{"paper_id":"2a45aeb0-d8de-433f-a80c-5b939d073cd1","body_text":"Assessing the Interplay of Religious Coping, Cravings, and Readiness for Change in Individuals with Opioid and Alcohol Dependence: A Prospective Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessing the Interplay of Religious Coping, Cravings, and Readiness for Change in Individuals with Opioid and Alcohol Dependence: A Prospective Study Amit Kumar, Dr. Dipanjan Bhattacharjee, Dr. Sourav Khanra This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956181/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Globally, alcohol dependence is affecting approximately 6.5% of men and 1.5% of women. It often develops in early adulthood but can start at any age after repeated continued exposure to alcoholic beverages. Opioid dependence develops after regular use of opioids, a necessary but not sufficient condition for developing opioid dependence. In view of the alarming increase of these substances, there is a need to understand the religious coping and religious attitudes among individuals with opioid dependence syndrome and alcohol dependence syndrome. Methods : The study aimed to assess the religious attitude and coping and their interaction with craving and readiness to change among Opioid dependence syndrome (ODS) and Alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS). The study was a prospective study. A total of 40 respondents, 20 respondents were diagnosed with ODS, and 20 were diagnosed with ADS. The data was collected through the religious attitude scale and brief religious cope, severity of dependence, Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ), and the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) (8D and 8A) and repeated on days 7 and 14. Statistics procedures were used and tested with the SPSS 25 version. Results: The main results evidenced in this study were that patients with alcohol dependence have higher positive religious coping than opioid-dependent patients. The ADS group uses more positive coping comparing the ODS Group. The positive religious coping in the ADS group has led to better outcomes in craving reduction and readiness to change compared to the ODS group. Introduction Substance use disorder is becoming a significant issue in the world and India. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, has published a report titled \"Magnitude of Substance Use in India, 2019. (Ambekar et al., 2019 ) This report is the research outcome led by the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The report says that alcohol is the most common substance used, followed by cannabis and opioids. The prevalence of alcohol use is 4.6%, with a male-to-female ratio of 17:1 and opioids at 2.1%. Regarding harmful and dependent use, 19% of alcohol users use it in a dependent pattern. (Ambekar et al., 2019 ) Opioid use is reported in 2.1% of the country's population, with heroin use highest at 1.14%, followed by pharmaceutical opioids at 0.96% and opium at 0.52%. Regarding the pattern of use, dependent use is highest among users. The prevalence of opioid use in India is three times the global average. In comparison to 2004 (Ray 2004 ), the overall use of opioids has become higher, and the use of heroin has surpassed opium use. (Ambekar et al., 2019 ) Religion represents a significant potential area, and substance use literature is generally conceptualized as reflecting traditional socialization that imparts conventional norms. (Gorsuch & Rutler, 1976) Religion has been defined in various ways, including membership, religious upbringing, attendance at religious events, and self-described religious commitment. Such measures of presumed religious influence are related to abstention or low-level use of illicit drugs. (Gorsuch & Rutler, 1976; Daum & Lavenhar, 1980; Penk et al., 1979 ; Turner & Willis, 1979 ) A large body of empirical studies have identified positive religious coping as a strong predictor of positive mental health outcomes; conversely, negative religious coping is a significant risk factor for emotional distress and poor mental health (Medlock et al., 2017 ). Keeping faith in religion and spirituality has been studied to be a strong predictor of subjective well-being and health; religion has also been studied in the context of psychoactive substance addiction and noted to have a positive impact on the health of the addicted people (Koenig et al., 2001 ). The inclusion of spirituality/religion in addiction treatment programs is one such strategy purported to improve outcomes and long-term success. Past observations suggested that the personal importance of religion was inversely associated with a degree of alcohol consumption and use of substances (Amoateng & Bahr, 1986 ). Concerning religion, the literature suggests that those who are religious/spiritual show better outcomes in terms of abstinence from substances. Those who use religion as a coping mechanism are less likely to have relapses. In summary, this study examines how religiosity/spirituality plays a vital role in improving the readiness to change and craving among individuals with Opioid Dependence syndrome (ODS) and Alcohol dependence (ADS). Methods Participants and Procedures The following study was done using the Prospective and comparative research design, and the sample design was Purposive. Participants were men 18–50 years of age with opioid dependence and alcohol dependence requiring medical management of opioid dependence and alcohol dependence who presented for inpatient treatment at the tertiary mental health care institute. For safety considerations, exclusion criteria were: (a) Co-morbidly significant physical illness and/or intellectual sub-normality, (b) Patients who did not give written informed consent for the study. All participants received treatment as usual, and they were receiving the traditional intervention from the hospital. The sample size was calculated using G*Power software (N = 40), where 20 were from ODS, and 20 were from ADS. The Tertiary Mental Health Care Institute Review Board approved this study. Shortly after admission to the inpatient unit, interested participants provided written informed consent and selected purposive sampling. Participants completed assessments at baseline, at one week, and at two weeks. However, the religious coping, religious attitude scale, and severity of dependence scale were measured at the baseline only. Measures Religious Attitude Scale (Rajamanickam, 1988) - The Religious Aptitude Scale consists of 60 items or statements, with ten groups and six statements in each group. All 60 statements are classified into Positive statements and Negative statements. Every statement is given weightage for responses. For example, the first statement of the test is given the weightage as if the response is Strongly agreed is– 1, for Agree – 2, for Unable to decide- 3, for Disagree – 4, and for Strongly Disagree – 5. The Brief R COPE (Pargament et al., 2011) - The Brief RCOPE is a 14-item measure of religious coping with major life stressors. Each of the 14 items is scored on a 4-point scale (0–3). Desires for Drug Questionnaire- (Franken et al., 2002) - This scale has 13 items, and it is rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The items were rated as follows: 1) not at all; 2) mild; 3) mild to moderate; 4) moderate; 5) moderate to severe; 6) severe, and 7). Severity of Dependence Substance (SDS) (Gossop et al., 1995) - The SDS is a valuable tool for assessing psychological dependence on drugs that have the potential for abuse. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a 5-item questionnaire that provides a score indicating the severity of dependence on opioids. Each of the five items is scored on a 4-point scale (0–3). The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale 8D (SOCRATES) - (Miller & Tonigan, 1996) - SOCRATES is an experimental instrument designed to assess readiness for change in drug abusers. The instrument yields three factorially-derived scale scores: Recognition (Re), Ambivalence (Am), and Taking Steps (Ts). The scale has 19 items, and it is rated on a 5-point scale. Psychometric analyses revealed the following psychometric characteristics of the 19-item. The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale 8A (SOCRATES) - (Miller & Tonigan, 1996) - SOCRATES is an experimental instrument designed to assess readiness for change in drug abusers. The instrument yields three factorially-derived scale scores: Recognition (Re), Ambivalence (Am), and Taking Steps (Ts). The scale has 19 items, and it is rated on a 5-point scale. Psychometric analyses revealed the following psychometric characteristics of the 19-item. Statistical Analyses The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Windows version 25, was used in the current study to analyze the collected data. Statistical measures like Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact, Mann-Whitney U, and Friedman's tests were applied to the collected data. Results Table 1: Comparison between the ODS and ADS Groups on socio-demographic and clinical variables (Chi-Square Test and Fisher's Exact Test) Test (N=40)s Variables Sub-Classification Group (N=20) Value [Chi-Square(χ²)/ Fisher's Exact Test#/ Mann-Whitney U] (df) p (Opioid) n=20 (Mean ± S.D) (Alcohol) n=20 (Mean ± S.D) (df) Marital Status Married 6 (30.0) 12 (60.0) [ 3.636] (1) .111 Single 14 (70.0) 8 (40.0) Employment Status Employed 11 (55.0) 12 (60.0) [ 0.102] (1) 1.000 Unemployed 9 (45.0) 8 (40.0) Domicile Urban 12 (60.0) 13 (65.0) [ 2.506] (1) .205 Rural 8 (40.0) 7 (35.0) Religion Hindu 15 (75.0) 13 (65.0) [ 6.231#] .046* Muslim 5 (25.0) 2 (10.0) Others 0 (0.0) 5 (25.0) Category Unreserved 12 (60.0) 9 (45.0) [ 7.290#] .034* Scheduled Caste 0 (0.0) 1 (5.0) Scheduled Tribe 1 (5.0) 7 (35.0) Other Backward Cast 7 (35.0) 3 (15.0) Education (yr.) - 12.25±2.31 9.85±6.36 [188.00] .750 Monthly income family (Rs.) - 37800.00±23931.00 33500.00±28522.00 [170.00] .423 Age (yr.) - 23.70±3.49 27.05±2.62 [89.50] .002** Age onset - 21.05±4.09 19.30±3.05 [139.00] .099 Duration of Addiction (yr.) - 2.65±1.89 7.90±3.62 [38.00] .0001** Severity of dependence (SDS) - 9.90±4.01 9.15±3.06 [161.00] .295 Table 1 The table compares two groups of participants with opioid and alcohol dependence across various demographic and clinical variables. Significant differences were found in religion and category. In the opioid group, 75% were Hindu and 25% were Muslim, while in the alcohol group, 65% were Hindu, 10% were Muslim, and 25% were categorized as \"Others\" (p = 0.046). The opioid group had a higher proportion of unreserved category members (60% vs. 45% in the alcohol group), with significant differences observed across other caste categories as well (p = 0.034). Clinically, age (opioid: 23.70 ± 3.49 years, Alcohol: 27.05 ± 2.62 years, p = 0.002) and duration of addiction (opioid: 2.65 ± 1.89 years, Alcohol: 7.90 ± 3.62 years, p = 0.0001) showed significant differences. No significant differences were observed in marital status, employment status, domicile, education, monthly income, age of onset, or severity of dependence. In summary, significant differences were found in religion, category, age, and duration of addiction between the opioid and alcohol groups, while other demographic and clinical variables were similar. Table 2: Comparison between the ODS and ADS Groups on religious coping (Mann-Whitney U) Test (N=40) Variables Domains Group (N=40) Mann-Whitney U p (Opioid) (n=20) (Alcohol) (n=20) Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Brief religious cope Positive coping 13.00 ± 6.432 17.05 ± 3.832 126.000 .043* Negative Coping 6.35 ± 5.518 4.95 ± 4.513 168.500 .397 Table 2 shows a comparison between the ODS and ADS groups in terms of religious coping. On the brief religious cope, the mean and SD of the ODS and the ADS groups in positive coping were 13.00 ± 6.432 and 17.05 ± 3.832, respectively, revealing a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05), and the mean and SD of the ODS and the ADS groups in negative coping were 6.35 ± 5.518 and 4.95 ± 4.513 respectively, revealing no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Table 3: Comparison between the ODS and ADS Groups on religious attitude (Mann-Whitney U) Test (N=40) Variables Group (N=40) Mann-Whitney U p Opioid (n=20) Alcohol (n=20) Mean ± S.D Mean ± S.D Religious attitude scale 168.55 ± 9.451 163.50 ± 8.451 140.500 .109 Table 3 compares the ODS and ADS groups regarding religious attitudes. No significant difference was noted between the two groups in terms of religious attitude. Table-4: Changes in the level of readiness to change and taking treatment in the ODS and ADS Groups (Friedman Test) (N=40) Variables Group Baseline (Mean ± SD) 1-Week (Mean ± SD) 2-Week (Mean ± SD) Friedman χ² (df=2) P Value Recognition Opioid 22.00±5.08 22.90±3.78 25.15±5.97 3.444 .187 Alcohol 26.85±4.32 23.00±2.82 21.15±3.60 13.914 .001** Ambivalence Opioid 12.85±2.34 14.05±1.60 15.30±2.77 5.370 .069 Alcohol 14.45±2.06 13.15±2.00 11.90±4.22 3.041 .226 Taking Steps Opioid 23.65±4.30 33.30±3.45 39.05±1.35 39.519 .0001*** Alcohol 25.50±4.79 35.35±3.37 38.20±5.88 32.720 .0001*** Table 4 presents changes in readiness to change and treatment engagement. In the Study Group, a significant improvement was observed in the \"Taking Steps\" domain of the SOCRATES scale but not in \"Recognition\" or \"Ambivalence.\" In the Control Group, significant improvements were noted in both the \"Recognition\" and \"Taking Steps\" domains, with no significant change in \"Ambivalence. Table 6: Changes in the level of craving in the ODS and ADS Groups (Friedman Test) (N=40) Variables Group Baseline (Mean ± SD) 1-Week (Mean ± SD) 2-Week (Mean ± SD) Friedman χ² (df=2) P Value Desire and intention to drug use Opioid 37.15±14.65 15.10±7.83 9.30±3.75 38.000 .0001*** Alcohol 39.00±13.45 14.30±6.18 8.75±1.88 37.507 .0001*** Tendency to use drugs and negative reinforcement Opioid 19.40±6.80 7.80±4.16 4.50±2.01 36.750 .0001*** Alcohol 21.05±6.86 7.45±4.45 4.50±1.57 37.211 .0001*** Pleasure and control Opioid 8.10±3.27 8.65±3.85 8.40±3.91 1.303 .539 Alcohol 7.85±4.71 7.45±3.57 6.85±4.54 2.382 .307 Table 6 shows changes in craving levels. Both the Study Group and Control Group experienced significant changes in the \"desire and intention to use drugs\" and \"tendency to use drugs and negative reinforcement\" domains. No significant changes were noted in the \"Pleasure\" and \"Control\" domains for either group. Discussion This study explored the relationship between religious coping, attitudes, and their influence on readiness to change, craving, and substance dependence treatment outcomes among individuals with opioid dependence syndrome (ODS) and alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS). The results demonstrated distinct patterns of coping and readiness for change in both groups. Significant differences were found in the age and duration of addiction between the ODS and ADS groups, with the ODS group being younger and having shorter addiction durations compared to the ADS group. This aligns with findings from Sahoo et al. (2007), which indicated that opioid users tend to be younger than alcohol users. These demographic differences may influence treatment outcomes and the role of religious coping in these populations. The study also revealed that individuals in the ADS group employed more positive religious coping mechanisms than those in the ODS group. This finding reinforces prior research emphasizing the central role of religion and spirituality in recovery programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, where spiritual engagement is linked to sustained abstinence (Ferri et al., 2006 ; Moos & Moos, 2006 ). Positive religious coping may serve as a protective factor, fostering resilience and motivation for change among alcohol-dependent individuals. Regarding readiness to change, both groups showed improvement over the course of the study, particularly in the \"Taking Steps\" domain of the SOCRATES scale. However, in the ODS group, no significant changes were observed in the \"Recognition\" or \"Ambivalence\" domains. This suggests that while opioid users may actively take steps toward recovery, initial recognition of their condition may require more targeted interventions, such as motivational interviewing (Landry et al., 1991 ). Conversely, the ADS group demonstrated significant improvement in both the \"Recognition\" and \"Taking Steps\" domains, highlighting a potentially greater openness to acknowledging the impact of their addiction. Craving levels significantly decreased in both groups across the domains of \"Desire and intention to use drugs\" and \"Tendency to use drugs and negative reinforcement.