{"paper_id":"295506af-0db0-42f8-aba3-5b3bd2660d41","body_text":"Community Insights on Climate Change and Water Transitions from a Field Lens | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Community Insights on Climate Change and Water Transitions from a Field Lens Adyasha Sahoo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282263/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Water is the most valued, but at present the most vulnerable resource of mankind. But with anthropogenic propelled climate crisis, larger footprints are being led on the water deposits of the planet. This has led to faster depletion of the resource causing risks to human existence and their overall sustenance. However, those at the receiving end are the local communities which have emerged as the most vulnerable ones. The present paper takes into account their insights on climate change, the climate change induced water transition and how it has led to a change in their practices affecting the water economy of the research area. The entire research investigation has been carried out in Nabarangpur district of Odisha keeping its fragile resource status under consideration. A total of four blocks and eight villages have been covered for the research enquiry using both exploratory and descriptive designs for data collection and analysis. The incongruity between demand and supply through a need assessment of the resource testifies the growing stress of water in the studied region. The paper also brings into focus the dependency ratio of the respondents on the limited sources of water and the change of practices as a result of the miseries that follow. Climate Change Transiting Water Economy Local Communities Community insight Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The present paper makes a mapping of the climate change-induced changing water resources of the study area. It is an outcome-based study of the empirical investigation undertaken by the researcher and the chapter includes the perception of the local community and the practices as noted by the researcher herself from the field. The title of the paper testifies that it makes use of three major concepts and two minor ones. The major concepts are, local community, climate change, and water economy while the minor ones are perception and practices. The article tries to provide an operational definition of the concepts. With a triangulation of both exploratory and descriptive designs, the research has tried to integrate both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. Further, it has tried to give coverage to four groups of samples starting from the local leaders, key respondents, functionaries associated with water provision, and the beneficiaries. The sample selection has been made from eight villages of four blocks of Nabarangpur district of Odisha. The article has tried to note the depleting water resources of the communities under study, leading to changing land use patterns, demand-supply discrepancy, the growing dependency ratio on limited resources, and the ordeals of the local communities to get this life support resource. Materials and Methods The study is the outcome of both text view and field view. An extensive fieldwork was carried out in May 2022 followed by a re-visit in May 2023 using a longitudinal approach to observe the water scenario in the studied region and if there are any subsequent changes. The researchers have used methodological triangulation wherein both exploratory and descriptive designs are followed to integrate both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The quantitative data was collected from household heads through a structured interview schedule for deriving descriptive information. The qualitative part was more concerned with a phenomenological approach called narratives to capture the typical experiences of people about water. A key informant interview (KII) was also conducted with the key respondents (AWW, ASHA, SHG Members, Sarpanchas) to get acquainted with the water provisions made for the district. Sample Profile: The sample is drawn from the four blocks of Nabarangpur district namely, Chandahandi, Papadahandi, Dabugaon, and Jharigaon. Eight villages have been covered during the period of water stress by the researchers. The sample tried to cover the households of the village, the key respondents of the village and the Sarpanch of the village, and the officers stationed at the Krishi Vigyan Kendras. Sample recruitment was done on the voluntary willingness of the research participants. However, the officers and the key resource persons, and Sarpanch were approached through a local N.G.O. Thus, four categories of samples were recruited for the study. Their details are shown in Table No. I. Table No.- I Categories of Sample Research Participants & Their Number Categories of Sample Research Participants Number Sarpanch 08 Key Informants (ASHA, AWW, School Teachers, SHG Members) 20 Officers 12 Households 80 Note: ASHA stands for Accredited Social Health Activist ; AWW stands for Anganwadi Workers ; SHG stands for Self-help Groups Table No.- II Sample Households and Villages Name of the State Name of the District Name of the Blocks Number of Households brought under Sample Coverage (From each Block) Name of the Gram Panchayats Name of the villages Number of members from each household brought under Sample Coverage (From each Village) Odisha Nabarangpur Papadahandi 20 Dongriguda Kantasaru & Boripadar 12+8 & 15+5 Chandahandi 20 Maidalpur & Beheramunda Jamalipada & Khapradihi 7+13 & 8+12 Dabugaon 20 Gambhariguda & Chacharaguda Kusumbandh & Jondriguda 10+10 & 5+15 Jharigaon 20 Ghodakhunta & Dhamnaguda Mundiguda & Gandaguda 15+5 & 13+7 Total 04 80 07 08 160 Source: Primary Data Collected from the Field As proposed in the table above, the study covered four blocks, seven-gram panchayats, eight villages, and 80 households as a whole wherein the number of respondents from the selected household counts to a total of 160. The selection of the households was done based on the household sizes of the villages. So, it varied from village to village as shown in the table. It needs here to mention that special care was taken to include both gender groups in the sample coverage and as such 80 men and 80 women were brought into the sample framework. The district, blocks, panchayats, and villages of study are selected purposively after drawing inferences from several sources of literature including newspapers and media clippings about the problem of water scarcity and the affected quality of life thereafter. However, the households and respondents’ recruitment process involved randomness, wherein a lottery method was followed to select the households for the survey. Thus, a simple random sampling was followed while selecting the households along with a purposive nomination of the area under study. Operational Definitions of the Terms Used: All the five terms underuse in this paper are defined as follows. Local community - When discussing people-centric, participatory, and bottom-up approaches, \"local community\" has emerged as the preferred term in numerous academic fields and real-world policy contexts, including natural resource management, conservation, and disaster risk reduction (Paveglio et al. 2017; Titz et al.2018). In the present research, people sharing a common location, territory, and habitat coupled with the subscription of common social, relational, and cultural ties, with the common shouldering of prosperity and disaster is defined as a local community (Hiller 1941, Hillery,1955 and Parsons,1951). Climate Change- Climate change refers to alterations in the average state of the climate or its fluctuations, which may last for multiple decades or more. This covers variations in the planet's typical weather, such as variations in the average global temperature, as well as variations in the frequency of heat waves, droughts, floods, storms, and other extreme weather events in different regions of the planet. In the present research, the common man’s views and description of his/ her experience with declining rainfall, extreme heat, and weather shifts have been recorded as climate change. Water economy - Water today is undeniably an economic good sustaining life and galvanizing economic development, the demand of which surpasses the supply. In the present article, water economy is used to include water deposits, their availability, quality, water distribution patterns, water consumption modes, water procurement, time use pattern identification, and water wastage which ultimately signalize the water reserves, water use, and water needs of the communities. The researcher has adopted the measures that have been established to assess water security like water availability, vulnerability, and sustainability (Srinivasan et al. , 2017). Perception - Perception is the process by which individuals interpret their experiences of the environment around them and produce a meaningful interpretation. (Lindsay & Norman, 1977). In the present study, the perception of the respondents has been taken into account their reporting of their experiences and realizations relating to their needs for water, the way it is used or abused, the assessment of quality and the quantity of water available for them, its sustainability, and water-related vulnerability. Practices- Practices in the present study have taken into consideration the cultural practices and the practices of everyday life hovering around water. The researcher has documented the practices and their shifts which are mostly water scarcity-induced. Climate Change and the Emerging Water Scenario: From Global to Local Even if water becomes the galvanizer for economic growth and social progress, the world’s water reserve is in constant decline. It has resulted in numerous drastic and potentially irreversible alterations to the ecological and geological systems of our planet (Buytaert et al. 2011; Santos et al. 2015). Extreme weather events arising out of climate change have made water scarcer, and more unpredictable, and replenishment has become impossible. Studies on the impact of climate change and the water situation are on the rise. Climatologists have highlighted the significant variation in rainfall levels from year to year as well as the associated heat waves and drought spells (Cook et al. 2016; Lelieveld et al. 2016). Numerous academics have looked into how water availability is affected by climate change creating subsequent changes in agricultural output. Schmitz et al. (2013), for instance, predict that water scarcity would worsen in North Africa, whereas Alboghdady and El-Hendawy (2016) demonstrate that a 1% increase in wintertime temperature causes a 1.12% decline in agricultural output across the Middle East and North Africa. Developing countries bear a greater burden of water shortage due to climate change because of their susceptibility to water shortage, stress, and insecurity. Climate change has negatively impacted not only the quantity of available water but also the quality of water itself. Rising temperatures have led to the growth of deadly pathogens in freshwater sources, making the water dangerous for people to drink. India's rainfall varies significantly depending on the region and time of year. India receives 4000 billion cubic meter of precipitation, including snowfall, annually, compared to a maximum annual requirement of 3000 billion m3 of water. But only 8% of the yearly precipitation is collected (Misra,2014). The majority of the nation's water resources are found in regions with 125 cm or more of annual rainfall. There is a lack of water in regions with medium or low rainfall. In certain places, there is a severe summertime water scarcity. 2.3 billion people live in water-stressed countries, of which 733 million live in high and critically water-stressed countries as per the UN WATER, 2021 Report. As per the FAO (2020) Report 3.2 billion people live in agricultural areas with high to very high-water scarcity. Of this figure, 1.2 billion people – roughly one-sixth of the world’s population live in severely water-constrained agricultural areas. Water insecurity plagues all nations; large and small. Asia comprises more than half of the global population, but it holds the least amount of freshwater than any other continent except Antarctica (Amrith, 2023). India is \"among the most water-stressed in the world,\" with 18% of the world's population but only 4% of its water resources. According to NITI Aayog research, poor water delivery causes almost 2 lakh deaths annually in India. India boasts 18% of the world's population, but only 4% of its inhabitants have access to enough water, according to the World Bank. Approximately 91 million Indians will not have access to clean water in 2023 (The Indian Express, 2023). 