{"paper_id":"2c498e8f-67fc-44e8-acf5-bdaac5a74110","body_text":"A composite index based screening and ranking of adsorbents for the removal of aqueous contaminants: An illustrative example with Diclofenac | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A composite index based screening and ranking of adsorbents for the removal of aqueous contaminants: An illustrative example with Diclofenac Swati Mishra, Manoj Kumar Tiwari This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908589/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A diverse range of adsorbent materials have been investigated for the removal of different pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) from the aqueous media. The performance of a specific adsorbent-contaminant system is dependent on several influencing factors, which makes the systematic comparison of adsorbents a rather challenging task. To overcome these limitations, an innovative index-based ranking approach for selecting the most suitable adsorbent for a particular contaminant is proposed in this study. The adsorbent materials investigated for the adsorptive removal of diclofenac are collected through and extensive literature survey and used as case study. Adsorption Capacity, pH, equilibrium time, material cost, pH zpc , and surface area have been chosen based on relevance in the removal mechanism and the corresponding data availability as the variables for the analysis. The variables are scaled w.r.t. a standard adsorbent (Granular Activated Carbon, GAC). Weights are calculated using equal weights (used as a control), objective (Entropy) and subjective (AHP) weighting methods following a simple multiplicative addition and subsequently ranks have been assigned. It was found that activated carbon from biomass (modified with iron), and MgAl layered double hydroxide have performed well in all the weighting methods. Carbon nanotubes, Activated carbon fiber, mercapto-silicate composites, magnetic COFs, polypyrrole doped nanocomposites and nanoporous PMF particles have consistently been ranked among the least in all the methods. PPCPs Adsorption capacity Material cost point of zero charge AHP Entropy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Highlights A framework for assessing performance of adsorbents for diclofenac was developed The parametric values were normalized w.r.t GAC, the standard adsorbent Weighting methods were applied and indices and ranks were calculated Magnetic biocarbon and MgAl LDH performed well in all the methods The underperforming adsorbents had high cost of synthesis and low surface area 1. Introduction Adsorption is a widely used technique for the remediation of a huge spectrum of contaminants because of its mechanistic simplicity, effectiveness, low-investment cost, easy coupling with other treatment units, and no-by-product formation. (Ghosal et al., 2018 , Luo et al., 2019 , Dutta et al., 2021 , Yadav et al., 2021 ). Adsorptive removal of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have also been explored in the last two decades owing to their incessant microscopic-level occurrence and the convenience of installation of these adsorption units in adjunct to the current treatment processes. (Domínguez et al., 2011 , Baccar et al., 2012 ) The desirable characteristics of an efficient adsorbent are high porosity with large surface area, high adsorption capacity, low cost, workable pH and temperature (Do, 1998 ). Literature review suggests the availability of an overwhelming number of adsorbents for PPCP removal such as carbon-derived sources, zeolites, clay minerals, unmodified by-products and composites materials (Attia et al., 2013, Zhao et al., 2017 , Antunes et al., 2012 , Malhotra et al., 2018 , Zhou et al., 2018 , Moral-Rodríguez 2019, Mokhati et al., 2021 ). Out of these, activated carbon (granular, powdered, or fibrous) have been observed to be the most popularly used adsorbent material (Rakić et al., 2015 , Bhadra et al., 2016 , Bernardo et al., 2016 , Zhao et al., 2020 , Srivastava et al., 2021 ). an (Czech and Oleszczuk 2016 , Hasan et al., 2016 , Bhadra et al., 2017 , An et al., 2018 , Wu et al., 2020 , Yoong et al., 2020 , Yaah et al., 2021 , Azevedo et al., 2023 ). For an effectual adsorptive removal, several interdependent parameters come into play subjected to any adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. Some of these crucial parameters are the physicochemical properties of the contaminant, the salient adsorbent features, their functionalization, and activation, and characterization, experimental conditions, plausible mechanisms based on time and equilibrium tools, and simulation studies. These aspects and their associated parameters have been illustrated in Fig.I. It would be interesting to assess all available adsorbents for any particular contaminant through a framework encompassing relevant and available experimental, material and adsorbate parameters. Screening and ranking is a common approach to evaluate the performance of adsorbents in air adsorption using molecular simulations, pressure swing and/or temperature swing adsorption and process optimization as some of the relevant parameters (Sumer and Keskin, 2016 , Erdogan et al., 2019 , Leperi et al., 2019 ). In this context, there are very few studies based on aqueous matrices. The combination of studies on aqueous and air adsorbents have been listed in Table I. Table I: Established methodologies for Ranking of adsorbents Sl.No. Target adsorbate-adsorbent system Analysis Reference 1 CO 2 /CH 4 /CO mixture - MOFs Ranking based on working capacities and separation factors Pirngruber et al., 2012 2 Hydrocarbons from oil spills in seawater- selection of any novel adsorbent derived from wastes/by-products Development of a Multi- Criteria preference Matrix for Decision Making based on 25 activity stages and 5 decision nodes Batzias et al., 2012 3 Wastewater treatment-zeolite, pumice, iron oxide nanoparticles, perlite, and sawdust ash Ranking based on wastewater refining, easy access, cost indexes, and the durability of the adsorbent for water treatment Azad et al., 2016 4 Vitamin B12- AC derived from sawdust, mesoporous AC fibre, KOH activated AC, ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-5 and, CMK-3 fuzzy matter-element theory integrated with an analytical network process based on environmental, economic and technological criteria and their feedbacks Ouyang et al., 2016 5 Triclosan-treatment alternatives like adsorption, membrane separation, advanced oxidation, constructed wetlands, conventional treatment processes, biological treatment, other treatment processes 18 evaluation criteria identified and prioritized based on AHP and entropy methods, Ranking based on TOPSIS, PROMETHEE and VIKOR methods Ozturk, 2018 6 Arsenic-treatment alternatives like “chemical treatment”, “adsorption”, and “reverse osmosis Evaluation considering technical, economic and environmental criteria using AHP Dölgen and Alpaslan, 2018 7 Heavy metal ions(Pb, Cu, Ni)- chitosan, fly ash and sludge adsorbents Selection based on technical, non-technical criteria and sub-criteria, and multiple adsorbent alternatives using a generic AHP-MCDM model Ababneh et al., 2020 8 Nitrate adsorption using saw dust of beech tree- pH, contact time, adsorbent mass and initial concentration AHP Ahmadpari et al., 2020 9 Textile wastewater-carbon based materials- PAC, GAC, CNT, GO, graphene, rGO, graphite, coal Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS methodology on the basis of cost, safety, accessibility, reuse and adsorption capacity Azari et al., 2020 10 Real-time textile effluent- nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) and activated carbon (AC) Evaluation based on technical and sustainable criteria using decision-making methods like TOPSIS, AHP and SAW. Badawi et al., 2021 11 Methylene blue- Fe3O4 nanoparticles, silica–PDDA–Fe3O4 nanocomposite, alginate bead, Fe3O4 nanoparticles with alginate encapsulation Decision making using a structured AHP based on adsorption capacity, the ability to conduct Fenton degradation, the potential side effect, the adsorbent cost, the energy consumed, and the required downstream separation process. Wang and Yeap, 2021 12 Cr(VI)- Marine Strains Yeast, Aspergillus niger , Hydrilla verticillate seed, Salvinia cucutta , Fungal biomaterial Coriolus versicolor , Pomegranate husk MADM and fuzzy logic and subjective and objective weights based on pH, initial conc., dose, speed, temperature, duration Baral et al., 2021 13 Diclofenac- Carbon based, Composites, Nature-derived Entropy, AHP, Equal weights and mean weights on the basis of adsorption capacity, pH, t eq , S BET , material cost and pH zpc This study While ranking of adsorbents can be a suitable method to assess their performance, indexing through a composite representative ordinal value, derived from a combination of different relevant yet non-commensurate observations, can be an advantageous tool for quantifying the same An effective index should facilitate the understanding and interpretation of the holistic parameters that have contributed to it. Indexing has been an effective technique in the field of water quality and extrapolating the same to adsorbents can unfold a direction towards their perceptible evaluation. In this regard, the main objective of the study was to develop a methodology for streamlining as many adsorbents as possible based on the combined impact of their constituent properties. Diclofenac has been chosen as the representative contaminant for the study owing to its high annual consumption, unfavourable accumulation in the environment and thorough adsorptive investigations (Zhang et al., 2008 , Oaks et al., 2004 , Sathishkumar et al., 2015 , Jodeh et al., 2016 , Herrero-Villar et al., 2021 , Shamsudin et al., 2022 , da Costa and Fajardo, 2023 ). Further, the properties of the adsorbents in the framework have been compared to that of commercial Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) which is a standard working adsorbent in many treatment systems. Thereafter, indices are determined using the multiplicative addition of the scaled values and developed weighting coefficients. Finally, the adsorbents are ranked based on their index values. 2. Methodology A comprehensive literature survey was conducted solely on the adsorptive studies of diclofenac sodium/potassium by numerous adsorbents (2012–2023). The studies primarily included single component, multi-component and individual analyses of more than one contaminants on same or modified adsorbents using synthetic wastewater. A datasheet was prepared comprising of different adsorption parameters for more than 70 studies based on the above collection of published literature. A parallel examination of literature was done using the keywords such as ‘ranking of adsorbents’ ‘benchmarking of adsorbents’ ‘indexing of adsorbents’, ‘adsorbent performance indicators’, and ‘suitability of adsorbents’ from the frequently used databases of Google scholar, Microsoft Academic, and Web of Science databases. The methodologies from these studies were essayed for reference. 2.1 Selection of parameters The prepared datasheet from all the available journal articles on removal of diclofenac using adsorption, was screened to filter the most well-representative and commonly accessible process and adsorbent parameters. It was found that the data regarding adsorption capacity ( x/m, in mg/g ), equilibrium time ( t eq in hours ), pH, temperature (̊ C ), surface area ( m 2 /g ), and point of zero charge ( pH zpc ) were conveniently available. Since most of the studies were based on low-cost adsorbents and cost is a crucial factor for determining the applicability of the adsorbent in the field, the material cost ( $ US per kg ) for each adsorbent was manually calculated and included in the analysis. The studies were arranged in the order of the sources of the adsorbents for clarity and were named A0 to A76 for reference. In case, there were more than one adsorbents for a study, each adsorbent was selected to encompass all possible modifications and compositions of adsorbents. The selected parameters are illustrated below. 2.1.1 Adsorption Capacity (x/m) in mg/g: Assuming monolayer adsorption of diclofenac on active sites of adsorbents (Baccar et al., 2012, Lu et al., 2016, Luo et al., 2019, Zhuang et al., 2019, Chauhan et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2021, Rocha et al., 2021) initially Langmuir adsorption capacity values (with r 2 ≥ 0.9), then the better-fitting isotherm values and subsequently the available experimental values were considered for the analysis. It has been seen that for a full-scale column study, the breakthrough adsorption capacity is a fraction (25 to 50%) of the theoretical capacity, propagated from batch studies (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). Thus, using modelled values or approximations in the current analysis, will cause negligible alterations in the assessment of adsorbents. For uniformity, the values in µg/g, µmol/g or mmol/g, were converted into mg/g taking 296.148 g as the molar weight of diclofenac. 2.1.2 Equilibrium time (t eq ) in hours: The time to reach equilibrium is equivalent to the speed of adsorption. The values of equilibrium time were taken from all papers and converted into hours for uniformity. In cases where the values of exact equilibrium time were not mentioned, apparent equilibrium or the expected equilibrium time were taken (Tiwari et al., 2015, Moral-Rodríguez et al., 2019). In case no equilibrium time was mentioned, the values from tables (rechecked with appropriate graphical representations of the same research paper and vice-versa) were considered. 2.1.3 pH: The common presumable mechanisms governing the process of sorption may be inferred by studying the dependence of the process on the pH of the adsorbate-adsorbent system as the solution pH is indeed a crucial factor while determining the nature of the surface of the adsorbent as well as adsorbate molecules consequently, how they interact with one another. (Bhadra et al., 2017, El Naga et al., 2019) It was noticed in few studies that an alkaline pH decreased the uptake of the compound (Larous and Meniai, 2016, Baccar et al., 2012, Jodeh et al., 2016). However, considering the pH of pharmaceutical wastewater is close to 7 (Chauhan et al., 2020), the values of adsorbents for pH were scaled w.r.t the pH range 6.5 to 8. 2.1.4 Temperature (̊C): Adsorption is an exothermic process. With reference to the adsorption theory, an increase in temperature at a given pressure, can lead an increased energy for the adsorbed molecule to evaporate, and thus reduces its adsorption. (Do, 1998). While in case of physisorption, the mechanism has a linearly inverse relation with temperature, for chemisorption, the rate of adsorption initially increases and later decreases with respect to temperature. For the present study, the highest uptake temperature or the temperature at which equilibrium was studied was considered to represent the performance of the adsorbent accurately. In case of ambient/ room temperatures, a value of 25 ̊C was taken. 