\" These results are consistent with studies showing the efficacy of integrated psychosocial and pharmacological interventions in reducing cravings (Kowalczyk et al., 2018 ; Martino et al., 2019 ). Interestingly, no significant changes were observed in the \"Pleasure\" and \"Control\" domains, which may suggest that these aspects of craving are less responsive to short-term interventions. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating religious and spiritual coping strategies into treatment programs, particularly for alcohol dependence. For opioid users, interventions should focus on enhancing motivation and initial recognition of the need for change. Future research should address the limitations of this study, including the small sample size and lack of follow-up assessments, to better understand the long-term impact of religious coping and other factors on addiction recovery. Implications The present study can be used to assess and compare craving, withdrawal, readiness to change, and treatment-seeking behavior, and their relationship with religious coping and attitudes between patients with opioid and alcohol dependence syndrome. It also examines how their craving, withdrawal, and motivation change over time, thereby helping to target crucial areas for psychological interventions. However, the limitations need to be addressed. There are minimal studies that have included craving, withdrawal, motivation for abstinence, and treatment-seeking behavior together in a single study between both opioid and alcohol groups. Religion plays an essential role in decreasing craving, withdrawal, motivation, and treatment-seeking behavior in both opioid and alcohol groups. It has been observed that patients have shown improvement in craving, withdrawal, motivation, and treatment-seeking in both opioid and alcohol groups. Limitations The sample size of the present study is small for each group (N = 20), which is a shortcoming in terms of the generalizability of the results to a larger population. Using purposive sampling poses a potential risk of selection bias and thus limits the scope of generalizing the study results. Age could not be matched and may have impacted the results. Self-reported scales may pose a risk for social desirability bias. This was a prospective study, and a follow-up assessment was not conducted, so the effect of treatment on a follow-up basis was not evaluated. Although personality is one of the most specific comorbid diagnoses with substance abuse, its assessment was not done systematically. References Ambekar A, Agrawal A, Rao R, Mishra AK, Khandelwal SK. Magnitude of Substance Use in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India; 2019. on Behalf of the Group of Investigators for the National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India Amoateng, A. Y., & Bahr, S. J. (1986). Religion, family, and adolescent drug use. Sociological perspectives, 29(1), 53-76. doi.org/10.2307/1388942 college students. I of Drug Education, 1979; 9:67-78. Collins, S. E., Malone, D. K., & Larimer, M. E. (2012). Motivation to change and treatment attendance as predictors of alcohol-use outcomes among project-based Housing First residents. Addictive behaviors, 37(8), 931-939. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-5956181\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":410926456,\"identity\":\"32ad83c7-8354-4cbd-8ea9-ffb23cc395c5\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Amit Kumar\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgaGhIoaBgYe5oMPPgD5bOyEtTQ2PDhzDKiFLdlwBkgLMxHWND5sAyrj4VGT5gHxCWnhn3a4/UECGxsDf88ZNmmbX9vk+ZgZGD98zMGtReJ2YmNDAo8Mg8TZ3sPWuX23DYE2MkvO3IbHGrAWCTYGhvN8ibdze24zArWwMfPi0SIP1mLAzCB/nsdA2rLntj1BLQZgLQnMDAZne4ykGX7cTiSoxRCoZUbCgWM8hmeOJRv2NtxObmNmbMbrF7nb6Q8+/vxXIyd3Jvnggx9/btvOb28++OEjPu9DAThGGBjbwGQDYfUI8IcUxaNgFIyCUTBSAAA7L1RY7Ur0fgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0184-9415\",\"institution\":\"Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Amit\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kumar\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":410926457,\"identity\":\"67541f68-7019-447a-a946-ea1b4064d0e3\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Dr. Dipanjan Bhattacharjee\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Professor, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, Post Graduate Institute of Behavioral \\u0026 Medical Science, Raipur\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"Dr.\",\"firstName\":\"Dipanjan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Bhattacharjee\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":410926458,\"identity\":\"24b28c5c-9301-4c59-ac2a-8b442b5696ae\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Dr. Sourav Khanra\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Associate Professor, Centre for Addiction Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"Dr.\",\"firstName\":\"Sourav\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Khanra\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-02-04 08:18:57\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":{\"humanSubjects\":true,\"vertebrateSubjects\":false,\"conflictsOfInterestStatement\":false,\"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":true,\"humanSubjectConsent\":true,\"humanSubjectClinicalTrial\":false,\"humanSubjectCaseReport\":false,\"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false},\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956181/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956181/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":75485189,\"identity\":\"220f8e00-8e91-4690-bf5e-024ac30a96af\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-05 06:18:18\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":905899,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5956181/v1/327d7f2f-a7fe-4161-8f4c-67e1359cb264.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAssessing the Interplay of Religious Coping, Cravings, and Readiness for Change in Individuals with Opioid and Alcohol Dependence: A Prospective Study\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSubstance use disorder is becoming a significant issue in the world and India. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, has published a report titled \\\"Magnitude of Substance Use in India, 2019. (Ambekar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e) This report is the research outcome led by the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The report says that alcohol is the most common substance used, followed by cannabis and opioids. The prevalence of alcohol use is 4.6%, with a male-to-female ratio of 17:1 and opioids at 2.1%.