{"paper_id":"2e7fde7a-55f1-4fa3-aedd-0390eae83f86","body_text":"Patients' Lived Experiences, Attitudes, and Skills on Insulin Self-Administration Among Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Patients' Lived Experiences, Attitudes, and Skills on Insulin Self-Administration Among Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Haider Majeed, Aqeel Habeeb, Ahmed Flieh, Ali Al-Ganmi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7442542/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Discover Public Health → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background and objectives: Diabetes is a chronic impairing illness that is very widespread, expanding, and remains highly prevalent with an increasing incidence globally. This research aimed to explore the lived experiences, skill levels, and attitudes of type II diabetic individuals who are utilizing insulin. Materials and Methods This research is a cross-sectional study that further investigates individuals with type II diabetes visiting the endocrinology and diabetes center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, from August to October 2024. A purposive sampling method that does not use probability was applied to a group of 150 patients. Information was gathered through in-person interviews that adhered to a specific questionnaire format aimed at capturing demographic information and assessing participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices. We enrolled patients older than 18 years who were undergoing insulin treatment. SPSS version 27 was utilized to analyze the data. Results Less than one quarter (16.7%) of the 150 participants had fair knowledge, while over three quarters of the patients had strong knowledge. Of the 150 respondents, 5 (3.3%) had bad practice, 47 (32.0%) had average practice, and 64.6% had good practice. There is a clear correlation between the patient's age and practice level and the demographic variables of occupation, marital status, and educational attainment. Conclusions The study's primary finding was that patients with diabetes needed to have positive attitudes, adequate knowledge, and good practices about insulin self-administration. Therefore, throughout every hospital stay, patient education and insulin injection demonstration should be used to close the existing gaps. Patients' lived experiences Skills Attitudes Insulin-Self administration Diabetes Mellitus Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION The pervasiveness of DM is rising worldwide, with its serious consequences reducing life expectancy. Based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)’s 2021 report, 537 million persons worldwide, i.e. 10.5% of the global adult population, had diabetes. This figure is expected to reach 643 million (11.3%) in 2030, and 783 million (12.2%) by 2045. ( 1 ) Type I diabetes is more likely to cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a serious, urgent health issue and a deadly outcome. Diabetes patients were compelled to self-administer insulin due to the global death and disability rate, even though their knowledge, attitudes, and practices were insufficient. ( 2 ) Among the most important aspects of glycaemic management are the insulin-dependent diabetic individuals' good knowledge, positive attitude, and insulin self-administration (ISA) behaviors, which involve adhering to a diabetic diet, exercising regularly, taking medication as directed, and frequently performing blood glucose testing. ( 3 ) Understanding personal concerns, challenges, and hindrances in managing the illness and its treatment daily is essential for planning educational interventions. This helps to contextualize the reality of people with diabetes mellitus when they must make the adjustments required for proper glycaemic control and to live with the disease. ( 4 ) Since the target population is mostly in charge of providing daily care for the illness, providing sufficient knowledge about DM is the responsibility of both social institutions and health service providers. Despite the fact that the literature highlights crucial areas for improvement in DM education, ( 5 – 6 ) some studies have examined these experiences, but they have done so from the viewpoint of particular populations, like those with type 2 diabetes ( 7 ) , relatives of individuals with DM, ( 8 ) or concentrated on more specialized subjects, such the usage of insulin. ( 9 ) Diabetes is becoming more common worldwide; its burden is increasing, its long-term effects are getting worse, and patients with type diabetes are becoming more reluctant to take their medications as prescribed. Therefore, it is now crucial to assess diabetic patients' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding insulin administration to foster behavioral changes and diabetes management compliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethical Aspects The University of Baghdad's College of Nursing's Research Ethics Committee approved conducting this investigation (Issue No. TSJ/1412- 15/ 6 /2024) and the data collection in the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. All study participants were given a written and verbal description of the study's objectives and necessary procedures before giving their informed written consent. Patients were informed that their involvement in the study was entirely voluntary and that they might leave at any moment. Participants who were illiterate could only give their verbal agreement. Study codes were used to ensure confidentiality; thus, only study researchers had access to the data. The study's ethical protocols adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki. Study Design and Setting A descriptive cross-sectional study approach was used in this research. From August to October 2024, the study included diabetic patients who were undergoing outpatient consultations at the Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad Province, Iraq, at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center. This is the biggest diabetic center in Baghdad, and its multidisciplinary staff offers top-notch, full diabetes care. Sampling Procedure and Sampling Technique Type I or Type II diabetic individuals who had follow-up care at the Yarmouk Teaching Hospital's endocrinology and diabetes center were considered as the source populations. Patients who were willing to take part in the trial, were currently on insulin medication, and were at least 18 years old, were included. The research excluded patients who were mentally ill, unable to hear or talk, or extremely ill. The study comprised 150 patients in total. The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula, assuming a 5% margin of error, a 50% sample proportion (i.e., a 50% chance of obtaining the greatest sample size), and a 95% confidence level. Less than 225 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes made up the population; 150 is the recommended sample size. Participants in the study were chosen by random sampling. Study Instruments