2.1.5 Material Cost per kg (USD): The economic feasibility of fabricating an adsorbent is delineated by the expenditure per unit mass of the raw components employed during the synthesis. (Sarafraz et al., 2019, Ighalo et al., 2022) In the current study, selective material costs, which directly contribute to the synthesis of an adsorbent, have been considered using mass ratio of the formulated adsorbents from respective research articles. The values of commercialized adsorbents have also been taken. The costs of precursors such as agro-industrial wastes, manure, wood chips, spent tea leaves, orange peels, cocoa pod husks, have been ignored considering them as wastes. The prices of other precursors like local fruits, grasses, clays and minerals such as sepiolite, sericite, montmorillonite, pumice, red mud and river sediments have also been excluded assuming them to as readily available materials. Further, the cost of: (i) deionized/ distilled/ Millipore/ ultrapure/ micellar water; (ii) common activation agents like KOH, NaOH, H 2 SO 4 , HCl, ZnCl 2 , FeCl 3 .6H 2 O, FeCl 2 .4H 2 O, H 3 PO 4 , (iv) gases needed for pyrolysis N 2 and O 2 ,(v) compounds used for washing adsorbents and adjusting pH, and (vi) other compounds such as NH 3 , NH 4 OH, HNO 3 , H 2 O 2 , KMnO 4 , CaCl 2 , Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , glacial CH 3 COOH, glycerol, ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, glucose, ethyl imidazole, methyl imidazole, benzene, emulsifiers, yeast, N,N-dimethylformamide of cost (based on the mass ratio for synthesis of adsorbents) < $1kg have not been considered. The values are sourced from published data, local suppliers or e-commerce portals to the best of our knowledge. The cost estimates are broadly based on requirements in smaller scale. If the adsorbent in used in commercial scale, cost reduced. To also take this into account, the costs estimated have been further reduced by 20%. However, this should not affect the final preference or ranking of adsorbents. Any anomalies can be negligible. 2.1.6 Surface area (m 2 /g): The extent of adsorption is generally proportional to the specific surface area of an adsorbent (Çeçen & Aktas 2011). A higher surface area indicates better availability of binding sites for the adsorbate (Larous and Meniai, 2016). The values of BET surface area were taken for the current analysis on the basis of relevance, availability and uniformity. In case the values were not available, the surface areas of the same or similar adsorbents from other authors were taken. The values available in cm 2 /g were converted to m 2 /g for uniformity. 2.1.7 pH zpc : The determination of the point of zero charge (pH zpc ) indicates the net charge of the adsorbent surface in the solution (Gil et al., 2018). In an acidic medium, the adsorbent is positively charged and based on the principle of electroneutrality, a layer of oppositely charged ions are attracted to the surface of this adsorbent, thus compensating each other. In the basic medium, the opposite holds true (Brunelle, 1979). The surface charge of an adsorbent remains positive up to its isoelectric point while that of the adsorptive remains positive upto its pK a value (Hasan et al., 2016, Bhadra et al., 2016, Beyki et al., 2017). Hence, it can be said that, more the difference between the pH zpc and the pKa, more pronounced will be the adsorption by electrostatic interaction. A schematic diagram (Fig. II) has been shown to demonstrate the influence of pH zpc and pK a for electrostatic adsorption mechanism. The adsorption mechanism of diclofenac has been prominently attributed to electrostatic interaction in many studies (Pereira et al., 2014, Nam et al., 2015, França et al., 2020, Li et al., 2021). Thus, the values of pH zpc of adsorbents were taken for the analysis and in case of their absence, the pH of isoelectric points were considered. 2.2 Formulation of the novel index 2.2.1 Choice of Standard Adsorbent: Commercial activated carbon (granular) (A0) has been used as the key adsorbent or standard adsorbent, for comparison purposes (Suriyanon et al 2013, Rakíc et al., 2015, Hasan et al., 2016, Bhadra et al., 2016, Bernardo et al., 2016, Bhadra et al., 2017, An et al., 2018, Malhotra et al., 2018, Moral-Rodríguez et al., 2019, Mokhati et al., 2021). Further, A0 is also used in wastewater treatment plants as the most conventional adsorbent, (Paune et al., 1998, Babi et al., 2007, Gerrity et al., 2011, Rattier et al., 2012, Altmann et al., 2014). Hence, considering it as a standard can help evaluate how better or worse are the other adsorbents for getting established in further stages of adsorptive treatment. 2.2.2 Scaling of values with respect to standard adsorbent The values of different properties were scaled as shown in equations 1 to 4: 2.2.3 Weighting methods In general, assigning weights may be based on subjective or objective views, data properties and the underlying theoretical framework. While the subjective method is governed by the decision of policy makers, the weights in objective methods are deduced by certain mathematical models. (Wang and Lee, 2009, Sahoo et al., 2016). The choice of weights for different parameters plays an important role in aligning the final score of the underlying theoretical framework and determining the robustness and sensitivity of the framework. Unequal weighting values were also assigned to the parameters so that the framework becomes robust, less uncertain and there is an increase in the model integrity (Uddin et al., 2021). For the current study, the following weighting methods were used. Case 1 Equal (Mean) Weights The Equal Weight methods assumed the weights of all parameters to be 0.167. This method was used as a control. Case 2 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Taking into consideration a subjective approach, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights to the parameters (Case 1). The most popular (Multi-Criteria Decision Making) MCDM method, AHP, uses a hierarchical structure and breaks down the decision problem into a hierarchy of inter-related decision making models (Badawi et al., 2021). AHP is also used for a large database, such as evaluation of economic indicators for countries (Joint Research Centre - European Commission, 2008). In AHP, the complex decision is transformed into simple comparisons, ranked based on judgement, and the outcomes are synthesized using a framework given by Saaty, 1980 (Mahmoodzadeh et al., 2007, Zeng et al., 2007, Badawi et al., 2021). The composite weights are valid if the consistency ratio of the assigned value is < 0.1. Case 3 Entropy Method Entropy is an account of the uncertainties as well as the information retrieved from a system. It can be applied as an objective means of determining the weights of the variables based on the amount of useful information available in a dataset. Introduced by Shannon in 1948, this method has been successfully used in many water quality indices (Jha et al., 2008, Amiri et al., 2014, Sahoo et al., 2017, Singh et al., 2019). 2.3 Indexing and Ranking The final index values were obtained by multiplicative addition of the scaled values and the chosen weights. Ranks were derived from the final indices. The conceptual framework employed in the current study has been shown in Fig. III. The data table prepared and worked upon is shown in Table II. Table II: Data Matrix for analysis SL.No. Original names/sources of adsorbents in respective studies Naming for this study x/m (mg/g) t eq (h) pH Material cost per kg (USD) BET Surface Area (m 2 /g) pH zpc Reference Carbon based adsorbents 1 Granular Activated Carbon A0 96.86 9.50 6.15 0.13 948.17 8.4 Rakíc et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2016; Bhadra et al., 2016; Bhadra et al., 2017; An et al., 2018; Mokhati et al., 2021; 2 Powdered Activated Carbon A1 130.44 6.63 6.86 0.11 1045 8.1 Rakíc et al., 2015; Bernardo et al., 2016; Malhotra et al., 2018; 3 Coconut shell A2 244.00 168.00 7.00 0.54 799 8.7 Moral-Rodríguez 2019 4 Olive Stones A3 0.26 3.00 2.00 0.00 84 6.5 Larous and Meniai 2016 5 Olive waste-cake A4 56.17 26.00 4.10 0.00 793 5.0 Baccar et al., 2012 6 N-Loblolly pine chip A5 372.00 168.00 7.00 0.00 1360 2.0 Jung et al., 2015 7 O-Loblolly pine chip A6 214.00 168.00 7.00 0.00 1151 2.0 Jung et al., 2015 8 Peach stones A7 4532.00 3.00 4.15 5.37 1216 3.1 Torrellas et al., 2015 9 Cocoa shells A8 63.47 3.72 7.00 0.00 619 6.7 Saucier et al., 2015 10 Pig manure A9 12.50 5.00 6.50 0.00 44 2.2 Lonappan et al., 2018 11 Pine wood A10 0.53 4.50 6.50 0.00 13 2.5 Lonappan et al., 2018 12 Cocoa pod husk A11 5.53 0.75 7.00 1.34 502 2.0 de Luna et al., 2017 13 Oxidized Activated carbon A12 490.00 24.00 5.50 0.11 704 2.0 Bhadra et al., 2016 14 Activated Cokes-1 A13 44.33 1.50 6.50 0.16 226 6.8 Wu et al., 2020 15 Activated Cokes-2 A14 224.00 0.50 6.50 0.16 790 6.5 Wu et al., 2020 16 Lovegrass A15 312.40 1.00 4 0.00 1040 5.0 Cimirro et al., 2020 17 Activated Carbon Fiber A16 0.28 6.00 6.50 11.20 1748 2.9 Zhao et al., 2020 18 Argan nutshells A17 132.00 8.00 6.00 0.00 1542 6.0 Mokhati et al., 2021 19 Lignin with Graphitic Carbon A18 159.70 24.00 6.5 0.04 457 4.0 Tam et al., 2020 20 River sediment powder and block A19 41.49 4.00 6 0.00 18 6.7 Xu et al., 2020 21 Sugar bagasse A20 315.00 0.40 2 0.00 1145 7.3 El Naga et al., 2019 22 KIP 1200 A21 0.41 240.00 7.5 0.00 1693 8.7 Masson et al., 2016 23 BBV 800 A22 0.13 240.00 7.5 0.00 1056 7.2 Masson et al., 2016 24 Biocarbon (Fe/BC) A23 317.97 3.00 5 0.00 1986 6.9 Luo et al., 2019 25 Orange peels A24 144.00 24.00 4.5 0.00 184 2.5 Tomul et al., 2019 26 Zizipus mauritiana A25 0.60 1.00 4 0.00 1160 7.7 Qureshi et al., 2019 27 Coconut shells A26 821.00 168.00 7 0.00 1279 8.8 Moral-Rodríguez et al., 2019 28 Spent tea leaves A27 91.20 6.00 6.47 0.00 865 6.9 Malhotra et al., 2018 29 rGO A28 59.67 3.33 10.00 0.00 98 3.4 Jauris et al., 2016 30 GO A29 500.00 24.00 7.00 0.06 332 1.7 Nam et al., 2015 31 MWCNT A30 7.26 0.50 7 10.72 13 4.5 Gil et al., 2018 32 Magnetic activated carbon (MAC-CP) A31 63.672 1.00 7.5 0.00 644 5.9 Rocha et al., 2021 33 Merck A32 245.8 168 7 5.81 1074 7.5 Moral‑Rodríguez et al., 2023 34 Darco A33 183.3 168 7 0.00 510 6.7 Moral‑Rodríguez et al., 2023 35 Norit A34 177.9 168 7 0.00 646 11.5 Moral‑Rodríguez et al., 2023 36 Wood A35 363.5 168 7 0.00 1357 3.64 Moral‑Rodríguez et al., 2023 37 SWCNT A36 125.2 2.00 5.5 21,299.94 415.29 5.96 Azevedo et al., 2023 38 MWCNT A37 69.6 2.00 5.5 10.72 180.9 9.36 Azevedo et al., 2023 Composites 39 Cellulose-LDH-Ionic liquid composite A38 250.00 0.03 9.00 0.58 31 9.8 Beyki et al., 2017 40 Granular CN/alumina hybrid adsorbents A39 0.03 72.00 6.00 0.95 237 3.2 Wei et al., 2013 41 HDTMA-Al-sericite A40 2.30 24.00 7.00 0.00 2 6.3 Tiwari et al., 2015 42 AMBA-Al-sericite A41 0.85 24.00 7.00 0.32 1 6.2 Tiwari et al., 2015 43 Mercapto-silicate composite A42 0.53 4.00 5.00 22.16 912 6.2 Suriyanon et al., 2013 44 Organosilica A43 1537.00 24.00 5.50 1.73 332 5.2 Barczak et al., 2018 45 CS@PANI@LDH composite A44 618.16 2.00 5.50 15.94 138 5.5 Xu et al., 2021 46 IZ-CLI-CPyCl bilayer A45 35.00 1.00 6.5 5.84 482 8.0 Smiljaníc et al., 2020 47 Leather waste gelatin-Cr(III)-CNTs A46 20.57 2.50 8.15 0.54 133 5.0 Rigueto et al., 2021 48 HTCC (Fe3O4@SiO2/SiHTCC) A47 240.40 5.00 6 0.96 5 2.5 Soares et al., 2019 49 Chitosan/Fe3O4 composite A48 151.00 12.00 6 1.83 5 0.0 Zhou et al 2018 50 Zr-based MOFs (UiO-66) A49 189.00 6.00 5.40 4.16 1082 5.5 Hasan et al., 2016 51 Zr-based MOFs(18%SO3H-UiO-66) A50 263.00 6.00 5.40 0.31 910 5.5 Hasan et al., 2016 52 MIL-100 A51 773.00 72.00 6.00 8.59 1235 3.2 Zhuang et al., 2019 53 MAFs (CDM 6) A52 440.00 12.00 7.00 1.05 1642 5.0 Bhadra and Jung 2017 54 CDM6K-1000 A53 503.00 12.00 6.5 0.79 3123 5.0 An et al., 2018 55 Porous carbons from MOFs (PCDM-1000) A54 400.00 12.00 5.5 0.01 1855 4.9 Bhadra et al., 2017 56 Magnetic COFs A55 109.00 48.00 6 102.34 3109 5.5 Zhuang et al., 2020 57 Alginate/Carbon-based Films A56 73.316 6.00 3 $0.02 35.16 5.67 Shamsudin et al., 2022 58 Polypyrrole doped-GO/2COF-300/4PPy nanocomposites A57 148 1.00 5.6 $102.34 48 5.56 Feng et al., 2022 59 MgAl layered double hydroxide A58 173.9 1.00 8.5 $- 2.23 8.7 Mkaddem et al., 2022 60 Furfuryl alcohol-derived mesoporous carbon (FMC) A59 411.8 2.00 4 $3.71 1022.61 6.6 Xu et al., 2022 61 Nanoporous poly(melamineco-formaldehyde) (PMF) particles (P-PMF-T40) A60 60.1 24.00 6 $60.74 416 6.25 Borchert et al., 2022 Nature-derived adsorbents 62 MMT A49 2.53 1.00 7.00 0.00 65 7.4 Chauhan et al., 2020 63 Ti-PILC A50 23.83 1.00 7.00 0.12 216 6.8 Chauhan et al., 2020 64 Organo-sepiolite A51 242.90 24.00 6.00 0.00 83 6.6 Gómez-Avilés et al., 2021 65 Bent-C16py-200% A52 91.13 2.00 6.00 1.18 2 8.1 França et al., 2020 66 Modified red mud A53 195.00 0.50 5.00 0.03 102 7.5 Li et al., 2020 67 TMAP modified pumice A54 387.25 1.50 3.00 0.00 7 6.3 Shayesteh et al., 2020 68 Bentonite-HDTMA A55 18.99 0.03 7.00 0.00 2 8.2 Tiwari, 2015 69 MIEX resin A56 46.05 1.00 6.00 1.02 44 6.1 Lu et al., 2016 70 MIER-1 A57 0.35 24.00 7.00 1.02 24 6.1 Jiang et al., 2015 71 MIER-2 A58 0.78 24.00 7.00 1.43 7 6.1 Jiang et al., 2015 72 Magnetic amine-chitosan A59 469.48 1.00 4.50 1.01 388 6.2 Liang et al., 2019 73 Grass nanocellulose from Cyprus rotundas grass A60 192.31 3.00 8 0.00 197 2.0 Shahnaz et al., 2021 74 Isabel grape bagasse A61 68.27 24.00 5.00 0.00 2 3.6 Antunes et al., 2012 75 Soyabean hulls A62 136.26 3.00 6 0.00 70 2.8 de Souza et al., 2021 76 Fish-scale biochar functionalized with H3PO4 (FSB600-15) A75 967.1 1.00 4.1 $ 1.35 561.7 5.83 Xie et al., 2023 77 Polypyrrole/stearic acid-coated Luffa cylindrica A76 197.78 0.67 5.5 $ 0.59 123 3.54 da Costa and Fajardo 2023 3. Results and Discussion All available adsorbents and associated experimental conditions were studied for the removal of diclofenac. The adsorbents were first categorized into three groups based on their primary sources for clarity. Carbon based adsorbents included activated carbon and biochar from different sources, graphene and carbon nanotubes. Composites comprised of adsorbents which were prepared using two or more raw materials based on MOFs, MAFs, COFs and some minerals while nature-derived compounds included clays, minerals, zeolites and waste-derived products. It was found that 54.65% studies were conducted using carbon based adsorbents (A0 to A37), out of which almost 45% studies were conducted or compared using commercially activated carbon (PAC, GAC or activated carbon from coconut shells). 