600 million Indians reside in regions with severe water scarcity. Additionally, a lack of access to clean drinking water results in the demise of up to 0.2 million individuals annually. Eighty-four percent of rural homes in the nation lack access to piped water. Additionally, despite having access to clean water sources nearby, 88% of rural families lack access to drinking water (Datta et.al., 2023). The study province Odisha, a state situated in the eastern part of the country reels under acute water deficit. The dependency ratio on water is on the rise, but replenishment is not proportional to the use which has led to a deficit situation. Groundwater dependency of the population is over 95 percent in the state. As per the State for Water Resource, Odisha has lost 1.12 billion cubic meters (6.71%) of groundwater in nine years between 2009 and 2017. According to the Central Ground Water Board, in 2009, Odisha’s groundwater volume was assessed at 16.69 billion cubic meters, which dropped to 15.57 billion cubic meters in 2017. Groundwater extraction in the state has increased from 30% to 42% in four years - between 2013 and 2017. This has led to almost 45 percent of the wells in the state having registered a fall in water level by 2 meters. The watertight or water stress situation of the state becomes vivid from the Report of the Odisha Panchayati Raj and Drinking Water Department which reveals that over 1.49 lakh habitations in the State borewells or tube wells are dependent for their water needs. Another 278 habitations bank on water supplied from borewells/tube wells sunk on river beds. Spatial marginalization in water availability is a marked feature in Odisha. There is also an impoverished water situation both in terms of quality and quantity in the rural pockets of the state in the hinter districts. During the scorching, heat of the summer, these water sources are dried up causing a heavy water deficit among the dependent groups. Odisha’s rural pockets are increasingly facing water scarcity. Rural areas of Nuapada, Nabarangpur, and Bolangir are encountering water marginalization which reaches its height during the summer. A total of 3,510 habitations with 8.52 lakh people in the State are devoid of getting 40 liters per capita per day throughout the year. A recent survey conducted by Atmashakti Trust and its partners Odisha Shramajeebee Mancha and Mahila Shramajeebee Mancha in 2023 in 9,856 villages from 866 Gram panchayats of 89 blocks in the 15 districts of Malkangiri, Koraput, Rayagada, Kandhamal, Nayagarh, Nuapada, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Gajapati, Boudh, Nabarangpur, and Deogarh suggest that 40.55 % of villages in these districts are vulnerable to safe potable water scarcity (Mohanty,2023). Climate change has a significant impact on Odisha’s water resources. 22 districts of Odisha witnessed deficient rainfall according to The Hindu. Since 1960, erratic rainfall, often deficit rainfall generates water shortage and storage in the water bodies as per the notes of the Action Plan report. There is a parallel decline in the recorded average rainfall from 1901 to 1950 was 1,503 millimetres. It is now 1,451 millimetres, with about 84 percent of rainfall received between June and September (State Disaster Management Plan, Odisha, and August 2013). The “normal” 120 days of monsoon rain has shrunk to 60–70 days. The IMD records that from 1971 to 2020, the State had recorded rainfall that had been in the range of (-20mm to 10mm). The water deficit starts with declining rainfall in the state. An estimate made in 2019 suggests out of 30 districts of the state, 29 had received deficient rainfall. In nine districts, the rain deficit has been measured at over 40 percent. As many as 26 districts had deficits above 19 %. The Hindu (2022) quotes the report of the Crop Weather Watch Group Committee which states that the cumulative actual rainfall in the State from April 1 to June 20, 2022, was 46 percent less than normal. This has an obvious impact on water scarcity. Further, the quality of water available is also poor. The CGWB has said unequivocally that the groundwater in 24 of Odisha's 30 districts is contaminated. All these pose an alarming situation so far as water demand and supply are concerned. The Water Situation of the Study District The study district Nabarangpur is a rural-dominated district of the state. 90% population of the district are rural inhabitants with heavy dependency on agriculture for their livelihood. 75% of cultivable land is rainfed and is susceptible to high risks and uncertainty due to erratic rainfall. The report estimates the per capita water demand for domestic purposes @ 60 lpcd for the rural population. The current crop water demand is estimated to be 0.546 BCM · while the existing water potential is 0.492 BCM. Further after domestic consumption, water potential comes down to 0.420 BCM which signalizes a major deficit of water for the district. The aquifer mapping was undertaken in the hard rock terrain of the 10 blocks of Nabarangpur district in Odisha by the CGWB in 2022 report that individual ponds are not available in Chandahandi, Tentulikhunti, and Nandahandi blocks. Among the groundwater sources of irrigation, there is no tube well and community-based open well in the Nabarangpur district. As per the report, the district gets an average rainfall of 88 days amounting to 1232.66 mm. Though the average days of rainfall surpass that of the state average, the amount of rainfall is much lower than the state average i.e., 1,451 millimetres. Water Scenario of the Study Area: A Documentary Analysis In this, section, the researcher has tried to bring into the write-up the secondary data that portray the water reserve of the district under research. As it is established water scarcity creates a risk society, it is a need to make mapping of the water economy from time to time to avoid the risk with proper care measures. Nabarangpur district is identified as a water-stressed district of Odisha. Records present the political dynamics of water poverty marked in the district since 1975 when the Indravati project was signed by the Government of Odisha for the production of hydro-electricity and provision of irrigation to the districts of undivided Koraput and Kalahandi (Choudhury, et al., 2012). The full-fledged construction, on the other hand, began in 1985 with World Bank assistance. The conflict erupted after Nabarangpur was separated from Koraput and was geo-physically affected (for being situated in the low-lying area) due to the upper Indravati Project. Before the construction of the project, the Government of India had requested the Department of Science and Technology (DST) to carry out an environmental impact study. This study concluded that with the submergence of flora and fauna along with 105 villages of undivided Koraput 20,000 population would be put at risk. However, due to public resentment and heated debates around the project, the Government of Odisha commissioned the Harza committee in 1994 for another round of the ecological survey, which reported on the cumulative water stress to take place in the downstream areas including Nabarangpur. There is a decadal decline in rainfall in the state and the district as well. While at the state level, the decline is only 6.7 mm., at the district level, it amounts to almost 200 mm which is a matter of concern (Annual Report on Natural Calamities by SRC, Govt. of Odisha; District Statistical Handbook, 2011; Block wise Rainfall in Odisha by SRC, Govt. of Odisha). Thus, the difference in average rainfall in the district compared to the state average in 2011 was not very spectacular being only around 19 mm. while in 2021 it has become eye-catching amounting to almost a short of 212.3 mm. So increasingly the district is coming in the rain shadow region of the state which seems to be alarming from the point of view of groundwater reserves. Further, rainfall, soil infiltration, and surface runoff from agricultural land all contribute to groundwater. Over time, these sources significantly alter the pollutant load of water (Fawell & Nieuwenhuijsen, 2003). A healthy supply of potable water is necessary for survival. Numerous human actions disrupt the natural water cycle and have an impact on the link between society and water. The researcher through her record analysis could delve out that the groundwater of the district witnesses a twofold problem i.e., pollution and depletion. Pollution makes the water unusable while depletion creates a shortage of its supply. In the study block of Jharigaon, there is a high concentration of Nitrate while in Chandahandi there is a high concentration of fluoride which makes it difficult to get usable water for domestic and farm purposes (Ground Water Information Booklet, Nabarangpur District,2013). They are much higher than the permissible limit. Thus, both in terms of availability and quality, water procurement becomes a big challenge in the sample blocks. The irregular and uneven distribution of rainfall makes the district prone to drought. The district's rainfall varies greatly from the southeast to the northwest (Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan in Nabarangpur District, Odisha, 2022). The rainfall for the sample blocks falls short of other blocks of the district with declining rainfall. A comparison of the rainfall amount between 2020 and 2021 indicates in all four blocks, shows declining rainfall and the decline is also significant. The exact amount of rainfall for the cohort period shown in Table No. III indicates this. Table No.- III Comparative rainfall received by the blocks in 2020 and 2021 (in mm.) Year Blocks Chandahandi Jharigaon Dabugaon Papadahandi 2020 1351.6 1534.2 1537 1830.2 2021 976.8 1106.7 1119.4 1295.1 Range of reduction in rainfall in mm. 374.8 427.5 417.6 535.1 Source: Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan in Nabarangpur District, Odisha, 2022 (Secondary) From the above table, it is evidenced that the decline in rainfall in the study districts in a single year is distinctly marked. Within one year, in all four study blocks rainfall has a drastic decline between 374.8 mm to almost 535.1 mm. which is a very alarming sign for the emerging water crisis in the blocks. The declining and poor rainfall has affected agriculture and vegetation in the district. Apart from rainfall, climate change also affects the hydrological cycle, vegetation status, and people's livelihoods (Runhaare et al., 1997; Rahman,2011). Vegetation is reduced by the inadequate availability of water (Li et al., 2008). Low and irregular rainfall affects plant growth too (Barron et al., 2003). So, the researcher tried to look into the vegetation situation and the land use pattern in the sample blocks which can be a good indicator of the climate change-driven hydrological loss placed in Table No. IV. Table No.- IV Land Use Pattern & Vegetation in Nabarangpur District (Area in hectares) Name of the Block Forest area Permanent pasture & grazing land Land put to non-agriculture use Barren and Uncultivable land Chandahandi 359 623 1931 3451 Jharigaon 5881 2022 1408 2544 Dabugaon 2149 243 2068 164 Papadahandi 4205 1255 3426 257 Source: District Statistical Handbook, Nabarangpur, 2018 (Secondary) From this table, and the graph followed thereafter, it can be derived, that the quantum of barren and uncultivable land is almost double the area covered for agriculture. This indicates the way agriculture is witnessing a waning out in the study blocks. This is an alarming sign for the forthcoming food security and unemployment of a high magnitude. Today the district is under acute water stress. It is the blue economy that determines the green economy of an area. Most of the land is rainfed which faces water scarcity due to climate change-induced decline in rainfall. The four blocks covered under the study have agricultural land which is primarily rainfed and the amount of irrigated land area is meagre compared to the rainfed area. The irrigated and rainfed area of these four blocks is presented below in Table No. V. Table No.- V. Sample blocks and the Rainfed and Irrigated Areas Name of the Block Total Irrigated Area (in ha.) Total Rainfed Area (in ha.) Total Cropped Area (in ha.) Chandahandi 2.889 16.879 19.768 14.61 % 85.38 % Dabugaon 2.889 8.109 10.998 26.26 % 73.73 % Jharigaon 5.592 14.461 20.053 27.88 % 72.11 % Papadahandi 7.109 32.501 39.610 17.94 % 82.05 % Note: The Percentage calculated here is based on the Total Cropped Area. Formula: Percentage of total irrigated area upon total cropped area= 2.889/19.768 x 100 and likewise all the other per cents are calculated. Source: District Irrigation Plan of Nabrangpur; District Level Implementation Committee (DLIC), Nabarangpur, Odisha (Secondary). From the above table and the follow-up graph, it becomes transparent that the maximum amount of agricultural land in the study blocks is rainfed, the share being around or more than two-thirds of the irrigated area. This is a clear indication that they are heavily climate-dependent, while a meagre amount of land is irrigated. When the district falls prey to acute water deficits due to climate change and declining rainfall, the infrastructure is not supportive of managing the water crisis. Irrigation facilities have not yet been fully developed for the cultivable lands of the study bocks. This puts agricultural production at stake. When agriculture is affected, the subsequent issues of sustainable employment and food security are affected and migration is likely to take a stride in the district. Results and Discussion In this section, the perception and practices of the local communities relating to availability, accessibility water, their dependency rate are under description. The local community is always the primary beneficiary of water (Catherin, et.al. 2023). Access to clean drinking water is a human right and it has been noted that cross-community variations are prominent in terms of availability, accessibility, and quality of water. Water prosperity or stress is assessed through the lived experiences of the people of the local community whose multifarious needs are responded to by the supply of water. Further, it has to be kept in mind that the diversity of local cultures and economies