiation and proliferation efficiency in diverse explants of eggplant (Shivaraj and Rao, 2011; Bhat et al., 2013; Foo et al., 2018; Yesmin et al., 2018). Synergistic effect of auxin and cytokinin on shoot induction The interaction between cytokinins and auxins is essential in morphological development during in vitro initiation, multiplication, and proliferation stages. The developmental stages are mediated by the low auxin and increased concentrations of cytokinins by stimulating the initiation of buds, proliferation, and enhanced production of shoots (Phillips and Garda, 2019). The PGRs, explant, genotype, and other additives significantly affect the induction and proliferation of shoots and, subsequently, plant regeneration. The supplementation of varying concentrations of IAA (1.43 to 5.71 µM), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 µM), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 µM) with mT (8.28 µM) determined their influence on the adventitious shoot induction and proliferation from all the explants of two eggplant genotypes. Among different auxins along with mT (8.28 µM), auxins at low concentrations (1.23 and 2.86 µM) were observed as efficient combinations for the maximum shoots in three explants of both cultivars (Table 5). The medium fortified with IAA (2.85 µM) and mT (8.28 µM) produced 26.4 shoots and 17.8 shoots in cotyledon explants of PPL (Fig. 1a) and PGR genotypes, respectively. In contrast, the other auxins like IBA (2.46 µM) amended with mT (8.28 µM) produced 22.4 shoots and 16.7 shoots, and NAA (2.68 µM) combinations with mT (8.28 µM) produced 21.6 shoots and 15.6 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes of eggplant (Table 5). The media amended with more than (2.46 to 2.85 µM) of auxins showed no significant difference in the induction shoots in both genotypes. The combination of auxin and cytokinin plays a significant role in different physiological processes mediating plant growth and development (Petrasek et al., 2019; Hurny et al., 2020; Hnatuszko-Konka et al., 2021). The auxin-cytokinin interactions are helpful in the development of shoot apex by synthesizing endogenous growth regulators, which reduce the exogenous supplementation of growth regulators (Gupta et al., 2020; Hurny et al., 2020). Multiple shoot buds were initiated on media containing different BAP concentrations with various auxins like IAA (Satish et al., 2015; Yesmin et al., 2018; Yarra and Kirti, 2019; Bhat et al., 2021), IBA (Satish et al., 2015), and NAA (Muktadir et al., 2016; Kaur et al., 2020) from various explants of eggplant cultivars. Several plant regeneration procedures have been demonstrated in various cultivars of eggplant using different explant types on media fortified with ZEA or Zeatin riboside (ZR) and three various auxins, namely IAA, IBA, and NAA individually (Pawar et al., 2013; Satish et al., 2015; Garcia-Fortea et al., 2020). The ZEA at 9.12 µM and IAA at 0.57 µM were the most suitable combinations for generating the optimal number of adventitious shoots in two eggplant cultivars (Muktadir et al., 2016). Similarly, the auxins in combination with mT show the synergistic effect on the shoot bud formation and proliferation in three explant types of two genotypes (Table 5). These studies are in accordance with the earlier studies on the auxin and cytokinin interaction, which significantly enhanced the number of shoots of other plant species like Tecoma stans (Hussain et al., 2019), Oxystelma esculentum (Jayaprakash et al., 2021), Dioscorea pentaphylla (Manokari et al., 2022), Coleus forskohlii (Badhepuri et al., 2023), Ipomoea batatas (Behera et al., 2024), and Solanum lycopersicum (Marapaka et al., 2024). In this study, we have employed meta-Topolin to initiate adventitious buds from three explants of both eggplant cultivars. Among all the tested cytokinins, mT (8.28 µM) exhibited maximum adventitious shoots. The mT belongs to aromatic cytokinins, which occur naturally in plants (Aremu et al., 2012). The mT has been recorded as more suitable and efficient than BAP (Khanam et al., 2020). The mT contains a hydroxyl group at the aromatic side chain. This aromatic side chain helps to allow and accumulate O -glycosides (Lalthafamkimi et al., 2021), which are quickly metabolized and converted into active free bases. Whenever necessary, make available cytokinins for a longer duration for the initiation and increase the number of shoots in several plants (Erisen et al., 2020; Vylicilova et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Lalthafamkimi et al., 2021). The mT has been observed as highly efficient in adventitious shoot initiation and proliferation compared to the other cytokinins BAP, KIN, 2iP, TDZ, and ZEA (Vijayakumar et al., 2017; Hussain et al., 2019; Khanam et al., 2020; Kucharska et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Manokari et al., 2021; 2022). The mT has been used in several plants to improve regeneration efficiency, adventitious shoot induction, proliferation, and shoot quality and is involved in histogenic stability and physiological disorders (Koszeghi et al., 2014; Dimitrova et al., 2016; Kucharska et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Manokari et al., 2021; 2022; Badhepuri et al., 2023). Proliferation of multiple shoots and rooting The elongation of adventitious shoot buds induced by different explants is a significant bottleneck, affecting complete plant regeneration. The adventitious shoots initiated by explants were unable to elongate. Hence, the explants with adventitious shoots were shifted to the medium fortified with low cytokinin concentrations after six weeks. The explants induced numerous shoot buds (< 3 mm in length counted with the help of a stereomicroscope) on varying combinations and concentrations of PGRs (Tables 1–5). The explants with clusters of tiny shoot buds were transferred to diverse combinations and media concentrations. The adventitious shoot bud clusters were cut into small bunches containing ~ 5–10 shoots shifted to the medium augmented with either individually or different combinations of mT (2.07 or 4.14 µM), BAP (2.22 or 4.44 µM), GA3 (0.29 or 1.45 µM), and IAA (0.57 or 2.86 µM) (Fig. 1d and e). Among diverse combinations and concentrations of PGRs, BAP at 2.22 µM alone or BAP (2.22 µM) and IAA at 2.86 µM were the most appropriate media for elongating shoots in eggplant. Our observations agree with the earlier results of the successful elongation of shoots in eggplant, where the low concentration of BAP enhanced the elongation of shoots (Sharma and Rajam, 1995; Khatun et al., 2022). In contrast, the hormone-free medium was helpful in the shoot elongation from adventitious shoot buds initiated by various explants of eggplant (Mukhadir et al., 2016; Yesmin et al., 2018; 2021), and media with the same concentrations and combinations were used for initiation of shoots (Bhat et al., 2021). Different TIBA (Triiodobenzoic acid) and GA3 concentrations significantly increased the elongation of shoots induced by hypocotyl explants of eggplant (Mallya and Ravishanker, 2013). Similarly, the medium augmented with varying concentrations of GA3 exhibited a significant enhancement in the shoot elongation (Shivaraj and Rao, 2011; Kanna and Jayabalan, 2015). In the present study, mT at a low concentration (2.07 µM) successfully enhanced the elongation of shoots from the bunch of shoot buds initiated by different explants. Our observations confirmed the earlier results on the mT-induced proliferation of multiple shoots in various plant species like Tecoma stans (Hussain et al., 2019), Physalis minima (Halder and Ghosh, 2021), Oxystelma esculentum (Jayaprakash et al., 2021), Dioscorea pentaphylla (Manokari et al., 2022), Coleus forskohlii (Badhepuri et al., 2023), Ipomoea batatas (Behera et al., 2024), Withania somnifera (Mahendran and Rahman, 2024), and Solanum lycopersicum (Marapaka et al., 2024). The elongated shoots obtained from different types of shoot induction media, such as mT and BAP, were evaluated for rooting efficiency. The rooting media are fortified with diverse auxin concentrations individually, such as IAA (1.43 to 5.71 µM), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 µM), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 µM), used to determine the rooting frequency and suitable concentration of auxin and production of complete plantlets. The initiation rooting takes place within one to two weeks of culture. The root induction depends on the concentration and type of auxin employed in the medium. The diverse concentrations of auxins generate various degrees of rooting response and the number of roots per shoot in two cultivars of eggplant. The auxin concentration of more than 4.92 to 5.71 µM did not enhance the number of roots per shoot or the rooting efficiency of both eggplant cultivars. The medium supplemented with IAA at 5.71 µM was recorded as an appropriate auxin for the optimum number of roots (Fig. 1f and g). It enhanced rooting frequency in both eggplant genotypes, which showed a 99.4% rooting efficiency and initiated an average number of 13.6 roots/shoot in the PPL cultivar. In contrast, 92.4% of rooting frequency and an average of 10.4 roots/shoot were recorded on the same medium in the PGR cultivar. The rooting frequency was 96.3%, and an average of 10.9 roots/shoot was shown in the PPL genotype on the rooting medium augmented with 4.92 µM of IBA, whereas 86.5% rooting efficiency and 7.4 roots per shoot were recorded in the PGR genotypes. The medium containing 5.37 µM of NAA induced 5.6 roots/shoot and 84.6% rooting efficiency, and 4.9 roots/shoot with 82.6% rooting frequency were shown in the PPL and PGR cultivars of eggplant. The IAA was found to be significantly more significant than other auxins (IBA and NAA) among the three auxins evaluated for rooting efficiency in both cultivars of eggplant. The best rooting response was exhibited in shoots of the PPL cultivar compared to the PGR cultivar. The auxin is critical in plant root meristem induction, proliferation, and other development processes (Gupta and Van Eck, 2016). The present study recorded IAA (5.71 µM) as a capable auxin type for initiating roots and improving rooting efficiency compared to IBA and NAA. Similar observations are reported as the IAA was the efficient auxin type for the proficient initiation of roots in eggplant (Satish et al., 2015). Meanwhile, IBA was the most competent auxin for inducing the rooting of shoots in many eggplant cultivars (Mallya and Ravishankar, 2013; Khatun et al., 2022). The shoots obtained from medium supplemented with mT show enhanced rooting efficiency compared to those generated from BAP-fortified medium. It was observed that the mT improves the rooting of shoots obtained from mT-supplemented media (Khanam et al., 2020; Shekhawat et al., 2021; Marapaka et al., 2024; Mahendran and Rahman, 2024). Hardening and acclimatization A total of 86 plants of the PPL genotype and 72 plants of the PGR genotype were placed under greenhouse conditions for acclimatization. Of these, 82 plants from the PPL genotype and 62 plants from the PGR cultivar were successfully acclimatized under greenhouse conditions (Fig. 1h). After four weeks of transplantation, a 95% survival rate for the PPL cultivar and a 90% survival rate for the PGR cultivar were observed. The plants produced from different explants are phenotypically similar to their mother plants. Our results on the maximum rate of survival confirm the competence of mT in enhancing the ability of acclimatization and rate of survival of regenerated plants as recorded in other plants (Khanam et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Shekhawat et al., 2021; Marapaka et al., 