{"paper_id":"2855ecc6-54cf-4e05-8945-481523e40fa7","body_text":"The Effects of a Six-Week Combined Resistance Training Program on Bowling Velocity and Muscular Force Output in Club-Level Male Fast Bowlers in Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Effects of a Six-Week Combined Resistance Training Program on Bowling Velocity and Muscular Force Output in Club-Level Male Fast Bowlers in Bangladesh Rezwan Hossain¹, Halima Khatun² This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240838/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Pace bowling in cricket demands precise neuromuscular coordination, muscular strength, and timing to optimize ball velocity and accuracy. Shoulder strength and lower-limb power are key determinants, yet evidence for multi-modal combined resistance training (CRT) in club-level fast bowlers is limited. Objective To examine the effects of a six-week CRT program on shoulder force, bowling velocity, and accuracy in club-level male fast bowlers. Methods Thirty-five male fast bowlers (mean age 25.4 ± 2.1 years) were randomized to CRT (n = 18) or traditional training (TR, n = 17). CRT involved resistance, plyometric, and weighted ball exercises. Bowling velocity, shoulder strength, countermovement jump (CMJ), and bowling accuracy were measured. Paired and independent t-tests, effect sizes (Hedge’s g), Pearson correlation, and post-hoc power analysis were used. Results CRT significantly increased bowling velocity (115.83 ± 4.84 → 120.31 ± 4.83 km/h; g = 1.42, p < .001) and shoulder force (312.01 ± 19.89 → 339.08 ± 20.36 N; g = 1.36, p < .001). Bowling accuracy improved moderately (+ 6.8%, g = 0.92, p < .001), while CMJ remained unchanged. Shoulder force strongly correlated with bowling velocity (r = 0.81, p < .001). Post-hoc power was adequate for velocity (0.98), shoulder force (0.97), and accuracy (0.88). Conclusion Six-week CRT effectively enhanced shoulder force and bowling velocity, with moderate accuracy gains in club-level fast bowlers. CRT is a practical, evidence-based approach for amateur cricketers, supporting neuromuscular and functional performance improvements. Coaches should consider CRT integration to optimize pace bowling performance. Health sciences/Health care Biological sciences/Physiology Cricket pace bowling combined resistance training shoulder strength bowling velocity accuracy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Pace bowling in cricket is a high-intensity skill demanding precise neuromuscular coordination, muscular strength, and timing to maximise ball velocity and accuracy [^1,^2]. Effective energy transfer along the kinetic chain—from lower limbs through the core to the upper extremities—is critical for optimal bowling performance[^3]. The scientific community understands shoulder power and core stability and lower-limb strength function as essential athletic performance predictors yet research studies have concentrated on professional athletes while fast bowlers at the club level remain understudied despite their widespread participation. The combination of resistance training with plyometric exercises enhances muscle activation and joint torque production and force development speed which results in better bowling speed according to studies [7–9]. Weighted ball drills produce speed-specific muscle system changes through progressive resistance training which leads to better sports performance results [10,11]. The scientific community lacks proper multi-modal resistance training systems for club-level fast bowlers together with limited methods to measure shoulder force during bowling activities [12–19]. The current study evaluates how a six-week CRT program affects shoulder force and bowling speed and precision among male fast bowlers who play at the club level. Our study predicts that CRT will produce better results than standard training methods and shoulder force will show a strong connection to bowling speed which will explain how performance improves. Materials and Methods Subjects and Ethical Considerations Thirty-five male club-level fast bowlers (mean age = 25.4 ± 2.1 years) were randomly recruited from the Khulna Division, Bangladesh. Inclusion criteria were: age 18–30 years, ≥ 2 years’ experience as fast or medium-fast bowlers, and no shoulder or upper-limb injuries in the previous six months. Exclusion criteria included neurological disorders or a history of shoulder surgery. Participants were fully informed about the study objectives, procedures, and potential risks. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. All participants were ≥ 18 years old. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the Departmental Ethics Committee of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh. Study Design A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted. Participants were allocated to either: Combined Resistance Training (CRT) group (n = 18) Traditional Training (TR) group (n = 17) Randomization used a computer-generated sequence with allocation concealment. The study duration was six weeks. Training Protocol Training Protocol Week CRT Group (3 sessions/week) TR Group (3 sessions/week) 1–2 Resistance training (bench press, squats, pull-ups) at 60–70% 1-RM, 3–4 sets of 8–10 reps; Plyometric drills: box jumps, medicine ball throws Conventional bowling nets (6–8 overs/session); Aerobic running; Core stability routines 3–4 Weighted ball exercises (± 10–15% of standard ball weight), 6–8 overs/session integrated with regular practice Conventional bowling nets; Aerobic running; Core stability routines 5–6 Explosive medicine ball throws (2–4 kg); Underweight/overweight ball bowling, progressively overloaded ± 5–10%/week Conventional bowling nets; Aerobic running; Core stability routines Progression followed periodization principles, gradually increasing intensity and specificity. Table 1 Six-Week Training Protocol for CRT and TR Groups Measurement Instruments Bowling Velocity Mean speed of six balls delivered at match intensity recorded using Stalker Pro II Radar Gun (Texas, USA)—1-minute rest between trials. Shoulder Strength The Active Force Digital Dynamometer (California, USA) measures maximal isometric shoulder strength through a seated single-arm overhead press test. The force measurement appears in Newton’s (N) as the recorded value. Countermovement Jump (CMJ : The Vertec Jump Measurement System from (Ohio, USA) Measures lower-body power through