makes a profound difference in water use. Particularly the rural pockets which are culturally different heavily depend upon water not only for their economic activities but for all social and cultural purposes. So, one of the cardinal objectives of the researchers was to go beyond the documentary analysis and to look into the perceptions of the people relating to the demands for water, and availability of water and to focus on the practices that bring water wastage resulting in the mismatch between demand and supply. The community’s attitude and informed knowledge shape its perception, and practices about the available quantity, and quality of water, its preservation, and prevention of wastage. As the paper is an outcome of an empirical investigation carried out in the locality of Nabarangpur, it attempts to push theoretical standpoints in certain relevant areas. From Weber’s concern about the ‘heedless consumption of natural resources’ to Schnaiberg’s ‘surplus and scarcity’ the present paper deliberates on these ideas while explaining the scenarios captured in the field with this regard. In this context, the first question that was asked to the respondents was to spell out their dependency on tanks, ponds, or borewells. Rivers, tanks, and ponds are the water bodies and natural reservoirs. They supply drinking water, replenish groundwater, prevent flooding, preserve biodiversity, and give many people possibilities for a living. But, in all the eight villages in the four blocks, people were vocal about the lack of such water bodies which would have provided them with water around the year. Since the 1970s Green Revolution, borewell technology has advanced dramatically in India. Today India is considered as the world's largest user of groundwater (Shah, 2014). Traditional rainfed agriculture has become less dependable and more fragile due to hanging rainfall patterns (Alcon, et al., 2011). In all the local communities, people expressed their overdependence on borewells, a provision made for water supply as an alternative to natural water reservoirs (UNESCO, 2023). When there is a shortfall in the built-in system of water provision, people’s dependency increases on natural sources which are often afflicted with pollutants which deteriorates the quality of water. The availability of water resources in the villages understudy has been assessed and put below in Table No.- VI. Table No.- VI Water profile of the sample Villages Name of the villages under study Available water resources of the villages under study Natural Sources (No.) Availability of water around the year in the water bodies Built-in sources (No.) Availability of water around the year in the water bodies Personal Sources (No.) Water quality Yes No Yes No Good Avg. Bad Kantasaru 1 Yes 4+2 (T+W) No 2 Avg. Boripadar 1 No 1 (T) No 0 Bad Jamalipada 0 No 2+1 (T+W) No 0 Bad Khaparadihi 1 Yes 8+4 (T+W) Yes 0 Bad Kusumbandh 1 Yes 9+2 (T+W) Yes 1 Good Jondriguda 0 No 4+1 (T+W) Yes 0 Avg. Mundiguda 1 Yes 2+2 (T+W) No 0 Bad Gandaguda 0 No 1 (T) No 0 Bad Source: Primary Data collected from the field Note: T and W are abbreviated for Tubewells and Wells respectively. It can be observed from the table above, that most of the villages reel under acute scarcity, as water availability throughout the year is not ensured. Once the built-in sources are affected, the villagers become forced to depend on the natural sources of water. This dependence correlates to Weber's acknowledgment of the relationship between nature and society. In his General Economic History and The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations, he referred to “the impacts of social structures on natural resources and the impact of natural resources on the social organization.” In this regard, the commissioned Public Water System (PWS) of the district under the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSS) published a report covering the information on villages and habitations covered under the scheme with an allocated quantity of water, i.e., 70/40 lpcd. However, none of the villages chosen by the researchers for the study in any of the four blocks falls under the purview of this project. So, they suffer from acute water scarcity throughout the year. However, these declining water resources signalize Allan Schnaiberg’s prophetic pronunciation of the environment from surplus to scarcity and the rise of Ulrich Becks’ Risk Society. The researchers could feel the scarcity of water experienced by the local community today which was a gift in surplus in the yesterdays. But when it comes to water from natural sources like rivers and lakes, mostly the quality of water remains polluted which exacerbates water scarcity. There are now serious water shortages and issues due to the negative effects of both human activity and the natural world. The respondents complained of recurrent skin diseases, Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), diarrhoea, typhoid, and other gastrointestinal disorders. The study reiterates the established notion that nature and human health and well-being depend on clean water. In the studied blocks, it was recorded by the researcher that even if there are a good number of borewells, the dependency ratio is very high on them. There is a discrepancy between the number of borewells and the number of functional borewells. Borewells in these blocks hardly satiate the needs of agriculture but are largely used to ensure potable water to households. Further, the declining groundwater level has rendered many of the borewells dysfunctional. The dependency rate is very high which is calculated and projected in Table No. VII. Table No.- VII Rate of Dependency of Villages on Available Sources of Water Name of the villages under study Natural Sources (No.) Built-in sources (No.) Rate of Dependency Kantasaru 1 4+2 (T+W) 650/6= 108.33 Boripadar 1 1 (T) 400/2= 200 Jamalipada 0 2+1 (T+W) 75/3= 25 Khaparadihi 1 8+4 (T+W) 1626/13= 125.07 Kusumbandh 1 9+2 (T+W) 900/12= 75 Jondriguda 0 4+1 (T+W) 1200/5= 240 Mundiguda 1 2+2 (T+W) 1200/5= 240 Gandaguda 0 1 (T) 60/1= 60 Source: Primary Data collected from the field Note: The abbreviations T and W stand for Tube well and Well Respectively. Rate of Dependency= Total population of the village / No. of functional water resources As it emerges from the calculation made on the ground by the researcher, the dependency rate is tremendously high in the Dabugaon and Papadahandi blocks of the district. This over-extraction and exploitation are likely to exhaust the groundwater level soon as rain becomes insufficient to replenish the extracted water. So, till now the water needs of the people are overlooked by the system of governance and the declining groundwater level has become a matter of concern for these blocks. An ever-debatable contention relating to water is the time consumed and the distance covered for its procurement. In South Asian and Sub-Saharan countries, it is a common phenomenon having hardly any public policy solutions. Rather, the problem is mounting over time. Prototype is the Indian situation. As per the recently released 76th round of the National Sample Survey Office, approximately 42% of rural households make daily trips to obtain drinking water and the distance they cover varies from less than 0.2 km (30.4 percent households) to over 1.5 km (0.5 percent households). This indicates that in rural India, some households have members who have to walk more than three km (round trip) every day to procure water from the main source. Wastage accompanies water. There are many forms of water wastage. Carrying water from long distances through uneven roads very often leads to spills where the water becomes a waste without productive use. The magnitude of water wastage becomes alarming, with gallons of water wasted each day. As water carriage is found to be a part of the everyday life of the people of the study villages and every drop of water counts in a water-scarce area, it was a matter of interest for the researcher to look into the waste that takes place during such carriage. In this background, the researcher asked the respondents “To give an estimation of the amount of spill their carriage of water witnesses”. The researcher has tried to compare it with the discrepancy or shortfall in procurement about requirements. This effort has been geared to note how some amount of shortfall can be addressed if spills leading to wastage can be avoided. The data that emerged from the field is presented in Table No.- VIII. Table No.- VIII Demand-Supply Variation of Water and Wastage Name of the Village Demand- Supply Variation (in Litres) On the Way Spill-over (Wastage in Litres) Kantasaru 4 1 Boripadar 3 0.5 Jamalipada 4 1.5 Khaparadihi 2 1.2 Kusumbandh 1 0.2 Jondriguda 3 1 Mundiguda 4 2 Gandaguda 3 1.5 Average 3 1.11 Source: Primary Data collected from the field. A clear impression emerges from the above table that on average while there is a deficit of 3 litres, a waste goes about an average of 1.11 litres. The difficult terrains of these villages and the distance from the water sources is the chief factor for making this waste through spills. The respondents suggested that the weightage of water-bearing, the structure of the vessels with open and wide mouths, and their attempt to fill the vessels up to the brim caused such spills. So, now they are realising that there is an urgent need to change the structure of water carriers, to make provisions for smooth road connectivity, to reduce the weightage of water to bring tanks to villages without water provisions that can reduce the water wastage and allow its productive use. Conclusion This paper brings about a lot of field impressions relating to water and maps the water economy of the region and the localities under study. The paper tries to combine people’s perceptions with their practices to locate their needs and availability and accessibility to water resources. In this context, the following marked features have emerged from the study. When the amount of water needed exceeds the amount of water that is available, the situation is known as water scarcity. When the amount of naturally occurring clean water available per person per year is less than 1000 cubic meters, a country or region is said to be experiencing \"water scarcity\" (Pereira et al., 2002; Dehghani et al., 2019). Water shortage impacts a bigger population inside a specific geographic region (e.g., country) and refers to greater timescales (years or months) rather than just one living being at a particular location and time. Both naturally occurring low water availability and human-imposed activities that deteriorate the naturally occurring water supply can cause it to happen. The area under study necessarily fits into the parametric definition of water scarcity and needs to be put into the water scarcity map of the district and the state. This symbolizes what Garrett Hardin, an evolutionary biologist called “The Tragedy of the Commons”. The declining rainfall is having a damaging effect on agriculture. The land under agricultural coverage is fast declining which is going to generate food insecurity in the region and putting the lives of the millions into stake. Irrespective of such ground realities, the water support system is very ill-developed in the district. A major chunk of the agricultural land is rainfed and irrigation facilities are yet to be strengthened in the study blocks. The study clearly could make out that the four blocks and the eight villages suffer from water scarcity and water stress due to the low quantity and poor quality of water available for the people. Many of the built-in water sources are dysfunctional and the dependency rate on the functional wells and tube wells is very high which is likely to lead to the exhaustion of the groundwater soon unless it is followed by regular natural replenishment. The study discovered that people of the study villages walk a long way during normal times for potable water and it becomes elongated bringing much hardship for the people during the summer months. Finally, due to deficit water availability there is a gross discrepancy between water demands and supply which is exacerbated during the summer months. Thus, the paper concludes that water scenario is precarious in the study villages and in the region which is perceived by the local community. Local community practices starting from everyday routine use of water to, the use of water for farm practices, and practices of waste need to be changed along with the proactive efforts of the government, civil society, and community to make alternative arrangements to make water a sustainable resource of life and livelihood. Adaptation measures need to be taken to combat climate change and a transformative culture of water use is the need of the time. Declarations Conflict of Interest: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. Statement of Disclosure The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Consent to Participate Declaration: Not applicable. Consent to Publish Declaration: Not applicable. Ethics Declaration Not applicable. Funding: The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. Author Contribution Author A wrote the main manuscript along with preparing all the figures and tables. Author B reviewed the manuscript. Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. References Alboghdady M, El-Hendawy SE. Economic impacts of climate change and variability on agricultural production in the Middle East and North Africa region. Int J Clim Change Str. 2016;8:463–72. Amrith S. (2023). A Turn to the Indian Ocean. Reading from the South: African Print Cultures and Oceanic Turns in Isabel Hofmeyr’s Work , 137. Alcon F, de Miguel MD, Burton M. Duration analysis of adoption of drip irrigation technology in southeastern Spain. Technol Forecast Soc Chang. 2011;78:991–1001. Baguma D, Hashim JH, Aljunid SM, Loiskandl W. Safe-water shortages, gender perspectives, and related challenges in developing countries: The case of Uganda. Sci Total Environ. 2013;442(C):96–102. Barron J et.al. 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Saxena,Rajat(2023) Sensitivity analysis of water wastage in Indian households. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214785322066585,Volume 77, Part 1, 2023, Pages 111–116. Fawell J, Nieuwenhuijsen JM. Contaminants in drinking water: environmental pollution and health. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:199–208. Hiller ET. The community as a social group. Am Sociol Rev. 1941;6(2):189–202. Hillery GA Jr.. Definitions of community: Areas of agreement. Rural Sociol. 1955;20(2):111–23. Online IPCC. Glossary of Terms Used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report. IPCC Third Assessment Report; 2001. IPCC. (2008) Climate Change and Water, Technical Paper-IV, WMO. Lelieveld J, Proestos Y, Hadjinicolaou P, Tanarhte M, Tyrlis E, Zittis G. Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century. Clim Chang. 2016;137:245–60. Li WQ. (et.al.) Relationship between Soil Characteristics and Halophytic Vegetationin Coastal Regions of North China. 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Biodiversity conservation and food security of indigenous people in hilly regions of Bangladesh. http://feppcar.org/150/biodiversity-conservation-and-food-security-of-indigenous-people-hilly-regions-of-bangladesh Runhaare J, Witte JPM, Verburg PH. (1997)Ground Water level Moisture Supply &Vegetations in the Netherlands,Wetlands17,528–38. Santos RMB, et al. Impacts of climate change and land-use scenarios on Margaritifera, an environmental indicator and endangered species. Sci Total Environ. 2015;511:477–88. Schmitz C, Lotze-Campen H, Gerten D, Dietrich JP, Bodirsky B, Biewald A, Popp A. Blue water scarcity and the economic impacts of future agricultural trade and demand. Water Resource Res. 2013;49:3601–17. Shah T. (2014). Groundwater governance and irrigated agriculture . Paper presented at Global Water Partnership, Stockholm. Srinivasan V, Konar M, Sivapalan M. A dynamic framework for water security. Water Secur. 2017;1:12–20. The Indian Express. (2023) Meanwhile… India’s silent water crisis, 26th March. UN-Water. Water Security and the Global Water Agenda. Geneva: UN-Water; 2013. UNESCO. (2023) World Water Development Report. UNESCO. (2023) Water Scarcity and Quality, n. unesco.org/themes/water-security/hydrology/water-scarcity-and-quality WHO. (2021) Drought. https://www.who.int/health-topics/drought? World Meteorological Report. (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7282263\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":510346002,\"identity\":\"e95ad0d1-c868-487b-a423-3165fc9237c3\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Adyasha Sahoo\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,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\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Utkal University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Adyasha\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Sahoo\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-08-03 08:53:23\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282263/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282263/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":90800742,\"identity\":\"5aa8b365-dda6-460e-baa2-1d9dd506f5aa\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-08 10:09:15\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":183732,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eMap of the Study District\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSource- https://kbk.nic.in/nabarangpurmap.htm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7282263/v1/c8b6af405c41c0588c6472cf.png\"},{\"id\":90801482,\"identity\":\"447af8f2-fd0c-401f-97df-888be5f35769\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-08 10:17:16\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":81567,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eLegend not included with this version.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7282263/v1/2eeaf50f3c309c7db8580de1.png\"},{\"id\":90800744,\"identity\":\"9f069c0f-9349-46d7-8fb9-29fd43e9c862\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-08 10:09:15\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":145819,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eLegend not included with this version.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7282263/v1/f297ae905c68e50664584796.png\"},{\"id\":90801480,\"identity\":\"a4a347e0-e79d-4c62-8b2c-a773a2fc1c6a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-08 10:17:15\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":89352,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eLegend not included with this version.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7282263/v1/eb44a854fb48a87cfb9f5469.png\"},{\"id\":98382146,\"identity\":\"4e560530-b6cd-4bb9-90b6-15845fb6987e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-17 07:55:25\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":2260204,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7282263/v1/b43f5c50-ed0c-4cfa-b70b-9d494aa4052b.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Community Insights on Climate Change and Water Transitions from a Field Lens\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe present paper makes a mapping of the climate change-induced changing water resources of the study area. It is an outcome-based study of the empirical investigation undertaken by the researcher and the chapter includes the perception of the local community and the practices as noted by the researcher herself from the field. The title of the paper testifies that it makes use of three major concepts and two minor ones. The major concepts are, local community, climate change, and water economy while the minor ones are perception and practices. The article tries to provide an operational definition of the concepts. With a triangulation of both exploratory and descriptive designs, the research has tried to integrate both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. Further, it has tried to give coverage to four groups of samples starting from the local leaders, key respondents, functionaries associated with water provision, and the beneficiaries. The sample selection has been made from eight villages of four blocks of Nabarangpur district of Odisha. The article has tried to note the depleting water resources of the communities under study, leading to changing land use patterns, demand-supply discrepancy, the growing dependency ratio on limited resources, and the ordeals of the local communities to get this life support resource.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe study is the outcome of both text view and field view. An extensive fieldwork was carried out in May 2022 followed by a re-visit in May 2023 using a longitudinal approach to observe the water scenario in the studied region and if there are any subsequent changes. The researchers have used methodological triangulation wherein both exploratory and descriptive designs are followed to integrate both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The quantitative data was collected from household heads through a structured interview schedule for deriving descriptive information. The qualitative part was more concerned with a phenomenological approach called narratives to capture the typical experiences of people about water. A key informant interview (KII) was also conducted with the key respondents (AWW, ASHA, SHG Members, Sarpanchas) to get acquainted with the water provisions made for the district.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSample Profile:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe sample is drawn from the four blocks of Nabarangpur district namely,\\u0026nbsp;Chandahandi, Papadahandi, Dabugaon, and Jharigaon. Eight villages have been covered during the period of water stress by the researchers. The sample tried to cover the households of the village, the key respondents of the village and the Sarpanch of the village, and the officers stationed at the Krishi Vigyan Kendras. Sample recruitment was done on the voluntary willingness of the research participants. However, the officers and the key resource persons, and Sarpanch were approached through a local N.G.O.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThus, four categories of samples were recruited for the study. Their details are shown in Table No. I.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- I\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCategories of Sample Research Participants \\u0026amp; Their Number\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" align=\\\"\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCategories of Sample Research Participants\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNumber\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSarpanch\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e08\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eKey Informants (ASHA, AWW, School Teachers, SHG Members)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e20\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOfficers\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e12\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHouseholds\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 200px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e80\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNote:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eASHA stands for \\u003cem\\u003eAccredited Social Health Activist\\u003c/em\\u003e; AWW stands for \\u003cem\\u003eAnganwadi Workers\\u003c/em\\u003e; SHG stands for \\u003cem\\u003eSelf-help Groups\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- II\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSample Households and Villages\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"775\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 76px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the State\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the District\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the Blocks\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNumber of Households brought under Sample Coverage (From each Block)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the Gram Panchayats\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the villages\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 142px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNumber of members from each household brought under Sample Coverage (From each Village)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 76px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOdisha\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 113px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNabarangpur\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePapadahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e20\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDongriguda\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eKantasaru \\u0026amp; Boripadar\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 142px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e12+8\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026amp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e15+5\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChandahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e20\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMaidalpur \\u0026amp; Beheramunda\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJamalipada \\u0026amp; Khapradihi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 142px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7+13\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026amp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8+12\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDabugaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e20\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGambhariguda \\u0026amp; Chacharaguda\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eKusumbandh \\u0026amp; Jondriguda\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 142px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e10+10\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026amp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5+15\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJharigaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e20\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGhodakhunta \\u0026amp; Dhamnaguda\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMundiguda \\u0026amp; Gandaguda\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 142px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e15+5\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026amp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e13+7\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 189px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTotal\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e04\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 132px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e80\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e07\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 104px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e08\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 142px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e160\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Primary Data Collected from the Field\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAs proposed in the table above, the study covered four blocks, seven-gram panchayats, eight villages, and 80 households as a whole wherein the number of respondents from the selected household counts to a total of 160. The selection of the households was done based on the household sizes of the villages. So, it varied from village to village as shown in the table. \\u0026nbsp; It needs here to mention that special care was taken to include both gender groups in the sample coverage and as such 80 men and 80 women were brought into the sample framework. The district, blocks, panchayats, and villages of study are selected purposively after drawing inferences from several sources of literature including newspapers and media clippings about the problem of water scarcity and the affected quality of life thereafter. However, the households and respondents\\u0026rsquo; recruitment process involved randomness, wherein a lottery method was followed to select the households for the survey. Thus, a simple random sampling was followed while selecting the households along with a purposive nomination of the area under study.