2024). Conclusions In the present study, we have demonstrated a proficient and repeatable plant regeneration system using diverse explants such as cotyledon, hypocotyl, and the leaf explants of two eggplant cultivars (Pusa purple long and Pusa green round). Different cytokinin concentrations (BAP, mT, and ZEA) were employed to find suitable concentrations for initiating adventitious shoots from various explant types. The synergistic role of mT in combination with other cytokinins (BAP, KIN, and ZEA) was evaluated using cotyledon explants of two eggplant cultivars. The synergistic effect of auxins and mT was assessed on the initiation and proliferation of shoot buds in cotyledon explants of two eggplant cultivars. The role of different PGR concentrations and combinations was evaluated on the elongation of shoot buds induced by cotyledon explants. The rooting efficiency was assessed using three diverse concentrations of auxins. The IAA at 5.71 µM was observed as efficient for rooting in both cultivars of eggplant. The present plant regeneration system is feasible for generating many plantlets and helpful in the genetic transformation to transfer agronomically novel genes and apply different genome editing tools for genetic improvement. Declarations Acknowledgements KKG and PV are thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, New Delhi, for financial assistance in the form of a project (F. No. 39-222/2010 (SR) Dt: 27-12-2010). Data availability statements The manuscript has no associated data, or the data will not be deposited. All data generated and/or analyzed during this study are included in this article. Author contribution statement KKG, VM and PJ performed all experiments. PJ and VP participated in designing the experiments and writing the manuscript. VP designed and supervised the entire work and reviewed the final manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript. Declaration of interest statement The authors have no conflict of interest in the present study. Human and animal rights This research did not involve experiments with human or animal participants. 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Manokari M, Priyadharshini S, Jogam P, Dey A, Shekhawat MS (2021) Meta-topolin and liquid medium mediated enhanced micropropagation via ex vitro rooting in Vanilla planifolia Jacks ex. Andrews. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 146(1):69-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02044-z. Manokari M, Badhepuri MK, Cokulraj M, Sandhya D, Dey A, Kumar V, Faisal M, Alatar AA, Singh RK, Shekhawat MS (2022) Validation of meta Topolin in organogenesis, improved morpho-physio-chemical responses, and clonal fidelity analysis in Dioscorea pentaphylla L. – an underutilized yam species. South Afr J Bot 145:284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.12.039. Marapaka V, Gande KK, Anumula V and Peddaboina V (2024) Meta-Topolin induced shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from different explants of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.).Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.13(1):188-199. https://doi.org/ 10.20546/ ijcmas.2024.1301.023. Mohapatra N, Deo B (2019) Substitution of BAP with meta-Topolin (m-T) in multiplication culture of Musa species. Plant Sci Res 41(1&2):8-11. Muktadir MA, Habib MA, Mian MAK, Akhond MAY (2016) Regeneration efficiency based on genotype, culture condition and growth regulators of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.). Agric Natural Resour 50:38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2014.10.001. Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473-497. https://DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x. Muthusamy A, Vidya KS, Pratibha PK, Rao MR, Vidhu SB, Guruprasad KP, Raghavendra U, Gopinath PM, Satyamoorthy K (2014) Establishment of an in vitro plantlet regeneration protocol for unique varieties of brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) var. Mattu Gulla and Perampalli Gulla. Indian J Exp Biol 52:80–88. Naaz A, Hussain SA, Anis M, Alatar AA (2019) Meta-topolin improved micropropagation in Syzygium cumini and acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. Biol Plant 63:174–182. hppts://DOI:10.32615/bp.2019.020. Pawar BD, Jadhav AS, Kale AA, Chimote VP, Pawar SV (2013) In vitro plant regeneration in Brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) using cotyledon, hypocotyl and root explants. Vegetos 26(2):312-317. https://DOI:10.5958/j.2229-4473.26.2.090. Petrasek HK, Motyka V, Hejatko J, Dobrev P, Kaminek M, Vankova R (2019) Auxins and cytokinins in plant development. Int J Mol Sci 20:909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040909. Phillips GC, Garda M (2019) Plant tissue culture media and practices: an overview. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 55(3):242-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-09983-5. Priyanka E, Varanavasiappan S, Kokiladevi E, Arul L, Kumar BV, Kumar KK (2021) Efficient Protocol for in vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of Brinjal cv.CO2. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 10(02):2785-2796. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.308. Rahman M, Asaduzzaman M, Nahar N, Bari MA (2006) Efficient plant regeneration from cotyledon and midrib derived callus in eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.). J Bio-Sci 14:31–38. https://DOI:10.3329/JBS.V1410.439. Saini DK, Kaushik P (2019) Visiting eggplant from a biotechnological perspective: A review. Scientia Horti 253:327–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.042. Satish L, Rameshkumar R, Rathinapriya P, Pandian S, Rency AS, Sunitha T, Ramesh M (2015) Effect of seaweed liquid extracts and plant growth regulators on in vitro mass propagation of brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) through hypocotyl and leaf disc explants. J Applied Phycology 27(2):993-1002. Savelieva EM, Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Kozlova AA, Kurochkin NN, Arkhipov DV, Chizhov AO, Oslovsky VE, Romanov GA (2022) In Planta, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Chiral N 6-Benzyladenine Derivatives: Discovery of Receptor-Specific S-Enantiomers with Cytokinin or Anticytokinin Activities. Inter J Mol Sci 23(19):11334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911334. Shaheen A, Dewir YH, Kher M, Khan M, El-Banna AN, Alaizari A (2022) Synergistic effect of benzylaminopurine and meta-Topolin combination for micropropagation of gerbera ‘Pink Melody’. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 46:e017521. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202246017521. Sharma P, Rajam MV (1995) Genotype, explant and position effects on organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.). J Exp Bot 46:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/46.1.135. Sharma S, Sharma A, Katoch V (2020) Biotechnological interventions in eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.). J Horti Science Biotech 95(3):273-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2019.1686432. Shekhawat J, Rai MK, Shekhawat NS, Kataria V (2021) Synergism of m -topolin with auxin and cytokinin enhanced micropropagation of Maytenasem arginata . In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 57:418–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-020-10132-6. Shekhawat MS, Priyadharshini S, Jogam P, Kumar V, Manokari M (2021) Meta-topolin and liquid medium enhanced in vitro regeneration in Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 57:296–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-020-10156-y. Shivaraj G, Rao S (2011) Rapid and efficient plant regeneration of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) from cotyledonary leaf explants. Indian J Biotech 10:125–129. Subramanyam K, Rajesh M, Jaganath B, Vasuki A, Theboral J, Elayaraja D, Karthik S, Manickavasagam M, Ganapathi A (2013) Assessment of factors influencing the Agrobacterium -mediated in planta seed transformation of brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.). Appl Biochem Biotech 171:450–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0359-z. Uddin MS, Billah M, Afroz R, Rahman S, Jahan N, Hossain MG, Bagum SA, Uddin MS, Khaldun ABM, Azam MG, Hossain N, Akanda MAL, Alhomrani M, Gaber M, Hossain A (2021) Evaluation of 130 Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) genotypes for future breeding program based on qualitative and quantitative traits, and various genetic parameters. Horticulturae 7:376. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100376. Vijayakumar J, Ponmanickam P, Samuel P, Sudarmani DNP, Pandiarajan J (2017) Influence of meta-topolin on efficient plant regeneration via micropropagation and organogenesis of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) cv. NARI-H-15. American J Plant Sci 8(4):688-705.https://DOI:10.4236/ajps.2017.84048. Vylicilova H, Bryksova M, Matuskova V, Dolezal K, Plíhalova L, Strnad M (2020) Naturally occurring and artificial N9-Cytokinin conjugates: from synthesis to biological activity and back. Biomolecules 10:832. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10060832. Yarra R, Kirti PB (2019) Expressing class I wheat NHX ( TaNHX2 ) gene in eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) improves plant performance under saline condition. Funct Integr Genom 19:541–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-019-00656-5. Yesmin S, Hoque MI, Sarker RH (2021) Enhanced regeneration through ex vitro rooting and Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.). Plant Tissue Culture Biotech 31(1):97-108. https://doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v31i1.54115. Yesmin S, Khatun MM, Tanny T, Protity AT, Salimullah M, Alam I (2018) In vitro regeneration of two high-yielding eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) varieties of Bangladesh. Curr Bot 08–12. https://doi:10.25081/cb.2018.v9.3376. