{"paper_id":"262a84e4-1cd7-4b72-b417-8b2ff44cec37","body_text":"Seed Availability and Bird Occurrence in Freshly Drilled Onion and Carrot Fields in Brazil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seed Availability and Bird Occurrence in Freshly Drilled Onion and Carrot Fields in Brazil Gustavo Souza Santos, Fábio Casallanovo, Ana Paola Cione, Mariana Coletty Artal, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4668305/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Agricultural landscapes in Brazil provide habitat to various bird species, some of which may be exposed to pesticide-treated seeds that have not been fully incorporated into the soil during drilling. Understanding the dynamics and interactions between birds and freshly drilled fields is crucial for developing sustainable farming practices that balance agricultural food production with wildlife conservation. This study investigated the presence and abundance of birds and the availability of pesticide-treated seeds in four onion fields and seven carrot fields in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. Bird surveys were conducted using scan sampling and point count methods to observe diversity and behavior before and after crop drilling. For carrot and onion fields, the study found that seed incorporation rates varied according to the distance from the field edges, with close to the edge having lower rates. In carrot fields, bird monitoring showed a decrease in observed species and individuals on the day of drilling, with an increase in bird sightings after drilling. In onion fields, similar trends were observed, with the species composition changing after drilling and a significant decrease in species abundance on the day of drilling. None of the species found foraging in the field after drilling were granivorous or omnivorous. These findings indicated that carrot and onion fields offer limited food sources for granivore bird species due to high seed incorporation rates and intensive seedbed preparation. The research suggests that freshly drilled carrot and onion fields are generally unattractive to foraging birds, with low seed exposure and a reduced likelihood of contact with pesticides applied as a seed treatment. Seed incorporation Farmland birds Granivore Pesticide exposure Functional Response Wildlife Risk Assessment Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 INTRODUCTION As dynamic environments, agricultural landscapes foster intricate interactions between agricultural productions and the diverse bird species that utilize these landscapes. Agricultural fields, along with their surrounding habitat and landscape elements, can potentially serve as sources of shelter, breeding sites, and food for many species (Oosterveld et al. 2022 ). Understanding these interactions is necessary for developing mutually beneficial farming practices that sustain agricultural food production while minimizing the impact on wildlife. Among the many pesticide application methods/techniques used to control pathogens and pests, one commonly used method is treating or coating the seeds. Pesticides are directly applied to the crop seeds, and treated seeds are drilled. If seeds are not appropriately incorporated into the soil, they are partly exposed to the soil surface (de Snoo & Luttik 2004 ; Hahne et al. 2024a ), posing a potentially higher risk for birds foraging in these fields to ingest treated seeds. The extent to which wildlife is exposed to these treated seeds depends on the foraging species, the amount of seeds available, and potential competitors and can be described as a functional response, the relationship between food availability, competitor density, and feeding rates (Stillman & Simmons 2006 ; Smart et al. 2008 ). Risk assessments for seed treatments should, therefore, include data on residues on seeds (Hahne et al. 2024b ), residue data on seeds exposed to the soil surface (de Snoo & Luttik 2004 ; Hahne et al. 2024a ), and data about bird species foraging on freshly drilled fields (Prosser & Hart 2005 ; Santos et al. 2023 ). Risk assessments for pesticides to birds in different territories and protocols, such as those conducted by EFSA (2009; 2023) and the US EPA (2023), require the inclusion of seed incorporation studies and wildlife monitoring for a higher tier approach (Weight of Evidence). For monitoring studies, it is necessary to systematically record avian species and their abundances, behavioral patterns, and habitat preferences within recently cultivated fields and their surroundings. Such data can enhance the precision of risk assessments for seed treatments (EFSA 2009; 2023; US EPA 2023). Brazil is home to a rich diversity of birds, with 1,903 species documented on the Avibase repository (Lepage 2024 ). The Brazilian Cerrado biome, covering around 22% of the country, is a biodiversity hotspot with many threatened species (Bencke et al. 2006 ; De Luca et al. 2009 ). This biome features a variety of vegetation, including grasslands, woodlands, and forests (Klink & Machado 2005 ), and neighboring off-crop areas adjacent to agricultural fields within Brazil often serve as important refuges and corridors for wildlife in human-altered landscapes (Penteado et al. 2016 ; Santos et al. 2023 ). While research has been conducted on the species richness and ecological roles of birds in areas of native vegetation adjacent to crop fields (Piratelli et al. 2005 ), few studies have examined wildlife interactions with specific crop types (Gutierrez-Arellano & Mulligan 2018 ; Santos et al. 2023 ). In Brazil, specialized crop management practices for vegetables, such as carrots and onions, are designed to promote growth while minimizing environmental risks and protecting non-target species (Carvalho et al. 2021 ; Clemente 2015 ). These practices include seed treatment, meticulous seedbed preparation, precision drilling of seeds, farmer training, and machinery maintenance to ensure plant health and yield (Carvalho et al. 2021 ). The \"blading\" and bunding technique (see Supplemental material), which shapes the soil into raised beds, is unique to vegetable farming to minimize soil runoff and maximize water retention and contrasts with the practices in row crops where turn rows may increase treated seed exposure due to soil disturbance (Toor et al. 2021 ). As a result, the exposure of treated seeds to the soil surface is expected to be low, as shown by the bunding technique in carrot and onion cultivation in Brazil. This study aims to quantitatively assess the incorporation of onion and carrot seeds immediately after drilling and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after. Additionally, bird occurrence was recorded in these freshly drilled onion and carrot fields and adjacent off-crop habitats. Moreover, this study discusses how the combined information on seed incorporation and freshly drilled fields by birds could be used for exposure and risk assessments for seed treatment with pesticides in Brazil. METHODS Study area The study was conducted in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais (Fig. 1 ). The experimental areas were located at commercially managed onion and carrot fields on the plateau of southeastern Brazil, within the ecotonal boundary where the Brazilian Atlantic Forest converges with the Cerrado biome. The selected carrot and onion fields were distributed across two municipalities: Santa Juliana and São Gotardo. Both regions represent Brazil's common onion and carrot cultivation areas (IBGE 2017; 2022). In total, four onion fields and seven carrot fields were monitored. In Santa Juliana (hereafter SJ), four fields were monitored, comprising one carrot and three onion fields; in São Gotardo (hereafter SG), seven fields were monitored, including one onion field and six carrot fields. Detailed information regarding the study fields and surrounding habitats, the designated areas for bird scans, the locations for point counts, and the sites/areas of seed incorporation trials are delineated in the Supplementary Material. Meteorological data were acquired from the Araxá weather station (Station No. 83579; Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia: https://portal.inmet.gov.br ), situated in proximity to both research sites (with the maximum distance to the study fields being approximately 69 km for SJ and 87 km for SG). The data comprises daily maximum, mean, and minimum temperatures and precipitation levels for February and March (Figure S1 - Supplemental Material). Seedbed preparation and drilling procedures Seedbed preparation started with the mechanical removal of crop debris, utilizing a variety of field-specific machinery described in Table 1 . This process involved ploughing to invert the soil and bury the previous crop remains, followed by further refinement to create an optimal seedbed. This process also includes bunding, forming furrows between the raised beds, providing space for irrigation, drainage, and planting seeds. These furrows also help minimize water loss and soil runoff. In general, seedbed preparation and drilling were often conducted on the same day. The information on the drilling density, the type of drilling machinery used, and the thousand-grain weight of onion/carrot seed types drilled were obtained directly from each grower (Table 1 ). Table 1 – Information on drilled fields with carrot and onion seeds. GPS Coordinate Crop Drilling date in 2020 Machinery Drilling density (seeds/ha) Thousand-grain weight (g) SG1: 19°20'22\"S 46°08'46\"W Carrot 18 Feb Stanhay & Agricola italiana 850,000–900,000 5.14 SJ1: 19°21'25\"S 47°33'08\"W Carrot 07 Mar Stanhay 620,000 5.14 SG2: 19°25'31\"S 46°09'13\"W Carrot 06 Mar Stanhay 540,000 5.14 SG3: 19°15'41\"S 46°14'55\"W Carrot 20 Feb Agricola italiana 702,857 5.14 SG4: 19°17'49\"S 46°09'12\"W* Carrot - - - - SG5: 19°24'07\"S 46°15'26\"W Carrot 10 Mar Agricola italiana 660,000 5.14 SG6: 19°22'47\"S 46°12'53\"W Carrot 05 Mar Agricola italiana 1,000,000 4.82 SJ2: 19°24'03\"S 47°19'59\"W Onion 09 Mar Stanhay 1,051,000 3.615 SJ3: 19°29'22\"S 47°21'06\"W Onion 17 Mar Stanhay (4 lines double) 965,714 4.106 SJ4: 19°24'31\"S 47°18'39\"W Onion 18 Mar Stanhay (4 lines double) 1,020,952 4.106 SG7: 19°26'21\"S 46°15'41\"W Onion 23 Feb Agricola italiana 660,606 - * It was not possible to obtain the information for one carrot field. Agriculture drilling refers to positioning crop seeds in the soil and burying them to a specific depth, ensuring a uniform distribution. Carrot and onion seeds are small and have a low drilling depth (1 to 3 cm). After drilling, the edge of the irrigation plot was flattened and leveled using a mechanical blade to cover potential spills from turning the tractor and lifting the drilling equipment. Carrot and onion fields are generally irrigated, and most of the fields in this study used the center pivot method. The blading at the edge of the crop also aligns with the range of the irrigation arm of the center pivot to minimize water loss. The seedbed preparation and drilling of carrot and onion seeds followed the same procedure. Seed incorporation surveys Non-incorporated seeds at the soil surface were counted to assess seed incorporation rate and disappearance over time. The percentage of seed incorporation was measured by counting the remaining seeds on the soil surface after drilling compared to the total number of seeds per ha (Table 1 ). Due to varying drilling densities on the study fields, the data was normalized to the percentage of drilling density. This was only possible for carrots in six fields with known drilling densities (Table 1 ). The availability of seeds on the soil surface and the first seedlings germinated in each study field was determined according to the following schedule: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after drilling (DAD). Therefore, a frame (0.5 x 0.5 m) was placed on the drilled ground, and all crop seeds visible on the soil surface (without digging) inside this frame were counted. The frames were placed at defined distances from the edge of the crop. In each seedbed, only one frame was placed. Seven frames per field and counting day were put on consecutive seedbeds with distances of 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 40, and 100 m from the edge of the field. All frame locations were recorded with GPS positions (Table 1 ). Bird surveys Experienced ornithologists performed scan samplings over five days in seven carrot fields and three onion fields. Scan sampling was conducted once before drilling (3 to 1 day before) and four times after drilling (DAD 0, 2, 5, and 10 [± 1d]). Monitoring was conducted for three hours in the morning and evening (except on drilling day, during which monitoring in the morning hours was not possible). One bird scan session comprised 37 single scans. Observations were made from a car on one edge of the study field to provide a good view of the scan area. The area to be monitored was defined once per study field before the first scan sampling session, and GPS coordinates of the vertices were taken (Table 1 ). Every 5 minutes, the species and number of birds in the scanned area were identified and quantified using a spotting scope and binoculars. The behavior of each bird observed was recorded as ‘foraging’ or ‘non-foraging.’ Non-foraging behavior was preening, resting, courtship, and territorial/aggressive behaviors. Foraging behavior also included ‘looking/searching for food.’ The point count method assessed the diversity of bird communities around the test fields. The point count method was applied near each investigated carrot and onion field to record the number of species and the species that had potential access to the investigated fields. Point counts lasted 20 minutes at each location, and all birds were identified visually with binoculars and acoustic detection to get information about the overall bird community at the sites where the detailed scan sampling was conducted (Supplemental Material). Statistical analyses We calculated the number of seeds per m² on study fields across days and locations. This design allowed us to track temporal and spatial seed incorporation patterns on the soil surface (percentage of seed incorporation normalized by the drilling density). From the bird survey data, we derived the number of bird species, the abundance of birds per species, and the proportion of birds foraging per field normalized by the number of scans. Only birds observed in the scanned fields were included for analysis. The sampling outside the fields was done only to get information about the overall bird community in the region that assesses the fields. To assess the adequacy of our sampling efforts, we constructed species accumulation curves using a random distribution of the sampling units (1000 permutations). According to Ludwig and Reynolds ( 1988 ) and Magurran ( 2013 ), an asymptote in the curve suggested that species richness was sufficiently sampled. We then employed generalized linear models to evaluate the effect of time after drilling on the number of species. In these models, the number of species was treated as an additive function of sampling time, categorized as before and after drilling. Subsequently, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the significance of all model variables, including seedling stages and sampling times. The bird guilds considered, as proposed by Wilman et al. (2014), were granivorous (PlantSeed), omnivorous (Omnivore), insectivorous (Invertebrates), frugivorous (FruitNect), and carnivorous/scavengers (VertFishScav). The data collection conducted before drilling allows the comparison of data obtained pre- and post-drilling to gather information about the potential increase/decrease of the attractiveness of the test fields after drilling. Species observed in the point counts were also compiled for comparison with the number of species that occurred in the fields. The total percentage of birds potentially foraging per species was calculated as the total number of birds recorded as potentially foraging divided by the total number of sightings of that species multiplied by 100. RESULTS Seed incorporation in carrot fields Close to the edge of the field (0–10 m), the average seed incorporation rate ranged between 79 and 100% (3.87 seeds per m² on average). Nevertheless, the seed incorporation rate increased as the distance from the field edges increased (Fig. 2 A). Unincorporated seeds were only found occasionally at distances 40 m or more from field edges, and the seed incorporation varied between 96 to 100% of seed incorporation (0.41 seeds per m² on average). Seed incorporation in onion fields Close to the edge of the crop (0–10 m), the average seed incorporation rate on the fields varied between 74% and 99% (6.9 seeds per m² on average). Nevertheless, the seed incorporation rate increased as the distance from the edge of the crop increased, and for distances ≥ 40 m, rates varied between 93 and 100% (1.4 seeds per m² on average; Fig. 2 B). Avifauna in carrot fields Scan sampling During the scan sessions, 3184 bird detections from 26 species were recorded in 7 carrot fields. The species-accumulation curve approached an asymptote, indicating that the sampling effort was sufficient to record most of the species at the study sites (Fig. 3 A). Before drilling, 494 sightings from 16 species were recorded during 327 scans, whereas after drilling, 2690 sightings from 20 species were recorded in 1036 scans, resulting in a rate (sightings per scan) of 1.51 and 2.60, respectively. Furthermore, 10 species were observed before and after drilling, 6 were observed only before drilling, and 10 were observed only after drilling (Table 2 ). We found fewer species and individuals on the day of carrot seed drilling (Table 3 ). Point counts Throughout the scanning sessions, 799 bird sightings across 68 species were recorded within 7 carrot fields. The number of observed species in the surrounding habitats was consistently higher than those on or overflying the study fields (Table 4 ). Overall, the number of species was 2.5 times higher during point counts than scan sessions (68 species to 26 species), even if the observation time was shorter. Foraging birds Considering only foraging birds, 156 sightings of 7 species were recorded before drilling during 475 scans and 57 sightings of 9 species after drilling during 1036 scans, resulting in a rate (sightings per scan) of 0.33 and 0.06, respectively. The four most recorded foraging species were the same before and after drilling: Buff-necked Ibis, Southern Lapwing, Crested Caracara, and Grey Monjita (Table 5 ). Avifauna in onion fields Scan sampling Overall, 145 bird sightings of 11 species were recorded in 3 onion fields. The species-accumulation curve did not approach an asymptote, which indicated that the sampling effort could be improved to record most of the species occurring at the study sites (Fig. 3 B). Before drilling, 59 sightings from 7 species were recorded in 111 scans. However, 86 sightings from 10 species were recorded in 296 scans after drilling. This shift resulted in a rate (sightings per scan) of 0.53 and 0.29, respectively. Furthermore, the species composition also changed, with five species observed before and after drilling, two observed only before drilling, and five observed only after drilling (Table 2 ). Table 2 Bird assemblage composition for species that occurred before and after drilling characterized by species, diet guild, and absolute abundance (N) among carrots and onion fields observed by scan sampling. Scientific name Common name Diet guild Abundance Before drilling After drilling Carrots fields Alopochelidon fucata Tawny-headed Swallow Invertebrate 0 1 Amazona aestiva Blue-fronted Amazon Omnivore 2 0 Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit Invertebrate 2 12 Ardea alba Great Egret Invertebrate 0 3 Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl VertFishScav 43 0 Caracara plancus Crested Caracara VertFishScav 38 17 Columba livia Rock Pigeon PlantSeed 0 2 Coragyps atratus Black Vulture VertFishScav 0 1 Elanus leucurus White-tailed Kite VertFishScav 1 0 Eupsitulla aurea Peach-fronted Parakeet Omnivore 26 4 Falco femoralis Aplomado Falcon VertFishScav 1 0 Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird FruitNect 0 2 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Invertebrate 155 1986 Leistes superciliaris White-browed Meadowlark Omnivore 0 1 Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara VertFishScav 0 7 Nengetus cinereus Grey Monjita Invertebrate 17 20 Patagioenas cayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon PlantSeed 3 0 Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon PlantSeed 21 16 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow Invertebrate 67 357 Psittacara leucophthalma White-eyed Parakeet Omnivore 0 196 Syrigma sibilatrix Whistling Heron VertFishScav 9 0 Tachycineta leucorrhoa White-rumped Swallow Invertebrate 0 1 Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis Invertebrate 74 23 Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing Invertebrate 33 20 Xolmis velatus White-rumped Monjita Invertebrate 2 10 Zenaida auriculata Eared Dove PlantSeed 0 11 Onions fields Alipiopsitta xanthops Yellow-faced Parrot FruitNect 25 7 Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit Invertebrate 0 2 Buteogallus meridionalis Savanna Hawk VertFishScav 3 0 Caracara plancus Crested Caracara VertFishScav 10 2 Coragyps atratus Black Vulture VertFishScav 0 2 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Invertebrate 7 61 Nengetus cinereus Grey Monjita Invertebrate 0 1 Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon PlantSeed 2 0 Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis Invertebrate 0 3 Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing Invertebrate 6 3 Xolmis velatus White-rumped Monjita Invertebrate 6 3 Zenaida auriculata Eared Dove PlantSeed 0 2 On the day of seed drilling, we observed a significant decrease in species abundance (Table 3 ). The number of species and their abundance recorded two days after drilling differed from those observed before drilling. Table 3 – Number of species and individuals on the fields observed during scan sampling that presented statistically significant effects compared to before and each day after drilling according to generalized linear models. The estimates for each category and the associated p-value are also shown. Variable Category Estimates P Number of species in carrot fields Days after Drilling 0 -1.0986 < 0.005 2 -0.4568 > 0.05 5 0.1252 > 0.05 10 -0.034 > 0.05 Number of individuals in carrot fields Days after Drilling 0 -2.7686 < 0.005 2 -0.6004 > 0.05 5 1.3617 > 0.05 10 -0.0713 > 0.05 Number of species in onion fields Days after Drilling 0 -0.47 > 0.05 2 -0.47 > 0.05 Number of individuals in onion fields Days after Drilling 0 -1.3049 < 0.005 2 -0.1072 > 0.05 Point counts The number of observed species in the vicinity compared to those on or overflying the study fields was consistently higher (Table 4 ). Overall, the number of species was about 3.5 times higher in the vicinity (39 species to 11 species), even if the observation time was much shorter. Table 4 Bird assemblage composition observed by point counts near carrot and onion fields, characterized by species, diet, and absolute abundance (N). Scientific name Common name Diet guild Abundance Carrots fields Alipiopsitta xanthops Yellow-faced Parrot FruitNect 16 Alopochelidon fucata Tawny-headed Swallow Invertebrate 17 Amazonetta brasiliensis Brazilian Duck Omnivore 1 Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit Invertebrate 16 Antilophia galeata Helmeted Manakin FruitNect 1 Anumbius annumbi Firewood-gatherer Invertebrate 1 Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl VertFishScav 9 Buteogallus meridionalis Savanna Hawk VertFishScav 2 Cantorchilus leucotis Buff-breasted Wren Invertebrate 2 Caracara plancus Crested Caracara VertFishScav 17 Cariama cristata Red-legged Seriema Invertebrate 13 Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture VertFishScav 1 Chlorostilbon lucidus Glittering-bellied Emerald FruitNect 2 Chrysomus ruficapillus Chestnut-capped Blackbird Omnivore 9 Circus buffoni Long-winged Harrier VertFishScav 1 Colaptes campestris Campo Flicker Invertebrate 6 Columbina squammata Scaled Dove PlantSeed 2 Columbina talpacoti Ruddy-ground Dove PlantSeed 9 Coragyps atratus Black Vulture VertFishScav 18 Coryphospingus pileatus Grey-pileated Finch Omnivore 3 Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani Omnivore 6 Crypturellus parvirostris Small-billed Tinamou PlantSeed 1 Elaenia flavogaster Yellow-bellied Elaenia Omnivore 2 Elanus leucurus White-tailed Kite VertFishScav 1 Euphonia chlorotica Purple-throated Euphonia FruitNect 1 Eupsitulla aurea Peach-fronted Parakeet Omnivore 9 Falco sparverius American Kestrel VertFishScav 1 Forpus xanthopterygius Cobalt-rumped Parrotlet FruitNect 2 Furnarius rufus Rufous Hornero Invertebrate 6 Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird FruitNect 20 Gubernetes yetapa Streamer-tailed Tyrant Invertebrate 4 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Invertebrate 181 Leistes superciliaris White-browed Meadowlark Omnivore 7 Machetornis rixosa Cattle Tyrant Invertebrate 4 Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher Omnivore 1 Mimus saturninus Chalk-browed Mockingbird Invertebrate 2 Myiophobus fasciatus Bran-colored Flycatcher Invertebrate 1 Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher Invertebrate 2 Nengetus cinereus Grey Monjita Invertebrate 3 Nothura maculosa Spotted Nothura Omnivore 1 Patagioenas cayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon PlantSeed 4 Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon PlantSeed 11 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow Invertebrate 124 Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo Invertebrate 1 Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee Omnivore 4 Pseudoleistes guirahuro Yellow-rumped Marshbird Omnivore 14 Psittacara leucophthalma White-eyed Parakeet Omnivore 5 Ramphastos toco Toco Toucan Omnivore 1 Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk VertFishScav 3 Serpophaga subcristata White-crested Tyrannulet Invertebrate 1 Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch PlantSeed 10 Sicalis luteola Grassland-yellow Finch PlantSeed 11 Sporophila lineola Lined Seedeater PlantSeed 3 Sporophila nigricollis Yellow-bellied Seedeater PlantSeed 17 Synallaxis albescens Pale-breasted Spinetail Invertebrate 1 Synallaxis frontalis Sooty-fronted Spinetail Invertebrate 3 Syrigma sibilatrix Whistling Heron VertFishScav 2 Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis Invertebrate 20 Thraupis sayaca Sayaca Tanager FruitNect 4 Todirostrum cinereum Common Tody-flycatcher Invertebrate 1 Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs Invertebrate 2 Turdus amaurochalinus Creamy-bellied Thrush Omnivore 2 Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird Omnivore 3 Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing Invertebrate 45 Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit Omnivore 51 Xolmis velatus White-rumped Monjita Invertebrate 1 Zenaida auriculata Eared Dove PlantSeed 30 Zonotrichia capensis Rufous-collared Sparrow Omnivore 24 Onions fields Alipiopsitta xanthops Yellow-faced Parrot FruitNect 3 Ammodramus humeralis Grassland Sparrow PlantSeed 1 Anthus lutescens Yellowish Pipit Invertebrate 27 Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl VertFishScav 2 Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler Invertebrate 2 Buteogallus meridionalis Savanna Hawk VertFishScav 1 Cantorchilus leucotis Buff-breasted Wren Invertebrate 1 Caracara plancus Crested Caracara VertFishScav 10 Cariama cristata Red-legged Seriema Invertebrate 8 Coereba flaveola Bananaquit FruitNect 1 Colaptes campetris Campo Flicker Invertebrate 2 Coragyps atratus Black Vulture VertFishScav 18 Coryphospingus cucullatus Red-crested Finch Omnivore 2 Euphonia chlorotica Purple-throated Euphonia FruitNect 3 Furnarius rufus Rufous Hornero Invertebrate 2 Geranoaetus albicaudatus White-tailed Hawk VertFishScav 1 Herpsilochmus longirostris Large-billed Antwren Invertebrate 1 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Invertebrate 127 Leistes superciliaris White-browed Meadowlark Omnivore 2 Malacoptila striata Crescent-chested Puffbird Invertebrate 1 Mesembrinibis cayennensis Green Ibis Invertebrate 2 Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara VertFishScav 1 Myiophobus fasciatus Bran-colored Flycatcher Invertebrate 1 Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon PlantSeed 7 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow Invertebrate 5 Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee Omnivore 3 Saltator maximus Buff-throated Saltator Omnivore 1 Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch PlantSeed 4 Sicalis luteola Grassland-yellow Finch PlantSeed 2 Sporophila nigricollis Yellow-bellied Seedeater PlantSeed 6 Synallaxis frontalis Sooty-fronted Spinetail Invertebrate 2 Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager Omnivore 2 Thamnophilus torquatus Rufous-winged Antshrike Invertebrate 2 Theristicus caudatus Buff-necked Ibis Invertebrate 8 Troglodytes musculus Troglodyte Wren Invertebrate 2 Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing Invertebrate 6 Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit Omnivore 28 Zenaida auriculata Eared Dove PlantSeed 16 Zonotrichia capensis Rufous-collared Sparrow Omnivore 5 Foraging birds Considering only foraging birds, only two species were recorded before and one after drilling (Table 5 ). After drilling, no granivorous species were observed foraging on onion fields—only the insectivorous Southern Lapwing. The only granivorous species observed foraging was the Picazuro Pigeon, but only before drilling onion seeds. Table 5 Most recorded foraging species before and after drilling of carrot and onion seeds, excluding aerial hunters. Carrot field Before drilling After drilling Species % of sightings foraging (total sightings) Species % of sightings foraging (total sightings) Southern Lapwing ( Vanellus chilensis ) 98% (43) Grey Monjita ( Nengetus cinereus ) 85% (20) Buff-necked Ibis ( Theristicus caudatus ) 94% (77) Southern Lapwing ( Vanellus chilensis ) 65% (20) Grey Monjita ( Nengetus cinereus ) 72% (18) Crested Caracara ( Caracara plancus ) 35% (17) Crested Caracara ( Caracara plancus ) 53% (38) Buff-necked Ibis ( Theristicus caudatus ) 30% (23) Onion field Before drilling After drilling Species % of sightings foraging (total sightings) Species % of sightings foraging (total sightings) Picazuro Pigeon ( Patagioenas picazuro ) 100% (2) Southern Lapwing ( Vanellus chilensis ) 100% (3) White-rumped Monjita ( Nengetus cinereus ) 17% (6) - - DISCUSSION This study systematically assessed temporal and spatial seed incorporation into the soil of freshly drilled carrot and onion fields in Brazil. Our results indicate that freshly drilled fields offer a limited food source for granivorous bird species, possibly due to seedbed preparation and high seed incorporation rates. The reduced attractiveness of the fields studied and seedbed preparation with the described techniques is reflected by the lower diversity of bird species recorded compared to the bird communities observed in the surrounding habitats. Proper seedbed preparation ensures optimal seed-to-soil contact, which is crucial for absorbing the moisture necessary for germination (Finch-Savage & Pill 1990 ; Salama et al. 2018 ). This process involves soil turning and burying crop residues from previous plantings; seedbed preparation can help reduce the incidence of soil-borne pests and diseases that might affect the new crop and increase the incorporation of organic matter and fertilizers (Lamichhane & Soltani 2020 ). In the context of our study, intensive seedbed preparation before drilling carrot and onion seeds has been shown to contribute significantly to the rapid and efficient incorporation of seeds into the soil. Additionally, the irrigation system used in our study leads to blading and bunding techniques that increase the incorporation rate even more. Moreover, other studies highlighted the potential impact of seedbed preparation and drilling procedures on drilling efficiency (de Snoo & Luttik 2004 ; Hahne et al. 2024b ). Unincorporated seeds at the start of planting at turn-rows/headlands are more pronounced due to irregular movements of the planting equipment and inconstant speed (Cortez et al. 2020 ). As the seeder machinery begins to operate, the speed becomes constant, and the number of unincorporated seeds decreases (Cortez et al. 2020 ). In this study, the seed exposure in carrot and onion fields was inversely proportional to the distance from the edge of the crop and the time elapsed since drilling, and for distances ≥ 40 m, the seed incorporation was close to 100%. The average worst-case scenario for seed incorporation rates—calculated based on the proximity to field edges and the time since drilling—was high, ranging from 79–100% for carrots and 74–99% for onions. The number of avian species during point counts in adjacent habitats was substantially higher than in the study fields (2.5-fold for carrots and 3.5-fold for onions) despite significantly shorter observation durations, suggesting alternative habitats are more attractive to birds. On carrot fields, the number of species remained almost unchanged pre- and post-drilling (16 versus 20 species), including when focusing solely on foraging birds (7 versus 9 species). Notably, only two species associated with seed consumption—the eared dove and the rock pigeon—were observed in minimal numbers (0.12% of all bird sightings), indicating low seed exposure in the fields. Santos et al. ( 2023 ) also observed low seed exposure in Brazil's dry bean fields. Moreover, that study found more species in the field, likely due to the differences in drilling techniques. Dry bean growers commonly use no-tillage practices in Brazil (Pias et al. 2022 ), so soil preparation is expected to be less intensive than for carrots and onions, which require a very fine seedbed preparation. The seedbed preparation for carrot and onion fields significantly reduces the structure and the availability of other food sources, which could explain the even lower number of birds observed. No granivorous birds were observed foraging on carrot and onion seeds after drilling, reinforcing the conclusion that seed exposure is unlikely to be a significant factor. Our data supports the hypothesis that freshly drilled carrot and onion fields are generally unattractive to foraging birds. The most frequently observed foraging species in carrot and onion fields were not granivorous or omnivorous. The prevalence of foraging birds was low, with only the Grey Monjita ( Nengetus cinereus ) and Southern Lapwing ( Vanellus chilensis ) observed. These species primarily consume arthropods and are not seed consumers. Implications for risk assessment Identifying avian species that utilize agricultural fields and their adjacent areas is used in some comprehensive risk assessment protocols worldwide. Incorporating empirical field data into refined agrochemical risk assessments is a crucial component for some regulatory agencies, such as EFSA for Europe (EFSA 2009; 2023), but also countries like Costa Rica (DIGECA 2020), China (Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China 2016 ) and USA’s Endangered Species Act (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1973 ). The data from this case study provides valuable insight into the potential exposure of bird species to pesticide-treated seeds in agricultural fields in Brazil. Our findings indicate that freshly drilled carrot and onion fields exhibit low attractiveness for avian species compared to adjacent non-cultivated areas. Birds that consume seeds are more susceptible to exposure to treated seeds in fields (Fernández-Vizcaíno et al. 2023 ). However, our study showed that seed exposure in carrot and onion fields is low, and most avian species observed in crop fields post-drilling were not granivores, suggesting a reduced likelihood of contact with pesticides applied as a seed treatment. Previous literature has also highlighted the importance of considering the dietary guild, body size, bill size, life history, seed size, and nutritional value in assessing the potential for seed consumption by birds (Diaz 1990 ; Durant et al. 2004 ; Lopez-Antia et al. 2016 ; Fernández-Vizcaíno et al. 2023 ; Santos et al. 2023 ). Such parameters can also be included in risk assessments to accurately predict which bird species might be most susceptible to pesticide exposure through seed ingestion, thereby informing the development of targeted mitigation strategies to safeguard avian populations in agricultural landscapes. In conclusion, the low attractiveness of freshly drilled carrot and onion fields to seed-eating birds, combined with low seed availability due to seedbed preparation, high seed incorporation, and irrigation methods leading to bunding and rapid seedling emergence, suggests that significant exposure of pesticide-treated seeds to birds is not expected in these crops. The agricultural practice of seedbed preparation for irrigated crops and the lack of attractiveness of small vegetable seeds significantly minimize the potential exposure and impact on granivorous birds. This finding has important implications for understanding the ecological dynamics and interactions between cultivated fields and wildlife for effectively managing seed resources within agricultural landscapes. Declarations Ethical Approval Not applicable Funding The authors declare that Syngenta supported this work. Availability of data and materials The additional data can be found in the Supplemental Information section and have been deposited in DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/ETKZF Conflict of interest: GSS, FC, APC, MCA, JPF, MGP, EF, SK, and JDM declare that the Syngenta companies employ them as indicated in their affiliations. FVB, MV, and JDL declare no conflict of interest. References Bencke AG, Mauricio GN, Develey PF, Goerk JM (2006) Áreas importantes para a conservação das aves no Brasil: parte I – Estados do Domínio da Mata Atlântica. São Paulo, São Paulo. Carvalho ADF De, Silva GO Da, Ragassi CF, Pereira GE, Lourenço Junior V, Lopes CA, Pinheiro JB, Reis A, Pilon L (2021) Sistemas de Produção 2. Cenoura. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa). Embrapa Hortaliças. https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/227451/1/sistema-producao-cenoura-8out20211.pdf Clemente FMVT (2015) Produção de hortaliças para agricultura familiar.” Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa). Embrapa Hortaliças. https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/212767/1/Producao-de-Hortalicas-para-a-Agricultura-Familiar.pdf Cortez JW, Anghinoni M, Arcoverde SNS (2020) Seed metering mechanisms and tractor-seeder forward speed on corn agronomic components. Eng Agríc 40(1):61-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v40n1p61-68/2020 De Luca AC, Develey PF, Bencke GA, Goerk JM (2009) Áreas importantes para a conservação das aves no Brasil: parte II – Amazônia, Cerrado e Pantanal. São Paulo, São Paulo. De Snoo GR, Luttik R (2004) Availability of pesticide-treated seed on arable fields. Pest Manag Sci 60(5):501-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.824 Diaz M (1990) Interspecific patterns of seed selection among granivorous passerines: Effects of seed size, seed nutritional value, and bird morphology. Ibis 132:467–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01064.x Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental – DIGECA (2020) Procedimiento general y lineamientos a seguir por parte del MINAE para la evaluación de riesgo ambiental de agroinsumos. Versión 2.3. http://www.digeca.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/procedimiento_para_era_v2.3_0.pdf Durant D, Fritz H, Duncan P (2004) Feeding patch selection by herbivorous Anatidae: The influence of body size, and plant quantity and quality. J Avian Biol 35: 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03166.x European Food Safety Authority – EFSA (2009) Guidance Document on Risk Assessment for Birds & Mammals on request from EFSA. EFSA J 7(12):1438. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.143 European Food Safety Authority – EFSA; Aagaard A, Berny P, Chaton PF, Antia AL, McVey E, Arena M, Fait G, Ippolito A, Linguadoca A, Sharp R, Theobald A, Brock T (2023) Guidance on the risk assessment for birds and mammals. EFSA J 21(2):7790300. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7790 Fernández-Vizcaíno E, Mougeot F, Cabodevilla X, et al (2023) Diet and spatial ecology influence red-legged partridge exposure to pesticides used as seed treatment. Environ Sci Technol 57(40):14861-14870. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03905 Finch-Savage WE, Pill WG (1990) Improvement of carrot crop establishment by combining seed treatments with increased seed-bed moisture availability. J Agric Sci 115(1):75–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600073949 Gutierrez‐Arellano C, Mulligan M (2018) A review of regulation ecosystem services and disservices from faunal populations and potential impacts of agriculturalisation on their provision, globally. Nat Conserv 30:1–39. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.30 Hahne J, Foudoulakis M, Kragten S, Sprenger D, Ristau K, Dietrich C, Wang M (2024a) Availability of pesticide-treated seeds on the soil surface in different crops and countries: A comprehensive data set reflecting modern agronomic practice. Integr Environ Assess Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4933 Hahne J, Foudoulakis M, Kragten S, Patterson D, Sprenger D, Ristau K, Guckland A, Wang M (2024b) Decline of pesticide residue on treated crop seeds: An analysis of comprehensive industry data and implications of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products. Integr Environ Assess Manag 20:239-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4793 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (2017) Censo Agropecuário – Produção de Cenoura. https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/producao-agropecuaria/cenoura/br Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (2022) Censo Agropecuário - Produção de Cebola.https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/producao-agropecuaria/cebola/br Klink CA, Machado RB (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conserv Biol 19(3):707–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00702.x Lamichhane JR, Soltani E (2020) Sowing and seedbed management methods to improve establishment and yield of maize, rice, and wheat across drought-prone regions: a review. J Agric Food Res 2:100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100089 Lepage D (2024) Checklist of the birds of Brazil. Avibase, the world bird database. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN&region=br&list=ebird&ref=l_sam_br Accessed 27 June 2024. Lopez-Antia A, Feliu J, Camarero PR, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Mateo R (2016) Risk assessment of pesticide seed treatment for farmland birds using refined field data. J Appl Ecol 53:1373-1381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12668 Ludwig JA, Reynolds JF (1988) Statistical ecology: A primer on methods and computing. New York: John Wiley. Magurran AE (2013) Medindo a diversidade biológica. Traducao de D.M. Vianna. Editora UFPR, Curitiba, PR. Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (2016) Guidance on environmental risk assessment for pesticide registration – Part 3: Birds. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China. https://www.codeofchina.com/standard/NYT2882.3-2016.html Oosterveld EB, Klop E, van der Zee E (2022) Key Habitat Factors of Breeding Birds in Agricultural Hedgerow Landscapes in East-Fryslân, the Netherlands, in European Perspective – Ecological Evaluation and Relation to Agri-Environmental Schemes. Ardea 110(2):111-124. https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.2022.a9 Penteado M, Yamashita C, Marques TS, Verdade LM (2016) Bird diversity in relation to land use in agricultural landscapes of southeastern Brazil. In: Gheler-Costa C, Lyra-Jorge, MC, Verdade LM (Eds.) Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil. De Gruyer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110480849-017 Pias OHC, Welter CA, Tiecher T, Cherubin MR, Flores JPM, Alves LA, Bayer C (2022) Common bean yield responses to nitrogen fertilization in Brazilian no-till soils: A meta-analysis. Rev Bras Ciên Solo 46:e0220022. https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20220022 Piratelli A, Andrade VA, Lima Filho M (2005) Aves de fragmentos florestais em área de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar no sudeste do Brasil. Iheringia Sér Zool 95(2):217-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212005000200013 Prosser P, Hart ADM (2005) Assessing potential exposure of birds to pesticide-treated seeds. Ecotoxicol 14:679-691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-005-0018-4 Salama DS, Pibars SK, Abdelhay YB, Tayel M, Nasr GEM (2018) Development a combined machine for seedbed preparation. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR J 20(1):90-94. Santos GS, Artal MC, Paniago MDG, Cione APP, Casallanovo F, Farrelly E, Kragten S, Maul JD (2023) Use of dry bean fields by birds and mammals in Brazil: Insights from a field study and its use in pesticide risk assessment. Integrat Environ Assess Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4839 Smart SL, Stillman RA, Norris KJ (2008) Measuring the functional responses of farmland birds: an example for a declining seed-feeding bunting. J Anim Ecol 77:687-695. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01375.x Stillman RA, Simmons VL (2006) Predicting the functional response of a farmland bird. Funct Ecol 20:723-730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01155.x Toor GS, Yang YY, Das S, Dorsey S, Felton G (2021) Soil health in agricultural ecosystems: current status and future perspectives. Adv Agron 168:157–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.02.004 United States Environmental Protection Agency – US EPA (2023) T-REX Version 1.5 user's guide for calculating pesticide residues on avian and mammalian food items. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/t-rex-version-15-users-guide-calculating-pesticide Assessed 27 June 2024 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1973) Endangered Species Act of 1973. Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, DC. Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. GSS, FC, APC, MCA, JPF, MGP, EF, SK, and JDM declare that the Syngenta companies employ them as indicated in their affiliations. FVB, MV, and JDL declare no conflict of interest. Supplementary Files Santosetal2024Supplmaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4668305\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":330873274,\"identity\":\"bf4bc33d-05ae-4b6f-8486-d07bbfddcafe\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Gustavo Souza Santos\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYAgAG6JUMTYgMdKg7ATitRwmrEU+Iv35g59tNgzy7WePP/jw57y9we32i48Lf9gx8Ld3Y9VoeCPHsLG3LY3B4ExeYuPMttuJG+6cKTaekZDMIHHm7AasWmbkMDbwnDnMYMCQY9jM23A7weBGTpo0TwIzg4FELg4t6Q8b/wC1yPe/MWzm+XPOHqgl/TdPQj1OLfISCUCVFUBfA13YzMN2gHHDjfRjzDwJh3FqMeB5YzhbpiKNx+DGG8OZM9uSE2feyGGW5kk7zoPLL/Lt6Q8+vjGwkZPvzzH48OGPnT3fjfSHn3lsquX423ux23IAQvPARRQO8BigiqDb0oApwv4Al+pRMApGwSgYmQAAnSln39PNvIEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Gustavo\",\"middleName\":\"Souza\",\"lastName\":\"Santos\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873275,\"identity\":\"6cc2c82f-4d02-4bb5-9bf1-9a2f6f6950f9\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Fábio Casallanovo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Fábio\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Casallanovo\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873276,\"identity\":\"5275449b-b4a0-4af9-98f4-12ed859701ea\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Ana Paola Cione\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ana\",\"middleName\":\"Paola\",\"lastName\":\"Cione\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873277,\"identity\":\"ac902a5c-60bb-40b9-a3cd-1eb04f3c7eaa\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Mariana Coletty Artal\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mariana\",\"middleName\":\"Coletty\",\"lastName\":\"Artal\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873278,\"identity\":\"347937fd-b3b9-43dd-81cd-99c7d38806d6\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"José Paulo Felici\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"José\",\"middleName\":\"Paulo\",\"lastName\":\"Felici\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873279,\"identity\":\"bb39edb5-ea22-4c44-8e2b-cc06fdc7d3dd\",\"order_by\":5,\"name\":\"Mario del Giudice Paniago\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mario\",\"middleName\":\"del Giudice\",\"lastName\":\"Paniago\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873280,\"identity\":\"28e50053-7730-4864-ab71-41a918db16c4\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Felix von Blanckenhagen\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"RIFCON GmbH\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Felix\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"von Blanckenhagen\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873281,\"identity\":\"001e2c89-7eaf-4fdc-b4b5-7e70a4878e04\",\"order_by\":7,\"name\":\"Martin Vallon\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"RIFCON GmbH\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Martin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Vallon\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873282,\"identity\":\"610daaa4-6656-4990-bc56-965418f0af0f\",\"order_by\":8,\"name\":\"Jan-Dieter Ludwigs\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"RIFCON GmbH\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jan-Dieter\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Ludwigs\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873283,\"identity\":\"1d25ccc1-3d3b-4a4e-a1a3-a878a486de1a\",\"order_by\":9,\"name\":\"Eamonn Farrelly\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Ltd\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Eamonn\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Farrelly\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873284,\"identity\":\"dfbfeeeb-3b8b-4255-b18b-8aaedc138799\",\"order_by\":10,\"name\":\"Steven Kragten\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Agro GmbH\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Steven\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kragten\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":330873285,\"identity\":\"f22034c6-e898-448e-b50e-a5b5e0769f63\",\"order_by\":11,\"name\":\"Jonathan D. Maul\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Syngenta Crop Protection LLC\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jonathan\",\"middleName\":\"D.\",\"lastName\":\"Maul\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-07-01 13:14:13\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4668305/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4668305/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":61183487,\"identity\":\"36e822ec-15e0-46e2-a34b-0368eac34bb5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-07-26 17:04:26\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":8667617,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCarrots and onions fields located in Minas Gerais, Brazil. (A) Sites in close proximity to Santa Juliana (B) Sites in close proximity to São Gotardo.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4668305/v1/765d1229b29628e316833a7a.png\"},{\"id\":61183485,\"identity\":\"518adb9b-14ea-4e7e-a4af-df0b6fe8cd22\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-07-26 17:04:26\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1144340,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAverage drilling efficacy measured by the percentage of remaining seeds on the soil surface each day after drilling and distance from the edge of the field. (A) Carrots, (B) Onions.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4668305/v1/2e68a1551606ce0677b77a15.png\"},{\"id\":61183483,\"identity\":\"5b777977-6828-4eca-ac36-eda32779507b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-07-26 17:04:26\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":505786,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSpecies accumulation curve to assess the sampling effort in carrot (A) and onion (B) fields\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4668305/v1/1ce0a926dfb04cd58bd79da1.png\"},{\"id\":64223505,\"identity\":\"854b5be3-c21f-41ba-8434-10fd2e2a4097\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-10 12:49:04\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":15378954,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4668305/v1/28c8517c-2527-45af-a2fb-cba44f985b10.pdf\"},{\"id\":61183488,\"identity\":\"c269f102-747f-4d7b-a26d-975903012857\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-07-26 17:04:26\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":4162167,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Santosetal2024Supplmaterial.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4668305/v1/1d6c7caea53269729212f7cd.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"Competing interest reported. GSS, FC, APC, MCA, JPF, MGP, EF, SK, and JDM declare that the Syngenta companies employ them as indicated in their affiliations. FVB, MV, and JDL declare no conflict of interest.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Seed Availability and Bird Occurrence in Freshly Drilled Onion and Carrot Fields in Brazil\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAs dynamic environments, agricultural landscapes foster intricate interactions between agricultural productions and the diverse bird species that utilize these landscapes. Agricultural fields, along with their surrounding habitat and landscape elements, can potentially serve as sources of shelter, breeding sites, and food for many species (Oosterveld et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Understanding these interactions is necessary for developing mutually beneficial farming practices that sustain agricultural food production while minimizing the impact on wildlife.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAmong the many pesticide application methods/techniques used to control pathogens and pests, one commonly used method is treating or coating the seeds. Pesticides are directly applied to the crop seeds, and treated seeds are drilled. If seeds are not appropriately incorporated into the soil, they are partly exposed to the soil surface (de Snoo \\u0026amp; Luttik \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hahne et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024a\\u003c/span\\u003e), posing a potentially higher risk for birds foraging in these fields to ingest treated seeds. The extent to which wildlife is exposed to these treated seeds depends on the foraging species, the amount of seeds available, and potential competitors and can be described as a functional response, the relationship between food availability, competitor density, and feeding rates (Stillman \\u0026amp; Simmons \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e; Smart et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e). Risk assessments for seed treatments should, therefore, include data on residues on seeds (Hahne et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024b\\u003c/span\\u003e), residue data on seeds exposed to the soil surface (de Snoo \\u0026amp; Luttik \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hahne et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024a\\u003c/span\\u003e), and data about bird species foraging on freshly drilled fields (Prosser \\u0026amp; Hart \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e; Santos et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRisk assessments for pesticides to birds in different territories and protocols, such as those conducted by EFSA (2009; 2023) and the US EPA (2023), require the inclusion of seed incorporation studies and wildlife monitoring for a higher tier approach (Weight of Evidence). For monitoring studies, it is necessary to systematically record avian species and their abundances, behavioral patterns, and habitat preferences within recently cultivated fields and their surroundings. Such data can enhance the precision of risk assessments for seed treatments (EFSA 2009; 2023; US EPA 2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBrazil is home to a rich diversity of birds, with 1,903 species documented on the Avibase repository (Lepage \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). The Brazilian \\u003cem\\u003eCerrado\\u003c/em\\u003e biome, covering around 22% of the country, is a biodiversity hotspot with many threatened species (Bencke et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e; De Luca et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e). This biome features a variety of vegetation, including grasslands, woodlands, and forests (Klink \\u0026amp; Machado \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e), and neighboring off-crop areas adjacent to agricultural fields within Brazil often serve as important refuges and corridors for wildlife in human-altered landscapes (Penteado et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e; Santos et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). While research has been conducted on the species richness and ecological roles of birds in areas of native vegetation adjacent to crop fields (Piratelli et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e), few studies have examined wildlife interactions with specific crop types (Gutierrez-Arellano \\u0026amp; Mulligan \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Santos et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn Brazil, specialized crop management practices for vegetables, such as carrots and onions, are designed to promote growth while minimizing environmental risks and protecting non-target species (Carvalho et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Clemente \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e). These practices include seed treatment, meticulous seedbed preparation, precision drilling of seeds, farmer training, and machinery maintenance to ensure plant health and yield (Carvalho et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). The \\\"blading\\\" and bunding technique (see Supplemental material), which shapes the soil into raised beds, is unique to vegetable farming to minimize soil runoff and maximize water retention and contrasts with the practices in row crops where turn rows may increase treated seed exposure due to soil disturbance (Toor et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). As a result, the exposure of treated seeds to the soil surface is expected to be low, as shown by the bunding technique in carrot and onion cultivation in Brazil.