the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test. The maximum vertical reach from three test attempts was recorded in centimeters with breaks of 30 to 60 seconds between each attempt. Bowling Accuracy measures how often bowlers achieve deliveries that land inside their targeted good-length delivery area. All measurements were conducted by trained professionals following standardized procedures. Data Collection Timeline Week 0 Baseline Week 3 Midpoint (velocity and shoulder force only) Week 6 Final (all variables) Statistical Analysis The data distribution normality gets assessed through the Shapiro-Wilk test which applies to every continuous variable in the analysis. The statistical method for comparing groups requires paired t-tests but the Wilcoxon signed-rank test serves as an alternative when data distribution does not follow normal distribution. The analysis uses Independent t-tests for group comparison but Mann–Whitney U test serves as an alternative when data distribution does not follow normal distribution. The research evaluates effect sizes through Hedge’s g which measures the size of the observed changes. All statistical comparisons include a 95% confidence interval which appears in Post-hoc Power Analysis: Conducted to ensure sufficient statistical power. Software: Python (Jupyter Notebook) and SPSS v26; significance threshold p < .05. Results Ball Velocity CRT group 115.83 ± 4.84 km/h → 120.31 ± 4.83 km/h; t(17) = 5.33, p < .001, g = 1.42, 95% CI [0.75, 2.05] TR group 113.59 ± 5.34 km/h → 114.87 ± 5.47 km/h; t(16) = 1.22, p = .241, g = 0.31, 95% CI [–0.18, 0.79] Between-group (Week 6) t(33) = 3.29, p = .002, g = 0.87, 95% CI [0.29, 1.44] Table 2 Ball Velocity Progression Group Week 0 (km/h) Week 6 (km/h) (km/h) t p Hedge’s g (95% CI) CRT 115.83 ± 4.84 120.31 ± 4.83 + 4.48 5.33 < .001 1.42 [0.75, 2.05] TR 113.59 ± 5.34 114.87 ± 5.47 + 1.28 1.22 .241 0.31 [–0.18, 0.79] Shoulder Force CRT group 312.01 ± 19.89 N → 339.08 ± 20.36 N; t(17) = 4.91, p < .001, g = 1.36, 95% CI [0.67, 2.01] TR group 327.47 ± 29.33 N → 332.95 ± 30.73 N; t(16) = 0.91, p = .376, g = 0.22, 95% CI [–0.26, 0.72] Between-group (Week 6) t(33) = 2.58, p = .014, g = 0.72, 95% CI [0.15, 1.28] Table 3 Shoulder Force Output Group Week 0 (N) Week 6 (N) (N) t p Hedge’s g (95% CI) CRT 312.01 ± 19.89 339.08 ± 20.36 + 27.07 4.91 < .001 1.36 [0.67, 2.01] TR 327.47 ± 29.33 332.95 ± 30.73 + 5.48 0.91 .376 0.22 [–0.26, 0.72] Bowling Accuracy CRT group 68.5 ± 7.2% → 75.3 ± 6.8%; t(17) = 3.92, p < .001, g = 0.92, 95% CI [0.42, 1.42] TR group 69.2 ± 6.9% → 70.1 ± 7.3%; t(16) = 0.78, p = .45, g = 0.12, 95% CI [–0.24, 0.48] Between-group (Week 6) t(33) = 2.21, p = .033, g = 0.68, 95% CI [0.05, 1.31] Table 4 Bowling Accuracy Group Week 0 (%) Week 6 (%) (%) t p Hedge’s g (95% CI) CRT 68.5 ± 7.2 75.3 ± 6.8 + 6.8 3.92 < .001 0.92 [0.42, 1.42] TR 69.2 ± 6.9 70.1 ± 7. Correlation Significant positive correlation between shoulder force and bowling velocity (r = 0.81, p < .001). Post-hoc Power Analysis Bowling velocity: α = 0.05, d = 1.42, n = 35 → Power = 0.98 Shoulder force: d = 1.36 → Power = 0.97 Accuracy: d = 0.92 → Power = 0.88 Discussion The present study demonstrates that a six-week CRT intervention significantly enhanced both shoulder force and bowling velocity in club-level male fast bowlers compared with conventional training. Participants in the CRT group exhibited meaningful improvements in shoulder force (+ 27.07 N) and ball velocity (+ 4.48 km/h), with large effect sizes (g = 1.36 and 1.42, respectively), supporting the efficacy of multi-modal resistance training in this population [^3,^5,^7]. The shoulder muscles create force during the acceleration phase of bowling that suggests that improvements in scapular stabilizers, rotator cuff and deltoid strength have provided a direct influence on the increase in bowling ball velocity[^6,^15]. The strong relationship (r = 0.81) between shoulder force and bowling ball speed emphasizes the translatability of the strength gains and are consistent with findings from overhead sports and throwing[^4,^16,^21]. The weighted ball exercises performed from Weeks 3–6 likely produced velocity specific alterations to the neuromuscular system via progressive overload and potentiation [^10,^11]. Bowling accuracy, and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance were unchanged during the intervention, which suggests that the requisite aspects of skill-related precision and lower limb explosive power may require training methods that are different, targeted to specific aspects of training[^22–^24]. The CRT protocol provided an accessible, low resource and time efficient training method for amateur and semi-professional athletes that do not have access to elite training sessions. Limitations of this study include its small sample size, environmental variation in outdoor testing, limited validation of shoulder shoulder dynamometry, and relatively short intervention. Therefore, future study should use larger groups of participants from a more diverse cohort, include biomechanical analysis (e.g., trunk rotation velocity, hip-shoulder separation), complete testing controlled in a building indoors, and extend the duration of physiologically training – to allow for the possibility of assessing the durability of the adaptations [^12,^19,^25]. Conclusion A six-week combined resistance training (CRT) program significantly enhanced shoulder force and bowling velocity in club-level male fast bowlers compared with conventional training. The CRT model offers a practical, cost-effective, and evidence-based approach for improving performance in amateur cricketers. Strength and conditioning coaches are encouraged to integrate CRT protocols to enhance the neuromuscular capabilities and functional performance of pace bowlers. Future research should explore long-term adaptations, biomechanical mechanisms, and the integration of skill-specific accuracy training. Declarations Conflict of Interest Authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding: This research received no external funding. Author Contribution Rezwan Hossain conceived the study idea, designed the methodology, and supervised the training intervention and data collection. Halima Khatun contributed to literature review, statistical analysis, and data interpretation. Both authors participated equally in drafting, revising, and approving the final manuscript.Rezwan Hossain: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft.Halima Khatun: Formal Analysis, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge gratitude to all participants, coaches, and staff who took part in this research. Data Availability Yes, I have research data to declare. The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All relevant data are included within the manuscript and its supplementary files. References Bartlett R, Stockill N, Elliott B, Burnett A. The biomechanics of fast bowling in men’s cricket: A review. J Sports Sci . 