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegarding harmful and dependent use, 19% of alcohol users use it in a dependent pattern. (Ambekar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e) Opioid use is reported in 2.1% of the country's population, with heroin use highest at 1.14%, followed by pharmaceutical opioids at 0.96% and opium at 0.52%. Regarding the pattern of use, dependent use is highest among users. The prevalence of opioid use in India is three times the global average. In comparison to 2004 (Ray \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e), the overall use of opioids has become higher, and the use of heroin has surpassed opium use. (Ambekar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReligion represents a significant potential area, and substance use literature is generally conceptualized as reflecting traditional socialization that imparts conventional norms. (Gorsuch \\u0026amp; Rutler, 1976) Religion has been defined in various ways, including membership, religious upbringing, attendance at religious events, and self-described religious commitment. Such measures of presumed religious influence are related to abstention or low-level use of illicit drugs. (Gorsuch \\u0026amp; Rutler, 1976; Daum \\u0026amp; Lavenhar, 1980; Penk et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1979\\u003c/span\\u003e; Turner \\u0026amp; Willis, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1979\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA large body of empirical studies have identified positive religious coping as a strong predictor of positive mental health outcomes; conversely, negative religious coping is a significant risk factor for emotional distress and poor mental health (Medlock et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKeeping faith in religion and spirituality has been studied to be a strong predictor of subjective well-being and health; religion has also been studied in the context of psychoactive substance addiction and noted to have a positive impact on the health of the addicted people (Koenig et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e). The inclusion of spirituality/religion in addiction treatment programs is one such strategy purported to improve outcomes and long-term success. Past observations suggested that the personal importance of religion was inversely associated with a degree of alcohol consumption and use of substances (Amoateng \\u0026amp; Bahr, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1986\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConcerning religion, the literature suggests that those who are religious/spiritual show better outcomes in terms of abstinence from substances. Those who use religion as a coping mechanism are less likely to have relapses.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn summary, this study examines how religiosity/spirituality plays a vital role in improving the readiness to change and craving among individuals with Opioid Dependence syndrome (ODS) and Alcohol dependence (ADS).\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eParticipants and Procedures\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe following study was done using the Prospective and comparative research design, and the sample design was Purposive. Participants were men 18\\u0026ndash;50 years of age with opioid dependence and alcohol dependence requiring medical management of opioid dependence and alcohol dependence who presented for inpatient treatment at the tertiary mental health care institute. For safety considerations, exclusion criteria were: (a) Co-morbidly significant physical illness and/or intellectual sub-normality, (b) Patients who did not give written informed consent for the study. All participants received treatment as usual, and they were receiving the traditional intervention from the hospital. The sample size was calculated using G*Power software (N\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;40), where 20 were from ODS, and 20 were from ADS.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe Tertiary Mental Health Care Institute Review Board approved this study. Shortly after admission to the inpatient unit, interested participants provided written informed consent and selected purposive sampling. Participants completed assessments at baseline, at one week, and at two weeks. However, the religious coping, religious attitude scale, and severity of dependence scale were measured at the baseline only.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eMeasures\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eReligious Attitude Scale (Rajamanickam, 1988) -\\u003c/b\\u003e The Religious Aptitude Scale consists of 60 items or statements, with ten groups and six statements in each group. All 60 statements are classified into Positive statements and Negative statements. Every statement is given weightage for responses. For example, the first statement of the test is given the weightage as if the response is Strongly agreed is\\u0026ndash; 1, for Agree \\u0026ndash; 2, for Unable to decide- 3, for Disagree \\u0026ndash; 4, and for Strongly Disagree \\u0026ndash; 5.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eThe Brief R COPE (Pargament et al., 2011)\\u003c/b\\u003e - The Brief RCOPE is a 14-item measure of religious coping with major life stressors. Each of the 14 items is scored on a 4-point scale (0\\u0026ndash;3).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eDesires for Drug Questionnaire- (Franken et al., 2002) -\\u003c/b\\u003e This scale has 13 items, and it is rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The items were rated as follows: 1) not at all; 2) mild; 3) mild to moderate; 4) moderate; 5) moderate to severe; 6) severe, and 7).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eSeverity of Dependence Substance (SDS) (Gossop et al., 1995) -\\u003c/b\\u003e The SDS is a valuable tool for assessing psychological dependence on drugs that have the potential for abuse. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a 5-item questionnaire that provides a score indicating the severity of dependence on opioids. Each of the five items is scored on a 4-point scale (0\\u0026ndash;3).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eThe Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale 8D (SOCRATES) -\\u003c/b\\u003e (Miller \\u0026amp; Tonigan, 1996) - SOCRATES is an experimental instrument designed to assess readiness for change in drug abusers. The instrument yields three factorially-derived scale scores: Recognition (Re), Ambivalence (Am), and Taking Steps (Ts). The scale has 19 items, and it is rated on a 5-point scale. Psychometric analyses revealed the following psychometric characteristics of the 19-item.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eThe Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale 8A (SOCRATES) -\\u003c/b\\u003e (Miller \\u0026amp; Tonigan, 1996) - SOCRATES is an experimental instrument designed to assess readiness for change in drug abusers. The instrument yields three factorially-derived scale scores: Recognition (Re), Ambivalence (Am), and Taking Steps (Ts). The scale has 19 items, and it is rated on a 5-point scale. Psychometric analyses revealed the following psychometric characteristics of the 19-item.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eStatistical Analyses\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Windows version 25, was used in the current study to analyze the collected data. Statistical measures like Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact, Mann-Whitney U, and Friedman's tests were applied to the collected data.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eComparison between the ODS and ADS Groups on socio-demographic and clinical variables (Chi-Square Test and Fisher\\u0026apos;s Exact Test) Test (N=40)s\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"642\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eVariables\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSub-Classification\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGroup (N=20)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eValue [Chi-Square(\\u0026chi;\\u0026sup2;)/ Fisher\\u0026apos;s Exact Test#/ Mann-Whitney U] (df)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ep\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Opioid) n=20 (Mean \\u0026plusmn; S.D)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(Alcohol) n=20 (Mean \\u0026plusmn; S.D) (df)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMarital Status\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMarried\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6 (30.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12 (60.0) \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; [ 3.636] (1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.111\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSingle\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14 (70.