26.7% of total studies were based on composites (A38 to A60) and the rest 18.6% using nature-derived compounds (A61 to A76). The three classifications of adsorbents were further categorized based on their sources for a better clarification and the overall scenario of adsorbent use for diclofenac is shown in Fig. IV. Granular Activated Carbon (A0) was selected as the standard adsorbent considering the studies of Hasan et al., 2016 , Bhadra et al., 2016 , An et al., 2018 , Bhadra et al., 2017 , Mokhati et al., 2021 , Rakíc et al., 2015. The values of x/m, t eq, pH, temperature, material cost, BET surface area and pH zpc for standard GAC adsorbent were calculated to be 96.86 ± 50.14 mg/g, 9.50 ± 4.46 hours, 6.15 ± 0.99, 25.83 ± 2.04 ̊C, $ 0.13 ± 0, 948.17 ± 163.94 m 2 /g and 8.39 ± 1.37 respectively. After scaling all the values appropriately, the weights of the six selected variables were calculated using equal weights method (Case 1 ) , AHP (Case 2 ) and entropy method (Case 3 ) as shown in Table III. Table III: Estimated weights of parameters using different methods Parameters considered Adsorption capacity (x/m) in mg/g Equilibrium time (t eq ) in hours pH Material cost Surface area (m 2 /g) Point of zero charge (pH zpc ) Weighting methods Case 1 : Equal weights 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167 Case 2 : AHP 0.341 0.162 0.038 0.341 0.079 0.038 Case 3 : Entropy method 0.019 0.173 0.004 0.634 0.085 0.014 Case 1 was considered as control. Adding weights has streamlined the range and gives a different representation to the adsorbents. It can be seen that the contribution of each parameter using AHP method is in the order: x/m = material cost > t eq > Surface area > pH = pH zpc while using Entropy method, the weights are in the order: material cost > t eq > Surface area > x/m > pH zpc > pH. As the data set increased owing to the new publications, the weights for Cases 1 and 2 remained the same as they are independent of the values in the experimental data set. However, it was found that the pattern of the Entropy Weights remained the same, in spite of addition of new entries into the data matrix. The final indices obtained by the multiplicative addition using the scaled values and the different weights have been shown in Table IV. The indices in this study are open-ended and have both positive and negative values. Table IV: Index values of adsorbents derived using the different weighting methods Naming for this study Original names/sources of adsorbents in respective studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Naming for this study Original names/sources of adsorbents in respective studies Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Equal Weights AHP Entropy Method Equal Weights AHP Entropy Method A0 GAC 0.64 0.15 0.06 A39 Granular CN/alumina hybrid adsorbents -2.38 -3.64 -5.35 A1 PAC 0.80 0.37 0.22 A40 HDTMA-Al-sericite (AHS) -0.07 -0.24 0.23 A2 Coconut shell -2.35 -3.13 -4.75 A41 AMBA-Al-sericite (AAS) -0.50 -1.09 -1.34 A3 Olive Stones -0.40 -0.04 0.60 A42 mercapto-silicate composite (M-HMS) -28.74 -58.99 -109.04 A4 Olive waste-cake -0.48 -0.16 0.28 A43 functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 organosilicas (K03) -0.88 0.50 -6.90 A5 N-Loblolly pine chip -1.70 -1.27 -1.92 A44 CS@PANI@LDH composite -17.67 -36.12 -70.02 A6 O-Loblolly pine chip -2.01 -1.85 -2.09 A45 IZ CLI CPyCl bilayer (C-C-B) -6.85 -15.19 -28.15 A7 Peach stones 7.77 16.06 0.88 A46 Composite beads (leather waste gelatin + Cr(III) + CNTs) -0.58 -1.28 -2.03 A8 Cocoa shells 0.57 0.39 0.71 A47 HTCC (Fe3O4@SiO2/SiHTCC) -0.72 -1.66 -3.94 A9 Pig manure 0.28 0.12 0.58 A48 Core-brushes shaped chitosan/Fe3O4 composite particles(PCS-MCPs) -2.43 -4.50 -8.47 A10 Pine wood 0.22 0.07 0.57 A49 Zr-based metal–organic frameworks (UiO-66) -4.98 -10.35 -19.79 A11 Cocoa pod husk 0.45 0.21 0.70 A50 Zr-based metal–organic frameworks(18%SO3H-UiO-66) 0.13 0.16 -0.68 A12 Oxidized Activated carbon 0.61 1.22 0.22 A51 MIL-100 -10.84 -21.20 -42.34 A13 Activated Cokes-1 0.32 -0.09 -0.07 A52 MAFs (CDM 6) -0.40 -1.21 -4.23 A14 Activated Cokes-2 0.70 0.60 0.16 A53 CDM6K-1000 0.30 -0.18 -2.76 A15 Lovegrass 0.41 1.19 1.00 A54 Porous carbons from MOFs (PCDM-1000) 0.74 1.39 0.89 A16 Activated Carbon Fiber -14.19 -29.69 -54.75 A55 Magnetic covalent organic frameworks (M-COFs) -133.50 -273.01 -506.47 A17 Argan nutshells 0.58 0.59 0.77 A56 Alginate/Carbon-based Films -0.34 0.10 0.49 A18 Lignin with Graphitic Carbon -0.09 0.17 0.18 A57 polypyrrole doped-GO/2COF-300/4PPy nanocomposites -133.21 -272.34 -505.86 A19 River sediment powder and block 0.34 0.24 0.63 A58 MgAl layered double hydroxide 0.95 0.83 0.84 A20 Sugar bagasse 0.50 1.23 1.04 A59 furfuryl alcohol-derived mesoporous carbon (FMC) -4.00 -8.31 -17.26 A21 KIP 1200 -3.18 -3.72 -3.57 A60 nanoporous poly(melamineco-formaldehyde) (PMF) particles (P-PMF-T40) -79.24 -162.0 -300.38 A22 BBV 800 -3.55 -3.83 -3.65 A61 MMT 0.53 0.20 0.66 A23 Biocarbon (Fe/BC) 1.04 1.36 1.08 A62 Ti-PILC 0.34 -0.05 0.10 A24 Orange peels -0.18 0.19 0.36 A63 organo-sepiolite 0.33 0.61 0.46 A25 Zizipus mauritiana 0.35 0.20 0.75 A64 Bent-C16py-200% (organo-clays) -0.85 -2.65 -5.11 A26 Coconut shells -1.25 -1.05 -4.17 A65 modified red mud (RM-Ppy) 0.61 0.77 0.72 A27 Spent tea leaves 0.64 0.47 0.72 A66 Pumice modified with trimethylamine (TMAP) 0.41 1.37 0.98 A28 rGO -0.14 0.19 0.63 A67 Bentonite-HDTMA (c) 0.70 0.30 0.70 A29 GO 0.84 1.41 0.45 A68 MIEX resin -1.03 -2.45 -4.39 A30 MWCNT -13.93 -28.48 -52.43 A69 MIER-1 -1.44 -2.98 -4.85 A31 Magnetic activated carbon (MAC-CP) 0.49 0.41 0.75 A70 MIER-2 -1.97 -4.08 -6.88 A32 Merck -9.36 -17.18 -30.80 A71 magnetic amine-functionalized chitosan -0.46 -0.94 -3.89 A33 Darco -2.13 -1.99 -2.17 A72 Grass nanocellulose extracted from Cyprus rotundasgrass 0.68 0.81 0.80 A34 Norit -1.31 -1.82 -2.10 A73 Isabel grape bagasse -0.45 -0.12 0.26 A35 Wood -1.99 -1.36 -1.95 A74 Soyabean hulls (Agro-industrial by products) (SH-Mod) 0.34 0.55 0.73 A36 SWCNT -27789.4 -56805 -105437 A75 fish-scale biochar functionalized with H3PO4 (FSB600-15) -0.14 -0.11 -5.11 A37 MWCNT -13.17 -28.124 -52.32 A76 Polypyrrole/stearic acid-coated Luffa cylindrica -0.48 -0.81 -2.10 A38 Cellulose-LDH-Ionic liquid composite 0.45 -0.40 -1.91 The ranks obtained from the different weighting techniques have been shown in the needle plot in Fig. V. The standard adsorbent A0 is distinctly marked in the plot. It can be seen that adsorbents A1, A15, A20, A23, A29, A54, A58 and A66 lie among the top performing adsorbents. Out of the top performing adsorbents, adsorbent A23 and A58 have more consistent results with standard deviation of ± 1.73 and ± 3.21 respectively. These adsorbents account for magnetic microporous biocarbon by Luo et al., 2019 and synthesized MgAl layered double hydroxide by Mkaddem et al., 2022 . Luo et al., 2019 cultured an iron-rich biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium , pre-carbonized it and finally activated it with KOH to obtain the two-staged activated magnetic biocarbon. With a reasonable adsorption capacity (317 mg/g), a low t eq value of 3 hours, a considerably low preparation cost and very high value of surface area (1986 m 2 /g), it delivered consistent results when introduced to the indexing model. Further, the layered double hydroxide by Mkaddem et al., 2022 was prepared with nitrate salts (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O and Al(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O) and being co-precipitated under alkaline conditions (NaOH). It has outperformed many of its counter adsorbents owing to its high pH zpc (8.7), less t eq (1 hour) and low cost of synthesis. The ranks in tabular form have been provided in the Supplementary Information for better clarification. It was further seen that for all the weighting methods adsorbents A16, A30, A36, A42, A55, A57 and A60 were consistently ranked in the bottom. The index values degraded thoroughly owing to their heavier cost of preparation. 4. Applicability, limitations and future perspectives The above study shows that activated carbon derived from iron-rich biomass and MgAl layered double hydroxide perform better than other adsorbents for diclofenac. However, there can be several other adsorbent parameters for the same contaminant such as recyclability, pore size, operation and maintenance cost, the applicability of continuous studies, effect of co-solutes, which can be included to the framework to make it more robust. The framework used in this study can also be extended to other conventional and non-conventional contaminants with appropriate assumptions. The categorization of adsorbents is subjective and can be reconfigured based on some other relevant criteria. Further all requisite data for establishment of the adsorption system such as total cost (material cost, operational cost, maintenance cost) are not available in the literature. Thus, there are many other dependent and independent parameters of the adsorbate, the adsorbent, and the system as a whole, on which the efficiency of the entire process depends. There are several experimental properties for the given adsorbents which can be used to improve the current framework. Further, the same can be extended to incorporate many new adsorbents being worked upon in laboratory scale. More studies on competitiveness, thermodynamics of the solute with respect to aqueous and other macromolecules are encouraged and can be accounted for. The processing time of the adsorbent can also be considered for more detailed analysis. The breakthrough data, if available in sufficient quantity can be considered. If considering activated carbons derived from various sources, the pyrolysis time and temperature can also be considered. Applicability in real wastewater or synthetically spiked water can also be included as an input and considered for further analysis. Though there is no fixed guideline as to how intrinsic a study can be, more holistic experimentation and analysis can lead to more holistic determination of the most suitable adsorbent for different pollutants. 5. Conclusions A conceptual framework to rank above 70 adsorbents was thus developed for diclofenac, as a case study. The indices were an aggregation of beneficiary (x/m, surface area, ΔpH zpc ) and non-beneficiary (material cost, t eq , ΔpH) adsorption parameters. All the parameters were extracted from relevant literature, except for cost, which was calculated based on the proportions of compounds per unit weight of adsorbent and adopted from an authentic e-commerce materials database and from local chemical vendors. Thus the values of cost are subjected to the variations in geographical locations, modifications in the adsorbents, and other external factors; however, the ranking should remain almost the same, as in the present study, it is closely subsidised. It was found that magnetic activated carbon derived from white rot biomass and MgAl layered double hydroxide were ranked in the top for all the weighting methods. While this method has helped us consolidate the large spectrum of adsorbents for a particular adsorbate, the method of indexing and ranking involves numerous assumptions which require intricate assessment for obtaining validated results. Howsoever, though results may not be absolute, the conceptual framework can be adopted for obtaining a comparative estimate of studies conducted using diverse adsorbents on a single contaminant for an overall judgement. Declarations Conflict of Interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. Acknowledgement This research is supported by Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, through project “4WARD”. The authors would like to thank the funding agency for their assistance. References Ababneh, S., Al-Araidah, O., & Almomani, M. (2020). An analytic hierarchy process model for selecting adsorbent for heavy metal ion removal from wastewater. 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Environmental Pollution , 253 , 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.069 Supplementary Files GA.jpg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3908589\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":270897373,\"identity\":\"dee944ed-ce70-4861-bd6d-8c65e96d8e0c\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Swati Mishra\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Swati\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Mishra\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":270897374,\"identity\":\"e7b2561e-3f7d-476a-9e68-5b991dbf285b\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Manoj Kumar Tiwari\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHgaGAyCKn5mxgbEBJMJMUAszRItkM2NjI9FawMDgAAMjRAshoNtz/uBhnpp7MsbHmdsfzmCwk2dg5z2AV4vZ2WaGwzzHinnMDgMdtoEh2bCBmS8Bv5bzzAyHc9gSIFoeMDAnMDDzGBCh5V8Cj3EzWEs9EVpADsttS+AxYAY77DARWs4cNjj8ty+BRwLosJkzDI4bthHWkvj444xvCfb8/ccffOypqJbn5z+DXwsaACpmI0X9KBgFo2AUjALsAACiFUCWSwtMKgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7749-9565\",\"institution\":\"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Manoj\",\"middleName\":\"Kumar\",\"lastName\":\"Tiwari\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-01-29 09:39:20\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908589/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908589/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":50747709,\"identity\":\"e9de5159-ce95-477c-9bd7-6e03b6d813d9\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:13:24\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":91584,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIllustrative example of factors affecting adsorption of diclofenac\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908589/v1/0cc5202eccaedd9b19a0875a.jpg\"},{\"id\":50747707,\"identity\":\"2328a651-8586-4bb0-ae72-a8e23ca78a49\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:13:24\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":38581,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSchematic Representation of the mechanism of electrostatic interaction using standard adsorbent A0.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908589/v1/ab3d1a0662de33b6e3cb8267.jpg\"},{\"id\":50747847,\"identity\":\"487755a9-7c66-46fe-ba9c-5aceb6ced8e4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:13:29\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":43479,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFramework for the indexing and ranking of selected adsorbents\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908589/v1/931b009fca71cd289ecab285.jpg\"},{\"id\":50747768,\"identity\":\"b02e92b8-dac3-42c4-a760-24d4d877ac8f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:13:26\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":47812,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eCommon adsorbents used for removal of Diclofenac.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908589/v1/d59057bb57474bcf9d0041b6.jpg\"},{\"id\":50747767,\"identity\":\"d2bcb87e-19e1-43ef-ac5e-01aa7600a81a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:13:26\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":64626,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eNeedle plot showing the ranking from Cases 1, 2 and 3\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908589/v1/f658cd6445453c5a544d6d56.jpg\"},{\"id\":59522546,\"identity\":\"30525317-f4ae-4400-930b-4dda7b0c23c7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-07-02 20:21:21\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":2085634,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908589/v1/98de7818-f909-4209-93c6-16c483de9f9d.pdf\"},{\"id\":50747702,\"identity\":\"82e8ccc9-0e68-4391-a5f5-94339d2ea962\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-06 17:13:21\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":52504,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"GA.