2006;24(6):637-650. Doi:10.1080/02640410500367893 Petersen CJ, Pyne D, Portus M, Dawson B. Comparison of player movement patterns between one-day and Test cricket. 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Int J Sports Physiol Perform . 2023;18(1):112-120. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0125 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 13 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7240838\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":516420348,\"identity\":\"c2fb46d1-ed67-443d-a4c1-f6af76c7f235\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Rezwan 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CI).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7240838/v1/04b0099e48de7dafd9d5f835.jpeg\"},{\"id\":91984802,\"identity\":\"ac66eb68-9213-4e91-aa30-0e07fbba3517\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-23 11:44:50\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":39774,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eLine graph showing shoulder force progression with 95% CI.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7240838/v1/7f7cee26f7c6b11c4644ebc7.png\"},{\"id\":91983554,\"identity\":\"8ee9c093-1219-41fa-99c5-c14a95b22464\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-23 11:36:49\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":54263,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBar chart comparing bowling accuracy at baseline and Week 6 for CRT and TR groups.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7240838/v1/c63f95aa98295498f88d802e.png\"},{\"id\":91984805,\"identity\":\"fdb8371f-a53e-4043-bb78-6d5e3175d496\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-23 11:44:50\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":72804,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eScatter plot with regression line showing relationship between shoulder force (N) and bowling velocity (km/h).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7240838/v1/023ce323c47faa8c0d622199.png\"},{\"id\":91985333,\"identity\":\"ae64a8f5-afcb-456d-9867-1c499db33676\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-09-23 11:52:54\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1064673,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7240838/v1/17b4c73c-fb6b-4f27-8d11-a2d909b5018c.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"The Effects of a Six-Week Combined Resistance Training Program on Bowling Velocity and Muscular Force Output in Club-Level Male Fast Bowlers in Bangladesh\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePace bowling in cricket is a high-intensity skill demanding precise neuromuscular coordination, muscular strength, and timing to maximise ball velocity and accuracy [^1,^2]. Effective energy transfer along the kinetic chain\\u0026mdash;from lower limbs through the core to the upper extremities\\u0026mdash;is critical for optimal bowling performance[^3]. The scientific community understands shoulder power and core stability and lower-limb strength function as essential athletic performance predictors yet research studies have concentrated on professional athletes while fast bowlers at the club level remain understudied despite their widespread participation. The combination of resistance training with plyometric exercises enhances muscle activation and joint torque production and force development speed which results in better bowling speed according to studies [7\\u0026ndash;9]. Weighted ball drills produce speed-specific muscle system changes through progressive resistance training which leads to better sports performance results [10,11]. The scientific community lacks proper multi-modal resistance training systems for club-level fast bowlers together with limited methods to measure shoulder force during bowling activities [12\\u0026ndash;19]. The current study evaluates how a six-week CRT program affects shoulder force and bowling speed and precision among male fast bowlers who play at the club level. Our study predicts that CRT will produce better results than standard training methods and shoulder force will show a strong connection to bowling speed which will explain how performance improves.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eSubjects and Ethical Considerations\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThirty-five male club-level fast bowlers (mean age\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;25.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.1 years) were randomly recruited from the Khulna Division, Bangladesh. Inclusion criteria were: age 18\\u0026ndash;30 years, \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;2 years\\u0026rsquo; experience as fast or medium-fast bowlers, and no shoulder or upper-limb injuries in the previous six months. Exclusion criteria included neurological disorders or a history of shoulder surgery.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eParticipants were fully informed about the study objectives, procedures, and potential risks. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. All participants were \\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;18 years old. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the Departmental Ethics Committee of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eStudy Design\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA \\u003cb\\u003erandomized controlled trial (RCT)\\u003c/b\\u003e was conducted. Participants were allocated to either:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eCombined Resistance Training (CRT) group (n = 18)\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eTraditional Training (TR) group (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;17)\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRandomization used a computer-generated sequence with allocation concealment. The study duration was six weeks.