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOperational Definitions of the Terms Used:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll the five terms underuse in this paper are defined as follows. \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLocal community\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e- When discussing people-centric, participatory, and bottom-up approaches, \\u0026quot;local community\\u0026quot; has emerged as the preferred term in numerous academic fields and real-world policy contexts, including natural resource management, conservation, and disaster risk reduction (Paveglio et al. 2017; Titz et al.2018). In the present research, people sharing a common location, territory, and habitat coupled with the subscription of common social, relational, and cultural ties, with the common shouldering of prosperity and disaster is defined as a local community (Hiller 1941, Hillery,1955 and Parsons,1951).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eClimate Change-\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003eClimate change refers to alterations in the average state of the climate or its fluctuations, which may last for multiple decades or more. This covers variations in the planet\\u0026apos;s typical weather, such as variations in the average global temperature, as well as variations in the frequency of heat waves, droughts, floods, storms, and other extreme weather events in different regions of the planet. In the present research, the common man\\u0026rsquo;s views and description of his/ her experience with declining rainfall, extreme heat, and weather shifts have been recorded as climate change.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eWater economy\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e- Water today is undeniably an economic good sustaining life and galvanizing economic development, the demand of which surpasses the supply. In the present article, water economy is used to include water deposits, their availability, quality, water distribution patterns, water consumption modes, water procurement, time use pattern identification, and water wastage which ultimately signalize the water reserves, water use, and water needs of the communities. The researcher has adopted the measures that have been established to assess water security like water availability, vulnerability, and sustainability (Srinivasan \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e, 2017).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePerception\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e-\\u003c/em\\u003e Perception is the process by which individuals interpret their experiences of the environment around them and produce a meaningful interpretation. (Lindsay \\u0026amp; Norman, 1977). In the present study, the perception of the respondents has been taken into account their reporting of their experiences and realizations relating to their needs for water, the way it is used or abused, the assessment of quality and the quantity of water available for them, its sustainability, and water-related vulnerability.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePractices-\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003ePractices in the present study have taken into consideration the cultural practices and the practices of everyday life hovering around water. The researcher has documented the practices and their shifts which are mostly water scarcity-induced.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eClimate Change and the Emerging Water Scenario: From Global to Local\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEven if water becomes the galvanizer for economic growth and social progress, the world\\u0026rsquo;s water reserve is in constant decline. \\u0026nbsp;It has resulted in numerous drastic and potentially irreversible alterations to the ecological and geological systems of our planet (Buytaert et al. 2011; Santos et al. 2015). Extreme weather events arising out of climate change have made water scarcer, and more unpredictable, and replenishment has become impossible.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStudies on the impact of climate change and the water situation are on the rise. Climatologists have highlighted the significant variation in rainfall levels from year to year as well as the associated heat waves and drought spells (Cook et al. 2016; Lelieveld et al. 2016). Numerous academics have looked into how water availability is affected by climate change creating subsequent changes in agricultural output. Schmitz et al. (2013), for instance, predict that water scarcity would worsen in North Africa, whereas Alboghdady and El-Hendawy (2016) demonstrate that a 1% increase in wintertime temperature causes a 1.12% decline in agricultural output across the Middle East and North Africa.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDeveloping countries bear a greater burden of water shortage due to climate change because of their susceptibility to water shortage, stress, and insecurity. Climate change has negatively impacted not only the quantity of available water but also the quality of water itself. Rising temperatures have led to the growth of deadly pathogens in freshwater sources, making the water dangerous for people to drink.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIndia\\u0026apos;s rainfall varies significantly depending on the region and time of year. India receives 4000 billion cubic meter of precipitation, including snowfall, annually, compared to a maximum annual requirement of 3000 billion m3 of water. But only 8% of the yearly precipitation is collected (Misra,2014). The majority of the nation\\u0026apos;s water resources are found in regions with 125 cm or more of annual rainfall. There is a lack of water in regions with medium or low rainfall. In certain places, there is a severe summertime water scarcity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2.3 billion people live in water-stressed countries, of which 733 million live in high and critically water-stressed countries as per the UN WATER, 2021 Report. As per the FAO (2020) Report 3.2 billion people live in agricultural areas with high to very high-water scarcity. Of this figure, 1.2 billion people \\u0026ndash; roughly one-sixth of the world\\u0026rsquo;s population live in severely water-constrained agricultural areas.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWater insecurity plagues all nations; large and small. Asia comprises more than half of the global population, but it holds the least amount of freshwater than any other continent except Antarctica (Amrith, 2023). \\u0026nbsp;India is \\u0026quot;among the most water-stressed in the world,\\u0026quot; with 18% of the world\\u0026apos;s population but only 4% of its water resources. According to NITI Aayog research, poor water delivery causes almost 2 lakh deaths annually in India. India boasts 18% of the world\\u0026apos;s population, but only 4% of its inhabitants have access to enough water, according to the World Bank. Approximately 91 million Indians will not have access to clean water in 2023 (The Indian Express, 2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e600 million Indians reside in regions with severe water scarcity. Additionally, a lack of access to clean drinking water results in the demise of up to 0.2 million individuals annually. Eighty-four percent of rural homes in the nation lack access to piped water. Additionally, despite having access to clean water sources nearby, 88% of rural families lack access to drinking water (Datta et.al., 2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe study province Odisha, a state situated in the eastern part of the country reels under acute water deficit. The dependency ratio on water is on the rise, but replenishment is not proportional to the use which has led to a deficit situation. Groundwater dependency of the population is over 95 percent in the state. As per the State for Water Resource, Odisha has lost 1.12 billion cubic meters (6.71%) of groundwater in nine years between 2009 and 2017. According to the Central Ground Water Board, in 2009, Odisha\\u0026rsquo;s groundwater volume was assessed at 16.69 billion cubic meters, which dropped to 15.57 billion cubic meters in 2017. Groundwater extraction in the state has increased from 30% to 42% in four years - between 2013 and 2017. This has led to almost 45 percent of the wells in the state having registered a fall in water level by 2 meters. The watertight or water stress situation of the state becomes vivid from the Report of the Odisha Panchayati Raj and Drinking Water Department which reveals that over 1.49 lakh habitations in the State borewells or tube wells are dependent for their water needs. \\u0026nbsp;Another 278 habitations bank on water supplied from borewells/tube wells sunk on river beds.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSpatial marginalization in water availability is a marked feature in Odisha. There is also an impoverished water situation both in terms of quality and quantity in the rural pockets of the state in the hinter districts. \\u0026nbsp; During the scorching, heat of the summer, these water sources are dried up causing a heavy water deficit among the dependent groups. Odisha\\u0026rsquo;s rural pockets are increasingly facing water scarcity. Rural areas of Nuapada, Nabarangpur, and Bolangir are encountering water marginalization which reaches its height during the summer. A total of 3,510 habitations with 8.52 lakh people in the State are devoid of getting 40 liters per capita per day throughout the year.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA recent survey conducted by Atmashakti Trust and its partners Odisha Shramajeebee Mancha and Mahila Shramajeebee Mancha in 2023 in 9,856 villages from 866 Gram panchayats of 89 blocks in the 15 districts of Malkangiri, Koraput, Rayagada, Kandhamal, Nayagarh, Nuapada, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Gajapati, Boudh, Nabarangpur, and Deogarh suggest that 40.55 % of villages in these districts are vulnerable to safe potable water scarcity (Mohanty,2023).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eClimate change has a significant impact on Odisha\\u0026rsquo;s water resources. 22 districts of Odisha witnessed deficient rainfall according to The Hindu. Since 1960, erratic rainfall, often deficit rainfall generates water shortage and storage in the water bodies as per the notes of the Action Plan report. There is a parallel decline in the recorded average rainfall from 1901 to 1950 was 1,503 millimetres. It is now 1,451 millimetres, with about 84 percent of rainfall received between June and September (State Disaster Management Plan, Odisha, and August 2013). The \\u0026ldquo;normal\\u0026rdquo; 120 days of monsoon rain has shrunk to 60\\u0026ndash;70 days. \\u0026nbsp;The IMD records that from 1971 to 2020, the State had recorded rainfall that had been in the range of (-20mm to 10mm). The water deficit starts with declining rainfall in the state. An estimate made in 2019 suggests out of 30 districts of the state, 29 had received deficient rainfall. In nine districts, the rain deficit has been measured at over 40 percent. As many as 26 districts had deficits above 19 %. The Hindu (2022) quotes the report of the Crop Weather Watch Group Committee which states that the cumulative actual rainfall in the State from April 1 to June 20, 2022, was 46 percent less than normal. This has an obvious impact on water scarcity. Further, the quality of water available is also poor. The CGWB has said unequivocally that the groundwater in 24 of Odisha\\u0026apos;s 30 districts is contaminated. All these pose an alarming situation so far as water demand and supply are concerned.