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 15 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 09 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4709106\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":327710150,\"identity\":\"a8daacd4-858c-4462-9382-53d44ee27a9e\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Kranthikumar Gande\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kakatiya University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Kranthikumar\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Gande\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":327710151,\"identity\":\"0392ff63-4976-4d30-90c8-363af4cb5547\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Vasudha Marapaka\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kakatiya University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Vasudha\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Marapaka\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":327710152,\"identity\":\"729c0d42-ffd1-4dc1-a575-8450cffc7d6f\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Phanikanth Jogam\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kakatiya University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Phanikanth\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Jogam\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":327710153,\"identity\":\"f9260554-4607-4b25-b029-95ab9f401b0e\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Venkataiah Peddaboina\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACAwnGBgYeBgbmwwwMBxgY2KDCPERoYUsGaZEgWgtIjTFYC0FXmbM3b7zxc4eNjDn7mc8GP87Y1fFJJD9g+FHDIGOOQ4tlz7Fiy94zaTyWPbmbE3tuJEuwSaQZMPYcY+CxbMDhqhs5ZhK8bYd5DA7kbj7A84EZqCXBgIEX6DuDAzi03H9jJvkXpOX8m8cH/3yoB2pJ/8D4F5+WGzxm0mBbbuQwJ/PcOAzUkmPAjM8Wy560YmtZoF8MbjwzNpY5c1yyjedNwWGZYxI4tZizH9548+0OG3uD88mPJd8cq+aXb0/f+PBNDVAEl8MwhQQSQIkAd/xg0cKPw/RRMApGwSgYsQAA+qFbQxaky2wAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6877-0472\",\"institution\":\"Kakatiya University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Venkataiah\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Peddaboina\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-07-09 04:43:45\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709106/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709106/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-024-02850-1\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2024-09-03T16:05:18+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":62049910,\"identity\":\"05a5578c-7374-4133-b798-4f0d25949052\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-08-08 17:07:16\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":442253,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInduction of multiple shoots and plant regeneration from different explants of eggplant cv. PPL on medium fortified with mT at 8.29 μM and IAA at 2.85 μM\\u003c/strong\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMultiple shoot induction from (a) cotyledon, (b) hypocotyl, and (c) leaf, (d) multiple shoot proliferation from different explants, (e) elongation of multiple shoots, (f) root induction on MS medium fortifies with IAA (5.71 μM), (g) complete plantlet and (h) acclimatized plantlet under greenhouse conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4709106/v1/7ae17ba5bf50410591caeb9b.png\"},{\"id\":64185733,\"identity\":\"43c06b44-07ed-4ff9-8186-1989507b2e87\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-09 16:21:30\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1900174,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4709106/v1/85a1bc12-c4d1-4407-abfa-8921c3530598.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Meta-Topolin induced highly efficient plant regeneration from various explants of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAubergine, Brinjal, or Eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family, is extensively cultivated worldwide in tropical, temperate, and subtropical regions and is one the most significant vegetables all over the world after tomato and potato (Alam and Samiullah, 2021; Uddin et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Apart from the importance of vegetables and different cuisines, they are also used to treat various ailments of human beings (Kumar and Rajam, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e; Gurbaz et al., 2018). The worldwide production of this vegetable crop is severely affected by an extensive range of abiotic and biotic stresses (Saini and Kaushik, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sharma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). Classical breeding plays a vital role in developing superior eggplant cultivars. The success rate is minimal due to sexual incompatibilities and the selection of suitable germplasm to generate fertile progenies (Subramanyam et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR59\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e). The production of new cultivars with desired traits requires a lot of time (Saini and Kaushik, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sharma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Alam and Samiullah, 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe application of genetic transformation techniques will help overcome these difficulties. Plant regeneration protocols from diverse explants of several agronomically important genotypes are required to produce new germplasm through genetic transformation techniques and genome editing tools. Many plant regeneration procedures have been demonstrated from different cultivars of eggplant using diverse types of explants such as cotyledon (Garcia-Fortea et al., 2020; Bhat et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Priyanka et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e), hypocotyl (Satish et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e; Kaur et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), epicotyl (Kaur et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), midrib (Rahman et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e), node (Kanna and Jayabalan, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e), nodal segment (Bhat et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e), leaf (Kanna and Jayabalan, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e; Garcia-Fortea et al., 2020), shoot tip (Jadhav et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e), and root (Franklin et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e; Pawar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e; Khatun et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe regeneration frequencies rely upon various factors like the type and age of the explant, cultivar/genotype, and manipulation of plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Saini and Kaushik, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sharma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). The plant regeneration protocol depends on shoot induction, proliferation, and rooting, significantly affecting the transformation efficiency (Saini and Kaushik, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sharma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). Hence, reproducible plant regeneration protocols are essential to achieve optimal transformation efficiency. The PGRs are critical in differentiating shoot and root primordia by various plant systems (Petrasek et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Gupta et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hurny et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hnatuszko-Konka et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Several auxins and cytokinins, either alone or in combination, were successfully employed for adventitious shoot formation and proliferation from different explants of many eggplant cultivars (Saini and Kaushik, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Alam and Samiullah, 2021). Cytokinins like benzyl aminopurine (BAP), 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP), kinetin (KIN), thidiazuron (TDZ), zeatin (ZEA), and zeatin riboside (ZR) alone or in combination with another cytokinin and with diverse auxins like naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) etc., (Saini and Kaushik, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sharma et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Alam and Samiullah, 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHence, the present study was performed to find out the role of varying concentrations and combinations of cytokinins (BAP, mT [6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino) purine], and ZEA) on the initiation and proliferation of shoot buds in three types of explants of eggplant cultivar Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green round (PGR). The effect of the mT, combined with various concentrations of BAP, KIN, and ZEA, was evaluated on the regeneration efficiency, adventitious shoot bud induction and proliferation from cotyledon explants of both genotypes. The influence of the mT combined with various auxins (IAA/IBA/NAA) was examined using cotyledon explants for the shoot bud initiation and proliferation following plantlet production.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePlant material and explant preparation\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeeds of eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) two cultivars, Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green round (PGR), were procured from the National Seed Corporation (NSC), Warangal branch, Telangana, India. The uniform and healthy seeds were hand-picked and washed under water, then treated with 70% ethanol for 1\\u0026ndash;2 min, followed by 0.1% HgCl\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e for 3\\u0026ndash;5 min. The surfactants were removed by rinsing the sterilized seeds with sterile water. For germination, sterilized seeds were inoculated on the Murashige and Skoog (Murashige and Skoog, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1962\\u003c/span\\u003e) medium amended with sucrose (2%) and 0.8% agar was used as a solidifying agent. The pH of the media was set to 5.8 with either HCl (0.1N) or NaOH (0.1N) before autoclaving at 121\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC and 15 lb pressure for 20 min. The cultures were incubated in the culture room at 24\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2 \\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC under a 16/8 h photoperiod. The different explants, such as cotyledon and hypocotyl, were prepared using two-week-old seedlings and leaf (1 cm2) explants from four to six-week-old seedlings.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eCulture media and conditions\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe MS medium was fortified with 2% sucrose, diverse concentrations and combinations of cytokinins like BAP (2.22 to 13.32 \\u0026micro;M), mT (2.07 to 12.43 \\u0026micro;M), ZEA (2.28 to 13.68 \\u0026micro;M), and KIN (2.32 to 9.29 \\u0026micro;M) (Tables\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). The varying concentrations of cytokinins and combining with different auxins, namely IAA (1.43 to 5.71 \\u0026micro;M), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 \\u0026micro;M), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 \\u0026micro;M), were used in all the experiments (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). The rooting medium was prepared with different concentrations of auxins (IAA/IBA/NAA) and evaluated for the rooting frequency of shoots obtained from various explants. The medium was solidified with 0.8% agar, pH was adjusted to 5.8 and then autoclaved at 121\\u003csup\\u003eo\\u003c/sup\\u003eC for 20 min. All the cultures were kept in a culture room at 24\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2\\u0026deg;C and 16/8 h (light/dark) photocycle under fluorescent lamps.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of various concentrations of BAP, mT, and ZEA on induction of multiple shoots from cotyledon explants of eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.)*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlant growth regulators (\\u0026micro;M)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Purple Long (PPL)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Green Red (PGR)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBAP\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.32\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.44\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.39\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.66\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e09.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e08.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e08.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.74\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e08.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.71\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.51\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e64.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.44\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.28\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e78.