and Data Collection Procedures An Arabic-administered survey was used to gather data from the study population. ( 10 – 14 ) The data gathering tool was created by examining various works of literature and was divided into four parts. Part I: Sociodemographic details of the patient, including age, sex, occupation, education, place of residence, and length of insulin use. Part II: An assessment of knowledge of insulin consisting of 15 yes/no questions about when to administer short doses, how to administer insulin, how to combine different types of insulin, how to inject insulin, and how to deal with insulin adverse effects. In the knowledge section, right answers received a score of one, while wrong answers received a score of zero. The following is how the participants' knowledge was graded based on their overall score: Knowledge that is adequate (> 75%), somewhat adequate (51–75%), and inadequate. ( 15 ) Part III: comprises 15 questions that assess patients' attitudes regarding insulin (benefits, side-effect concerns, effectiveness, cost, and compliance) using a Likert scale with three levels: disagree, neutral, and agree. Part V: used a 10-step checklist to evaluate the patients' insulin self-injection practices. The data for the practice and attitude portions were presented as percentages and frequencies. Statistical Analysis SPSS version 27 was utilized to organize, tabulate, and statistically analyze the data that was gathered. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency and percentages, and mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, were utilized to present the data. The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to compare the variables, and an analysis was conducted to determine how the quantitative variables related to one another. A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant, while a p-value of less than 0.001 was deemed highly statistically significant. RESULTS Table 1 demonstrates the socio-demographic traits of diabetic individuals regarding self-injection insulin therapy. According to these findings, it was found that the mean age of the respondents was 38.91 + 12.69, 36.7% with age group between 18–30 years, 57.3% were males, 81.3% were married, 35.3% were diploma, most of them onset history of DM were > 10 years–20 years, two third of patients had family history of DM, and 58.0% lived in the urban area. Table 1 Socio-demographical characteristics of Diabetic Patients (no = 150) Variables Groups Frequency Percent Sex Male 86 57.3 Female 64 42.7 Age Groups (Years) 18–30 Years 55 36.7 31–40 Years 31 20.7 41–50 Years 35 23.3 51–60 Years 15 10.0 61 and Above 14 9.3 (M = 38.91, SD = 12.697) Educational Level Illiterate 3 2.0 Primary 7 4.7 Intermediate school 7 4.7 secondary 25 16.7 Diploma 53 35.3 University 44 29.3 Postgraduate Degree 11 7.3 Employment employed 74 49.3 Free work 15 10.0 Retired 9 6.0 Student 24 16.0 housekeeper 28 18.7 Marital Status Single 19 12.7 Married 122 81.3 Divorced 6 4.0 Widow 3 2.0 Onset History of DM < 6months 35 39.0 6–12months 6 4.0 > 1 year-10 years 30 20.0 > 10 years–20 years 51 34.0 > 20 years–30 years 36 24.0 > 30 years 23 15.3 Family history of DM Yes 96 64.0 No 54 36.0 Residence Urban area 87 58.0 Rural area 63 42.0 Table 2 demonstrates respondents' awareness of self-administration of insulin. According to this table, 125 (83.3%) of the 150 participants had good knowledge, 25 (16.7%) had fair knowledge, and none had poor understanding about managing diabetes and insulin self-administration. The results of this study showed that knowledge varied considerably depending on marital status (p = 0.027), employment (p = 0.022), and educational level (p = 0.047). Sex, onset history of diabetes, family history of the disease, and place of residency did not correlate with knowledge of insulin use. Table 2 knowledge level about insulin therapy among diabetic patients (N = 150) Variables Groups Fair Knowledge Good Knowledge P-Value F F Sex Male 15 71 0.769 Female 10 54 Total 25 125 Age (Groups) Years 18–30 Years 7 48 0.883 31–40 Years 5 26 41–50 Years 9 26 51–60 Years 3 12 61 and Above 1 13 Total 25 125 Educational Level Illiterate 0 3 0.047 Primary 0 7 Intermediate school 2 5 secondary 3 22 Diploma 11 42 University 5 39 Postgraduate Degree 4 7 Total 25 125 Employment Employed 15 59 0.022 Free Work 4 11 Retired 1 8 Student 4 20 Housekeeper 1 27 Total 25 125 Marital Status Single 7 12 0.027 Married 17 105 Divorced 0 6 Widow 1 2 Total 25 125 Onset History of DM < 6months 2 4 0.353 6–12months 5 25 > 1 year-10 years 7 44 > 10 years–20 years 7 29 > 20 years–30 years 2 21 > 30 years 2 2 Total 25 125 Family history of DM Yes 16 80 0.657 No 9 45 Total 25 125 Residence Urban area 15 72 0.706 Rural area 10 53 Total 25 125 kruskal wallis test Table 3 illustrates that out of the 150 patients who took part in the study, their practices were graded as good, average, and poor. According to this table, 97 (64.6%) have good practices, 47 (32.0%) have acceptable practices, and 5 (3.4%) have poor practices. The majority, 97 (64.6%), have good practices. Additionally, there was no statistically significant relationship with the remaining variables; however, there was a statistically significant relationship between patients' self-injection of insulin therapy and age (p = 0.000). Table 3 Distribution of The Correct Steps for Insulin Injection Use Among Diabetic Patients (N = 150) Variables Groups Poor Fair Good P-Value F F F Sex Male 4 22 60 0.56 Female 1 26 37 Total 5 48 97 Age (Groups) Years 18–30 Years 2 15 38 0.000 31–40 Years 0 11 20 41–50 Years 2 9 24 51–60 Years 1 5 9 61 and Above 0 8 6 Total 5 48 97 Educational Level Illiterate 0 2 1 0674 Primary 0 1 6 Intermediate school 1 8 16 secondary 2 14 37 Diploma 1 15 28 University 1 5 5 Postgraduate Degree 0 3 4 Total 5 48 97 Employment Employed 3 22 49 0.551 Free Work 1 7 7 Retired 0 4 5 Student 1 4 19 Housekeeper 0 11 17 Total 5 48 97 Marital Status Single 3 22 49 0.817 Married 5 36 81 Divorced 0 2 4 Widow 0 1 2 Total 5 48 97 Onset History of DM < 6months 1 1 4 0.490 6–12months 0 7 23 > 1 year-10 years 1 18 32 > 10 years–20 years 2 10 24 > 20 years–30 years 1 9 13 > 30 years 0 3 1 Total 5 48 97 Family history of DM Yes 2 30 64 0.370 No 3 18 33 Total 5 48 97 Residence Urban area 5 27 55 0.317 Rural area 0 21 42 Total 5 48 97 kruskal wallis test Figure 1 illustrates the responses of the patients towards the attitude of self-administered insulin, indicating that 90(60%) had a positive attitude regarding insulin therapy; in addition, 60(40%) of participants had a neutral attitude regarding insulin treatment of DM. DISCUSSION The main study objective is to assess the degree of insulin self-administration knowledge, attitude, and practice among diabetic individuals undergoing treatment at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. The current research results demonstrated that over half of the participants were between the ages of 18 and 30, with an average age of M + SD = 38.91 + 12.697. Furthermore, 81.3% of patients were married, more