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eThe Water Situation of the Study District\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe study district Nabarangpur is a rural-dominated district of the state. 90% population of the district are rural inhabitants with heavy dependency on agriculture for their livelihood. 75% of cultivable land is rainfed and is susceptible to high risks and uncertainty due to erratic rainfall. The report estimates the per capita water demand for domestic purposes @ 60 lpcd for the rural population. The current crop water demand is estimated to be 0.546 BCM \\u0026middot; while the existing water potential is 0.492 BCM. Further after domestic consumption, water potential comes down to 0.420 BCM which signalizes a major deficit of water for the district.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe aquifer mapping was undertaken in the hard rock terrain of the 10 blocks of Nabarangpur district in Odisha by the CGWB in 2022 report that individual ponds are not available in Chandahandi, Tentulikhunti, and Nandahandi blocks. Among the groundwater sources of irrigation, there is no tube well and community-based open well in the Nabarangpur district. As per the report, the district gets an average rainfall of 88 days amounting to 1232.66 mm. Though the average days of rainfall surpass that of the state average, the amount of rainfall is much lower than the state average i.e., 1,451 millimetres.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWater Scenario of the Study Area: A Documentary Analysis\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn this, section, the researcher has tried to bring into the write-up the secondary data that portray the water reserve of the district under research. As it is established water scarcity creates a risk society, it is a need to make mapping of the water economy from time to time to avoid the risk with proper care measures. \\u0026nbsp; Nabarangpur district is identified as a water-stressed district of Odisha. Records present the political dynamics of water poverty marked in the district since 1975 when the Indravati project was signed by the Government of Odisha for the production of hydro-electricity and provision of irrigation to the districts of undivided Koraput and Kalahandi (Choudhury, et al., 2012). The full-fledged construction, on the other hand, began in 1985 with World Bank assistance. The conflict erupted after Nabarangpur was separated from Koraput and was geo-physically affected (for being situated in the low-lying area) due to the upper Indravati Project. Before the construction of the project, the Government of India had requested the Department of Science and Technology (DST) to carry out an environmental impact study. This study concluded that with the submergence of flora and fauna along with 105 villages of undivided Koraput 20,000 population would be put at risk. However, due to public resentment and heated debates around the project, the Government of Odisha commissioned the Harza committee in 1994 for another round of the ecological survey, which reported on the cumulative water stress to take place in the downstream areas including Nabarangpur.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThere is a decadal decline in rainfall in the state and the district as well. While at the state level, the decline is only 6.7 mm., at the district level, it amounts to almost 200 mm which is a matter of concern (Annual Report on Natural Calamities by SRC, Govt. of Odisha; District Statistical Handbook, 2011; Block wise Rainfall in Odisha by SRC, Govt. of Odisha). Thus, the difference in average rainfall in the district compared to the state average in 2011 was not very spectacular being only around 19 mm. while in 2021 it has become eye-catching amounting to almost a short of 212.3 mm. So increasingly the district is coming in the rain shadow region of the state which seems to be alarming from the point of view of groundwater reserves. Further, rainfall, soil infiltration, and surface runoff from agricultural land all contribute to groundwater. Over time, these sources significantly alter the pollutant load of water (Fawell \\u0026amp; Nieuwenhuijsen, 2003).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA healthy supply of potable water is necessary for survival. Numerous human actions disrupt the natural water cycle and have an impact on the link between society and water. The researcher through her record analysis could delve out that the groundwater of the district witnesses a twofold problem i.e., pollution and depletion. Pollution makes the water unusable while depletion creates a shortage of its supply. In the study block of Jharigaon, there is a high concentration of Nitrate while in Chandahandi there is a high concentration of fluoride which makes it difficult to get usable water for domestic and farm purposes (Ground Water Information Booklet, Nabarangpur District,2013). They are much higher than the permissible limit. Thus, both in terms of availability and quality, water procurement becomes a big challenge in the sample blocks.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe irregular and uneven distribution of rainfall makes the district prone to drought. The district\\u0026apos;s rainfall varies greatly from the southeast to the northwest (Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan in Nabarangpur District, Odisha, 2022). The rainfall for the sample blocks falls short of other blocks of the district with declining rainfall. A comparison of the rainfall amount between 2020 and 2021 indicates in all four blocks, shows declining rainfall and the decline is also significant. The exact amount of rainfall for the cohort period shown in Table No. III indicates this.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- III\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eComparative rainfall received by the blocks in 2020 and 2021 (in mm.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"638\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYear\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBlocks\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChandahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 129px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJharigaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 122px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDabugaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 121px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePapadahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2020\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1351.6\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 129px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1534.2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 122px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1537\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 121px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1830.2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2021\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e976.8\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 129px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1106.7\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 122px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1119.4\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 121px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1295.1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 149px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRange of reduction in rainfall in mm.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e374.8\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 129px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e427.5\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 122px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e417.6\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 121px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e535.1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eAquifer Mapping and Management Plan in Nabarangpur District, Odisha, 2022 (Secondary)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFrom the above table, it is evidenced that the decline in rainfall in the study districts in a single year is distinctly marked. Within one year, in all four study blocks rainfall has a drastic decline between 374.8 mm to almost 535.1 mm. which is a very alarming sign for the emerging water crisis in the blocks. The declining and poor rainfall has affected agriculture and vegetation in the district.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eApart from rainfall, climate change also affects the hydrological cycle, vegetation status, and people\\u0026apos;s livelihoods (Runhaare et al., 1997; Rahman,2011). Vegetation is reduced by the inadequate availability of water (Li et al., 2008). Low and irregular rainfall affects plant growth too (Barron et al., 2003). So, the researcher tried to look into the vegetation situation and the land use pattern in the sample blocks which can be a good indicator of the climate change-driven hydrological loss placed in Table No. IV.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- IV\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLand Use Pattern \\u0026amp; Vegetation in Nabarangpur District (Area in hectares)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the Block\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eForest area\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePermanent pasture \\u0026amp; grazing land\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 105px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLand put to non-agriculture use\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBarren and Uncultivable land\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChandahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e359\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e623\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 105px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1931\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3451\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJharigaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5881\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2022\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 105px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1408\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2544\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDabugaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2149\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e243\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 105px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2068\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e164\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePapadahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4205\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1255\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 105px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3426\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e257\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eDistrict Statistical Handbook, Nabarangpur, 2018 (Secondary)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFrom this table, and the graph followed thereafter, it can be derived, that the quantum of barren and uncultivable land is almost double the area covered for agriculture. This indicates the way agriculture is witnessing a waning out in the study blocks. This is an alarming sign for the forthcoming food security and unemployment of a high magnitude.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eToday the district is under acute water stress. It is the blue economy that determines the green economy of an area. Most of the land is rainfed which faces water scarcity due to climate change-induced decline in rainfall.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe four blocks covered under the study have agricultural land which is primarily rainfed and the amount of irrigated land area is meagre compared to the rainfed area. The irrigated and rainfed area of these four blocks is presented below in Table No. V.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- V.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSample blocks and the Rainfed and Irrigated Areas\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the Block\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTotal Irrigated Area\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(in ha.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTotal Rainfed Area\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(in ha.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTotal Cropped\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eArea\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(in ha.