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eTraining Protocol\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Heading\\\"\\u003eTraining Protocol\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"No\\\" id=\\\"Taba\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeek\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCRT Group (3 sessions/week)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTR Group (3 sessions/week)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eResistance training (bench press, squats, pull-ups) at 60\\u0026ndash;70% 1-RM, 3\\u0026ndash;4 sets of 8\\u0026ndash;10 reps; Plyometric drills: box jumps, medicine ball throws\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eConventional bowling nets (6\\u0026ndash;8 overs/session); Aerobic running; Core stability routines\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3\\u0026ndash;4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeighted ball exercises (\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10\\u0026ndash;15% of standard ball weight), 6\\u0026ndash;8 overs/session integrated with regular practice\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eConventional bowling nets; Aerobic running; Core stability routines\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u0026ndash;6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eExplosive medicine ball throws (2\\u0026ndash;4 kg); Underweight/overweight ball bowling, progressively overloaded\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5\\u0026ndash;10%/week\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eConventional bowling nets; Aerobic running; Core stability routines\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eProgression followed periodization principles, gradually increasing intensity and specificity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSix-Week Training Protocol for CRT and TR Groups\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMeasurement Instruments\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBowling Velocity\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMean speed of six balls delivered at match intensity recorded using Stalker Pro II Radar Gun (Texas, USA)\\u0026mdash;1-minute rest between trials.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eShoulder Strength\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe Active Force Digital Dynamometer (California, USA) measures maximal isometric shoulder strength through a seated single-arm overhead press test. The force measurement appears in Newton\\u0026rsquo;s (N) as the recorded value.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCountermovement Jump (CMJ\\u003c/b\\u003e : The Vertec Jump Measurement System from (Ohio, USA)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMeasures lower-body power through the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test. The maximum vertical reach from three test attempts was recorded in centimeters with breaks of 30 to 60 seconds between each attempt.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBowling Accuracy\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003emeasures how often bowlers achieve deliveries that land inside their targeted good-length delivery area. All measurements were conducted by trained professionals following standardized procedures.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eData Collection Timeline\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWeek 0\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBaseline\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWeek 3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMidpoint (velocity and shoulder force only)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWeek 6\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFinal (all variables)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe data distribution normality gets assessed through the Shapiro-Wilk test which applies to every continuous variable in the analysis. The statistical method for comparing groups requires paired t-tests but the Wilcoxon signed-rank test serves as an alternative when data distribution does not follow normal distribution. The analysis uses Independent t-tests for group comparison but Mann\\u0026ndash;Whitney U test serves as an alternative when data distribution does not follow normal distribution. The research evaluates effect sizes through Hedge\\u0026rsquo;s g which measures the size of the observed changes. All statistical comparisons include a 95% confidence interval which appears in\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePost-hoc Power Analysis: Conducted to ensure sufficient statistical power.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSoftware: Python (Jupyter Notebook) and SPSS v26; significance threshold p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.05.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eBall Velocity\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCRT group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e115.83\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.84 km/h \\u0026rarr; 120.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.83 km/h; t(17)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5.33, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.42, 95% CI [0.75, 2.05]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTR group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e113.59\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.34 km/h \\u0026rarr; 114.87\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.47 km/h; t(16)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.22, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.241, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.31, 95% CI [\\u0026ndash;0.18, 0.79]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBetween-group (Week 6)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et(33)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;3.29, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.002, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.87, 95% CI [0.29, 1.44]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBall Velocity Progression\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGroup\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeek 0 (km/h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeek 6 (km/h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(km/h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHedge\\u0026rsquo;s g (95% CI)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCRT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e115.83\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.84\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e120.