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8 (40.0)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEmployment Status\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEmployed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11 (55.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12 (60.0) \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; [ 0.102] (1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUnemployed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9 (45.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8 (40.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDomicile\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUrban\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12 (60.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13 (65.0) \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; [ 2.506] (1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.205\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRural\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8 (40.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7 (35.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReligion\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHindu\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15 (75.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13 (65.0) \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; [ 6.231#]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.046*\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMuslim\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5 (25.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2 (10.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOthers\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0 (0.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5 (25.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCategory\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUnreserved\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12 (60.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9 (45.0) \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;[ 7.290#]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.034*\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eScheduled Caste\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0 (0.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1 (5.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eScheduled Tribe\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1 (5.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7 (35.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOther Backward Cast\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7 (35.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3 (15.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEducation (yr.)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.25\\u0026plusmn;2.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.85\\u0026plusmn;6.36 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; [188.00]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.750\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMonthly income family (Rs.)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37800.00\\u0026plusmn;23931.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33500.00\\u0026plusmn;28522.00 \\u0026nbsp;[170.00]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.423\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAge (yr.)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.70\\u0026plusmn;3.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27.05\\u0026plusmn;2.62 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;[89.50]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.002**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAge onset\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.05\\u0026plusmn;4.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.30\\u0026plusmn;3.05 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;[139.00]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.099\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDuration of Addiction (yr.)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.65\\u0026plusmn;1.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.90\\u0026plusmn;3.62 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;[38.00]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.0001**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSeverity of dependence (SDS)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.90\\u0026plusmn;4.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.15\\u0026plusmn;3.06 \\u0026nbsp; [161.00]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.295\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 1\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eThe table compares two groups of participants with opioid and alcohol dependence across various demographic and clinical variables.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSignificant differences were found in religion and category. In the opioid group, 75% were Hindu and 25% were Muslim, while in the alcohol group, 65% were Hindu, 10% were Muslim, and 25% were categorized as \\u0026quot;Others\\u0026quot; (p = 0.046). The opioid group had a higher proportion of unreserved category members (60% vs. 45% in the alcohol group), with significant differences observed across other caste categories as well (p = 0.034).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eClinically, age (opioid: 23.70 \\u0026plusmn; 3.49 years, Alcohol: 27.05 \\u0026plusmn; 2.62 years, p = 0.002) and duration of addiction (opioid: 2.65 \\u0026plusmn; 1.89 years, Alcohol: 7.90 \\u0026plusmn; 3.62 years, p = 0.0001) showed significant differences. No significant differences were observed in marital status, employment status, domicile, education, monthly income, age of onset, or severity of dependence.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn summary, significant differences were found in religion, category, age, and duration of addiction between the opioid and alcohol groups, while other demographic and clinical variables were similar.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eComparison between the ODS and ADS Groups on religious coping (Mann-Whitney U) Test (N=40)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"588\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDomains\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGroup (N=40)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Mann-Whitney U\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 150px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;(Opioid)\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(n=20)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;(Alcohol)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(n=20)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 150px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean \\u0026plusmn; S.D\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean \\u0026plusmn; S.D\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBrief religious cope\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePositive coping\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 150px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.00 \\u0026plusmn; 6.432\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.05 \\u0026plusmn; 3.832\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e126.