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3908589/v1/284c4f3429588efea6a9eb3f.jpg\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\",\"formattedTitle\":\"A composite index based screening and ranking of adsorbents for the removal of aqueous contaminants: An illustrative example with Diclofenac\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Highlights\",\"content\":\"\\u003cul\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eA framework for assessing\\u0026nbsp;performance of adsorbents for diclofenac was developed\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eThe parametric values were normalized w.r.t GAC, the standard adsorbent\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eWeighting methods were applied and indices and ranks were calculated\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMagnetic biocarbon and MgAl LDH performed well in all the methods\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eThe underperforming adsorbents had high cost of synthesis and low surface area\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ul\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"1. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAdsorption is a widely used technique for the remediation of a huge spectrum of contaminants because of its mechanistic simplicity, effectiveness, low-investment cost, easy coupling with other treatment units, and no-by-product formation. (Ghosal et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e, Luo et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e, Dutta et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e, Yadav et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Adsorptive removal of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have also been explored in the last two decades owing to their incessant microscopic-level occurrence and the convenience of installation of these adsorption units in adjunct to the current treatment processes. (Dom\\u0026iacute;nguez et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e, Baccar et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe desirable characteristics of an efficient adsorbent are high porosity with large surface area, high adsorption capacity, low cost, workable pH and temperature (Do, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1998\\u003c/span\\u003e). Literature review suggests the availability of an overwhelming number of adsorbents for PPCP removal such as carbon-derived sources, zeolites, clay minerals, unmodified by-products and composites materials (Attia et al., 2013, Zhao et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e, Antunes et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e, Malhotra et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e, Zhou et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e, Moral-Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez 2019, Mokhati et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Out of these, activated carbon (granular, powdered, or fibrous) have been observed to be the most popularly used adsorbent material (Rakić et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e, Bhadra et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, Bernardo et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, Zhao et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e, Srivastava et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). an (Czech and Oleszczuk \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, Hasan et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, Bhadra et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e, An et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e, Wu et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e, Yoong et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e, Yaah et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e, Azevedo et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFor an effectual adsorptive removal, several interdependent parameters come into play subjected to any adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. Some of these crucial parameters are the physicochemical properties of the contaminant, the salient adsorbent features, their functionalization, and activation, and characterization, experimental conditions, plausible mechanisms based on time and equilibrium tools, and simulation studies. These aspects and their associated parameters have been illustrated in Fig.I.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIt would be interesting to assess all available adsorbents for any particular contaminant through a framework encompassing relevant and available experimental, material and adsorbate parameters. Screening and ranking is a common approach to evaluate the performance of adsorbents in air adsorption using molecular simulations, pressure swing and/or temperature swing adsorption and process optimization as some of the relevant parameters (Sumer and Keskin, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, Erdogan et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e, Leperi et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). In this context, there are very few studies based on aqueous matrices. The combination of studies on aqueous and air adsorbents have been listed in Table I.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable I: Established methodologies for Ranking of adsorbents\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ctable id=\\\"Taba\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSl.No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTarget adsorbate-adsorbent system\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAnalysis\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReference\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e/CH\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e/CO mixture - MOFs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRanking based on working capacities and separation factors\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePirngruber et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHydrocarbons from oil spills in seawater- selection of any novel adsorbent derived from wastes/by-products\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDevelopment of a Multi- Criteria preference Matrix for Decision Making based on 25 activity stages and 5 decision nodes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBatzias et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWastewater treatment-zeolite, pumice, iron oxide nanoparticles, perlite, and sawdust ash\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRanking based on wastewater refining, easy access, cost indexes, and the durability of the adsorbent for water treatment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAzad et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVitamin B12- AC derived from sawdust, mesoporous AC fibre, KOH activated AC, ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-5 and, CMK-3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003efuzzy matter-element theory integrated with an analytical network process based on environmental, economic and technological criteria and their feedbacks\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOuyang et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTriclosan-treatment alternatives like adsorption, membrane separation, advanced oxidation, constructed wetlands, conventional treatment processes, biological treatment, other treatment processes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18 evaluation criteria identified and prioritized based on AHP and entropy methods, Ranking based on TOPSIS, PROMETHEE and VIKOR methods\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOzturk, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eArsenic-treatment alternatives like \\u0026ldquo;chemical treatment\\u0026rdquo;, \\u0026ldquo;adsorption\\u0026rdquo;, and \\u0026ldquo;reverse osmosis\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEvaluation considering technical, economic and environmental criteria using AHP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eD\\u0026ouml;lgen and Alpaslan, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHeavy metal ions(Pb, Cu, Ni)- chitosan, fly ash and sludge adsorbents\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSelection based on technical, non-technical criteria and sub-criteria, and multiple adsorbent alternatives using a generic AHP-MCDM model\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAbabneh et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNitrate adsorption using saw dust of beech tree- pH, contact time, adsorbent mass and initial concentration\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAHP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAhmadpari et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTextile wastewater-carbon based materials- PAC, GAC, CNT, GO, graphene, rGO, graphite, coal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFuzzy AHP-TOPSIS methodology on the basis of cost, safety, accessibility, reuse and adsorption capacity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAzari et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReal-time textile effluent- nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) and activated carbon (AC)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEvaluation based on technical and sustainable criteria using decision-making methods like TOPSIS, AHP and SAW.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBadawi et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMethylene blue- Fe3O4 nanoparticles, silica\\u0026ndash;PDDA\\u0026ndash;Fe3O4 nanocomposite, alginate bead, Fe3O4 nanoparticles with alginate encapsulation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDecision making using a structured AHP based on adsorption capacity, the ability to conduct Fenton degradation, the potential side effect, the adsorbent cost, the energy consumed, and the required downstream separation process.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWang and Yeap, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCr(VI)- Marine Strains Yeast, \\u003cem\\u003eAspergillus niger\\u003c/em\\u003e, Hydrilla verticillate seed, \\u003cem\\u003eSalvinia cucutta\\u003c/em\\u003e, Fungal biomaterial \\u003cem\\u003eCoriolus versicolor\\u003c/em\\u003e, Pomegranate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ehusk\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMADM and fuzzy logic and subjective and objective weights based on pH, initial conc., dose, speed, temperature, duration\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBaral et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDiclofenac- Carbon based, Composites, Nature-derived\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEntropy, AHP, Equal weights and mean weights on the basis of adsorption capacity, pH, t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e, S\\u003csub\\u003eBET\\u003c/sub\\u003e, material cost and pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThis study\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWhile ranking of adsorbents can be a suitable method to assess their performance, indexing through a composite representative ordinal value, derived from a combination of different relevant yet non-commensurate observations, can be an advantageous tool for quantifying the same An effective index should facilitate the understanding and interpretation of the holistic parameters that have contributed to it. Indexing has been an effective technique in the field of water quality and extrapolating the same to adsorbents can unfold a direction towards their perceptible evaluation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn this regard, the main objective of the study was to develop a methodology for streamlining as many adsorbents as possible based on the combined impact of their constituent properties. Diclofenac has been chosen as the representative contaminant for the study owing to its high annual consumption, unfavourable accumulation in the environment and thorough adsorptive investigations (Zhang et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e, Oaks et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e, Sathishkumar et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e, Jodeh et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, Herrero-Villar et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e, Shamsudin et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e, da Costa and Fajardo, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Further, the properties of the adsorbents in the framework have been compared to that of commercial Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) which is a standard working adsorbent in many treatment systems. Thereafter, indices are determined using the multiplicative addition of the scaled values and developed weighting coefficients. Finally, the adsorbents are ranked based on their index values.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. Methodology\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA comprehensive literature survey was conducted solely on the adsorptive studies of diclofenac sodium/potassium by numerous adsorbents (2012\\u0026ndash;2023). The studies primarily included single component, multi-component and individual analyses of more than one contaminants on same or modified adsorbents using synthetic wastewater. A datasheet was prepared comprising of different adsorption parameters for more than 70 studies based on the above collection of published literature. A parallel examination of literature was done using the keywords such as \\u0026lsquo;ranking of adsorbents\\u0026rsquo; \\u0026lsquo;benchmarking of adsorbents\\u0026rsquo; \\u0026lsquo;indexing of adsorbents\\u0026rsquo;, \\u0026lsquo;adsorbent performance indicators\\u0026rsquo;, and \\u0026lsquo;suitability of adsorbents\\u0026rsquo; from the frequently used databases of Google scholar, Microsoft Academic, and Web of Science databases. The methodologies from these studies were essayed for reference.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1 Selection of parameters\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe prepared datasheet from all the available journal articles on removal of diclofenac using adsorption, was screened to filter the most well-representative and commonly accessible process and adsorbent parameters. It was found that the data regarding adsorption capacity (\\u003cem\\u003ex/m, in mg/g\\u003c/em\\u003e), equilibrium time (\\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eeq\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003ein hours\\u003c/em\\u003e), pH, temperature (̊\\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e), surface area (\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e2\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e/g\\u003c/em\\u003e), and point of zero charge (\\u003cem\\u003epH\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ezpc\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) were conveniently available. Since most of the studies were based on low-cost adsorbents and cost is a crucial factor for determining the applicability of the adsorbent in the field, the material cost (\\u003cem\\u003e$ US per kg\\u003c/em\\u003e) for each adsorbent was manually calculated and included in the analysis. The studies were arranged in the order of the sources of the adsorbents for clarity and were named A0 to A76 for reference. In case, there were more than one adsorbents for a study, each adsorbent was selected to encompass all possible modifications and compositions of adsorbents. The selected parameters are illustrated below.