than half of them were men, more than one-third had a diploma, and the majority reported that their DM had started more than ten to twenty years ago. These results were consistent with previous research, which stated that patients' mean age was 37.95 ± 11.93 years, and their educational attainment was 17 (8.7%), 57 (29%), and 36 (18.3%) receptively, with regard to university degree, secondary school, and primary school. The majority of the respondents, 122 (62.2%), are married. Regarding their profession, 27 (13.8%) are employed by the government. (15–19) Furthermore, the current study's findings showed that 1–10 years of diabetes were recorded. This result was in line with a Saudi Arabian study, which stated that 70.11% (265 people) had diabetes for more than ten years, 19.05% (72 people) for five to ten years, and 10.85% (41 people) for less than five years. ( 20 ) 125 (83.3%), 97 (64.6%), and 90 (60.0%) of the participants in the current study demonstrated good knowledge, a positive attitude, and good practice of insulin self-administration receptively. As for participants' knowledge about insulin self-administration, our study reported 125 (83.3%), which is higher than what other studies have reported, such as the studies conducted at Mettu Karl Referral hospital in Ethiopia (38.4%), at Bale in southeast Ethiopia (52.5%), at Mekele hospital in Ethiopia (55.3%), Ramaiah Hospital in Bangalore, India (58%), and Northwest University hospital in Gonder, Ethiopia (60%). ( 3 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ) The survey participants' overall knowledge was 83.3%, which is consistent with a study that was done in Ethiopia (63.4%). ( 26 ) Nonetheless, the results exceeded the Mekelle Referral Hospital in Ethiopia's findings (54.4%). ( 27 ) There were 97(64.6%) patients who had good insulin administration practice. This result exceeded that of a comparable study at Hawassa Referral Hospital in Southern Ethiopia, where 54.4.5 percent of participants practiced insulin self-administration well, and a quantitative study conducted in 2011 in Karnataka State, India, where 72 percent of participants practiced poorly. Additionally, it was higher than the 2011 Harari Town research, which found that 60.7% of people there had inadequate self-care habits. ( 28 , 29 , 3 ) Numerous studies showed that Type II diabetic individuals who were on insulin therapy had a positive attitude. ( 30 , 31 , 32 ) In terms of diabetes patients' attitudes about insulin self-administration, 113 (57.6%) indicated good knowledge; this was greater than the average positive attitude toward insulin self-administration (20.7%) found in a 2021 study at Mettu Karl Referral Hospital in Southwest Ethiopia. However, this is less than a study conducted in 2021 at Hawassa Referral Hospital in Southern Ethiopia, in 2015 at Mekele Hospital in Northern Ethiopia, and in 2019 at Gonder University Hospital in Northwestern Ethiopia, which found that 71.1 percent, 68.0%, and 78 percent of respondents were receptive, indicating a positive attitude toward insulin self-administration. ( 3 , 23 , 24 ) Our research demonstrates a strong correlation between the KAP of patients and their marital status, age group, occupation, and level of education. This finding ran counter to the findings of the research done by Solanki JD et al., which found a strong connection between KAP and age and educational attainment. ( 33 ) Numerous studies found that patients' knowledge, attitudes, and practices were positively correlated with their age group, occupation, education, and marital status. ( 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ) CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that patients' attitudes, knowledge, and practices about insulin self-administration were good overall. The results show that 83% of the study population had good knowledge, 60% had a positive attitude, and 66% had good insulin self-administration practices. Additionally, patients' KAP concerning self-insulin administration was correlated with their age, marital status, occupation, and educational attainment. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The use of standard instruments in this study is a strength that enhances the validity of the results and interpretation. The constraints of utilizing a self-reported and observational checklist survey, which limits the thorough understanding of the study variables, can be countered by the large sample size and the variety of healthcare sectors. Declarations Acknowledgements We want to convey our appreciation to each hospital manager for granting us permission to carry out this study at their medical facility, and to the study participants for their cooperation. Author Contributions Contribution Details: The author contributions were: concept (AHA,HMM,AMM,AFH), design (AHJ,HMM,AHA, AFH), literature search (AFH ,AHA,HMM, AHJ), experimental study (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ), data acquisition (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ), data analysis (AHA,HMM), statistical analysis (AHA,HMM,AMM,AHJ), manuscript preparation (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ), and manuscript review and editing (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ). Funding No funding was provided to the author(s) for this article's research, writing, or publication. Ethical Aspects The University of Baghdad's College of Nursing's Research Ethics Committee approved conducting this investigation (Issue No. TSJ/1412- 15/ 6 /2024) and the data collection in the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. All study participants were given a written and verbal description of the study's objectives and necessary procedures before giving their informed written consent. Patients were informed that their involvement in the study was entirely voluntary and that they might leave at any moment. Participants who were illiterate could only give their verbal agreement. Study codes were used to ensure confidentiality; thus, only study researchers had access to the data. The study's ethical protocols adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki. Data availability The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Discover Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 03 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7442542\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":513272930,\"identity\":\"7cbee327-97e2-429e-a770-dd18fa030531\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Haider Majeed\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABWElEQVRIie3Rv0vDQBQH8AuBdLmS9Ur1fzgItA2F9A9xSQg0i4LgIijxpBCXQtcUHPwTKkKt0OHkoF0CWQ9cDEKmDnYRBxFfUoVUizqK5Etyd7zHh5cfCJUp8wdDkcJIdtDfCzhfFZa1bAQtNb82kRr7PUEoJ5QXy+tkPc2KOJXL6XjHmIvZQ3XqbzX1C40sJ5Z1XXETiQ7bDquoowIx+07PDNO7vXHU9QycCmyG91ptGLnuTT81WijyHKZq+8UH405QxxyIxA04cEwl1+rVQHWptBtECQQQTIskToL6C5CrMCf+BzkB4j0R5fUrkTAFARmRnEA3ZhkRFpW7MIVtIEnP7AMJo263ds4FTFF65jCa2zRaHLTsmWcEn94l9hL5DGRwJmZkwf0OjcWtXE6OOnTuXcrH4/b2QBfFL7YhxGHZtlptuLXV7/smOs+3TrH2AylTpkyZ/503B16HPlaQfrgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Haider\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Majeed\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":513272931,\"identity\":\"05b9e0dd-14ed-4b00-834c-81c755887f9e\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Aqeel