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.043*\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNegative Coping\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 150px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.35 \\u0026plusmn; 5.518\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.95 \\u0026plusmn; 4.513\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168.500\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.397\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 2\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eshows a comparison between the ODS and ADS groups in terms of religious coping. On the brief religious cope, the mean and SD of the ODS and the ADS groups in positive coping were 13.00 \\u0026plusmn; 6.432 and 17.05 \\u0026plusmn; 3.832, respectively, revealing a significant difference between the two groups (p\\u0026lt;0.05), and the mean and SD of the ODS and the ADS groups in negative coping were 6.35 \\u0026plusmn; 5.518 and 4.95 \\u0026plusmn; 4.513 respectively, revealing no significant difference between the two groups (p\\u0026gt;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 3:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eComparison between the ODS and ADS Groups on religious attitude (Mann-Whitney U) Test (N=40)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"534\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 168px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 240px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGroup (N=40)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Mann-Whitney U\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOpioid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(n=20)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Alcohol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(n=20)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean \\u0026plusmn; S.D\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean \\u0026plusmn; S.D\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 168px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReligious attitude scale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168.55 \\u0026plusmn; 9.451\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e163.50 \\u0026plusmn; 8.451\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e140.500\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.109\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/strong\\u003e compares the ODS and ADS groups regarding religious attitudes. No significant difference was noted between the two groups in terms of religious attitude.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable-4:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eChanges in the level of readiness to change and taking treatment in the ODS and ADS Groups (Friedman Test) (N=40)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"632\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGroup\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBaseline (Mean \\u0026plusmn; SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1-Week (Mean \\u0026plusmn; SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2-Week (Mean \\u0026plusmn; SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFriedman \\u0026chi;\\u0026sup2; (df=2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP Value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRecognition\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOpioid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.00\\u0026plusmn;5.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.90\\u0026plusmn;3.78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.15\\u0026plusmn;5.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.444\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.187\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlcohol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26.85\\u0026plusmn;4.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.00\\u0026plusmn;2.82\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.15\\u0026plusmn;3.60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.914\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.001**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAmbivalence\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOpioid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.85\\u0026plusmn;2.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.05\\u0026plusmn;1.60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.30\\u0026plusmn;2.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.370\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.069\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlcohol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.45\\u0026plusmn;2.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.15\\u0026plusmn;2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.90\\u0026plusmn;4.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.041\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.226\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTaking Steps\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOpioid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.65\\u0026plusmn;4.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33.30\\u0026plusmn;3.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.05\\u0026plusmn;1.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.519\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.0001***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlcohol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.50\\u0026plusmn;4.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.35\\u0026plusmn;3.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38.20\\u0026plusmn;5.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32.720\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.0001***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/strong\\u003e presents changes in readiness to change and treatment engagement. In the Study Group, a significant improvement was observed in the \\u0026quot;Taking Steps\\u0026quot; domain of the SOCRATES scale but not in \\u0026quot;Recognition\\u0026quot; or \\u0026quot;Ambivalence.\\u0026quot; In the Control Group, significant improvements were noted in both the \\u0026quot;Recognition\\u0026quot; and \\u0026quot;Taking Steps\\u0026quot; domains, with no significant change in \\u0026quot;Ambivalence.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 6:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eChanges in the level of craving in the ODS and ADS Groups (Friedman Test) (N=40)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"642\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 114px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGroup\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBaseline (Mean \\u0026plusmn; SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1-Week (Mean \\u0026plusmn; SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2-Week (Mean \\u0026plusmn; SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFriedman \\u0026chi;\\u0026sup2; (df=2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eP Value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 114px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDesire \\u0026nbsp;and \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; intention \\u0026nbsp;to drug use\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOpioid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.15\\u0026plusmn;14.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.10\\u0026plusmn;7.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.30\\u0026plusmn;3.75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.0001***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlcohol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.00\\u0026plusmn;13.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.30\\u0026plusmn;6.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.75\\u0026plusmn;1.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.507\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.0001***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 114px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTendency to\\u0026nbsp;use drugs and negative reinforcement\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOpioid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.40\\u0026plusmn;6.80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.80\\u0026plusmn;4.