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.1 Adsorption Capacity (x/m) in mg/g:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAssuming monolayer adsorption of diclofenac on active sites of adsorbents (Baccar et al., 2012, Lu et al., 2016, Luo et al., 2019, Zhuang et al., 2019, Chauhan et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2021, Rocha et al., 2021) initially Langmuir adsorption capacity values (with r\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;0.9), then the better-fitting isotherm values and subsequently the available experimental values were considered for the analysis. It has been seen that for a full-scale column study, the breakthrough adsorption capacity is a fraction (25 to 50%) of the theoretical capacity, propagated from batch studies (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). Thus, using modelled values or approximations in the current analysis, will cause negligible alterations in the assessment of adsorbents. For uniformity, the values in \\u0026micro;g/g, \\u0026micro;mol/g or mmol/g, were converted into mg/g taking 296.148 g as the molar weight of diclofenac.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.2 Equilibrium time (t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e) in hours:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe time to reach equilibrium is equivalent to the speed of adsorption. The values of equilibrium time were taken from all papers and converted into hours for uniformity. In cases where the values of exact equilibrium time were not mentioned, apparent equilibrium or the expected equilibrium time were taken (Tiwari et al., 2015, Moral-Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al., 2019). In case no equilibrium time was mentioned, the values from tables (rechecked with appropriate graphical representations of the same research paper and vice-versa) were considered.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.3 pH:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe common presumable mechanisms governing the process of sorption may be inferred by studying the dependence of the process on the pH of the adsorbate-adsorbent system as the solution pH is indeed a crucial factor while determining the nature of the surface of the adsorbent as well as adsorbate molecules consequently, how they interact with one another. (Bhadra et al., 2017, El Naga et al., 2019) It was noticed in few studies that an alkaline pH decreased the uptake of the compound (Larous and Meniai, 2016, Baccar et al., 2012, Jodeh et al., 2016). However, considering the pH of pharmaceutical wastewater is close to 7 (Chauhan et al., 2020), the values of adsorbents for pH were scaled w.r.t the pH range 6.5 to 8.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.4 Temperature (̊C):\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAdsorption is an exothermic process. With reference to the adsorption theory, an increase in temperature at a given pressure, can lead an increased energy for the adsorbed molecule to evaporate, and thus reduces its adsorption. (Do, 1998). While in case of physisorption, the mechanism has a linearly inverse relation with temperature, for chemisorption, the rate of adsorption initially increases and later decreases with respect to temperature. For the present study, the highest uptake temperature or the temperature at which equilibrium was studied was considered to represent the performance of the adsorbent accurately. In case of ambient/ room temperatures, a value of 25 ̊C was taken.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.5 Material Cost per kg (USD):\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe economic feasibility of fabricating an adsorbent is delineated by the expenditure per unit mass of the raw components employed during the synthesis. (Sarafraz et al., 2019, Ighalo et al., 2022) In the current study, selective material costs, which directly contribute to the synthesis of an adsorbent, have been considered using mass ratio of the formulated adsorbents from respective research articles. The values of commercialized adsorbents have also been taken. The costs of precursors such as agro-industrial wastes, manure, wood chips, spent tea leaves, orange peels, cocoa pod husks, have been ignored considering them as wastes. The prices of other precursors like local fruits, grasses, clays and minerals such as sepiolite, sericite, montmorillonite, pumice, red mud and river sediments have also been excluded assuming them to as readily available materials. Further, the cost of: (i) deionized/ distilled/ Millipore/ ultrapure/ micellar water; (ii) common activation agents like KOH, NaOH, H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eSO\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e, HCl, ZnCl\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e, FeCl\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e.6H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO, FeCl\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e.4H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO, H\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003ePO\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e, (iv) gases needed for pyrolysis N\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e and O\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e ,(v) compounds used for washing adsorbents and adjusting pH, and (vi) other compounds such as NH\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e, NH\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003eOH, HNO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e, H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e, KMnO\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e, CaCl\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e, Fe\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e(SO\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e)\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e, glacial CH\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003eCOOH, glycerol, ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, glucose, ethyl imidazole, methyl imidazole, benzene, emulsifiers, yeast, N,N-dimethylformamide of cost (based on the mass ratio for synthesis of adsorbents) \\u0026lt; $1kg have not been considered.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe values are sourced from published data, local suppliers or e-commerce portals to the best of our knowledge. The cost estimates are broadly based on requirements in smaller scale. If the adsorbent in used in commercial scale, cost reduced. To also take this into account, the costs estimated have been further reduced by 20%. However, this should not affect the final preference or ranking of adsorbents. Any anomalies can be negligible.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.6 Surface area (m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e/g):\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe extent of adsorption is generally proportional to the specific surface area of an adsorbent (\\u0026Ccedil;e\\u0026ccedil;en \\u0026amp; Aktas 2011). A higher surface area indicates better availability of binding sites for the adsorbate (Larous and Meniai, 2016). The values of BET surface area were taken for the current analysis on the basis of relevance, availability and uniformity. In case the values were not available, the surface areas of the same or similar adsorbents from other authors were taken. The values available in cm\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e/g were converted to m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e/g for uniformity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.7 pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe determination of the point of zero charge (pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e) indicates the net charge of the adsorbent surface in the solution (Gil et al., 2018). In an acidic medium, the adsorbent is positively charged and based on the principle of electroneutrality, a layer of oppositely charged ions are attracted to the surface of this adsorbent, thus compensating each other. In the basic medium, the opposite holds true (Brunelle, 1979). The surface charge of an adsorbent remains positive up to its isoelectric point while that of the adsorptive remains positive upto its pK\\u003csub\\u003ea\\u003c/sub\\u003e value (Hasan et al., 2016, Bhadra et al., 2016, Beyki et al., 2017). Hence, it can be said that, more the difference between the pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e and the pKa, more pronounced will be the adsorption by electrostatic interaction. A schematic diagram (Fig. II) has been shown to demonstrate the influence of pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e and pK\\u003csub\\u003ea\\u003c/sub\\u003e for electrostatic adsorption mechanism. The adsorption mechanism of diclofenac has been prominently attributed to electrostatic interaction in many studies (Pereira et al., 2014, Nam et al., 2015, Fran\\u0026ccedil;a et al., 2020, Li et al., 2021). Thus, the values of pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e of adsorbents were taken for the analysis and in case of their absence, the pH of isoelectric points were considered.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2 Formulation of the novel index\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.1 Choice of Standard Adsorbent:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCommercial activated carbon (granular) (A0) has been used as the key adsorbent or standard adsorbent, for comparison purposes (Suriyanon et al 2013, Rak\\u0026iacute;c et al., 2015, Hasan et al., 2016, Bhadra et al., 2016, Bernardo et al., 2016, Bhadra et al., 2017, An et al., 2018, Malhotra et al., 2018, Moral-Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al., 2019, Mokhati et al., 2021). Further, A0 is also used in wastewater treatment plants as the most conventional adsorbent, (Paune et al., 1998, Babi et al., 2007, Gerrity et al., 2011, Rattier et al., 2012, Altmann et al., 2014). Hence, considering it as a standard can help evaluate how better or worse are the other adsorbents for getting established in further stages of adsorptive treatment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.2 Scaling of values with respect to standard adsorbent\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe values of different properties were scaled as shown in equations 1 to 4:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg 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\\\" width=\\\"574\\\" height=\\\"360\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.3 Weighting methods\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn general, assigning weights may be based on subjective or objective views, data properties and the underlying theoretical framework. While the subjective method is governed by the decision of policy makers, the weights in objective methods are deduced by certain mathematical models. (Wang and Lee, 2009, Sahoo et al., 2016). The choice of weights for different parameters plays an important role in aligning the final score of the underlying theoretical framework and determining the robustness and sensitivity of the framework. Unequal weighting values were also assigned to the parameters so that the framework becomes robust, less uncertain and there is an increase in the model integrity (Uddin et al., 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor the current study, the following weighting methods were used.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCase 1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEqual (Mean) Weights\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe Equal Weight methods assumed the weights of all parameters to be 0.167. This method was used as a control.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCase 2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnalytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTaking into consideration a subjective approach, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights to the parameters (Case 1). The most popular (Multi-Criteria Decision Making) MCDM method, AHP, uses a hierarchical structure and breaks down the decision problem into a hierarchy of inter-related decision making models (Badawi et al., 2021). AHP is also used for a large database, such as evaluation of economic indicators for countries (Joint Research Centre - European Commission, 2008). In AHP, the complex decision is transformed into simple comparisons, ranked based on judgement, and the outcomes are synthesized using a framework given by Saaty, 1980 (Mahmoodzadeh et al., 2007, Zeng et al., 2007, Badawi et al., 2021). The composite weights are valid if the consistency ratio of the assigned value is \\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.1.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCase 3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEntropy Method\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEntropy is an account of the uncertainties as well as the information retrieved from a system. It can be applied as an objective means of determining the weights of the variables based on the amount of useful information available in a dataset. Introduced by Shannon in 1948, this method has been successfully used in many water quality indices (Jha et al., 2008, Amiri et al., 2014, Sahoo et al., 2017, Singh et al., 2019).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3 Indexing and Ranking\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe final index values were obtained by multiplicative addition of the scaled values and the chosen weights. Ranks were derived from the final indices. The conceptual framework employed in the current study has been shown in Fig. III.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe data table prepared and worked upon is shown in Table II.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable II: Data Matrix for analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tabb\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSL.No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOriginal names/sources of adsorbents in respective studies\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNaming for this study\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ex/m (mg/g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003et\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e (h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003epH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMaterial cost per kg (USD)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBET Surface Area (m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e/g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003epH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReference\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCarbon based adsorbents\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGranular Activated Carbon\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e96.