Habeeb\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Aqeel\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Habeeb\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":513272932,\"identity\":\"24d9b35d-cb7e-4b52-ba41-7a700485af1f\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Ahmed Flieh\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ahmed\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Flieh\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":513272933,\"identity\":\"442b1fba-6c47-4b1a-974b-4c4118952802\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Ali Al-Ganmi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ali\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Al-Ganmi\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-08-23 16:53:19\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7442542/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7442542/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01526-9\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2026-02-22T15:57:18+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":91077242,\"identity\":\"8ebe421c-d1eb-44a4-b947-04cf9b461079\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-11 11:14:33\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":30861,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePatients’ attitudes regarding Insulin Administration (N=150).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7442542/v1/07680362ca7759e9a9ac1388.png\"},{\"id\":103251072,\"identity\":\"3fe0cec6-6052-4029-93b7-88287c463f70\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-02-23 16:03:37\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":946173,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7442542/v1/ea928071-4540-4437-9aa3-e4e84d98e5a9.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Patients' Lived Experiences, Attitudes, and Skills on Insulin Self-Administration Among Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe pervasiveness of DM is rising worldwide, with its serious consequences reducing life expectancy. Based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)\\u0026rsquo;s 2021 report, 537\\u0026nbsp;million persons worldwide, i.e. 10.5% of the global adult population, had diabetes. This figure is expected to reach 643\\u0026nbsp;million (11.3%) in 2030, and 783\\u0026nbsp;million (12.2%) by 2045. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Type I diabetes is more likely to cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a serious, urgent health issue and a deadly outcome. Diabetes patients were compelled to self-administer insulin due to the global death and disability rate, even though their knowledge, attitudes, and practices were insufficient. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Among the most important aspects of glycaemic management are the insulin-dependent diabetic individuals' good knowledge, positive attitude, and insulin self-administration (ISA) behaviors, which involve adhering to a diabetic diet, exercising regularly, taking medication as directed, and frequently performing blood glucose testing. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Understanding personal concerns, challenges, and hindrances in managing the illness and its treatment daily is essential for planning educational interventions. This helps to contextualize the reality of people with diabetes mellitus when they must make the adjustments required for proper glycaemic control and to live with the disease. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Since the target population is mostly in charge of providing daily care for the illness, providing sufficient knowledge about DM is the responsibility of both social institutions and health service providers. Despite the fact that the literature highlights crucial areas for improvement in DM education, \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e some studies have examined these experiences, but they have done so from the viewpoint of particular populations, like those with type 2 diabetes \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e, relatives of individuals with DM, \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e or concentrated on more specialized subjects, such the usage of insulin. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Diabetes is becoming more common worldwide; its burden is increasing, its long-term effects are getting worse, and patients with type diabetes are becoming more reluctant to take their medications as prescribed. Therefore, it is now crucial to assess diabetic patients' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding insulin administration to foster behavioral changes and diabetes management compliance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"MATERIALS AND METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eEthical Aspects\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe University of Baghdad's College of Nursing's Research Ethics Committee approved conducting this investigation (Issue No. TSJ/1412- 15/ 6 /2024) and the data collection in the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. All study participants were given a written and verbal description of the study's objectives and necessary procedures before giving their informed written consent. Patients were informed that their involvement in the study was entirely voluntary and that they might leave at any moment. Participants who were illiterate could only give their verbal agreement. Study codes were used to ensure confidentiality; thus, only study researchers had access to the data. The study's ethical protocols adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eStudy Design and Setting\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional study approach was used in this research. From August to October 2024, the study included diabetic patients who were undergoing outpatient consultations at the Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad Province, Iraq, at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center. This is the biggest diabetic center in Baghdad, and its multidisciplinary staff offers top-notch, full diabetes care.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eSampling Procedure and Sampling Technique\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eType I or Type II diabetic individuals who had follow-up care at the Yarmouk Teaching Hospital's endocrinology and diabetes center were considered as the source populations. Patients who were willing to take part in the trial, were currently on insulin medication, and were at least 18 years old, were included. The research excluded patients who were mentally ill, unable to hear or talk, or extremely ill. The study comprised 150 patients in total. The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula, assuming a 5% margin of error, a 50% sample proportion (i.e., a 50% chance of obtaining the greatest sample size), and a 95% confidence level. Less than 225 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes made up the population; 150 is the recommended sample size. Participants in the study were chosen by random sampling.