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChandahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.889\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e16.879\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e19.768\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e14.61 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e85.38 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDabugaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2.889\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8.109\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e10.998\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e26.26 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e73.73 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eJharigaon\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5.592\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e14.461\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e20.053\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e27.88 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e72.11 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePapadahandi\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7.109\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e32.501\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e39.610\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e17.94 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 120px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e82.05 %\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNote:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThe Percentage calculated here is based on the Total Cropped Area.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFormula:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePercentage of total irrigated area upon total cropped area= 2.889/19.768 x 100 and likewise all the other per cents are calculated.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource:\\u003c/strong\\u003e District Irrigation Plan of Nabrangpur; District Level Implementation Committee (DLIC), Nabarangpur, Odisha (Secondary).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFrom the above table and the follow-up graph, it becomes transparent that the maximum amount of agricultural land in the study blocks is rainfed, the share being around or more than two-thirds of the irrigated area. This is a clear indication that they are heavily climate-dependent, while a meagre amount of land is irrigated. When the district falls prey to acute water deficits due to climate change and declining rainfall, the infrastructure is not supportive of managing the water crisis. Irrigation facilities have not yet been fully developed for the cultivable lands of the study bocks. This puts agricultural production at stake. When agriculture is affected, the subsequent issues of sustainable employment and food security are affected and migration is likely to take a stride in the district.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results and Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn this section, the perception and practices of the local communities relating to availability, accessibility water, their dependency rate are under description. The local community is always the primary beneficiary of water (Catherin, et.al. \\u0026nbsp;2023). Access to clean drinking water is a human right and it has been noted that cross-community variations are prominent in terms of availability, accessibility, and quality of water. Water prosperity or stress is assessed through the lived experiences of the people of the local community whose multifarious needs are responded to by the supply of water. Further, it has to be kept in mind that the diversity of local cultures and economies makes a profound difference in water use. Particularly the rural pockets which are culturally different heavily depend upon water not only for their economic activities but for all social and cultural purposes. So, one of the cardinal objectives of the researchers was to go beyond the documentary analysis and to look into the perceptions of the people relating to the demands for water, and availability of water and to focus on the practices that bring water wastage resulting in the mismatch between demand and supply. The community\\u0026rsquo;s attitude and informed knowledge shape its perception, and practices about the available quantity, and quality of water, its preservation, and prevention of wastage.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAs the paper is an outcome of an empirical investigation carried out in the locality of Nabarangpur, it attempts to push theoretical standpoints in certain relevant areas. From Weber\\u0026rsquo;s concern about the \\u0026lsquo;heedless consumption of natural resources\\u0026rsquo; to Schnaiberg\\u0026rsquo;s \\u0026lsquo;surplus and scarcity\\u0026rsquo; the present paper deliberates on these ideas while explaining the scenarios captured in the field with this regard.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn this context, the first question that was asked to the respondents was to spell out their dependency on tanks, ponds, or borewells. Rivers, tanks, and ponds are the water bodies and natural reservoirs. They supply drinking water, replenish groundwater, prevent flooding, preserve biodiversity, and give many people possibilities for a living. But, in all the eight villages in the four blocks, people were vocal about the lack of such water bodies which would have provided them with water around the year.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSince the 1970s Green Revolution, borewell technology has advanced dramatically in India. Today India is considered as the world\\u0026apos;s largest user of groundwater (Shah, 2014). Traditional rainfed agriculture has become less dependable and more fragile due to hanging rainfall patterns (Alcon, et al., 2011). In all the local communities, people expressed their overdependence on borewells, a provision made for water supply as an alternative to natural water reservoirs (UNESCO, 2023). When there is a shortfall in the built-in system of water provision, people\\u0026rsquo;s dependency increases on natural sources which are often afflicted with pollutants which deteriorates the quality of water.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe availability of water resources in the villages understudy has been assessed and put below in Table No.- VI.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- VI\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWater profile of the sample Villages\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" align=\\\"\\\" width=\\\"699\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the villages under study\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"10\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 587px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailable water resources of the villages under study\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNatural Sources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(No.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of water around the year in the water bodies\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBuilt-in sources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(No.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 102px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of water around the year in the water bodies\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePersonal Sources (No.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 165px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWater quality\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGood\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvg.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBad\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKantasaru\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4+2 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvg.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBoripadar\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1 (T)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBad\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJamalipada\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2+1 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBad\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKhaparadihi\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8+4 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBad\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKusumbandh\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e9+2 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGood\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJondriguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4+1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvg.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMundiguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eYes\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2+2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBad\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 112px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGandaguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 71px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 50px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 52px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1 (T)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 53px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNo\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 55px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBad\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ePrimary Data collected from the field\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNote:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eT and W are abbreviated for Tubewells and Wells respectively.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIt can be observed from the table above, that most of the villages reel under acute scarcity, as water availability throughout the year is not ensured. Once the built-in sources are affected, the villagers become forced to depend on the natural sources of water. This dependence correlates to Weber\\u0026apos;s acknowledgment of the relationship between nature and society. In his General Economic History and The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations, he referred\\u0026nbsp;to \\u0026ldquo;the impacts of social structures on natural resources and the impact of natural resources on the social organization.\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn this regard, the commissioned Public Water System (PWS) of the district under the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSS) published a report covering the information on villages and habitations covered under the scheme with an allocated quantity of water, i.e., 70/40 lpcd. However, none of the villages chosen by the researchers for the study in any of the four blocks falls under the purview of this project. So, they suffer from acute water scarcity throughout the year. However, these declining water resources signalize Allan Schnaiberg\\u0026rsquo;s prophetic pronunciation of the environment from surplus to scarcity and the rise of Ulrich Becks\\u0026rsquo; Risk Society. The researchers could feel the scarcity of water experienced by the local community today which was a gift in surplus in the yesterdays.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBut when it comes to water from natural sources like rivers and lakes, mostly the quality of water remains polluted which exacerbates water scarcity. There are now serious water shortages and issues due to the negative effects of both human activity and the natural world. The respondents complained of recurrent skin diseases, Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), diarrhoea, typhoid, and other gastrointestinal disorders. The study reiterates the established notion that\\u0026nbsp;nature and human health and well-being depend on clean water.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn the studied blocks, it was recorded by the researcher that even if there are a good number of borewells, the dependency ratio is very high on them. There is a discrepancy between the number of borewells and the number of functional borewells. Borewells in these blocks hardly satiate the needs of agriculture but are largely used to ensure potable water to households. Further, the declining groundwater level has rendered many of the borewells dysfunctional. The dependency rate is very high which is calculated and projected in Table No. VII.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- VII\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRate of Dependency of Villages on Available Sources of Water\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" align=\\\"\\\" width=\\\"576\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eName of the villages under study\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNatural Sources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(No.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBuilt-in sources\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e(No.)