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e08.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.75\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.18\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.59\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e91.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.78\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e09.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.65\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eZEA\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.50\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.09\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.29\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.23\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e05.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.34\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.44\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.84\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.81\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e07.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e07.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e75.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e09.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e08.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.86\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.78\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e66.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.41\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.31\\u003csup\\u003edef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e63.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.52\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.83\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e*Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan\\u0026rsquo;s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of various concentrations of BAP, mT, and ZEA on induction of multiple shoots from hypocotyl explants of eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.)*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlant growth regulators (\\u0026micro;M)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Purple Long (PPL)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Green Red (PGR)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBAP\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e01.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003edef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e01.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003edef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.66\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.81\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003edef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.45\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.81\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.52\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e05.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e08.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e78.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.84\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e78.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e63.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.74\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.65\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e66.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.78\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e78.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.69\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.45\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e08.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.74\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e07.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e07.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.66\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e05.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eZEA\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e43.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e01.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.74\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e02.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.71\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.84\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e05.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.91\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e07.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e63.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e05.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.45\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e64.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.28\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.59\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e04.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.35\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e03.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e*Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan\\u0026rsquo;s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of various concentrations of BAP, mT, and ZEA on induction of multiple shoots from leaf explants of eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.)*\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePlant growth regulators (\\u0026micro;M)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Purple Long (PPL)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Green Red (PGR)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBAP\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.35\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e03.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.05\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e02.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.34\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e61.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e04.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.23\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e03.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.25\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e67.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e06.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e04.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.65\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e08.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e72.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.45\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e06.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e89.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e82.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e08.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e83.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e07.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e80.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.86\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e07.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003emT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e03.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.43\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e03.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.34\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e78.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.52\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e07.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.31\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e74.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e06.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e88.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e09.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e83.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e08.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e92.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.32\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e89.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e91.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.61\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e85.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.35\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e86.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e08.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e80.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.83\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e07.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eZEA\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.59\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e02.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.24\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e01.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e02.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.45\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e49.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.74\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e03.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.81\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e61.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.45\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e06.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e58.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.89\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e04.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e70.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e08.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.74\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e67.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csub\\u003ea\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e06.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e68.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e05.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e03.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e64.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e04.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.37\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e61.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.61\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e02.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e*Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan\\u0026rsquo;s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of m-Topolin (8.88 \\u0026micro;M) in combination with cytokinins (BAP, KIN, and ZEA) on induction of multiple shoots in cotyledon explants of eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.)*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlant growth regulators (\\u0026micro;M)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Purple Long (PPL)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c6\\\" namest=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Green Red (PGR)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBAP\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.13\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.43\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e97.