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eStudy Instruments and Data Collection Procedures\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAn Arabic-administered survey was used to gather data from the study population. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR11 CR12 CR13\\\" citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e The data gathering tool was created by examining various works of literature and was divided into four parts. Part I: Sociodemographic details of the patient, including age, sex, occupation, education, place of residence, and length of insulin use. Part II: An assessment of knowledge of insulin consisting of 15 yes/no questions about when to administer short doses, how to administer insulin, how to combine different types of insulin, how to inject insulin, and how to deal with insulin adverse effects. In the knowledge section, right answers received a score of one, while wrong answers received a score of zero. The following is how the participants' knowledge was graded based on their overall score: Knowledge that is adequate (\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;75%), somewhat adequate (51\\u0026ndash;75%), and inadequate. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Part III: comprises 15 questions that assess patients' attitudes regarding insulin (benefits, side-effect concerns, effectiveness, cost, and compliance) using a Likert scale with three levels: disagree, neutral, and agree. Part V: used a 10-step checklist to evaluate the patients' insulin self-injection practices. The data for the practice and attitude portions were presented as percentages and frequencies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSPSS version 27 was utilized to organize, tabulate, and statistically analyze the data that was gathered. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency and percentages, and mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, were utilized to present the data. The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to compare the variables, and an analysis was conducted to determine how the quantitative variables related to one another. A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant, while a p-value of less than 0.001 was deemed highly statistically significant.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"RESULTS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e demonstrates the socio-demographic traits of diabetic individuals regarding self-injection insulin therapy. According to these findings, it was found that the mean age of the respondents was 38.91\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;12.69, 36.7% with age group between 18\\u0026ndash;30 years, 57.3% were males, 81.3% were married, 35.3% were diploma, most of them onset history of DM were \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;10 years\\u0026ndash;20 years, two third of patients had family history of DM, and 58.0% lived in the urban area.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSocio-demographical characteristics of Diabetic Patients (no\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;150)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGroups\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFrequency\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePercent\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMale\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e57.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e42.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAge 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nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e(M\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;38.91, SD\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;12.697)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"6\\\" rowspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEducational Level\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIlliterate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePrimary\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIntermediate school\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003esecondary\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e16.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDiploma\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e35.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUniversity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePostgraduate Degree\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEmployment\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eemployed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e49.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFree work\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRetired\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eStudent\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e16.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ehousekeeper\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e18.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMarital Status\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSingle\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMarried\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e122\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e81.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDivorced\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWidow\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOnset History of DM\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;6months\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e39.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u0026ndash;12months\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;1 year-10 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;10 years\\u0026ndash;20 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e34.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;20 years\\u0026ndash;30 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;30 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFamily history of DM\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eYes\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e64.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e36.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eResidence\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUrban area\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e58.