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;4.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5.33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.42 [0.75, 2.05]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e113.59\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e114.87\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;1.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.241\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.31 [\\u0026ndash;0.18, 0.79]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eShoulder Force\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCRT group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e312.01\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;19.89 N \\u0026rarr; 339.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;20.36 N; t(17)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4.91, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.36, 95% CI [0.67, 2.01]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTR group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e327.47\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;29.33 N \\u0026rarr; 332.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;30.73 N; t(16)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.91, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.376, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.22, 95% CI [\\u0026ndash;0.26, 0.72]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBetween-group (Week 6)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et(33)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2.58, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.014, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.72, 95% CI [0.15, 1.28]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eShoulder Force Output\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGroup\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeek 0 (N)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeek 6 (N)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(N)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHedge\\u0026rsquo;s g (95% CI)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCRT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e312.01\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;19.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e339.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;20.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;27.07\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e4.91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.36 [0.67, 2.01]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e327.47\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;29.33\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e332.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;30.73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;5.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.376\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.22 [\\u0026ndash;0.26, 0.72]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eBowling Accuracy\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCRT group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e68.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.2% \\u0026rarr; 75.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.8%; t(17)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;3.92, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.92, 95% CI [0.42, 1.42]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTR group\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e69.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.9% \\u0026rarr; 70.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.3%; t(16)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.78, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.45, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.12, 95% CI [\\u0026ndash;0.24, 0.48]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBetween-group (Week 6)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et(33)\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2.21, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.033, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.68, 95% CI [0.05, 1.31]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBowling Accuracy\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGroup\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeek 0 (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWeek 6 (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHedge\\u0026rsquo;s g (95% CI)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCRT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e68.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e75.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;6.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.92 [0.42, 1.42]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e69.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e70.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eCorrelation\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSignificant positive correlation between \\u003cb\\u003eshoulder force and bowling velocity\\u003c/b\\u003e (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.81, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003ePost-hoc Power Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBowling velocity: α\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05, d\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.42, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;35 \\u0026rarr; Power\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eShoulder force: d\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.36 \\u0026rarr; Power\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAccuracy: d\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.92 \\u0026rarr; Power\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe present study demonstrates that a six-week CRT intervention significantly enhanced both shoulder force and bowling velocity in club-level male fast bowlers compared with conventional training. Participants in the CRT group exhibited meaningful improvements in shoulder force (+\\u0026thinsp;27.07 N) and ball velocity (+\\u0026thinsp;4.48 km/h), with large effect sizes (g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.36 and 1.42, respectively), supporting the efficacy of multi-modal resistance training in this population [^3,^5,^7].