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis study aims to quantitatively assess the incorporation of onion and carrot seeds immediately after drilling and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after. Additionally, bird occurrence was recorded in these freshly drilled onion and carrot fields and adjacent off-crop habitats. Moreover, this study discusses how the combined information on seed incorporation and freshly drilled fields by birds could be used for exposure and risk assessments for seed treatment with pesticides in Brazil.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStudy area\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe study was conducted in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). The experimental areas were located at commercially managed onion and carrot fields on the plateau of southeastern Brazil, within the ecotonal boundary where the Brazilian Atlantic Forest converges with the \\u003cem\\u003eCerrado\\u003c/em\\u003e biome. The selected carrot and onion fields were distributed across two municipalities: Santa Juliana and S\\u0026atilde;o Gotardo. Both regions represent Brazil's common onion and carrot cultivation areas (IBGE 2017; 2022).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn total, four onion fields and seven carrot fields were monitored. In Santa Juliana (hereafter SJ), four fields were monitored, comprising one carrot and three onion fields; in S\\u0026atilde;o Gotardo (hereafter SG), seven fields were monitored, including one onion field and six carrot fields. Detailed information regarding the study fields and surrounding habitats, the designated areas for bird scans, the locations for point counts, and the sites/areas of seed incorporation trials are delineated in the Supplementary Material.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeteorological data were acquired from the Arax\\u0026aacute; weather station (Station No. 83579; Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia: \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://portal.inmet.gov.br\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://portal.inmet.gov.br\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e), situated in proximity to both research sites (with the maximum distance to the study fields being approximately 69 km for SJ and 87 km for SG). The data comprises daily maximum, mean, and minimum temperatures and precipitation levels for February and March (Figure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"MOESM1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003eS1\\u003c/span\\u003e - Supplemental Material).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSeedbed preparation and drilling procedures\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeedbed preparation started with the mechanical removal of crop debris, utilizing a variety of field-specific machinery described in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. This process involved ploughing to invert the soil and bury the previous crop remains, followed by further refinement to create an optimal seedbed. This process also includes bunding, forming furrows between the raised beds, providing space for irrigation, drainage, and planting seeds. These furrows also help minimize water loss and soil runoff. In general, seedbed preparation and drilling were often conducted on the same day. The information on the drilling density, the type of drilling machinery used, and the thousand-grain weight of onion/carrot seed types drilled were obtained directly from each grower (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash; Information on drilled fields with carrot and onion seeds.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGPS Coordinate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrop\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDrilling date in 2020\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMachinery\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDrilling density (seeds/ha)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThousand-grain weight (g)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSG1: 19\\u0026deg;20'22\\\"S 46\\u0026deg;08'46\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18 Feb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStanhay \\u0026amp; Agricola italiana\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e850,000\\u0026ndash;900,000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSJ1: 19\\u0026deg;21'25\\\"S 47\\u0026deg;33'08\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e07 Mar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStanhay\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e620,000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSG2: 19\\u0026deg;25'31\\\"S 46\\u0026deg;09'13\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e06 Mar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStanhay\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e540,000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSG3: 19\\u0026deg;15'41\\\"S 46\\u0026deg;14'55\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20 Feb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAgricola italiana\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e702,857\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSG4: 19\\u0026deg;17'49\\\"S 46\\u0026deg;09'12\\\"W*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSG5: 19\\u0026deg;24'07\\\"S 46\\u0026deg;15'26\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10 Mar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAgricola italiana\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e660,000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSG6: 19\\u0026deg;22'47\\\"S 46\\u0026deg;12'53\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e05 Mar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAgricola italiana\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1,000,000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSJ2: 19\\u0026deg;24'03\\\"S 47\\u0026deg;19'59\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOnion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e09 Mar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStanhay\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1,051,000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.615\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSJ3: 19\\u0026deg;29'22\\\"S 47\\u0026deg;21'06\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOnion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17 Mar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStanhay (4 lines double)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e965,714\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.106\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSJ4: 19\\u0026deg;24'31\\\"S 47\\u0026deg;18'39\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOnion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18 Mar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStanhay (4 lines double)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1,020,952\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.106\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSG7: 19\\u0026deg;26'21\\\"S 46\\u0026deg;15'41\\\"W\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOnion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23 Feb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAgricola italiana\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e660,606\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e* It was not possible to obtain the information for one carrot field.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAgriculture drilling refers to positioning crop seeds in the soil and burying them to a specific depth, ensuring a uniform distribution. Carrot and onion seeds are small and have a low drilling depth (1 to 3 cm). After drilling, the edge of the irrigation plot was flattened and leveled using a mechanical blade to cover potential spills from turning the tractor and lifting the drilling equipment. Carrot and onion fields are generally irrigated, and most of the fields in this study used the center pivot method. The blading at the edge of the crop also aligns with the range of the irrigation arm of the center pivot to minimize water loss. The seedbed preparation and drilling of carrot and onion seeds followed the same procedure.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSeed incorporation surveys\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNon-incorporated seeds at the soil surface were counted to assess seed incorporation rate and disappearance over time. The percentage of seed incorporation was measured by counting the remaining seeds on the soil surface after drilling compared to the total number of seeds per ha (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). Due to varying drilling densities on the study fields, the data was normalized to the percentage of drilling density. This was only possible for carrots in six fields with known drilling densities (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e The availability of seeds on the soil surface and the first seedlings germinated in each study field was determined according to the following schedule: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after drilling (DAD). Therefore, a frame (0.5 x 0.5 m) was placed on the drilled ground, and all crop seeds visible on the soil surface (without digging) inside this frame were counted. The frames were placed at defined distances from the edge of the crop. In each seedbed, only one frame was placed. Seven frames per field and counting day were put on consecutive seedbeds with distances of 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 40, and 100 m from the edge of the field. All frame locations were recorded with GPS positions (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eBird surveys\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExperienced ornithologists performed scan samplings over five days in seven carrot fields and three onion fields. Scan sampling was conducted once before drilling (3 to 1 day before) and four times after drilling (DAD 0, 2, 5, and 10 [\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1d]). Monitoring was conducted for three hours in the morning and evening (except on drilling day, during which monitoring in the morning hours was not possible). One bird scan session comprised 37 single scans.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eObservations were made from a car on one edge of the study field to provide a good view of the scan area. The area to be monitored was defined once per study field before the first scan sampling session, and GPS coordinates of the vertices were taken (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEvery 5 minutes, the species and number of birds in the scanned area were identified and quantified using a spotting scope and binoculars. The behavior of each bird observed was recorded as \\u0026lsquo;foraging\\u0026rsquo; or \\u0026lsquo;non-foraging.\\u0026rsquo; Non-foraging behavior was preening, resting, courtship, and territorial/aggressive behaviors. Foraging behavior also included \\u0026lsquo;looking/searching for food.\\u0026rsquo;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe point count method assessed the diversity of bird communities around the test fields. The point count method was applied near each investigated carrot and onion field to record the number of species and the species that had potential access to the investigated fields. Point counts lasted 20 minutes at each location, and all birds were identified visually with binoculars and acoustic detection to get information about the overall bird community at the sites where the detailed scan sampling was conducted (Supplemental Material).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical analyses\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWe calculated the number of seeds per m\\u0026sup2; on study fields across days and locations. This design allowed us to track temporal and spatial seed incorporation patterns on the soil surface (percentage of seed incorporation normalized by the drilling density).