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRural area\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e42.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e demonstrates respondents' awareness of self-administration of insulin. According to this table, 125 (83.3%) of the 150 participants had good knowledge, 25 (16.7%) had fair knowledge, and none had poor understanding about managing diabetes and insulin self-administration. The results of this study showed that knowledge varied considerably depending on marital status (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.027), employment (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.022), and educational level (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.047). Sex, onset history of diabetes, family history of the disease, and place of residency did not correlate with knowledge of insulin use.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eknowledge level about insulin therapy among diabetic patients (N\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;150)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGroups\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFair Knowledge\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGood Knowledge\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eP-Value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMale\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.769\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAge (Groups)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYears\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e18\\u0026ndash;30 Years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" 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colname=\\\"c5\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.657\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eResidence\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUrban area\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.706\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRural area\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003ctfoot\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003ekruskal wallis test\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tfoot\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrates that out of the 150 patients who took part in the study, their practices were graded as good, average, and poor. According to this table, 97 (64.6%) have good practices, 47 (32.0%) have acceptable practices, and 5 (3.4%) have poor practices. The majority, 97 (64.6%), have good practices. Additionally, there was no statistically significant relationship with the remaining variables; however, there was a statistically significant relationship between patients' self-injection of insulin therapy and age (p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.000).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDistribution of The Correct Steps for Insulin Injection Use Among Diabetic Patients (N\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;150)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGroups\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePoor\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFair\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGood\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eP-Value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMale\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAge (Groups)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYears\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e18\\u0026ndash;30 Years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.000\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e31\\u0026ndash;40 Years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e41\\u0026ndash;50 Years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e51\\u0026ndash;60 Years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e61 and Above\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"7\\\" rowspan=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEducational Level\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIlliterate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"7\\\" rowspan=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0674\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePrimary\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIntermediate school\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003esecondary\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDiploma\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUniversity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePostgraduate Degree\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEmployment\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEmployed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.551\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFree Work\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRetired\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eStudent\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHousekeeper\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMarital Status\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSingle\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.817\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMarried\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e81\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDivorced\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWidow\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"6\\\" rowspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOnset History of DM\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;6months\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.490\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e6\\u0026ndash;12months\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;1 year-10 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;10 years\\u0026ndash;20 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;20 years\\u0026ndash;30 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;30 years\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFamily history of DM\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.370\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eResidence\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eUrban area\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.317\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRural area\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003ctfoot\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003ekruskal wallis test\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tfoot\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrates the responses of the patients towards the attitude of self-administered insulin, indicating that 90(60%) had a positive attitude regarding insulin therapy; in addition, 60(40%) of participants had a neutral attitude regarding insulin treatment of DM.