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.29\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.75\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.39\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.66\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.63\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eKIN\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.65\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.65\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.59\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eZEA\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e97.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.38\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.66\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.39\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.84\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.45\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.47\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.69\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e*Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan\\u0026rsquo;s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of m-Topolin in combination with diverse concentrations of auxins on induction of multiple shoots in cotyledon explants of eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.)*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlant growth regulators (\\u0026micro;M)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Purple Long (PPL)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c6\\\" namest=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePusa Green Red (PGR)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResponse (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of shoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(Mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eIAA\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.43\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.14\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.79\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.78\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.92\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.66\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.91\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eIBA\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e96.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.84\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.68\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.46\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e97.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.18\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.56\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.69\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.92\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.78\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.65\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003emT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eNAA\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.26\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.76\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.62\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.58\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.29\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.75\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.71\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.67\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.48\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.49\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.64\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e86.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.46\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.65\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.78\\u003csup\\u003edf\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.82\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.72\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.36\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e*Each experiment was conducted thrice with 30 replicates. The values represent the mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard error. The same letters within the columns are not significantly different according to Duncan\\u0026rsquo;s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level (\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eShoot induction, proliferation and elongation\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThree types of explants, such as cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf, were prepared and employed to evaluate multiple shoot induction on various cytokinins alone and combined with other cytokinins (Tables\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e) and auxins (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). After 2-weeks, the explants were shown the initiation of adventitious shoots from the cut ends. The explants showing the shoot bud induction were shifted onto the same medium containing a similar concentration of PGRs and incubated for another two weeks for shoot bud growth. The explants with multiple shoot buds were moved to the same medium for another round of subculture for two more weeks with the same culture media and conditions. The numerous shoot buds induced from the three different explants were further improved on the medium containing similar concentrations of PGRs after two to three subcultures on medium fortified with varying concentrations of BAP (2.22 or 4.44 \\u0026micro;M), mT (2.07 or 4.14 \\u0026micro;M), IAA (0.57 or 2.85\\u0026micro;M) and Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.29 or 1.45 \\u0026micro;M) alone or in combinations. The multiple shoots showed elongation and proliferation during the subculturing of the explants. The multiple shoot separation from clumps leads to a faster increase and elongation of shoots during the subcultures.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eRooting of regenerated shoots\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe regenerated shoots from different explant types were separated from the bunch of shoots. The shoots were individually separated and inoculated to a medium amended with various auxins, such as IAA, IBA, and NAA, with various concentrations for rooting of shoots obtained from different explants. The shoots were inoculated onto the medium devoid of auxins and are regarded as a control in evaluating varying auxin concentrations for rooting by maintaining the same shoot induction and elongation conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eHardening and acclimatization\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe plantlets were removed carefully from culture vessels and cleaned in tap water to get rid of the agar medium sticking to the roots. The plantlets were moved to paper cups filled with soil-rite, soil and sand (1:1:1), and plantlets were covered with a polythene cover with tiny holes and kept for two weeks in the culture room for hardening. The plants were shifted to earthen pots containing sterile garden soil and placed in the greenhouse for further hardening and acclimatization for two to three weeks. The plants were grown to maturity in greenhouse conditions. After four weeks, the data on the survival of plants was recorded.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eData analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAll the treatments consisted of triplicates consisting of 30 explants. The number of shoots/explants and treatments was counted using the stereomicroscope, and data was recorded. The data were evaluated using mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE) and analyzed with Duncan\\u0026rsquo;s multiple range test (DMRT) (SPSS Inc, USA).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results and discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA repeatable and efficient plant regeneration protocol is crucial for applying molecular breeding methods to overcome the difficulties of conventional breeding programs to improve eggplant germplasm, such as genetic transformation and genome editing procedures (Khatun et al., 2022). Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a proficient plant regeneration method using cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf in two eggplant cultivars (Pusa purple long-PPL and Pusa green round-PRG). This investigation also evaluates the influence of a wide variety of factors on regeneration efficiency. The diverse factors like explants, genotypes, and manipulation of suitable concentrations and combination of the PGRs significantly affect the induction and enhancement of shoots and plant regeneration in eggplant (Saini and Kaushik, 2019; Sharma et al., 2020; Alam and Samiullah, 2021; Yesmin et al., 2021; Khatun et al., 2022). The different cytokinins like BAP, KIN, 2iP, TDZ, and ZEA were successfully employed for shoot induction and proliferation from various types of explants in diverse genotypes/cultivars of eggplant (Saini and Kaushik, 2019; Sharma et al., 2020; Alam and Samiullah, 2021; Yesmin et al., 2021; Khatun et al., 2022).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eEffect of cytokinins on shoot induction\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe three explant types, cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf, were obtained from different genotypes, Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green red (PGR) of eggplant. These explants were placed on a hormone-free medium, and no response was observed except for the inducing callus formation at the cut ends. All three explants were cultured on the medium augmented with a variety of cytokinin concentrations alone. The explants exhibited signs of the initiation of adventitious shoot buds while culturing on the medium containing all concentrations of cytokinins. Cytokinins involve several physiological functions, including the formation of the shoot and/or root meristem (Hurny et al., 2020; Hnatuszko-Konka et al., 2021). The formation of adventitious buds was recorded within one to two weeks of culture. The shoot bud induction significantly relies on many factors, such as explant, type of cytokinin, and cultivar/genotype. All three explants showed the occurrence of adventitious buds within a week on the culture medium fortified with either mT or BAP. Meanwhile, the ZEA-containing medium exhibited a delayed response. Among the two cultivars examined, the PPL cultivar was significantly more responsive than the PGR. Our findings are in agreement with previous investigations on eggplant, where different regeneration responses have been observed in various genotypes of eggplant (Pawar et al., 2013; Yesmin et al., 2018; 2021; Khatun et al., 2022).