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFrom the bird survey data, we derived the number of bird species, the abundance of birds per species, and the proportion of birds foraging per field normalized by the number of scans. Only birds observed in the scanned fields were included for analysis. The sampling outside the fields was done only to get information about the overall bird community in the region that assesses the fields.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo assess the adequacy of our sampling efforts, we constructed species accumulation curves using a random distribution of the sampling units (1000 permutations). According to Ludwig and Reynolds (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1988\\u003c/span\\u003e) and Magurran (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e), an asymptote in the curve suggested that species richness was sufficiently sampled.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWe then employed generalized linear models to evaluate the effect of time after drilling on the number of species. In these models, the number of species was treated as an additive function of sampling time, categorized as before and after drilling. Subsequently, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the significance of all model variables, including seedling stages and sampling times.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe bird guilds considered, as proposed by Wilman et al. (2014), were granivorous (PlantSeed), omnivorous (Omnivore), insectivorous (Invertebrates), frugivorous (FruitNect), and carnivorous/scavengers (VertFishScav).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe data collection conducted before drilling allows the comparison of data obtained pre- and post-drilling to gather information about the potential increase/decrease of the attractiveness of the test fields after drilling. Species observed in the point counts were also compiled for comparison with the number of species that occurred in the fields.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe total percentage of birds potentially foraging per species was calculated as the total number of birds recorded as potentially foraging divided by the total number of sightings of that species multiplied by 100.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"RESULTS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSeed incorporation in carrot fields\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eClose to the edge of the field (0\\u0026ndash;10 m), the average seed incorporation rate ranged between 79 and 100% (3.87 seeds per m\\u0026sup2; on average). Nevertheless, the seed incorporation rate increased as the distance from the field edges increased (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eA). Unincorporated seeds were only found occasionally at distances 40 m or more from field edges, and the seed incorporation varied between 96 to 100% of seed incorporation (0.41 seeds per m\\u0026sup2; on average).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSeed incorporation in onion fields\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eClose to the edge of the crop (0\\u0026ndash;10 m), the average seed incorporation rate on the fields varied between 74% and 99% (6.9 seeds per m\\u0026sup2; on average). Nevertheless, the seed incorporation rate increased as the distance from the edge of the crop increased, and for distances\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;40 m, rates varied between 93 and 100% (1.4 seeds per m\\u0026sup2; on average; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eB).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAvifauna in carrot fields\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eScan sampling\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDuring the scan sessions, 3184 bird detections from 26 species were recorded in 7 carrot fields. The species-accumulation curve approached an asymptote, indicating that the sampling effort was sufficient to record most of the species at the study sites (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eA).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBefore drilling, 494 sightings from 16 species were recorded during 327 scans, whereas after drilling, 2690 sightings from 20 species were recorded in 1036 scans, resulting in a rate (sightings per scan) of 1.51 and 2.60, respectively. Furthermore, 10 species were observed before and after drilling, 6 were observed only before drilling, and 10 were observed only after drilling (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). We found fewer species and individuals on the day of carrot seed drilling (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePoint counts\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThroughout the scanning sessions, 799 bird sightings across 68 species were recorded within 7 carrot fields. The number of observed species in the surrounding habitats was consistently higher than those on or overflying the study fields (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). Overall, the number of species was 2.5 times higher during point counts than scan sessions (68 species to 26 species), even if the observation time was shorter.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eForaging birds\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConsidering only foraging birds, 156 sightings of 7 species were recorded before drilling during 475 scans and 57 sightings of 9 species after drilling during 1036 scans, resulting in a rate (sightings per scan) of 0.33 and 0.06, respectively.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe four most recorded foraging species were the same before and after drilling: Buff-necked Ibis, Southern Lapwing, Crested Caracara, and Grey Monjita (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAvifauna in onion fields\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eScan sampling\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOverall, 145 bird sightings of 11 species were recorded in 3 onion fields. The species-accumulation curve did not approach an asymptote, which indicated that the sampling effort could be improved to record most of the species occurring at the study sites (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eB).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBefore drilling, 59 sightings from 7 species were recorded in 111 scans. However, 86 sightings from 10 species were recorded in 296 scans after drilling. This shift resulted in a rate (sightings per scan) of 0.53 and 0.29, respectively. Furthermore, the species composition also changed, with five species observed before and after drilling, two observed only before drilling, and five observed only after drilling (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBird assemblage composition for species that occurred before and after drilling characterized by species, diet guild, and absolute abundance (N) among carrots and onion fields observed by scan sampling.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScientific name\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCommon name\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiet guild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAbundance\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBefore drilling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfter drilling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrots fields\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlopochelidon fucata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTawny-headed Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAmazona aestiva\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlue-fronted Amazon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnthus lutescens\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellowish Pipit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eArdea alba\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGreat Egret\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAthene cunicularia\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBurrowing Owl\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCaracara plancus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrested\\u0026nbsp;Caracara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eColumba livia\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRock Pigeon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCoragyps atratus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlack Vulture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eElanus leucurus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-tailed Kite\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEupsitulla aurea\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeach-fronted Parakeet\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFalco femoralis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAplomado Falcon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGnorimopsar chopi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChopi Blackbird\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eHirundo rustica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBarn Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e155\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1986\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLeistes superciliaris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-browed Meadowlark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMilvago chimachima\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-headed Caracara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNengetus cinereus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrey Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePatagioenas cayennensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePale-vented Pigeon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePatagioenas picazuro\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePicazuro\\u0026nbsp;Pigeon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePetrochelidon pyrrhonota\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCliff Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e357\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePsittacara leucophthalma\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-eyed Parakeet\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e196\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSyrigma sibilatrix\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhistling Heron\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTachycineta leucorrhoa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-rumped Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTheristicus caudatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-necked Ibis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Lapwing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eXolmis velatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-rumped Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZenaida auriculata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEared Dove\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOnions fields\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlipiopsitta xanthops\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-faced Parrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnthus lutescens\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellowish Pipit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eButeogallus meridionalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSavanna Hawk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCaracara plancus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrested\\u0026nbsp;Caracara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCoragyps atratus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlack Vulture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eHirundo rustica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBarn Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNengetus cinereus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrey Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePatagioenas picazuro\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePicazuro\\u0026nbsp;Pigeon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTheristicus caudatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-necked Ibis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Lapwing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eXolmis velatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-rumped Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZenaida auriculata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEared Dove\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOn the day of seed drilling, we observed a significant decrease in species abundance (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). The number of species and their abundance recorded two days after drilling differed from those observed before drilling.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash; Number of species and individuals on the fields observed during scan sampling that presented statistically significant effects compared to before and each day after drilling according to generalized linear models. The estimates for each category and the associated p-value are also shown.