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e948.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRak\\u0026iacute;c et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2016; Bhadra et al., 2016; Bhadra et al., 2017; An et al., 2018; Mokhati et al., 2021;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePowdered Activated Carbon\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e130.44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1045\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRak\\u0026iacute;c et al., 2015; Bernardo et al., 2016; Malhotra et al., 2018;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCoconut shell\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e244.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e799\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMoral-Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOlive Stones\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLarous and Meniai 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOlive waste-cake\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e56.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e793\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBaccar et al., 2012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eN-Loblolly pine chip\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e372.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1360\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJung et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eO-Loblolly pine chip\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e214.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1151\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJung et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePeach stones\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4532.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1216\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTorrellas et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCocoa shells\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e619\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSaucier et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePig manure\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLonappan et al., 2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePine wood\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLonappan et al., 2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCocoa pod husk\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e502\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ede Luna et al., 2017\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOxidized Activated carbon\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e490.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e704\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBhadra et al., 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eActivated Cokes-1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44.33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e226\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWu et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eActivated Cokes-2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e224.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e790\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWu et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLovegrass\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e312.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1040\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCimirro et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eActivated Carbon Fiber\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1748\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZhao et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eArgan nutshells\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e132.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1542\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMokhati et al., 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLignin with Graphitic Carbon\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e159.70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e457\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTam et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRiver sediment powder and block\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eXu et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSugar bagasse\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e315.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1145\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEl Naga et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKIP 1200\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e240.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1693\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMasson et al., 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBBV 800\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e240.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1056\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMasson et al., 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBiocarbon (Fe/BC)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e317.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1986\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLuo et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOrange peels\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e144.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e184\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTomul et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eZizipus mauritiana\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1160\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eQureshi et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCoconut shells\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e821.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1279\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMoral-Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSpent tea leaves\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e91.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e865\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMalhotra et al., 2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003erGO\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e59.67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJauris et al., 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGO\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e500.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e332\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNam et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMWCNT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGil et al., 2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMagnetic activated carbon (MAC-CP)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63.672\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e644\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRocha et al., 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMerck\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e245.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.81\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1074\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMoral‑Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al., 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDarco\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e183.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e510\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMoral‑Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al., 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e177.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e646\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMoral‑Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al., 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWood\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e363.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1357\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMoral‑Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al., 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSWCNT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e125.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21,299.94\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e415.29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAzevedo et al., 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMWCNT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e69.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e180.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAzevedo et al., 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eComposites\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCellulose-LDH-Ionic liquid composite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e250.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBeyki et al., 2017\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGranular CN/alumina hybrid adsorbents\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e72.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.95\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e237\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWei et al., 2013\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHDTMA-Al-sericite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTiwari et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAMBA-Al-sericite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTiwari et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMercapto-silicate composite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e912\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSuriyanon et al., 2013\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOrganosilica\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1537.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e332\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBarczak et al., 2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCS@PANI@LDH composite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e618.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.94\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e138\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eXu et al., 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIZ-CLI-CPyCl bilayer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e482\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSmiljan\\u0026iacute;c et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLeather waste gelatin-Cr(III)-CNTs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e133\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRigueto et al., 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHTCC (Fe3O4@SiO2/SiHTCC)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e240.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSoares et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eChitosan/Fe3O4 composite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e151.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZhou et al 2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZr-based MOFs (UiO-66)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e189.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1082\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHasan et al., 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZr-based MOFs(18%SO3H-UiO-66)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e263.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e910\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHasan et al., 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIL-100\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e773.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e72.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1235\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZhuang et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMAFs (CDM 6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e440.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1642\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBhadra and Jung 2017\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCDM6K-1000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e503.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3123\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAn et al., 2018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePorous carbons from MOFs (PCDM-1000)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e400.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1855\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBhadra et al., 2017\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMagnetic COFs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e109.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e48.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e102.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3109\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZhuang et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlginate/Carbon-based Films\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e73.316\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eShamsudin et al., 2022\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePolypyrrole doped-GO/2COF-300/4PPy nanocomposites\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e148\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$102.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFeng et al., 2022\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMgAl layered double hydroxide\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e173.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMkaddem et al., 2022\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFurfuryl alcohol-derived mesoporous carbon (FMC)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e411.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$3.71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1022.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eXu et al., 2022\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNanoporous poly(melamineco-formaldehyde) (PMF) particles (P-PMF-T40)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e60.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$60.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e416\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBorchert et al., 2022\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNature-derived adsorbents\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e62\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMMT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eChauhan et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTi-PILC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e216\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eChauhan et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOrgano-sepiolite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e242.90\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eG\\u0026oacute;mez-Avil\\u0026eacute;s et al., 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBent-C16py-200%\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e91.