{"paper_id":"2d2221e8-2f1f-49ed-b1b1-e3004dbdc8e1","body_text":"Sustainable Melamine–Lignin Microspheres Composite Sponge for Superhydrophobic Surface Characteristics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sustainable Melamine–Lignin Microspheres Composite Sponge for Superhydrophobic Surface Characteristics Jiawei Zhang, Mingzhe Ma, Ruting Xu, Xincheng Lu, Haihong Xia, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7844850/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Addressing marine oil spill pollution using superhydrophobic materials is low-cost, versatile, and highly reusable, which remains a significant challenge. Lotus leaves exhibit remarkable superhydrophobicity due to their surface micro/nano hierarchical structures. Inspired by this biomimetic mechanism, we fractionated black liquor lignin using lactic acid, obtaining lignin fraction with uniform molecular weight (PDI = 1.07), which was subsequently grafted with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) to reduce surface energy. Through a facile self-assembly approach, monodisperse lignin microspheres with uniform size distribution were successfully immobilized onto the three-dimensional network of melamine resin sponges, leading to the fabrication of a novel superhydrophobic porous composite material based on lignin-incorporated melamine resin sponge architecture. The as-fabricated superhydrophobic melamine resin sponge (LMS3H-MRSs) exhibited remarkable separation efficiency (> 98%) for diverse oil-water mixtures, outstanding durability by maintaining superhydrophobicity after 50 cycles of oil-water separation, and efficient continuous oil-water separation performance. Notably, LMS3H-MRSs demonstrated excellent emulsion separation efficiency and maintained high separation efficiency even after 100 consecutive separation cycles. Furthermore, LMS3H-MRSs exhibited remarkable mechanical durability, high selectivity, and excellent chemical resistance to both acidic and alkaline environments. These superior characteristics make the prepared LMS3H-MRSs as a highly promising candidate for practical oil-water separation. pH fractionation lignin microspheres superhydrophobic oil-water separation reusability Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7844850\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":554396036,\"identity\":\"499974de-5013-4b3f-a229-d32619c24ce3\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Jiawei Zhang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Chinese Academy of Forestry\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jiawei\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Zhang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":554396040,\"identity\":\"89861c20-d6cb-4970-a6dc-bda546ab3fdc\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Mingzhe 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Superhydrophobic Surface Characteristics\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research 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Lotus leaves exhibit remarkable superhydrophobicity due to their surface micro/nano hierarchical structures. Inspired by this biomimetic mechanism, we fractionated black liquor lignin using lactic acid, obtaining lignin fraction with uniform molecular weight (PDI\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.07), which was subsequently grafted with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) to reduce surface energy. Through a facile self-assembly approach, monodisperse lignin microspheres with uniform size distribution were successfully immobilized onto the three-dimensional network of melamine resin sponges, leading to the fabrication of a novel superhydrophobic porous composite material based on lignin-incorporated melamine resin sponge architecture. The as-fabricated superhydrophobic melamine resin sponge (LMS3H-MRSs) exhibited remarkable separation efficiency (\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;98%) for diverse oil-water mixtures, outstanding durability by maintaining superhydrophobicity after 50 cycles of oil-water separation, and efficient continuous oil-water separation performance. Notably, LMS3H-MRSs demonstrated excellent emulsion separation efficiency and maintained high separation efficiency even after 100 consecutive separation cycles. Furthermore, LMS3H-MRSs exhibited remarkable mechanical durability, high selectivity, and excellent chemical resistance to both acidic and alkaline environments. These superior characteristics make the prepared LMS3H-MRSs as a highly promising candidate for practical oil-water separation.\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Sustainable Melamine–Lignin Microspheres Composite Sponge for Superhydrophobic Surface Characteristics\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-04 23:30:09\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7844850/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"f5d82eb7-707a-4ca6-ae0f-5c2a41360a70\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 4th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-12-10T16:02:57+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-04 23:30:09\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7844850\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7844850\",\"identity\":\"rs-7844850\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}