{"paper_id":"2868d3c9-e1e0-46ec-9f2d-7844f733f085","body_text":"Risk model for depression in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A retrospective cross-sectional study\nAbstract\nObjective\nMethods\nResults\nDiscussion\nIntroduction\nPatients and methods\nStudy design and participants\nEthics and informed consent\nIdentification of the best predictors\nDefinition of depression\nFeature selection\nStatistical analyses\nResults\nClinical features\n| Characteristics | Total (N = 599) | Depressed (N = 230) | Nondepressed (N = 369) | p |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Age (years) | 72.00 (67.00, 77.00) | 72.00 (66.00, 77.00) | 72.00 (67.00, 78.00) | 0.394 |\n| Marital status | 0.592 | |||\n| 0 | 135 (22.54%) | 80 (21.68%) | 55 (23.91%) | |\n| 1 | 464 (77.46%) | 289 (78.32%) | 175 (76.09%) | |\n| Educational level | 0.029 | |||\n| 0 | 443 (73.96%) | 261 (70.73%) | 182 (79.13%) | |\n| 1 | 156 (26.04%) | 108 (29.27%) | 48 (20.87%) | |\n| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.63 (21.33, 24.80) | 23.41 (21.26, 24.74) | 24.10 (22.04, 24.93) | 0.020 |\n| Serum PSA level | 2.09 (1.40, 2.50) | 2.09 (1.50, 2.60) | 2.08 (1.30, 2.50) | 0.481 |\n| Prostate volume (mL) | 42.60 (31.18, 56.82) | 40.19 (30.18, 50.98) | 49.61 (32.49, 74.50) | <0.001 |\n| History of electrocision | 0.688 | |||\n| 0 | 494 (82.47%) | 302 (81.84%) | 192 (83.48%) | |\n| 1 | 105 (17.53%) | 67 (18.16%) | 38 (16.52%) | |\n| Smoking status | 0.792 | |||\n| 0 | 401 (66.94%) | 249 (67.48%) | 152 (66.09%) | |\n| 1 | 198 (33.06%) | 120 (32.52%) | 78 (33.91%) | |\n| Alcohol consumption status | 0.526 | |||\n| 0 | 372 (62.10%) | 225 (60.98%) | 147 (63.91%) | |\n| 1 | 227 (37.90%) | 144 (39.02%) | 83 (36.09%) | |\n| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||\n| 0 | 405 (67.61%) | 274 (74.25%) | 131 (56.96%) | |\n| 1 | 194 (32.39%) | 95 (25.75%) | 99 (43.04%) | |\n| Hypertension | <0.001 | |||\n| 0 | 513 (85.64%) | 343 (92.95%) | 170 (73.91%) | |\n| 1 | 86 (14.36%) | 26 (7.05%) | 60 (26.09%) | |\n| Constipation | 0.078 | |||\n| 0 | 402 (67.11%) | 258 (69.92%) | 144 (62.61%) | |\n| 1 | 197 (32.89%) | 111 (30.08%) | 86 (37.39%) | |\n| IPSS | 7.00 (4.00;14.00) | 6.00 (4.00;10.00) | 13.50 (4.00;20.00) | <0.001 |\n| Number of nights | <0.001 | |||\n| 0 | 380 (63.44%) | 297 (80.49%) | 83 (36.09%) | |\n| 1 | 219 (36.56%) | 72 (19.51%) | 147 (63.91%) | |\n| Urine leukocyte count (1000 cells/µL) | 2.00 (1.00, 3.00) | 2.00 (2.00, 3.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 3.00) | 0.003 |\n| White blood cell count (1000 cells/µL) | 6.90 (5.50, 7.80) | 6.30 (5.20, 7.50) | 7.80 (5.90, 8.57) | <0.001 |\n| Red blood cell count (1000 cells/µL) | 4.69 (4.35, 5.03) | 4.70 (4.36, 5.01) | 4.65 (4.33, 5.06) | 0.683 |\n| Neutrophil count (1000 cells/µL) | 4.55 (3.33, 5.88) | 4.44 (3.22, 5.99) | 4.77 (3.36, 5.85) | 0.405 |\n| Lymphocyte count (1000 cells/µL) | 2.40 (1.50, 3.10) | 2.30 (1.40, 3.10) | 2.50 (1.63, 3.20) | 0.044 |\n| Platelet count (1000 cells/µL) | 157.00 (126.00, 190.00) | 159.00 (127.00, 193.00) | 153.00 (124.25, 185.00) | 0.213 |\n| Monocyte count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.53 (0.37, 0.76) | 0.50 (0.36, 0.73) | 0.56 (0.38, 0.82) | 0.055 |\n| Eosinophil count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.23 (0.13, 0.37) | 0.22 (0.13, 0.34) | 0.26 (0.13, 0.41) | 0.052 |\n| Basophil count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.603 |\n| Gamma glutamyl transferase level (U/L) | 32.70 (20.90, 44.90) | 32.90 (20.60, 44.60) | 32.50 (21.15, 45.27) | 0.648 |\n| Alanine aminotransferase level (U/L) | 17.00 (11.00, 24.00) | 17.00 (11.00, 24.00) | 16.50 (9.00, 22.00) | 0.217 |\n| Alkaline phosphatase level (U/L) | 83.00 (63.50, 115.00) | 84.00 (63.00, 116.00) | 82.00 (64.00, 110.25) | 0.310 |\n| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.20 (4.70, 5.70) | 5.20 (4.70, 5.80) | 5.20 (4.70, 5.68) | 0.341 |\n| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.52 (0.36, 1.41) | 0.47 (0.34, 0.86) | 1.26 (0.40, 1.58) | <0.001 |\n| Total cholesterol level (mmol/L) | 4.11 (3.02, 4.73) | 4.26 (3.44, 4.82) | 3.99 (2.36, 4.55) | <0.001 |\n| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (µmol/L) | 1.36 (1.25, 1.49) | 1.35 (1.25, 1.48) | 1.38 (1.28, 1.50) | 0.080 |\n| Sodium level (mmol/L) | 139.00 (136.80, 142.20) | 139.30 (137.00, 142.40) | 138.50 (136.43, 141.67) | 0.060 |\n| Total bilirubin level (µmol/L) | 6.90 (4.40, 16.15) | 6.60 (4.50, 13.90) | 7.85 (4.40, 18.23) | 0.211 |\n| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 112.00 (99.00, 136.95) | 108.00 (96.00, 127.00) | 126.70 (105.00, 149.43) | <0.001 |\n| Potassium level (mmol/L) | 4.57 (4.08, 5.07) | 4.57 (4.09, 5.06) | 4.58 (4.08, 5.08) | 0.891 |\n| Uric acid level (µmol/L) | 333.40 (269.10, 420.75) | 340.80 (276.80, 430.30) | 320.90 (259.68, 387.00) | 0.095 |\n| Urine creatinine level (µmol/L) | 81.80 (61.25, 93.20) | 79.90 (59.40, 92.90) | 82.10 (61.90, 93.73) | 0.804 |\nRisk factors associated with depression\n| Characteristics | B | SE | OR | CI | Z | p |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Age (years) | 0.021 | 0.013 | 1.021 | 1.021 (0.995–1.048) | 1.592 | 0.111 |\n| Marital status | −0.12 | 0.24437 | 0.887 | 0.887 (0.552–1.441) | −0.49 | 0.624 |\n| Educational level | −0.771 | 0.24959 | 0.462 | 0.462 (0.28–0.746) | −3.09 | 0.002 |\n| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.081 | 0.04442 | 1.085 | 1.085 (0.995–1.184) | 1.827 | 0.068 |\n| Serum PSA level | −0.039 | 0.0778 | 0.962 | 0.962 (0.823–1.118) | −0.502 | 0.616 |\n| Prostate volume (mL) | 0.022 | 0.00453 | 1.022 | 1.022 (1.014–1.032) | 4.905 | 0 |\n| History of electrocision | −0.338 | 0.28328 | 0.713 | 0.713 (0.402–1.228) | −1.193 | 0.233 |\n| Smoking status | −0.02 | 0.216 | 0.98 | 0.98 (0.64–1.494) | −0.092 | 0.927 |\n| Alcohol consumption status | −0.083 | 0.21145 | 0.92 | 0.92 (0.606–1.39) | −0.393 | 0.694 |\n| Diabetes | 0.694 | 0.2175 | 2.001 | 2.001 (1.307–3.068) | 3.189 | 0.001 |\n| Hypertension | 1.518 | 0.315 | 4.564 | 4.564 (2.497–8.645) | 4.82 | 0 |\n| Constipation | 0.3 | 0.21557 | 1.349 | 1.349 (0.883–2.057) | 1.39 | 0.165 |\n| IPSS | 0.12 | 0.01692 | 1.127 | 1.127 (1.092–1.167) | 7.087 | 0 |\n| Number of nights | 1.809 | 0.22467 | 6.107 | 6.107 (3.954–9.548) | 8.053 | 0 |\n| Urine leukocyte count (1000 cells/µL) | −0.073 | 0.06168 | 0.929 | 0.929 (0.82–1.046) | −1.188 | 0.235 |\n| White blood cell count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.407 | 0.07406 | 1.502 | 1.502 (1.302–1.742) | 5.49 | 0 |\n| Red blood cell count (1000 cells/µL) | −0.141 | 0.24354 | 0.869 | 0.869 (0.538–1.399) | −0.579 | 0.563 |\n| Neutrophil count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.051 | 0.0682 | 1.052 | 1.052 (0.92–1.203) | 0.743 | 0.457 |\n| Lymphocyte count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.121 | 0.11122 | 1.129 | 1.129 (0.908–1.405) | 1.088 | 0.277 |\n| Platelet count (1000 cells/µL) | −0.002 | 0.00146 | 0.998 | 0.998 (0.995–1.001) | −1.389 | 0.165 |\n| Monocyte count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.531 | 0.38683 | 1.701 | 1.701 (0.796–3.638) | 1.374 | 0.17 |\n| Eosinophils count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.832 | 0.48532 | 2.297 | 2.297 (0.92–6.28) | 1.714 | 0.087 |\n| Basophils count (1000 cells/µL) | 1.72 | 1.61906 | 5.583 | 5.583 (0.227–167.5) | 1.062 | 0.288 |\n| Gamma glutamyl transferase level (U/L) | 0.007 | 0.00736 | 1.007 | 1.007 (0.992–1.021) | 0.918 | 0.359 |\n| Alanine aminotransferase level (U/L) | −0.007 | 0.00913 | 0.993 | 0.993 (0.975–1.01) | −0.816 | 0.415 |\n| Alkaline phosphatase level (U/L) | −0.007 | 0.00291 | 0.993 | 0.993 (0.987–0.998) | −2.495 | 0.013 |\n| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | −0.185 | 0.13874 | 0.831 | 0.831 (0.632–1.09) | −1.331 | 0.183 |\n| Triglyceride level (mmol/L) | 0.964 | 0.18609 | 2.621 | 2.621 (1.826–3.791) | 5.178 | 0 |\n| Total cholesterol level (mmol/L) | −0.232 | 0.06725 | 0.793 | 0.793 (0.694–0.904) | −3.451 | 0.001 |\n| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (µmol/L) | 1.444 | 0.68395 | 4.237 | 4.237 (1.12–16.42) | 2.111 | 0.035 |\n| Sodium level (mmol/L) | 0.001 | 0.02293 | 1.001 | 1.001 (0.957–1.047) | 0.049 | 0.961 |\n| Total bilirubin level (µmol/L) | 0.016 | 0.01161 | 1.016 | 1.016 (0.993–1.039) | 1.335 | 0.182 |\n| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 0.02 | 0.00406 | 1.02 | 1.02 (1.012–1.029) | 4.971 | 0 |\n| Potassium level (mmol/L) | 0.06 | 0.14938 | 1.062 | 1.062 (0.791–1.423) | 0.401 | 0.689 |\n| Uric acid level (µmol/L) | 0 | 0.00093 | 1 | 1. (0.998–1.002) | −0.136 | 0.892 |\n| Urine creatinine level (µmol/L) | −0.001 | 0.00409 | 0.999 | 0.999 (0.991–1.007) | −0.142 | 0.887 |\n| Variables | B | SE | OR | CI | Z | p |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Prostate volume (mL) | 0.007 | 0.00627 | 1.007 | 1.007 (0.994–1.019) | 1.124 | 0.261 |\n| Hypertension | 0.96 | 0.45788 | 2.613 | 2.612 (1.067–6.471) | 2.097 | 0.036 |\n| IPSS | 0.116 | 0.02168 | 1.123 | 1.122 (1.077–1.173) | 5.341 | 0 |\n| Number of nights | 1.756 | 0.27671 | 5.787 | 5.786 (3.393–10.06) | 6.344 | 0 |\n| White blood cell count (1000 cells/µL) | 0.365 | 0.0937 | 1.44 | 1.440 (1.202–1.738) | 3.893 | 0 |\n| Triglyceride level (mmol/L) | 1.182 | 0.23998 | 3.261 | 3.260 (2.053–5.273) | 4.925 | 0 |\n| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 0.018 | 0.00528 | 1.018 | 1.018 (1.007–1.029) | 3.436 | 0.001 |\nModal chart model for estimating depression risk\nValidation of nomogram models\nAnalysis of the clinical practicability and rationality of the prediction model\nDiscussion\nConclusion\nAcknowledgments\nConsent for publication\nEthics approval and consent to participate\nConflict of interest\nDeclaration of conflicting interests\nFunding\nORCID iD\nData availability statement\nReferences\nSupplementary Material\nPlease find the following supplemental material available below.\nFor Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.\nFor non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.\nCite\nCite\nCite\nDownload to reference manager\nIf you have citation software installed, you can download citation data to the citation manager of your choice\nInformation, rights and permissions\nInformation\nPublished In\nKeywords\nData availability statement\nAuthors\nAuthor Contributions\nMetrics and citations\nMetrics\nJournals metrics\nThis article was published in Journal of International Medical Research.\nView All Journal MetricsPublication usage*\nTotal views and downloads: 429\n*Publication usage tracking started in December 2016\nAltmetric\nSee the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.\nLearn more about the Altmetric Scores\nPublications citing this one\nReceive email alerts when this publication is cited\nWeb of Science: 1 view articles Opens in new tab\nCrossref: 1\n- Letter to the editor: “Clinical efficacy of ozone therapy in managing category IIIB chronic prostatitis: symptom improvement and antioxidant effects”\nFigures and tables\nFigures & Media\nTables\nView Options\nView options\nPDF/EPUB\nView PDF/EPUBAccess options\nIf you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:\nloading institutional access options\nAlternatively, view purchase options below:\nPurchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.\nAccess journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}