{"paper_id":"2804b28f-e475-4f56-9100-04397a0d7e5c","body_text":"Local agricultural transition, crisis and migration in the Southern Andes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Social Sciences - Article Local agricultural transition, crisis and migration in the Southern Andes Nicolas Rascovan, Ramiro Barberena, Pierre Luisi, Paula Novellino, and 35 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6450570/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Nature → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The transition to agriculture was a transformative process in human history with demographic and social consequences that varied widely. However, its dynamics in South America remain understudied. The Uspallata Valley (UV), located within the southern frontier of Andean agriculture, provides a singular setting to explore how farming societies emerged and evolved. Here, we show that agriculture in UV was initially adopted by local hunter-gatherers, as evidenced by genetic continuity between pre-farming and farming populations inferred from 46 newly sequenced ancient human genomes. These groups carried a distinct genetic component within the American diversity, suggesting a unique population history. Following agricultural intensification, we identify the arrival of migrants from nearby regions into UV between ~810–700 cal years BP, shortly predating the Inka arrival. Genomic, isotopic, and kinship analyses indicate that these migrants had intensive maize diets and moved in family groups, likely organized around matrilineal ties. They show multiple signs of stress, including nutritional deficiencies and tuberculosis, confirmed by bacterial genome sequencing, and experienced a long-term demographic decline. We suggest that social organization and mobility were forms of resilience in response to intersecting stressors—subsistence dependency and specialization, environmental instability, and disease—within a broader socio-ecological crisis. Scientific community and society/Social sciences/Interdisciplinary studies Biological sciences/Evolution/Anthropology/Biological anthropology Biological sciences/Evolution/Archaeology Biological sciences/Evolution/Population genetics Isotopes Archaeology Paleogenomics Human Genetics South America Mobility Diet Tuberculosis Social structure Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupplementaryDataS2Srrodents.xlsx 87Sr/86Sr results for rodent samples from the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile. SupplementaryDataS7PopSize.xlsx Conditional heterozygosity and effective population size. SupplementaryDataS1Isotopeshumans.xlsx Isotopic results for human samples from UV and site BB6 SupplementaryDataS4IndividualsincludedinaDNAanalyses.xlsx Individuals included in different genomic analyses. SupplementaryDataS3Sequencing.xlsx Information on sequencing effort. SupplementaryTextS1.docx Translation of the article in Spanish BarberenaLuisietal.NatureSupplementaryMaterials20250408785.pdf Supplementary Information SupplementaryDataS5Kinship.xlsx Kinship results. SupplementaryDataS6fstats.xlsx f-statistics analyses. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Nature → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6450570\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Social Sciences - Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":451251176,\"identity\":\"53d4c380-c42f-4255-a864-f74a4511366f\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Nicolas Rascovan\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABGklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZiB+gCzAj5A6gFtLArKAZAOQACtmS0BXjAAoUgYHCGgxZ2d++CChpo7BvP34ww8f2+zyjG83P/78oeJwPgMb7wNsWiyb2YwNEo4dZpA5k2MsObMtudjszjEziQNnDls2sLEbYNNicJiHTSKB7QCDBEMOGzPPGebEbTcSzBgOth02YJBvw+owiJZ/dQwS/M+fAbXUJ26ekf75w8F/QC1sbLi1JLYxM0hIJJgx81QcTtwgkWMgcbABnxagXxL7DvNISLwxlpxRcTxxxp0zZRJnjqUbsOHScv7wwwcfvtXJSfCnP/zwwaA6sX92++YPFTXWBvw4tMAAD4IpAaXxa0ABEoSVjIJRMApGwcgCADHuW5a9o9hJAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2129-5878\",\"institution\":\"Institut Pasteur\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Nicolas\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Rascovan\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":451251177,\"identity\":\"baf8ff73-96ae-426d-a651-e446f57fd4a9\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Ramiro Barberena\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-1197\",\"institution\":\"Universidad Catolica de Temuco\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ramiro\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Barberena\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":451251178,\"identity\":\"4ca14f17-4b8c-46d0-93cb-29641c6657a3\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Pierre Luisi\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba (IDACOR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pierre\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Luisi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":451251179,\"identity\":\"2aef77de-8bc3-44b9-a80e-56faa56ee5ab\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Paula Novellino\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas Juan C. 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agricultural transition, crisis and migration in the Southern Andes\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"nature-portfolio\",\"isNatureJournal\":true,\"hasQc\":false,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Nature Portfolio\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":false,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"ejp\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Isotopes, Archaeology, Paleogenomics, Human Genetics, South America, Mobility, Diet, Tuberculosis, Social structure\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6450570/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6450570/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"The transition to agriculture was a transformative process in human history with demographic and social consequences that varied widely. However, its dynamics in South America remain understudied. The Uspallata Valley (UV), located within the southern frontier of Andean agriculture, provides a singular setting to explore how farming societies emerged and evolved. Here, we show that agriculture in UV was initially adopted by local hunter-gatherers, as evidenced by genetic continuity between pre-farming and farming populations inferred from 46 newly sequenced ancient human genomes. These groups carried a distinct genetic component within the American diversity, suggesting a unique population history. Following agricultural intensification, we identify the arrival of migrants from nearby regions into UV between ~810–700 cal years BP, shortly predating the Inka arrival. Genomic, isotopic, and kinship analyses indicate that these migrants had intensive maize diets and moved in family groups, likely organized around matrilineal ties. They show multiple signs of stress, including nutritional deficiencies and tuberculosis, confirmed by bacterial genome sequencing, and experienced a long-term demographic decline. We suggest that social organization and mobility were forms of resilience in response to intersecting stressors—subsistence dependency and specialization, environmental instability, and disease—within a broader socio-ecological crisis.\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Local agricultural transition, crisis and migration in the Southern Andes\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-05-05 02:40:14\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6450570/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":false,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"nature\",\"isNatureJournal\":true,\"hasQc\":false,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"nature\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Nature](http://www.nature.com/nature/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Nature\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"ejp\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Nature\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"92de792a-eef7-4ddc-8d84-788f80123973\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 5th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":48010973,\"name\":\"Scientific community and society/Social sciences/Interdisciplinary studies\"},{\"id\":48010974,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Evolution/Anthropology/Biological anthropology\"},{\"id\":48010975,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Evolution/Archaeology\"},{\"id\":48010976,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Evolution/Population genetics\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-03-19T07:05:59+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-6450570\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10233-z\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"nature\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Nature\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-03-18 04:00:00\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"March 18th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-05-05 02:40:14\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1038/s41586-026-10233-z\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10233-z\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6450570\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6450570\",\"identity\":\"rs-6450570\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}