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.50\\u0026plusmn;2.01\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e36.750\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.0001***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlcohol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.05\\u0026plusmn;6.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.45\\u0026plusmn;4.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.50\\u0026plusmn;1.57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e37.211\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.0001***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 114px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePleasure and control\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOpioid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.10\\u0026plusmn;3.27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.65\\u0026plusmn;3.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.40\\u0026plusmn;3.91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.303\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.539\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 84px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAlcohol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.85\\u0026plusmn;4.71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.45\\u0026plusmn;3.57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.85\\u0026plusmn;4.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.382\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.307\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/strong\\u003e shows changes in craving levels. Both the Study Group and Control Group experienced significant changes in the \\u0026quot;desire and intention to use drugs\\u0026quot; and \\u0026quot;tendency to use drugs and negative reinforcement\\u0026quot; domains. No significant changes were noted in the \\u0026quot;Pleasure\\u0026quot; and \\u0026quot;Control\\u0026quot; domains for either group.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study explored the relationship between religious coping, attitudes, and their influence on readiness to change, craving, and substance dependence treatment outcomes among individuals with opioid dependence syndrome (ODS) and alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS). The results demonstrated distinct patterns of coping and readiness for change in both groups.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSignificant differences were found in the age and duration of addiction between the ODS and ADS groups, with the ODS group being younger and having shorter addiction durations compared to the ADS group. This aligns with findings from Sahoo et al. (2007), which indicated that opioid users tend to be younger than alcohol users. These demographic differences may influence treatment outcomes and the role of religious coping in these populations.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe study also revealed that individuals in the ADS group employed more positive religious coping mechanisms than those in the ODS group. This finding reinforces prior research emphasizing the central role of religion and spirituality in recovery programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, where spiritual engagement is linked to sustained abstinence (Ferri et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e; Moos \\u0026amp; Moos, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). Positive religious coping may serve as a protective factor, fostering resilience and motivation for change among alcohol-dependent individuals.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegarding readiness to change, both groups showed improvement over the course of the study, particularly in the \\\"Taking Steps\\\" domain of the SOCRATES scale. However, in the ODS group, no significant changes were observed in the \\\"Recognition\\\" or \\\"Ambivalence\\\" domains. This suggests that while opioid users may actively take steps toward recovery, initial recognition of their condition may require more targeted interventions, such as motivational interviewing (Landry et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1991\\u003c/span\\u003e). Conversely, the ADS group demonstrated significant improvement in both the \\\"Recognition\\\" and \\\"Taking Steps\\\" domains, highlighting a potentially greater openness to acknowledging the impact of their addiction.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCraving levels significantly decreased in both groups across the domains of \\\"Desire and intention to use drugs\\\" and \\\"Tendency to use drugs and negative reinforcement.\\\" These results are consistent with studies showing the efficacy of integrated psychosocial and pharmacological interventions in reducing cravings (Kowalczyk et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Martino et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). Interestingly, no significant changes were observed in the \\\"Pleasure\\\" and \\\"Control\\\" domains, which may suggest that these aspects of craving are less responsive to short-term interventions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe findings underscore the importance of incorporating religious and spiritual coping strategies into treatment programs, particularly for alcohol dependence. For opioid users, interventions should focus on enhancing motivation and initial recognition of the need for change. Future research should address the limitations of this study, including the small sample size and lack of follow-up assessments, to better understand the long-term impact of religious coping and other factors on addiction recovery.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eImplications\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe present study can be used to assess and compare craving, withdrawal, readiness to change, and treatment-seeking behavior, and their relationship with religious coping and attitudes between patients with opioid and alcohol dependence syndrome. It also examines how their craving, withdrawal, and motivation change over time, thereby helping to target crucial areas for psychological interventions. However, the limitations need to be addressed.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThere are minimal studies that have included craving, withdrawal, motivation for abstinence, and treatment-seeking behavior together in a single study between both opioid and alcohol groups. Religion plays an essential role in decreasing craving, withdrawal, motivation, and treatment-seeking behavior in both opioid and alcohol groups.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIt has been observed that patients have shown improvement in craving, withdrawal, motivation, and treatment-seeking in both opioid and alcohol groups.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eLimitations\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe sample size of the present study is small for each group (N\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20), which is a shortcoming in terms of the generalizability of the results to a larger population. Using purposive sampling poses a potential risk of selection bias and thus limits the scope of generalizing the study results. Age could not be matched and may have impacted the results. Self-reported scales may pose a risk for social desirability bias.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis was a prospective study, and a follow-up assessment was not conducted, so the effect of treatment on a follow-up basis was not evaluated. Although personality is one of the most specific comorbid diagnoses with substance abuse, its assessment was not done systematically.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAmbekar A, Agrawal A, Rao R, Mishra AK, Khandelwal SK. Magnitude of Substance Use in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India; 2019. on Behalf of the Group of Investigators for the National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAmoateng, A. Y., \\u0026amp; Bahr, S. J. (1986). Religion, family, and adolescent drug use. Sociological perspectives, 29(1), 53-76. doi.org/10.2307/1388942 college students. I of Drug Education, 1979; 9:67-78.