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe media containing various concentrations of mT induced the maximum number of adventitious shoots and showed optimal regeneration frequency in all explants of two eggplant cultivars (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;5). The medium fortified with 11.10 \\u0026micro;M BAP generated the optimum number of shoots in all three explants and showed the maximum regeneration response in both eggplant genotypes. The concentration of up to 11.10 \\u0026micro;M of BAP declined the shoot number and percentage of regeneration in two genotypes of eggplant. Among the three cytokinins evaluated, the ZEA was observed as the least reactive cytokinin compared to mT and BAP in all explants of the eggplant cultivars. The shoot regeneration on medium augmented with 9.12 \\u0026micro;M ZEA was observed as an appropriate concentration for inducing the maximum adventitious shoot buds and regeneration efficiency in the three explants of two cultivars of eggplant (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe medium with mT at 8.28 \\u0026micro;M was a highly proficient cytokinin than BAP and ZEA, generating from 2.3 to 18.6 shoots depending on the explant type in PPL and PGR after six weeks of cultures (Table\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3). The medium augmented with 11.10 \\u0026micro;M BAP induced the maximum number of adventitious buds in all three explant types and showed the highest regeneration response in both genotypes of eggplant (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3). The initiation of multiple shoots and shoot regeneration were increased gradually. The cotyledons generated 18.6 and 13.2 shoots per explant on the medium amended with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) after six weeks of culture in PPL (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1a) and PGR, respectively (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3). In contrast, hypocotyl explants produced an average of 8.3 and 6.4 shoots/explant on the medium augmented with mT at 8.27 \\u0026micro;M in PPL (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1b) and PGR, respectively. The leaf explants produced with adventitious shoots were recorded at 12.7 and 11.3 shoots per explant (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1c). The medium containing diverse mT concentrations enhanced the adventitious shoot buds per explant in both genotypes of eggplant compared with the other two cytokinins, BAP and ZEA, in all the explants of both cultivars of eggplant (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3). The medium was amended with BAP at 11.10 \\u0026micro;M, which generated the optimum adventitious shoots per explants, such as 13.4 shoots per cotyledon, 8.2 shoots per hypocotyl, and 10.6 shoots per leaf explants of the PPL cultivar. In contrast, the PGR cultivar recorded 10.9 shoots per cotyledon, 8.7 shoots per leaf explant, and 6.8 shoots per hypocotyl.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll concentrations of ZEA were found to be less significant than mT and BAP in the initiation of shoots from explant and regeneration from all explants of two cultivars of eggplant. Among various concentrations of ZEA, the medium containing 9.12 \\u0026micro;M ZEA was shown as an efficient concentration in producing the maximum shoots per explant, and it showed the highest regeneration frequency (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3). The cotyledons generated 9.5 and 8.7 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively. In comparison, 7.5 shoots and 5.8 shoots in hypocotyl and 8.2 shoots and 6.2 shoots in leaf were recorded in PPL and PGR cultivars, respectively. When the cytokinin concentrations were increased, they negatively affected regeneration efficiency and reduced the number of shoots (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3). The cotyledon explants are better responsive in initiating the number of adventitious shoots and regeneration frequency, followed by leaf explants in both genotypes. When cultured on three different cytokinins, the hypocotyl explants are least responsive in both genotypes. The mT was recorded as highly efficient as BAP and ZEA regarding the number of shoots per explant and regeneration frequency for the three explants of two eggplant genotypes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, we have compared three different cytokinins, BAP, mT, and ZEA, for their regeneration efficiency and induction of adventitious shoots in two genotypes using three explant types, cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;3). The medium fortified with mT demonstrated the highest regeneration response and induced the optimum number of adventitious shoots. These observations are in agreement with previously reported studies on the effectiveness of the mT on the initiation of multiple shoots in many plant species like \\u003cem\\u003eCannabis sativa\\u003c/em\\u003e (Lata et al., 2016), \\u003cem\\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\\u003c/em\\u003e (Vijaykumar et al., 2017), \\u003cem\\u003ePterocarpus marsupium\\u003c/em\\u003e (Ahmad and Anis, 2019), \\u003cem\\u003eTecoma stans\\u003c/em\\u003e (Hussain et al., 2019), \\u003cem\\u003eSesamum indicum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Elayaraja et al., 2019), \\u003cem\\u003eSyzygium cumini\\u003c/em\\u003e (Naaz et al., 2019), \\u003cem\\u003eAllamanda cathartica\\u003c/em\\u003e (Khanam et al., 2020), \\u003cem\\u003eMaytenus emarginata\\u003c/em\\u003e (Shekhawat et al., 2021), \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea pentaphylla\\u003c/em\\u003e (Manokari et al., 2022), \\u003cem\\u003eColeus forskohlii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Badhepuri et al., 2023), \\u003cem\\u003eIpomoea batatas\\u003c/em\\u003e (Behera et al., 2024) including the plants belongs to Solanaceae family like \\u003cem\\u003eWithania somnifera\\u003c/em\\u003e (Kaur et al., 2021; Mahendran and Rahman, 2024), \\u003cem\\u003ePhysalis minima\\u003c/em\\u003e (Halder and Ghosh, 2021), and \\u003cem\\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Marapaka et al., 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eSynergistic effect of cytokinin and cytokinin on shoot induction\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe cytokinins can induce several differentiation processes, such as shoot initiation, proliferation, and other developmental pathways (Petrasek et al., 2019; Phillips and Garda, 2019; Hurny et al., 2020). Among the three explants evaluated, cotyledon explants were more pronounced for both regeneration efficiency and production of the highest number of multiple shoot buds in the two genotypes. The cotyledon explants were used to find the most suitable combination and concentration of cytokinins. The medium was fortified with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M), and different concentrations of cytokinins like BAP (2.22 to 8.88 \\u0026micro;M), KIN (2.32 to 9.29 \\u0026micro;M), and ZEA (2.28 to 9.12 \\u0026micro;M) were added alone to determine the most appropriate combination of cytokinins in both genotypes. The addition of low concentrations of cytokinins induced an optimum regeneration response. The cotyledon explants generated the maximum number of shoot buds on the medium containing low concentrations of BAP, KIN, and ZEA (Table\\u0026nbsp;4). The mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) and BAP at 2.22 \\u0026micro;M combinations generated 25.8 and 18.3 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively (Table\\u0026nbsp;4).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn contrast, the mT along KIN (2.32 \\u0026micro;M) produced 20.4 and 16.4 shoots, and the ZEA (2.28 \\u0026micro;M) had 21.3 and 16.6 shoots per explant in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively (Table\\u0026nbsp;4). The increased BAP, KIN, and ZEA concentrations significantly decreased the regeneration response and the number of shoots in both genotypes. The combination of mT and BAP was more efficient than the combination of ZEA and KIN regarding the number of shoots per explant and regeneration frequency for the three explants of two eggplant genotypes (Table\\u0026nbsp;4). The combination two cytokinins is crucial for forming and increasing the number of shoots from different explants of various plants (Shekhawat et al., 2020). A synergistic effect of combining two cytokinins on the increased number of shoots in different plants has been observed, such as \\u003cem\\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\\u003c/em\\u003e (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), \\u003cem\\u003eMusa\\u003c/em\\u003e spp. (Mohapatra and Deo, 2019), \\u003cem\\u003eMaytenus emarginata\\u003c/em\\u003e (Shekhawat et al., 2021), \\u003cem\\u003eGerbera jamesonii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Shaheen et al., 2022). The various combinations of two cytokinins, such as BAP\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;KIN, TDZ\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BAP, and TDZ\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;KIN, were successfully employed and obtained the highest number of adventitious shoots in cotyledons of eggplant (Shivaraj and Rao, 2011; Foo et al., 2018; Yesmin et al., 2018). Our study confirms the earlier observation that the interaction of two cytokinins significantly enhanced the shoot initiation and proliferation efficiency in diverse explants of eggplant (Shivaraj and Rao, 2011; Bhat et al., 2013; Foo et al., 2018; Yesmin et al., 2018).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eSynergistic effect of auxin and cytokinin on shoot induction\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe interaction between cytokinins and auxins is essential in morphological development during \\u003cem\\u003ein vitro\\u003c/em\\u003e initiation, multiplication, and proliferation stages. The developmental stages are mediated by the low auxin and increased concentrations of cytokinins by stimulating the initiation of buds, proliferation, and enhanced production of shoots (Phillips and Garda, 2019). The PGRs, explant, genotype, and other additives significantly affect the induction and proliferation of shoots and, subsequently, plant regeneration. The supplementation of varying concentrations of IAA (1.43 to 5.71 \\u0026micro;M), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 \\u0026micro;M), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 \\u0026micro;M) with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) determined their influence on the adventitious shoot induction and proliferation from all the explants of two eggplant genotypes. Among different auxins along with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M), auxins at low concentrations (1.23 and 2.86 \\u0026micro;M) were observed as efficient combinations for the maximum shoots in three explants of both cultivars (Table\\u0026nbsp;5). The medium fortified with IAA (2.85 \\u0026micro;M) and mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) produced 26.4 shoots and 17.8 shoots in cotyledon explants of PPL (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1a) and PGR genotypes, respectively. In contrast, the other auxins like IBA (2.46 \\u0026micro;M) amended with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) produced 22.4 shoots and 16.7 shoots, and NAA (2.68 \\u0026micro;M) combinations with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) produced 21.6 shoots and 15.6 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes of eggplant (Table\\u0026nbsp;5). The media amended with more than (2.46 to 2.85 \\u0026micro;M) of auxins showed no significant difference in the induction shoots in both genotypes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe combination of auxin and cytokinin plays a significant role in different physiological processes mediating plant growth and development (Petrasek et al., 2019; Hurny et al., 2020; Hnatuszko-Konka et al., 2021). The auxin-cytokinin interactions are helpful in the development of shoot apex by synthesizing endogenous growth regulators, which reduce the exogenous supplementation of growth regulators (Gupta et al., 2020; Hurny et al., 2020). Multiple shoot buds were initiated on media containing different BAP concentrations with various auxins like IAA (Satish et al., 2015; Yesmin et al., 2018; Yarra and Kirti, 2019; Bhat et al., 2021), IBA (Satish et al., 2015), and NAA (Muktadir et al., 2016; Kaur et al., 2020) from various explants of eggplant cultivars. Several plant regeneration procedures have