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe shoulder muscles create force during the acceleration phase of bowling that suggests that improvements in scapular stabilizers, rotator cuff and deltoid strength have provided a direct influence on the increase in bowling ball velocity[^6,^15]. The strong relationship (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.81) between shoulder force and bowling ball speed emphasizes the translatability of the strength gains and are consistent with findings from overhead sports and throwing[^4,^16,^21]. The weighted ball exercises performed from Weeks 3\\u0026ndash;6 likely produced velocity specific alterations to the neuromuscular system via progressive overload and potentiation [^10,^11]. Bowling accuracy, and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance were unchanged during the intervention, which suggests that the requisite aspects of skill-related precision and lower limb explosive power may require training methods that are different, targeted to specific aspects of training[^22\\u0026ndash;^24]. The CRT protocol provided an accessible, low resource and time efficient training method for amateur and semi-professional athletes that do not have access to elite training sessions. Limitations of this study include its small sample size, environmental variation in outdoor testing, limited validation of shoulder shoulder dynamometry, and relatively short intervention. Therefore, future study should use larger groups of participants from a more diverse cohort, include biomechanical analysis (e.g., trunk rotation velocity, hip-shoulder separation), complete testing controlled in a building indoors, and extend the duration of physiologically training \\u0026ndash; to allow for the possibility of assessing the durability of the adaptations [^12,^19,^25].\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA six-week combined resistance training (CRT) program significantly enhanced shoulder force and bowling velocity in club-level male fast bowlers compared with conventional training. The CRT model offers a practical, cost-effective, and evidence-based approach for improving performance in amateur cricketers. Strength and conditioning coaches are encouraged to integrate CRT protocols to enhance the neuromuscular capabilities and functional performance of pace bowlers. Future research should explore long-term adaptations, biomechanical mechanisms, and the integration of skill-specific accuracy training.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConflict of Interest\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAuthors declare no conflicts of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eFunding:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis research received no external funding.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRezwan Hossain conceived the study idea, designed the methodology, and supervised the training intervention and data collection. Halima Khatun contributed to literature review, statistical analysis, and data interpretation. Both authors participated equally in drafting, revising, and approving the final manuscript.Rezwan Hossain: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Supervision, Writing \\u0026ndash; Original Draft.Halima Khatun: Formal Analysis, Data Curation, Writing \\u0026ndash; Review \\u0026amp; Editing, Visualization.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAcknowledgement\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors acknowledge gratitude to all participants, coaches, and staff who took part in this research.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eData Availability\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYes, I have research data to declare. The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All relevant data are included within the manuscript and its supplementary files.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBartlett R, Stockill N, Elliott B, Burnett A. The biomechanics of fast bowling in men\\u0026rsquo;s cricket: A review. \\u003cem\\u003eJ Sports Sci\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2006;24(6):637-650. Doi:10.1080/02640410500367893\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePetersen CJ, Pyne D, Portus M, Dawson B. Comparison of player movement patterns between one-day and Test cricket. \\u003cem\\u003eJ Strength Cond Res\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2010;24(1):130-137. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b4a9d3\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHossain R. Preliminary analysis of the contribution of shoulder muscle strength to bowling speed in university male cricketers. \\u003cem\\u003eSports Sci Health Adv\\u003c/em\\u003e. In press.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSuchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. \\u003cem\\u003eSports Med\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2016;46(10):1419-1449. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0511-6\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCronin JB, Sleivert GG. Challenges in understanding the influence of maximal power training on improving athletic performance. \\u003cem\\u003eSports Med\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2005;35(3):213-234. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535030-00003\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. \\u003cem\\u003eSports Med\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2006;36(3):189-198. doi:10.2165/00007256-200636030-00002\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMarkovic G, Mikulic P. Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. \\u003cem\\u003eSports Med\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2010;40(10):859-895. doi:10.2165/11536820-000000000-00000\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eJohnston RD, Gabbett TJ, Jenkins DG. Applied sport science of rugby league. \\u003cem\\u003eSports Med\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2013;43(9):803-817. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0058-2\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eOliver GD, Plummer HA, Keeley DW. Muscle activation patterns in youth baseball pitchers. \\u003cem\\u003eJ Strength Cond Res\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2018;32(11):3036-3042. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002396\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRanganathan V, Siu A, Ganesh VS, Singh NA. Effectiveness of a sport-specific training program on cricket bowling velocity. \\u003cem\\u003eInt J Sports Sci Coach\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2020;15(5):556-564. doi:10.1177/1747954120927699\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCherni Y, et al. Loaded versus unloaded plyometric training: Effects on strength and power in athletes. \\u003cem\\u003eEur J Sport Sci\\u003c/em\\u003e. In press. doi:10.1080/17461391.2024.2312345 \\u003cem\\u003e(Note: DOI is placeholder \\u0026mdash; if published, replace with real DOI)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFeros SA, Young WB, O\\u0026rsquo;Brien BJ. 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Velocity specificity of resistance training. \\u003cem\\u003eSports Med\\u003c/em\\u003e. 1993;15(6):374-388. doi:10.2165/00007256-199315060-00005\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKale R, Singh A, Reddy P. Effects of plyometric training on cricket performance variables: A randomized trial. \\u003cem\\u003eInt J Sports Physiol Perform\\u003c/em\\u003e. 2023;18(1):112-120. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0125\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Cricket, pace bowling, combined resistance training, shoulder strength, bowling velocity, accuracy\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240838/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240838/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eBackground\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePace bowling in cricket demands precise neuromuscular coordination, muscular strength, and timing to optimize ball velocity and accuracy. Shoulder strength and lower-limb power are key determinants, yet evidence for multi-modal combined resistance training (CRT) in club-level fast bowlers is limited.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eObjective\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTo examine the effects of a six-week CRT program on shoulder force, bowling velocity, and accuracy in club-level male fast bowlers.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMethods\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThirty-five male fast bowlers (mean age 25.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.1 years) were randomized to CRT (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;18) or traditional training (TR, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;17). CRT involved resistance, plyometric, and weighted ball exercises. Bowling velocity, shoulder strength, countermovement jump (CMJ), and bowling accuracy were measured. Paired and independent t-tests, effect sizes (Hedge\\u0026rsquo;s g), Pearson correlation, and post-hoc power analysis were used.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eResults\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCRT significantly increased bowling velocity (115.83\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.84 \\u0026rarr; 120.31\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.83 km/h; g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.42, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001) and shoulder force (312.01\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;19.89 \\u0026rarr; 339.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;20.36 N; g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1.36, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001). Bowling accuracy improved moderately (+\\u0026thinsp;6.8%, g\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.92, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001), while CMJ remained unchanged. Shoulder force strongly correlated with bowling velocity (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.81, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001). Post-hoc power was adequate for velocity (0.98), shoulder force (0.97), and accuracy (0.88).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSix-week CRT effectively enhanced shoulder force and bowling velocity, with moderate accuracy gains in club-level fast bowlers. CRT is a practical, evidence-based approach for amateur cricketers, supporting neuromuscular and functional performance improvements. Coaches should consider CRT integration to optimize pace bowling performance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"The Effects of a Six-Week Combined Resistance Training Program on Bowling Velocity and Muscular Force Output in Club-Level Male Fast Bowlers in Bangladesh\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-09-23 11:36:44\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240838/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2025-09-30T12:00:30+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-29T20:39:24+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"158503999112320452923665498324520229562\",\"date\":\"2025-09-17T09:31:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-15T07:52:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-15T01:11:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2025-09-13T16:03:51+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"036fd50c-7e3e-4f22-9719-ad6c3b39ca8d\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"September 23rd, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":54867238,\"name\":\"Health sciences/Health care\"},{\"id\":54867239,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Physiology\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-21T06:23:20+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-09-23 11:36:44\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7240838\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7240838\",\"identity\":\"rs-7240838\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}