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCollins, S. E., Malone, D. K., \\u0026amp; Larimer, M. E. (2012). Motivation to change and treatment attendance as predictors of alcohol-use outcomes among project-based Housing First residents. Addictive behaviors, 37(8), 931-939.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDaum, M., \\u0026amp; Lavenhar, M. A. (1980). Religiosity and drug use: a study of Jewish and Gentile college students. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Resource Development, Services Research Branch.Gorsuch RL, Rutler MC. Initial drug abuse: a review of predisposing social psycholologica1 factors. Psych Bull. 1976; 83: 120-37.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFerri, M., Amato, L., \\u0026amp; Davoli, M. (2006). Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12‐step programmes for alcohol dependence. \\u003cem\\u003eCochrane database of systematic reviews\\u003c/em\\u003e, (3).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHater, J. J., Singh, B. K., \\u0026amp; Simpson, D. D. (1984). Influence of family and religion on long-term outcomes among opioid addicts. Advances in alcohol \\u0026amp; substance abuse, 4(1), 29\\u0026ndash;40. https://doi.org/10.1300/J251v04n01_04\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKoenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., \\u0026amp; Larson, D. B. (2001). Religion and health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc, 1, 276-291.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKowalczyk, W. J., Moran, L. M., Bertz, J. W., Phillips, K. A., Ghitza, U. E., Vahabzadeh, M., ... \\u0026amp; Preston, K. L. (2018). Using ecological momentary assessment to examine the relationship between craving and affect with opioid use in a clinical trial of clonidine as an adjunct medication to buprenorphine treatment. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 44(5), 502-511.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLandry, M. J., Smith, D. E., \\u0026amp; Steinberg, J. R. (1991). Anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders: Diagnosis, treatment, and prescribing practices. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 23(4), 397-416.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMartino, F., Caselli, G., Fiabane, E., Felicetti, F., Trevisani, C., Menchetti, M., ... \\u0026amp; Spada, M. M. (2019). Desire thinking as a predictor of drinking status following treatment for alcohol use disorder: A prospective study. Addictive behaviors, 95, 70-76.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMedlock, M. M., Rosmarin, D. H., Connery, H. S., Griffin, M. L., Weiss, R. D., Karakula, S. L., \\u0026amp; McHugh, R. K. (2017). Religious coping in patients with severe substance use disorders receiving acute inpatient detoxification. \\u003cem\\u003eThe American journal on addictions\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e26\\u003c/em\\u003e(7), 744-750.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMiller, W. R., \\u0026amp; C\\u0026apos;de Baca, J. (2001). Quantum change: When epiphanies and sudden insights transform ordinary lives. Guilford Press.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMiller, W. R., Westerberg, V. S., \\u0026amp; Waldron, H. B. (1995). Evaluating alcohol problems in adults and adolescents.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMoos, R.H., \\u0026amp; Moos, B.S. (2006). Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: A 16‐year follow‐up of initially untreated individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(6), 735-750.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMorgenstern, J., Labouvie, E., McCrady, B. S., Kahler, C. W., \\u0026amp; Frey, R. M. (1997). Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after treatment: a study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 65(5), 768.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePenk W, Robinowitz R, Kidd R, Nisle A . Perceived family environments among ethnic groups of compulsive heroin users. Addictive Behaviors, 1979; 4:279-309.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRay R. The Extent, Pattern and Trends Of Drug Abuse In India, National Survey, Ministry Of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government Of India and United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime, Regional Office For South Asia. 2004\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRice, S. L., Hagler, K. J., \\u0026amp; Tonigan, J. S. (2014). Longitudinal trajectories of readiness to change: Alcohol use and help-seeking behavior. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(3), 486-495.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSingh O. P. (2020). Substance use in India - Policy implications. Indian journal of psychiatry, 62(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_207_20\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eTurner, C. J., \\u0026amp; Willis, R. J. (1979). The relationship between self-reported religiosity and drug use by college students. Journal of Drug Education, 9(1), 67-78.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Central Institute of Psychiatry\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956181/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956181/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIntroduction: \\u003c/strong\\u003eGlobally, alcohol dependence is affecting approximately 6.5% of men and 1.5% of women. It often develops in early adulthood but can start at any age after repeated continued exposure to alcoholic beverages. Opioid dependence develops after regular use of opioids, a necessary but not sufficient condition for developing opioid dependence. In view of the alarming increase of these substances, there is a need to understand the religious coping and religious attitudes among individuals with opioid dependence syndrome and alcohol dependence syndrome.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMethods\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The study aimed to assess the religious attitude and coping and their interaction with craving and readiness to change among Opioid dependence syndrome (ODS) and Alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS). The study was a prospective study. A total of 40 respondents, 20 respondents were diagnosed with ODS, and 20 were diagnosed with ADS. The data was collected through the religious attitude scale and brief religious cope, severity of dependence, Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ), and the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) (8D and 8A) and repeated on days 7 and 14. Statistics procedures were used and tested with the SPSS 25 version.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eResults: \\u003c/strong\\u003eThe main results evidenced in this study were that patients with alcohol dependence have higher positive religious coping than opioid-dependent patients. The ADS group uses more positive coping comparing the ODS Group. The positive religious coping in the ADS group has led to better outcomes in craving reduction and readiness to change compared to the ODS group.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Assessing the Interplay of Religious Coping, Cravings, and Readiness for Change in Individuals with Opioid and Alcohol Dependence: A Prospective Study\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-02-05 06:02:13\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5956181/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"0b0adb5a-6c4f-40f0-85e9-b92be629ad80\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"February 5th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-02-05T06:02:13+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-02-05 06:02:13\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-5956181\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-5956181\",\"identity\":\"rs-5956181\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}