been demonstrated in various cultivars of eggplant using different explant types on media fortified with ZEA or Zeatin riboside (ZR) and three various auxins, namely IAA, IBA, and NAA individually (Pawar et al., 2013; Satish et al., 2015; Garcia-Fortea et al., 2020). The ZEA at 9.12 \\u0026micro;M and IAA at 0.57 \\u0026micro;M were the most suitable combinations for generating the optimal number of adventitious shoots in two eggplant cultivars (Muktadir et al., 2016). Similarly, the auxins in combination with mT show the synergistic effect on the shoot bud formation and proliferation in three explant types of two genotypes (Table\\u0026nbsp;5). These studies are in accordance with the earlier studies on the auxin and cytokinin interaction, which significantly enhanced the number of shoots of other plant species like \\u003cem\\u003eTecoma stans\\u003c/em\\u003e (Hussain et al., 2019), \\u003cem\\u003eOxystelma esculentum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Jayaprakash et al., 2021), \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea pentaphylla\\u003c/em\\u003e (Manokari et al., 2022), \\u003cem\\u003eColeus forskohlii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Badhepuri et al., 2023), \\u003cem\\u003eIpomoea batatas\\u003c/em\\u003e (Behera et al., 2024), and \\u003cem\\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Marapaka et al., 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, we have employed meta-Topolin to initiate adventitious buds from three explants of both eggplant cultivars. Among all the tested cytokinins, mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) exhibited maximum adventitious shoots. The mT belongs to aromatic cytokinins, which occur naturally in plants (Aremu et al., 2012). The mT has been recorded as more suitable and efficient than BAP (Khanam et al., 2020). The mT contains a hydroxyl group at the aromatic side chain. This aromatic side chain helps to allow and accumulate \\u003cem\\u003eO\\u003c/em\\u003e-glycosides (Lalthafamkimi et al., 2021), which are quickly metabolized and converted into active free bases. Whenever necessary, make available cytokinins for a longer duration for the initiation and increase the number of shoots in several plants (Erisen et al., 2020; Vylicilova et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Lalthafamkimi et al., 2021). The mT has been observed as highly efficient in adventitious shoot initiation and proliferation compared to the other cytokinins BAP, KIN, 2iP, TDZ, and ZEA (Vijayakumar et al., 2017; Hussain et al., 2019; Khanam et al., 2020; Kucharska et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Manokari et al., 2021; 2022). The mT has been used in several plants to improve regeneration efficiency, adventitious shoot induction, proliferation, and shoot quality and is involved in histogenic stability and physiological disorders (Koszeghi et al., 2014; Dimitrova et al., 2016; Kucharska et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Manokari et al., 2021; 2022; Badhepuri et al., 2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eProliferation of multiple shoots and rooting\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe elongation of adventitious shoot buds induced by different explants is a significant bottleneck, affecting complete plant regeneration. The adventitious shoots initiated by explants were unable to elongate. Hence, the explants with adventitious shoots were shifted to the medium fortified with low cytokinin concentrations after six weeks. The explants induced numerous shoot buds (\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;3 mm in length counted with the help of a stereomicroscope) on varying combinations and concentrations of PGRs (Tables\\u0026nbsp;1\\u0026ndash;5). The explants with clusters of tiny shoot buds were transferred to diverse combinations and media concentrations. The adventitious shoot bud clusters were cut into small bunches containing\\u0026thinsp;~\\u0026thinsp;5\\u0026ndash;10 shoots shifted to the medium augmented with either individually or different combinations of mT (2.07 or 4.14 \\u0026micro;M), BAP (2.22 or 4.44 \\u0026micro;M), GA3 (0.29 or 1.45 \\u0026micro;M), and IAA (0.57 or 2.86 \\u0026micro;M) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1d and e). Among diverse combinations and concentrations of PGRs, BAP at 2.22 \\u0026micro;M alone or BAP (2.22 \\u0026micro;M) and IAA at 2.86 \\u0026micro;M were the most appropriate media for elongating shoots in eggplant. Our observations agree with the earlier results of the successful elongation of shoots in eggplant, where the low concentration of BAP enhanced the elongation of shoots (Sharma and Rajam, 1995; Khatun et al., 2022).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn contrast, the hormone-free medium was helpful in the shoot elongation from adventitious shoot buds initiated by various explants of eggplant (Mukhadir et al., 2016; Yesmin et al., 2018; 2021), and media with the same concentrations and combinations were used for initiation of shoots (Bhat et al., 2021). Different TIBA (Triiodobenzoic acid) and GA3 concentrations significantly increased the elongation of shoots induced by hypocotyl explants of eggplant (Mallya and Ravishanker, 2013). Similarly, the medium augmented with varying concentrations of GA3 exhibited a significant enhancement in the shoot elongation (Shivaraj and Rao, 2011; Kanna and Jayabalan, 2015). In the present study, mT at a low concentration (2.07 \\u0026micro;M) successfully enhanced the elongation of shoots from the bunch of shoot buds initiated by different explants. Our observations confirmed the earlier results on the mT-induced proliferation of multiple shoots in various plant species like \\u003cem\\u003eTecoma stans\\u003c/em\\u003e (Hussain et al., 2019), \\u003cem\\u003ePhysalis minima\\u003c/em\\u003e (Halder and Ghosh, 2021), \\u003cem\\u003eOxystelma esculentum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Jayaprakash et al., 2021), \\u003cem\\u003eDioscorea pentaphylla\\u003c/em\\u003e (Manokari et al., 2022), \\u003cem\\u003eColeus forskohlii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Badhepuri et al., 2023), \\u003cem\\u003eIpomoea batatas\\u003c/em\\u003e (Behera et al., 2024), \\u003cem\\u003eWithania somnifera\\u003c/em\\u003e (Mahendran and Rahman, 2024), and \\u003cem\\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Marapaka et al., 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe elongated shoots obtained from different types of shoot induction media, such as mT and BAP, were evaluated for rooting efficiency. The rooting media are fortified with diverse auxin concentrations individually, such as IAA (1.43 to 5.71 \\u0026micro;M), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 \\u0026micro;M), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 \\u0026micro;M), used to determine the rooting frequency and suitable concentration of auxin and production of complete plantlets. The initiation rooting takes place within one to two weeks of culture. The root induction depends on the concentration and type of auxin employed in the medium. The diverse concentrations of auxins generate various degrees of rooting response and the number of roots per shoot in two cultivars of eggplant. The auxin concentration of more than 4.92 to 5.71 \\u0026micro;M did not enhance the number of roots per shoot or the rooting efficiency of both eggplant cultivars. The medium supplemented with IAA at 5.71 \\u0026micro;M was recorded as an appropriate auxin for the optimum number of roots (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1f and g). It enhanced rooting frequency in both eggplant genotypes, which showed a 99.4% rooting efficiency and initiated an average number of 13.6 roots/shoot in the PPL cultivar.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn contrast, 92.4% of rooting frequency and an average of 10.4 roots/shoot were recorded on the same medium in the PGR cultivar. The rooting frequency was 96.3%, and an average of 10.9 roots/shoot was shown in the PPL genotype on the rooting medium augmented with 4.92 \\u0026micro;M of IBA, whereas 86.5% rooting efficiency and 7.4 roots per shoot were recorded in the PGR genotypes. The medium containing 5.37 \\u0026micro;M of NAA induced 5.6 roots/shoot and 84.6% rooting efficiency, and 4.9 roots/shoot with 82.6% rooting frequency were shown in the PPL and PGR cultivars of eggplant. The IAA was found to be significantly more significant than other auxins (IBA and NAA) among the three auxins evaluated for rooting efficiency in both cultivars of eggplant. The best rooting response was exhibited in shoots of the PPL cultivar compared to the PGR cultivar. The auxin is critical in plant root meristem induction, proliferation, and other development processes (Gupta and Van Eck, 2016). The present study recorded IAA (5.71 \\u0026micro;M) as a capable auxin type for initiating roots and improving rooting efficiency compared to IBA and NAA. Similar observations are reported as the IAA was the efficient auxin type for the proficient initiation of roots in eggplant (Satish et al., 2015). Meanwhile, IBA was the most competent auxin for inducing the rooting of shoots in many eggplant cultivars (Mallya and Ravishankar, 2013; Khatun et al., 2022). The shoots obtained from medium supplemented with mT show enhanced rooting efficiency compared to those generated from BAP-fortified medium. It was observed that the mT improves the rooting of shoots obtained from mT-supplemented media (Khanam et al., 2020; Shekhawat et al., 2021; Marapaka et al., 2024; Mahendran and Rahman, 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eHardening and acclimatization\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA total of 86 plants of the PPL genotype and 72 plants of the PGR genotype were placed under greenhouse conditions for acclimatization. Of these, 82 plants from the PPL genotype and 62 plants from the PGR cultivar were successfully acclimatized under greenhouse conditions (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;1h). After four weeks of transplantation, a 95% survival rate for the PPL cultivar and a 90% survival rate for the PGR cultivar were observed. The plants produced from different explants are phenotypically similar to their mother plants. Our results on the maximum rate of survival confirm the competence of mT in enhancing the ability of acclimatization and rate of survival of regenerated plants as recorded in other plants (Khanam et al., 2020; Jayaprakash et al., 2021; Shekhawat et al., 2021; Marapaka et al., 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn the present study, we have demonstrated a proficient and repeatable plant regeneration system using diverse explants such as cotyledon, hypocotyl, and the leaf explants of two eggplant cultivars (Pusa purple long and Pusa green round). Different cytokinin concentrations (BAP, mT, and ZEA) were employed to find suitable concentrations for initiating adventitious shoots from various explant types. The synergistic role of mT in combination with other cytokinins (BAP, KIN, and ZEA) was evaluated using cotyledon explants of two eggplant cultivars. The synergistic effect of auxins and mT was assessed on the initiation and proliferation of shoot buds in cotyledon explants of two eggplant cultivars. The role of different PGR concentrations and combinations was evaluated on the elongation of shoot buds induced by cotyledon explants. The rooting efficiency was assessed using three diverse concentrations of auxins. The IAA at 5.71 \\u0026micro;M was observed as efficient for rooting in both cultivars of eggplant. The present plant regeneration system is feasible for generating many plantlets and helpful in the genetic transformation to transfer agronomically novel genes and apply different genome editing tools for genetic improvement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eKKG and PV are thankful to\\u0026nbsp;the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, New Delhi, for financial assistance in the form of a project (F. No. 39-222/2010 (SR) Dt: 27-12-2010).