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFran\\u0026ccedil;a et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eModified red mud\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e195.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e102\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLi et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTMAP modified pumice\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e387.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eShayesteh et al., 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBentonite-HDTMA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18.99\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTiwari, 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIEX resin\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.02\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLu et al., 2016\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIER-1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.02\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJiang et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIER-2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJiang et al., 2015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMagnetic amine-chitosan\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e469.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e388\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLiang et al., 2019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGrass nanocellulose from \\u003cem\\u003eCyprus rotundas\\u003c/em\\u003e grass\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e192.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e197\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eShahnaz et al., 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIsabel grape bagasse\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e68.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAntunes et al., 2012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSoyabean hulls\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA62\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e136.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ede Souza et al., 2021\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFish-scale biochar functionalized with H3PO4 (FSB600-15)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e967.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$ 1.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e561.7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eXie et al., 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePolypyrrole/stearic acid-coated Luffa cylindrica\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e197.78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$ 0.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e123\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eda Costa and Fajardo 2023\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. Results and Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAll available adsorbents and associated experimental conditions were studied for the removal of diclofenac. The adsorbents were first categorized into three groups based on their primary sources for clarity. Carbon based adsorbents included activated carbon and biochar from different sources, graphene and carbon nanotubes. Composites comprised of adsorbents which were prepared using two or more raw materials based on MOFs, MAFs, COFs and some minerals while nature-derived compounds included clays, minerals, zeolites and waste-derived products. It was found that 54.65% studies were conducted using carbon based adsorbents (A0 to A37), out of which almost 45% studies were conducted or compared using commercially activated carbon (PAC, GAC or activated carbon from coconut shells). 26.7% of total studies were based on composites (A38 to A60) and the rest 18.6% using nature-derived compounds (A61 to A76). The three classifications of adsorbents were further categorized based on their sources for a better clarification and the overall scenario of adsorbent use for diclofenac is shown in Fig. IV.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGranular Activated Carbon (A0) was selected as the standard adsorbent considering the studies of Hasan et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, Bhadra et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e, An et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e, Bhadra et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e, Mokhati et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e, Rak\\u0026iacute;c et al., 2015. The values of x/m, t\\u003csub\\u003eeq,\\u003c/sub\\u003e pH, temperature, material cost, BET surface area and pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e for standard GAC adsorbent were calculated to be 96.86\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;50.14 mg/g, 9.50\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.46 hours, 6.15\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.99, 25.83\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.04 ̊C, \\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e 0.13\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0, 948.17\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;163.94 m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e/g and 8.39\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.37 respectively. After scaling all the values appropriately, the weights of the six selected variables were calculated using equal weights method (Case 1\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e, AHP (Case 2\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e and entropy method (Case 3\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e)\\u003c/span\\u003e as shown in Table III.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable III: Estimated weights of parameters using different methods\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ctable id=\\\"Tabc\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eParameters considered\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAdsorption capacity (x/m) in mg/g\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEquilibrium time (t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e) in hours\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003epH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMaterial cost\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSurface area (m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e/g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePoint of zero charge (pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWeighting methods\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEqual weights\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.167\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAHP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.341\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.162\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.038\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.341\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.079\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.038\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEntropy method\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.019\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.173\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.004\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.634\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.085\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.014\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCase 1\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ewas considered as control. Adding weights has streamlined the range and gives a different representation to the adsorbents. It can be seen that the contribution of each parameter using AHP method is in the order: x/m\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;material cost\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u0026gt; Surface area\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;pH\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e while using Entropy method, the weights are in the order: material cost\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u0026gt; Surface area\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;x/m\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u0026gt; pH. As the data set increased owing to the new publications, the weights for Cases \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e and \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e remained the same as they are independent of the values in the experimental data set. However, it was found that the pattern of the Entropy Weights remained the same, in spite of addition of new entries into the data matrix.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe final indices obtained by the multiplicative addition using the scaled values and the different weights have been shown in Table IV. The indices in this study are open-ended and have both positive and negative values.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable IV: Index values of adsorbents derived using the different weighting methods\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tabd\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNaming for this study\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOriginal names/sources of adsorbents in respective studies\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNaming for this study\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOriginal names/sources of adsorbents in respective studies\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCase \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEqual Weights\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAHP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEntropy Method\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEqual Weights\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAHP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEntropy Method\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGAC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGranular CN/alumina hybrid adsorbents\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-5.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHDTMA-Al-sericite (AHS)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCoconut shell\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAMBA-Al-sericite (AAS)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOlive Stones\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003emercapto-silicate composite (M-HMS)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-28.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-58.99\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-109.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOlive waste-cake\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003efunctionalized mesoporous SBA-15 organosilicas (K03)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-6.90\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eN-Loblolly pine chip\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCS@PANI@LDH composite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-17.67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-36.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-70.02\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eO-Loblolly pine chip\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIZ CLI CPyCl bilayer (C-C-B)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-6.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-15.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-28.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePeach stones\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eComposite beads (leather waste gelatin\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Cr(III)\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;CNTs)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCocoa shells\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHTCC (Fe3O4@SiO2/SiHTCC)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.94\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePig manure\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCore-brushes shaped chitosan/Fe3O4 composite particles(PCS-MCPs)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-8.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePine wood\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZr-based metal\\u0026ndash;organic frameworks (UiO-66)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-10.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-19.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCocoa pod husk\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eZr-based metal\\u0026ndash;organic frameworks(18%SO3H-UiO-66)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOxidized Activated carbon\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIL-100\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-10.84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-21.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-42.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eActivated Cokes-1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMAFs (CDM 6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eActivated Cokes-2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCDM6K-1000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLovegrass\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePorous carbons from MOFs (PCDM-1000)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eActivated Carbon Fiber\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-14.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-29.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-54.75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMagnetic covalent organic frameworks (M-COFs)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-133.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-273.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-506.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eArgan nutshells\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlginate/Carbon-based Films\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLignin with Graphitic Carbon\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003epolypyrrole doped-GO/2COF-300/4PPy nanocomposites\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-133.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-272.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-505.