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRate of Dependency\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKantasaru\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4+2 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e650/6= 108.33\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBoripadar\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1 (T)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e400/2= 200\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJamalipada\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2+1 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e75/3= 25\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKhaparadihi\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8+4 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1626/13= 125.07\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKusumbandh\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e9+2 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e900/12= 75\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJondriguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4+1 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1200/5= 240\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMundiguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2+2 (T+W)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1200/5= 240\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 160px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGandaguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 95px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1 (T)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 161px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e60/1= 60\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Primary Data collected from the field\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNote:\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eThe abbreviations T and W stand for Tube well and Well Respectively.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eRate of Dependency= Total population of the village / No. of functional water resources\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAs it emerges from the calculation made on the ground by the researcher, the dependency rate is tremendously high in the Dabugaon and Papadahandi blocks of the district. This over-extraction and exploitation are likely to exhaust the groundwater level soon as rain becomes insufficient to replenish the extracted water. So, till now the water needs of the people are overlooked by the system of governance and the declining groundwater level has become a matter of concern for these blocks.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAn ever-debatable contention relating to water is the time consumed and the distance covered for its procurement. In South Asian and Sub-Saharan countries, it is a common phenomenon having hardly any public policy solutions. Rather, the problem is mounting over time. Prototype is the Indian situation. As per the recently released 76th round of the National Sample Survey Office, approximately 42% of rural households make daily trips to obtain drinking water and the distance they cover varies from less than 0.2 km (30.4 percent households) to over 1.5 km (0.5 percent households). This indicates that in rural India, some households have members who have to walk more than three km (round trip) every day to procure water from the main source.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWastage accompanies water. There are many forms of water wastage. Carrying water from long distances through uneven roads very often leads to spills where the water becomes a waste without productive use. The magnitude of water wastage becomes alarming, with gallons of water wasted each day. As water carriage is found to be a part of the everyday life of the people of the study villages and every drop of water counts in a water-scarce area, it was a matter of interest for the researcher to look into the waste that takes place during such carriage. In this background, the researcher asked the respondents \\u0026ldquo;To give an estimation of the amount of spill their carriage of water witnesses\\u0026rdquo;. The researcher has tried to compare it with the discrepancy or shortfall in procurement about requirements. This effort has been geared to note how some amount of shortfall can be addressed if spills leading to wastage can be avoided. The data that emerged from the field is presented in Table No.- VIII.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable No.- VIII\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDemand-Supply Variation of Water and Wastage\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eName of the Village\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDemand- Supply Variation (in Litres)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOn the Way Spill-over (Wastage in Litres)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKantasaru\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBoripadar\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJamalipada\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKhaparadihi\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKusumbandh\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eJondriguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMundiguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGandaguda\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 215px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 179px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 206px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSource:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003ePrimary Data collected from the field.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA clear impression emerges from the above table that on average while there is a deficit of 3 litres, a waste goes about an average of 1.11 litres. The difficult terrains of these villages and the distance from the water sources is the chief factor for making this waste through spills. The respondents suggested that the weightage of water-bearing, the structure of the vessels with open and wide mouths, and their attempt to fill the vessels up to the brim caused such spills. So, now they are realising that there is an urgent need to change the structure of water carriers, to make provisions for smooth road connectivity, to reduce the weightage of water to bring tanks to villages without water provisions that can reduce the water wastage and allow its productive use. \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis paper brings about a lot of field impressions relating to water and maps the water economy of the region and the localities under study. The paper tries to combine people\\u0026rsquo;s perceptions with their practices to locate their needs and availability and accessibility to water resources. In this context, the following marked features have emerged from the study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cul\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWhen the amount of water needed exceeds the amount of water that is available, the situation is known as water scarcity. When the amount of naturally occurring clean water available per person per year is less than 1000 cubic meters, a country or region is said to be experiencing \\\"water scarcity\\\" (Pereira et al., 2002; Dehghani et al., 2019). Water shortage impacts a bigger population inside a specific geographic region (e.g., country) and refers to greater timescales (years or months) rather than just one living being at a particular location and time. Both naturally occurring low water availability and human-imposed activities that deteriorate the naturally occurring water supply can cause it to happen. The area under study necessarily fits into the parametric definition of water scarcity and needs to be put into the water scarcity map of the district and the state. This symbolizes what Garrett Hardin, an evolutionary biologist called \\u0026ldquo;The Tragedy of the Commons\\u0026rdquo;.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe declining rainfall is having a damaging effect on agriculture. The land under agricultural coverage is fast declining which is going to generate food insecurity in the region and putting the lives of the millions into stake.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIrrespective of such ground realities, the water support system is very ill-developed in the district. A major chunk of the agricultural land is rainfed and irrigation facilities are yet to be strengthened in the study blocks.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe study clearly could make out that the four blocks and the eight villages suffer from water scarcity and water stress due to the low quantity and poor quality of water available for the people.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMany of the built-in water sources are dysfunctional and the dependency rate on the functional wells and tube wells is very high which is likely to lead to the exhaustion of the groundwater soon unless it is followed by regular natural replenishment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe study discovered that people of the study villages walk a long way during normal times for potable water and it becomes elongated bringing much hardship for the people during the summer months.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFinally, due to deficit water availability there is a gross discrepancy between water demands and supply which is exacerbated during the summer months.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ul\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThus, the paper concludes that water scenario is precarious in the study villages and in the region which is perceived by the local community. Local community practices starting from everyday routine use of water to, the use of water for farm practices, and practices of waste need to be changed along with the proactive efforts of the government, civil society, and community to make alternative arrangements to make water a sustainable resource of life and livelihood. Adaptation measures need to be taken to combat climate change and a transformative culture of water use is the need of the time.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eConflict of Interest:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eStatement of Disclosure\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eClinical trial number\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eConsent to Participate\\u0026nbsp;Declaration:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eConsent to Publish\\u0026nbsp;Declaration:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eEthics Declaration\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eFunding:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAuthor A wrote the main manuscript along with preparing all the figures and tables. Author B reviewed the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch2\\u003eData Availability Statement:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eData sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAlboghdady M, El-Hendawy SE. Economic impacts of climate change and variability on agricultural production in the Middle East and North Africa region. Int J Clim Change Str. 2016;8:463\\u0026ndash;72.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAmrith S. (2023). A Turn to the Indian Ocean. \\u003cem\\u003eReading from the South: African Print Cultures and Oceanic Turns in Isabel Hofmeyr\\u0026rsquo;s Work\\u003c/em\\u003e, 137.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAlcon F, de Miguel MD, Burton M. Duration analysis of adoption of drip irrigation technology in southeastern Spain. 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(2023).\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Climate Change, Transiting Water Economy, Local Communities, Community insight\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282263/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282263/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWater is the most valued, but at present the most vulnerable resource of mankind. But with anthropogenic propelled climate crisis, larger footprints are being led on the water deposits of the planet. This has led to faster depletion of the resource causing risks to human existence and their overall sustenance. However, those at the receiving end are the local communities which have emerged as the most vulnerable ones. The present paper takes into account their insights on climate change, the climate change induced water transition and how it has led to a change in their practices affecting the water economy of the research area. The entire research investigation has been carried out in Nabarangpur district of Odisha keeping its fragile resource status under consideration. A total of four blocks and eight villages have been covered for the research enquiry using both exploratory and descriptive designs for data collection and analysis. The incongruity between demand and supply through a need assessment of the resource testifies the growing stress of water in the studied region. The paper also brings into focus the dependency ratio of the respondents on the limited sources of water and the change of practices as a result of the miseries that follow.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Community Insights on Climate Change and Water Transitions from a Field Lens\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-09-08 10:09:04\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282263/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"483b6499-1e33-4082-95bb-dda36afc6c83\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"September 8th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-12-17T07:55:06+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-09-08 10:09:04\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7282263\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7282263\",\"identity\":\"rs-7282263\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}