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe main study objective is to assess the degree of insulin self-administration knowledge, attitude, and practice among diabetic individuals undergoing treatment at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. The current research results demonstrated that over half of the participants were between the ages of 18 and 30, with an average age of M\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;SD\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;38.91\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;12.697. Furthermore, 81.3% of patients were married, more than half of them were men, more than one-third had a diploma, and the majority reported that their DM had started more than ten to twenty years ago. These results were consistent with previous research, which stated that patients' mean age was 37.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.93 years, and their educational attainment was 17 (8.7%), 57 (29%), and 36 (18.3%) receptively, with regard to university degree, secondary school, and primary school. The majority of the respondents, 122 (62.2%), are married. Regarding their profession, 27 (13.8%) are employed by the government. \\u003csup\\u003e(15\\u0026ndash;19)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Furthermore, the current study's findings showed that 1\\u0026ndash;10 years of diabetes were recorded. This result was in line with a Saudi Arabian study, which stated that 70.11% (265 people) had diabetes for more than ten years, 19.05% (72 people) for five to ten years, and 10.85% (41 people) for less than five years. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e125 (83.3%), 97 (64.6%), and 90 (60.0%) of the participants in the current study demonstrated good knowledge, a positive attitude, and good practice of insulin self-administration receptively. As for participants' knowledge about insulin self-administration, our study reported 125 (83.3%), which is higher than what other studies have reported, such as the studies conducted at Mettu Karl Referral hospital in Ethiopia (38.4%), at Bale in southeast Ethiopia (52.5%), at Mekele hospital in Ethiopia (55.3%), Ramaiah Hospital in Bangalore, India (58%), and Northwest University hospital in Gonder, Ethiopia (60%). \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e The survey participants' overall knowledge was 83.3%, which is consistent with a study that was done in Ethiopia (63.4%). \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Nonetheless, the results exceeded the Mekelle Referral Hospital in Ethiopia's findings (54.4%). \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThere were 97(64.6%) patients who had good insulin administration practice. This result exceeded that of a comparable study at Hawassa Referral Hospital in Southern Ethiopia, where 54.4.5 percent of participants practiced insulin self-administration well, and a quantitative study conducted in 2011 in Karnataka State, India, where 72 percent of participants practiced poorly. Additionally, it was higher than the 2011 Harari Town research, which found that 60.7% of people there had inadequate self-care habits. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Numerous studies showed that Type II diabetic individuals who were on insulin therapy had a positive attitude.\\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e In terms of diabetes patients' attitudes about insulin self-administration, 113 (57.6%) indicated good knowledge; this was greater than the average positive attitude toward insulin self-administration (20.7%) found in a 2021 study at Mettu Karl Referral Hospital in Southwest Ethiopia. However, this is less than a study conducted in 2021 at Hawassa Referral Hospital in Southern Ethiopia, in 2015 at Mekele Hospital in Northern Ethiopia, and in 2019 at Gonder University Hospital in Northwestern Ethiopia, which found that 71.1 percent, 68.0%, and 78 percent of respondents were receptive, indicating a positive attitude toward insulin self-administration.\\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Our research demonstrates a strong correlation between the KAP of patients and their marital status, age group, occupation, and level of education. This finding ran counter to the findings of the research done by Solanki JD et al., which found a strong connection between KAP and age and educational attainment. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e Numerous studies found that patients' knowledge, attitudes, and practices were positively correlated with their age group, occupation, education, and marital status. \\u003csup\\u003e(\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"CONCLUSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study demonstrated that patients' attitudes, knowledge, and practices about insulin self-administration were good overall. The results show that 83% of the study population had good knowledge, 60% had a positive attitude, and 66% had good insulin self-administration practices. Additionally, patients' KAP concerning self-insulin administration was correlated with their age, marital status, occupation, and educational attainment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe use of standard instruments in this study is a strength that enhances the validity of the results and interpretation. The constraints of utilizing a self-reported and observational checklist survey, which limits the thorough understanding of the study variables, can be countered by the large sample size and the variety of healthcare sectors.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWe want to convey our appreciation to each hospital manager for granting us permission to carry out this study at their medical facility, and to the study participants for their cooperation.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor Contributions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eContribution Details:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe author contributions were: \\u0026nbsp;concept (AHA,HMM,AMM,AFH), design (AHJ,HMM,AHA, AFH), literature search (AFH ,AHA,HMM, AHJ), experimental study (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ), data acquisition (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ), data analysis (AHA,HMM), statistical analysis (AHA,HMM,AMM,AHJ), manuscript preparation (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ), and manuscript review and editing (AHA,HMM, AFH,AHJ). \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo funding was provided to the author(s) for this article\\u0026apos;s research, writing, or publication.