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData availability statements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe manuscript has no associated data, or the data will not be deposited. All data generated and/or analyzed during this study are included in this article.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor contribution statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eKKG, VM and PJ performed all experiments. PJ and VP participated in designing the experiments and writing the manuscript. VP designed and supervised the entire work and reviewed the final manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDeclaration of interest statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interest in the present study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHuman and animal rights\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis research did not involve experiments with human or animal participants.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAhmad A, Anis M (2019) Meta-topolin improves in vitro morphogenesis, rhizogenesis and biochemical analysis in \\u003cem\\u003ePterocarpus marsupium\\u003c/em\\u003e Roxb.: a potential drug-yielding tree. 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J Pharm Phytochem 6:2009\\u0026ndash;2013.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHalder T, Ghosh B (2021) Cytological, genetical and phytochemically stable meta-Topolin (mT)-induced mass propagation of underutilized \\u003cem\\u003ePhysalis minima\\u003c/em\\u003e L. for production of withaferin A. Biocatal Agri Biotech 33:102012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021. 102012.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHnatuszko-Konka K, Gerszberg A, Weremczuk-Jezyna I, Grzegorczyk-Karolak I (2021) Cytokinin Signaling and De Novo Shoot Organogenesis. Genes 12:265. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020265.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHurny A, Cuesta C, Cavallari N, Otvos K, Duclercq J, Dokladal L, Montesinos JC, Gallemi M, Semeradova H, Rauter R, Stenzel I, Persiau G, Benade F, Bhalearo R, Sykorova E, Gorzsas A, Sechet J, Mouille G, Heilmann I, De Jaeger G, Ludwig-Muller J, Benkova E (2020) Synergistics on auxin and cytokinin1 positively regulates growth and attenuates soil pathogen resistance. 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J Crop Improv 29:518\\u0026ndash;527. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2015.1055022.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eJayaprakash K, Manokari M, Badhepuri MK, Raj MC, Dey A, Shekhawat MS (2021) Influence of meta-topolin on in vitro propagation and foliar micro-morpho-anatomical developments of \\u003cem\\u003eOxystelma esculentum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Lf) Sm. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 147(2):325-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02126-y.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKanna SV, Jayabalan N (2010) Influence of n6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine on \\u003cem\\u003ein vitro \\u003c/em\\u003eshoot proliferation in \\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena \\u003c/em\\u003eL. Int J Acad Res 2(2):98-100.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKanna SV, Jayabalan N (2015) Regeneration via Direct Organogenesis from leaf segments of Eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.). J Plant Sci 10(3):90-98. https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2015.90.98.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKaur G, Rattan P, Pathania A (2020) In vitro Plant Regeneration Studies in Brinjal (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L). J Krishi Vigyan 8 (2):166-173.hppts://DOI:10.5958/2349-4433.2020.00040.9.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKaur K, Kaur K, Bhandawat A, Pati PK (2021) In vitro shoot multiplication using meta-Topolin and leaf-based regeneration of a withaferin A rich accession of \\u003cem\\u003eWithania somnifera\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) Dunal. Ind Crops Prod 171:113872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113872.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKhanam MN, Javed SB, Anis M, Alatar AA (2020) \\u003cem\\u003emeta\\u003c/em\\u003e-Topolin induced \\u003cem\\u003ein vitro \\u003c/em\\u003eregeneration and metabolic profiling in \\u003cem\\u003eAllamanda\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003ecathartica \\u003c/em\\u003eL. 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In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 55(3):242-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-09983-5.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePriyanka E, Varanavasiappan S, Kokiladevi E, Arul L, Kumar BV, Kumar KK (2021) Efficient Protocol for \\u003cem\\u003ein vitro \\u003c/em\\u003eregeneration and \\u003cem\\u003eAgrobacterium\\u003c/em\\u003e-mediated transformation of Brinjal cv.CO2. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 10(02):2785-2796. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.308.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRahman M, Asaduzzaman M, Nahar N, Bari MA (2006) Efficient plant regeneration from cotyledon and midrib derived callus in eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.). J Bio-Sci 14:31\\u0026ndash;38. https://DOI:10.3329/JBS.V1410.439. \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSaini DK, Kaushik P (2019) Visiting eggplant from a biotechnological perspective: A review. 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Funct Integr Genom 19:541\\u0026ndash;554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-019-00656-5.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYesmin S, Hoque MI, Sarker RH (2021) Enhanced regeneration through ex vitro rooting and \\u003cem\\u003eAgrobacterium\\u003c/em\\u003e-mediated genetic transformation of eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.). Plant Tissue Culture Biotech 31(1):97-108. https://doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v31i1.54115.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYesmin S, Khatun MM, Tanny T, Protity AT, Salimullah M, Alam I (2018) In vitro regeneration of two high-yielding eggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) varieties of Bangladesh. Curr Bot 08\\u0026ndash;12. https://doi:10.25081/cb.2018.v9.3376.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"plant-cell-tissue-and-organ-culture-pctoc\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"pcto\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)](https://www.springer.com/journal/11240)\",\"snPcode\":\"11240\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11240/3\",\"title\":\"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Cotyledon, cytokinins, hypocotyl, meta-topolin, multiple shoots, leaf\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709106/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709106/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEggplant (\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum melongena\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) is one of the essential vegetables worldwide, and cultivated genotypes of eggplant suffer from numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. A reproducible and efficient plant regeneration system is crucial for applying molecular breeding methods to overcome the difficulties of conventional breeding programs to improve eggplant germplasm, such as genetic transformation and genome editing techniques. The three explant types, cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf, were obtained from two different cultivars, Pusa purple long (PPL) and Pusa green red (PGR) of eggplant. Three explants were cultivated on media augmented with a variety of cytokinins like BAP, mT, and ZEA with different concentrations. The media supplemented with mT at 8.28 \\u0026micro;M generated the highest number of shoots, which showed the optimum regeneration efficiency for all three explants in two eggplant genotypes. The cotyledon explants generated the optimum number of shoot buds on the medium amended with low concentrations of BAP (2.22 \\u0026micro;M), KIN (2.32 \\u0026micro;M), and ZEA (2.28 \\u0026micro;M), and mT at 8.28 \\u0026micro;M. The mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) and BAP at 2.22 \\u0026micro;M combinations produced 25.8 and 18.3 shoots in PPL and PGR genotypes, respectively. The addition of various concentrations of IAA (1.43 to 5.71 \\u0026micro;M), IBA (1.23 to 4.92 \\u0026micro;M), and NAA (1.34 to 5.37 \\u0026micro;M) in combination with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) were evaluated to find out their role on the induction and proliferation of numerous shoot buds from cotyledon explants of two cultivars of eggplant. The medium augmented with mT (8.28 \\u0026micro;M) and IAA (2.85 \\u0026micro;M) produced 26.4 shoots and 17.8 shoots in cotyledon explants of PPL and PGR cultivars, respectively. The optimum rooting efficiency of shoots was recorded on the medium containing the IAA (5.71 \\u0026micro;M) and produced complete plantlets. The plantlets showed 100% similarity with their mother plants.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Meta-Topolin induced highly efficient plant regeneration from various explants of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-08-08 17:07:12\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709106/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-07-17T01:41:37+00:00\",\"index\":0,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-07-16T11:16:20+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-07-15T11:57:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)\",\"date\":\"2024-07-10T00:50:46+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"plant-cell-tissue-and-organ-culture-pctoc\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"pcto\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)](https://www.springer.com/journal/11240)\",\"snPcode\":\"11240\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11240/3\",\"title\":\"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"0de398d9-e7ab-46fb-b3f8-b794a40ea100\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"August 8th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-09-09T16:11:31+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-4709106\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-024-02850-1\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"plant-cell-tissue-and-organ-culture-pctoc\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2024-09-03 16:05:18\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"September 3rd, 2024\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-08-08 17:07:12\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s11240-024-02850-1\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-024-02850-1\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4709106\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4709106\",\"identity\":\"rs-4709106\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}