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRiver sediment powder and block\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMgAl layered double hydroxide\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.95\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSugar bagasse\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003efurfuryl alcohol-derived mesoporous carbon (FMC)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-8.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-17.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKIP 1200\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003enanoporous poly(melamineco-formaldehyde) (PMF) particles (P-PMF-T40)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-79.24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-162.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-300.38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBBV 800\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMMT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBiocarbon (Fe/BC)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA62\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTi-PILC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOrange peels\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eorgano-sepiolite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZizipus mauritiana\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBent-C16py-200% (organo-clays)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-5.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCoconut shells\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003emodified red mud (RM-Ppy)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSpent tea leaves\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePumice modified with trimethylamine (TMAP)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003erGO\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBentonite-HDTMA (c)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGO\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIEX resin\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMWCNT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-13.93\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-28.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-52.43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIER-1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMagnetic activated carbon (MAC-CP)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA70\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMIER-2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-4.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-6.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMerck\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-9.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-17.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-30.80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003emagnetic amine-functionalized chitosan\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.46\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.94\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-3.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDarco\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.99\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA72\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGrass nanocellulose extracted from Cyprus rotundasgrass\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.81\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNorit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.82\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIsabel grape bagasse\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWood\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.99\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.95\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSoyabean hulls (Agro-industrial by products) (SH-Mod)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSWCNT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-27789.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-56805\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-105437\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003efish-scale biochar functionalized with H3PO4 (FSB600-15)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-5.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMWCNT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-13.17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-28.124\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-52.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePolypyrrole/stearic acid-coated Luffa cylindrica\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.81\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCellulose-LDH-Ionic liquid composite\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-0.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe ranks obtained from the different weighting techniques have been shown in the needle plot in Fig. V. The standard adsorbent A0 is distinctly marked in the plot. It can be seen that adsorbents A1, A15, A20, A23, A29, A54, A58 and A66 lie among the top performing adsorbents. Out of the top performing adsorbents, adsorbent A23 and A58 have more consistent results with standard deviation of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.73 and \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.21 respectively. These adsorbents account for magnetic microporous biocarbon by Luo et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e and synthesized MgAl layered double hydroxide by Mkaddem et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e. Luo et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e cultured an iron-rich biomass of \\u003cem\\u003ePhanerochaete chrysosporium\\u003c/em\\u003e, pre-carbonized it and finally activated it with KOH to obtain the two-staged activated magnetic biocarbon. With a reasonable adsorption capacity (317 mg/g), a low t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e value of 3 hours, a considerably low preparation cost and very high value of surface area (1986 m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e/g), it delivered consistent results when introduced to the indexing model. Further, the layered double hydroxide by Mkaddem et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e was prepared with nitrate salts (Mg(NO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e)\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e.6H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO and Al(NO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e)\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e.9H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO) and being co-precipitated under alkaline conditions (NaOH). It has outperformed many of its counter adsorbents owing to its high pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e (8.7), less t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e (1 hour) and low cost of synthesis. The ranks in tabular form have been provided in the Supplementary Information for better clarification. It was further seen that for all the weighting methods adsorbents A16, A30, A36, A42, A55, A57 and A60 were consistently ranked in the bottom. The index values degraded thoroughly owing to their heavier cost of preparation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Applicability, limitations and future perspectives\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe above study shows that activated carbon derived from iron-rich biomass and MgAl layered double hydroxide perform better than other adsorbents for diclofenac. However, there can be several other adsorbent parameters for the same contaminant such as recyclability, pore size, operation and maintenance cost, the applicability of continuous studies, effect of co-solutes, which can be included to the framework to make it more robust. The framework used in this study can also be extended to other conventional and non-conventional contaminants with appropriate assumptions. The categorization of adsorbents is subjective and can be reconfigured based on some other relevant criteria. Further all requisite data for establishment of the adsorption system such as total cost (material cost, operational cost, maintenance cost) are not available in the literature. Thus, there are many other dependent and independent parameters of the adsorbate, the adsorbent, and the system as a whole, on which the efficiency of the entire process depends.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThere are several experimental properties for the given adsorbents which can be used to improve the current framework. Further, the same can be extended to incorporate many new adsorbents being worked upon in laboratory scale. More studies on competitiveness, thermodynamics of the solute with respect to aqueous and other macromolecules are encouraged and can be accounted for. The processing time of the adsorbent can also be considered for more detailed analysis. The breakthrough data, if available in sufficient quantity can be considered. If considering activated carbons derived from various sources, the pyrolysis time and temperature can also be considered. Applicability in real wastewater or synthetically spiked water can also be included as an input and considered for further analysis. Though there is no fixed guideline as to how intrinsic a study can be, more holistic experimentation and analysis can lead to more holistic determination of the most suitable adsorbent for different pollutants.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"5. Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA conceptual framework to rank above 70 adsorbents was thus developed for diclofenac, as a case study. The indices were an aggregation of beneficiary (x/m, surface area, ΔpH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e) and non-beneficiary (material cost, t\\u003csub\\u003eeq\\u003c/sub\\u003e, ΔpH) adsorption parameters. All the parameters were extracted from relevant literature, except for cost, which was calculated based on the proportions of compounds per unit weight of adsorbent and adopted from an authentic e-commerce materials database and from local chemical vendors. Thus the values of cost are subjected to the variations in geographical locations, modifications in the adsorbents, and other external factors; however, the ranking should remain almost the same, as in the present study, it is closely subsidised. It was found that magnetic activated carbon derived from white rot biomass and MgAl layered double hydroxide were ranked in the top for all the weighting methods. While this method has helped us consolidate the large spectrum of adsorbents for a particular adsorbate, the method of indexing and ranking involves numerous assumptions which require intricate assessment for obtaining validated results. Howsoever, though results may not be absolute, the conceptual framework can be adopted for obtaining a comparative estimate of studies conducted using diverse adsorbents on a single contaminant for an overall judgement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eConflict of Interest\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAcknowledgement\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis research is supported by Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, through project \\u0026ldquo;4WARD\\u0026rdquo;. The authors would like to thank the funding agency for their assistance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAbabneh, S., Al-Araidah, O., \\u0026amp; Almomani, M. (2020). An analytic hierarchy process model for selecting adsorbent for heavy metal ion removal from wastewater. \\u003cem\\u003eWater SA\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e46\\u003c/em\\u003e(3), 493-499. 10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i3.8659\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAhmadpari, H., Shayegh, E., Sadri, S., \\u0026amp; Masoumi, M. (2020). Evaluation of parameters affecting nitrate adsorption by sawdust of beech tree using analytical hierarchy process. \\u003cem\\u003eSpecialty Journal of Chemistry, 5\\u003c/em\\u003e(1), 1-8.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAltmann, J., Ruhl, A. S., Zietzschmann, F., \\u0026amp; Jekel, M. (2014). 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Mechanistic insight into the adsorption of diclofenac by MIL-100: Experiments and theoretical calculations. \\u003cem\\u003eEnvironmental Pollution\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e253\\u003c/em\\u003e, 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.069\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"PPCPs, Adsorption capacity, Material cost, point of zero charge, AHP, Entropy\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908589/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908589/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA diverse range of adsorbent materials have been investigated for the removal of different pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) from the aqueous media. The performance of a specific adsorbent-contaminant system is dependent on several influencing factors, which makes the systematic comparison of adsorbents a rather challenging task. To overcome these limitations, an innovative index-based ranking approach for selecting the most suitable adsorbent for a particular contaminant is proposed in this study. The adsorbent materials investigated for the adsorptive removal of diclofenac are collected through and extensive literature survey and used as case study. Adsorption Capacity, pH, equilibrium time, material cost, pH\\u003csub\\u003ezpc\\u003c/sub\\u003e, and surface area have been chosen based on relevance in the removal mechanism and the corresponding data availability as the variables for the analysis. The variables are scaled w.r.t. a standard adsorbent (Granular Activated Carbon, GAC). Weights are calculated using equal weights (used as a control), objective (Entropy) and subjective (AHP) weighting methods following a simple multiplicative addition and subsequently ranks have been assigned. It was found that activated carbon from biomass (modified with iron), and MgAl layered double hydroxide have performed well in all the weighting methods. Carbon nanotubes, Activated carbon fiber, mercapto-silicate composites, magnetic COFs, polypyrrole doped nanocomposites and nanoporous PMF particles have consistently been ranked among the least in all the methods.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"A composite index based screening and ranking of adsorbents for the removal of aqueous contaminants: An illustrative example with Diclofenac\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-02-06 17:11:20\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3908589/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"31ec2c89-6326-40f3-ada9-de83002402cb\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"February 6th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-07-02T20:13:13+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-02-06 17:11:20\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3908589\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3908589\",\"identity\":\"rs-3908589\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}