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEthical Aspects\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe University of Baghdad\\u0026apos;s College of Nursing\\u0026apos;s Research Ethics Committee approved conducting this investigation (Issue No. TSJ/1412- 15/ 6 /2024) and the data collection in the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. All study participants were given a written and verbal description of the study\\u0026apos;s objectives and necessary procedures before giving their informed written consent. Patients were informed that their involvement in the study was entirely voluntary and that they might leave at any moment. Participants who were illiterate could only give their verbal agreement. Study codes were used to ensure confidentiality; thus, only study researchers had access to the data. \\u0026nbsp;The study\\u0026apos;s ethical protocols adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData availability\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor Approval:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp; The full manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. Each listed author fulfills the requirements for authorship, and each author attests that the manuscript represents honest work.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eNurg\\u0026uuml;l, G\\u0026uuml;n. Derya T\\u0026uuml;l\\u0026uuml;ce. 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Evaluation of Quality of Nursing Documentation in Surgical Wards at Baghdad Teaching Hospitals. MLU. 2020;20(2):292\\u0026ndash;297. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v20i2.1118\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.37506/mlu.v20i2.1118\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHassan AF, Majeed HM, Jasim AH. Assessment of Undergraduate Critical Care Nursing Students\\u0026rsquo; Knowledge and Attitudes toward Caring of Dying Patients in Colleges of Nursing at Baghdad University. 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J Educ Health Promotion. 2024;13(1):107\\u0026ndash;10. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_844_23\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_844_23\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-public-health\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)\",\"snPcode\":\"12982\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3\",\"title\":\"Discover Public Health\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Patients' lived experiences, Skills, Attitudes, Insulin-Self administration, Diabetes Mellitus\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7442542/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7442542/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eBackground and objectives:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eDiabetes is a chronic impairing illness that is very widespread, expanding, and remains highly prevalent with an increasing incidence globally. This research aimed to explore the lived experiences, skill levels, and attitudes of type II diabetic individuals who are utilizing insulin.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMaterials and Methods\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis research is a cross-sectional study that further investigates individuals with type II diabetes visiting the endocrinology and diabetes center at Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, from August to October 2024. A purposive sampling method that does not use probability was applied to a group of 150 patients. Information was gathered through in-person interviews that adhered to a specific questionnaire format aimed at capturing demographic information and assessing participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices. We enrolled patients older than 18 years who were undergoing insulin treatment. SPSS version 27 was utilized to analyze the data.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eResults\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eLess than one quarter (16.7%) of the 150 participants had fair knowledge, while over three quarters of the patients had strong knowledge. Of the 150 respondents, 5 (3.3%) had bad practice, 47 (32.0%) had average practice, and 64.6% had good practice. There is a clear correlation between the patient's age and practice level and the demographic variables of occupation, marital status, and educational attainment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusions\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe study's primary finding was that patients with diabetes needed to have positive attitudes, adequate knowledge, and good practices about insulin self-administration. Therefore, throughout every hospital stay, patient education and insulin injection demonstration should be used to close the existing gaps.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Patients' Lived Experiences, Attitudes, and Skills on Insulin Self-Administration Among Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-09-11 11:14:28\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7442542/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2025-09-17T17:14:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-17T16:47:40+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-10T19:01:18+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"211797002890279258875440382491758908875\",\"date\":\"2025-09-10T18:49:02+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"334509430054454257483039511238419452970\",\"date\":\"2025-09-08T10:28:47+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"331330996300832120435409311096257938859\",\"date\":\"2025-09-08T06:22:20+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"262229936228216931466649080122738157413\",\"date\":\"2025-09-05T14:03:20+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-04T21:42:30+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-04T10:16:05+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-03T13:40:13+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Discover Public Health\",\"date\":\"2025-09-03T13:36:18+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-public-health\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)\",\"snPcode\":\"12982\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3\",\"title\":\"Discover Public Health\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"00044614-cb7d-4931-a337-3707dd4b4d5a\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"September 11th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-02-23T16:01:03+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-7442542\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01526-9\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"discover-public-health\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Discover Public Health\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-02-22 15:57:18\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"February 22nd, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-09-11 11:14:28\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1186/s12982-026-01526-9\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01526-9\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7442542\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7442542\",\"identity\":\"rs-7442542\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}