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVariable\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCategory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEstimates\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNumber of species in carrot fields\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDays after Drilling\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.0986\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.005\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.4568\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e5\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1252\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e10\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.034\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eNumber of individuals in carrot fields\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDays after Drilling\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-2.7686\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.005\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.6004\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e5\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.3617\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e10\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.0713\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eNumber of species in onion fields\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDays after Drilling\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eNumber of individuals in onion fields\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDays after Drilling\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.3049\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.005\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.1072\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePoint counts\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe number of observed species in the vicinity compared to those on or overflying the study fields was consistently higher (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). Overall, the number of species was about 3.5 times higher in the vicinity (39 species to 11 species), even if the observation time was much shorter.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBird assemblage composition observed by point counts near carrot and onion fields, characterized by species, diet, and absolute abundance (N).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScientific name\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCommon name\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiet guild\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAbundance\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrots fields\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlipiopsitta xanthops\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-faced Parrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlopochelidon fucata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTawny-headed Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAmazonetta brasiliensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBrazilian\\u0026nbsp;Duck\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnthus lutescens\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellowish Pipit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAntilophia galeata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHelmeted Manakin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnumbius annumbi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFirewood-gatherer\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAthene cunicularia\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBurrowing Owl\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eButeogallus meridionalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSavanna Hawk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCantorchilus leucotis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-breasted Wren\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCaracara plancus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrested\\u0026nbsp;Caracara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCariama cristata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRed-legged Seriema\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCathartes aura\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTurkey Vulture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eChlorostilbon lucidus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGlittering-bellied Emerald\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eChrysomus ruficapillus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChestnut-capped Blackbird\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCircus buffoni\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLong-winged Harrier\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eColaptes campestris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCampo Flicker\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eColumbina squammata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScaled Dove\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eColumbina talpacoti\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRuddy-ground Dove\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCoragyps atratus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlack Vulture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCoryphospingus pileatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrey-pileated Finch\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCrotophaga ani\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSmooth-billed Ani\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCrypturellus parvirostris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSmall-billed Tinamou\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eElaenia flavogaster\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-bellied Elaenia\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eElanus leucurus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-tailed Kite\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEuphonia chlorotica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePurple-throated Euphonia\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEupsitulla aurea\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeach-fronted Parakeet\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFalco sparverius\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAmerican\\u0026nbsp;Kestrel\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eForpus xanthopterygius\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCobalt-rumped Parrotlet\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFurnarius rufus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRufous Hornero\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGnorimopsar chopi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChopi Blackbird\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGubernetes yetapa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStreamer-tailed\\u0026nbsp;Tyrant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eHirundo rustica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBarn Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e181\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLeistes superciliaris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-browed Meadowlark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMachetornis rixosa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCattle\\u0026nbsp;Tyrant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMegarynchus pitangua\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBoat-billed Flycatcher\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMimus saturninus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChalk-browed Mockingbird\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMyiophobus fasciatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBran-colored Flycatcher\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMyiozetetes similis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSocial Flycatcher\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNengetus cinereus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrey Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNothura maculosa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpotted Nothura\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePatagioenas cayennensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePale-vented Pigeon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePatagioenas picazuro\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePicazuro\\u0026nbsp;Pigeon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePetrochelidon pyrrhonota\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCliff Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePiaya cayana\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSquirrel Cuckoo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePitangus sulphuratus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGreat Kiskadee\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePseudoleistes guirahuro\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-rumped Marshbird\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePsittacara leucophthalma\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-eyed Parakeet\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eRamphastos toco\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eToco\\u0026nbsp;Toucan\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eRupornis magnirostris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRoadside Hawk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSerpophaga subcristata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-crested Tyrannulet\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSicalis flaveola\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSaffron Finch\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSicalis luteola\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrassland-yellow Finch\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSporophila lineola\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLined Seedeater\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSporophila nigricollis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-bellied Seedeater\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSynallaxis albescens\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePale-breasted Spinetail\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSynallaxis frontalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSooty-fronted Spinetail\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSyrigma sibilatrix\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhistling Heron\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTheristicus caudatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-necked Ibis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThraupis sayaca\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSayaca Tanager\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTodirostrum cinereum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCommon Tody-flycatcher\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTringa flavipes\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLesser Yellowlegs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTurdus amaurochalinus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCreamy-bellied\\u0026nbsp;Thrush\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTyrannus melancholicus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTropical Kingbird\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Lapwing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVolatinia jacarina\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlue-black Grassquit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eXolmis velatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-rumped Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZenaida auriculata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEared Dove\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZonotrichia capensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRufous-collared Sparrow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOnions fields\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlipiopsitta xanthops\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-faced Parrot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAmmodramus humeralis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrassland\\u0026nbsp;Sparrow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAnthus lutescens\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellowish Pipit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAthene cunicularia\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBurrowing Owl\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eBasileuterus culicivorus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGolden-crowned Warbler\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eButeogallus meridionalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSavanna Hawk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCantorchilus leucotis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-breasted Wren\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCaracara plancus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrested\\u0026nbsp;Caracara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCariama cristata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRed-legged Seriema\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCoereba flaveola\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBananaquit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eColaptes campetris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCampo Flicker\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCoragyps atratus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlack Vulture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCoryphospingus cucullatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRed-crested Finch\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEuphonia chlorotica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePurple-throated Euphonia\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruitNect\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFurnarius rufus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRufous Hornero\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGeranoaetus albicaudatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-tailed Hawk\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eHerpsilochmus longirostris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLarge-billed Antwren\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eHirundo rustica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBarn Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e127\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLeistes superciliaris\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-browed Meadowlark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMalacoptila striata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrescent-chested Puffbird\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMesembrinibis cayennensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGreen\\u0026nbsp;Ibis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMilvago chimachima\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-headed Caracara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVertFishScav\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMyiophobus fasciatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBran-colored Flycatcher\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePatagioenas picazuro\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePicazuro\\u0026nbsp;Pigeon\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePetrochelidon pyrrhonota\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCliff Swallow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePitangus sulphuratus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGreat Kiskadee\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSaltator maximus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-throated Saltator\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSicalis flaveola\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSaffron Finch\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSicalis luteola\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrassland-yellow Finch\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSporophila nigricollis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYellow-bellied Seedeater\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSynallaxis frontalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSooty-fronted Spinetail\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTersina viridis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSwallow Tanager\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThamnophilus torquatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRufous-winged Antshrike\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTheristicus caudatus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-necked Ibis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTroglodytes musculus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTroglodyte Wren\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Lapwing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInvertebrate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVolatinia jacarina\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlue-black Grassquit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZenaida auriculata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEared Dove\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlantSeed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZonotrichia capensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRufous-collared Sparrow\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOmnivore\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eForaging birds\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConsidering only foraging birds, only two species were recorded before and one after drilling (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). After drilling, no granivorous species were observed foraging on onion fields\\u0026mdash;only the insectivorous Southern Lapwing. The only granivorous species observed foraging was the Picazuro Pigeon, but only before drilling onion seeds.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMost recorded foraging species before and after drilling of carrot and onion seeds, excluding aerial hunters.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCarrot field\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBefore drilling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfter drilling\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e% of sightings foraging (total sightings)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e% of sightings foraging (total sightings)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Lapwing (\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98% (43)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrey Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u003cem\\u003eNengetus cinereus\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85% (20)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-necked Ibis (\\u003cem\\u003eTheristicus caudatus\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94% (77)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Lapwing (\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65% (20)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrey Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u003cem\\u003eNengetus cinereus\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72% (18)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrested Caracara (\\u003cem\\u003eCaracara plancus\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35% (17)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrested Caracara (\\u003cem\\u003eCaracara plancus\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53% (38)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuff-necked Ibis (\\u003cem\\u003eTheristicus caudatus\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30% (23)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOnion field\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBefore drilling\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eAfter drilling\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e% of sightings foraging (total sightings)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e% of sightings foraging (total sightings)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePicazuro Pigeon (\\u003cem\\u003ePatagioenas picazuro\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100% (2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Lapwing (\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e100% (3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhite-rumped Monjita\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u003cem\\u003eNengetus cinereus\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17% (6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study systematically assessed temporal and spatial seed incorporation into the soil of freshly drilled carrot and onion fields in Brazil. Our results indicate that freshly drilled fields offer a limited food source for granivorous bird species, possibly due to seedbed preparation and high seed incorporation rates. The reduced attractiveness of the fields studied and seedbed preparation with the described techniques is reflected by the lower diversity of bird species recorded compared to the bird communities observed in the surrounding habitats.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eProper seedbed preparation ensures optimal seed-to-soil contact, which is crucial for absorbing the moisture necessary for germination (Finch-Savage \\u0026amp; Pill \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1990\\u003c/span\\u003e; Salama et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). This process involves soil turning and burying crop residues from previous plantings; seedbed preparation can help reduce the incidence of soil-borne pests and diseases that might affect the new crop and increase the incorporation of organic matter and fertilizers (Lamichhane \\u0026amp; Soltani \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). In the context of our study, intensive seedbed preparation before drilling carrot and onion seeds has been shown to contribute significantly to the rapid and efficient incorporation of seeds into the soil. Additionally, the irrigation system used in our study leads to blading and bunding techniques that increase the incorporation rate even more. Moreover, other studies highlighted the potential impact of seedbed preparation and drilling procedures on drilling efficiency (de Snoo \\u0026amp; Luttik \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hahne et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024b\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUnincorporated seeds at the start of planting at turn-rows/headlands are more pronounced due to irregular movements of the planting equipment and inconstant speed (Cortez et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). As the seeder machinery begins to operate, the speed becomes constant, and the number of unincorporated seeds decreases (Cortez et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). In this study, the seed exposure in carrot and onion fields was inversely proportional to the distance from the edge of the crop and the time elapsed since drilling, and for distances\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;40 m, the seed incorporation was close to 100%. The average worst-case scenario for seed incorporation rates\\u0026mdash;calculated based on the proximity to field edges and the time since drilling\\u0026mdash;was high, ranging from 79\\u0026ndash;100% for carrots and 74\\u0026ndash;99% for onions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe number of avian species during point counts in adjacent habitats was substantially higher than in the study fields (2.5-fold for carrots and 3.5-fold for onions) despite significantly shorter observation durations, suggesting alternative habitats are more attractive to birds. On carrot fields, the number of species remained almost unchanged pre- and post-drilling (16 versus 20 species), including when focusing solely on foraging birds (7 versus 9 species). Notably, only two species associated with seed consumption\\u0026mdash;the eared dove and the rock pigeon\\u0026mdash;were observed in minimal numbers (0.12% of all bird sightings), indicating low seed exposure in the fields. Santos et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e) also observed low seed exposure in Brazil's dry bean fields. Moreover, that study found more species in the field, likely due to the differences in drilling techniques. Dry bean growers commonly use no-tillage practices in Brazil (Pias et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e), so soil preparation is expected to be less intensive than for carrots and onions, which require a very fine seedbed preparation. The seedbed preparation for carrot and onion fields significantly reduces the structure and the availability of other food sources, which could explain the even lower number of birds observed. No granivorous birds were observed foraging on carrot and onion seeds after drilling, reinforcing the conclusion that seed exposure is unlikely to be a significant factor.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOur data supports the hypothesis that freshly drilled carrot and onion fields are generally unattractive to foraging birds. The most frequently observed foraging species in carrot and onion fields were not granivorous or omnivorous. The prevalence of foraging birds was low, with only the Grey Monjita (\\u003cem\\u003eNengetus cinereus\\u003c/em\\u003e) and Southern Lapwing (\\u003cem\\u003eVanellus chilensis\\u003c/em\\u003e) observed. These species primarily consume arthropods and are not seed consumers.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eImplications for risk assessment\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIdentifying avian species that utilize agricultural fields and their adjacent areas is used in some comprehensive risk assessment protocols worldwide. Incorporating empirical field data into refined agrochemical risk assessments is a crucial component for some regulatory agencies, such as EFSA for Europe (EFSA 2009; 2023), but also countries like Costa Rica (DIGECA 2020), China (Ministry of Agriculture of the People\\u0026rsquo;s Republic of China \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e) and USA\\u0026rsquo;s Endangered Species Act (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1973\\u003c/span\\u003e). The data from this case study provides valuable insight into the potential exposure of bird species to pesticide-treated seeds in agricultural fields in Brazil.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOur findings indicate that freshly drilled carrot and onion fields exhibit low attractiveness for avian species compared to adjacent non-cultivated areas. Birds that consume seeds are more susceptible to exposure to treated seeds in fields (Fern\\u0026aacute;ndez-Vizca\\u0026iacute;no et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, our study showed that seed exposure in carrot and onion fields is low, and most avian species observed in crop fields post-drilling were not granivores, suggesting a reduced likelihood of contact with pesticides applied as a seed treatment.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious literature has also highlighted the importance of considering the dietary guild, body size, bill size, life history, seed size, and nutritional value in assessing the potential for seed consumption by birds (Diaz \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1990\\u003c/span\\u003e; Durant et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e; Lopez-Antia et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fern\\u0026aacute;ndez-Vizca\\u0026iacute;no et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; Santos et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Such parameters can also be included in risk assessments to accurately predict which bird species might be most susceptible to pesticide exposure through seed ingestion, thereby informing the development of targeted mitigation strategies to safeguard avian populations in agricultural landscapes.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn conclusion, the low attractiveness of freshly drilled carrot and onion fields to seed-eating birds, combined with low seed availability due to seedbed preparation, high seed incorporation, and irrigation methods leading to bunding and rapid seedling emergence, suggests that significant exposure of pesticide-treated seeds to birds is not expected in these crops. The agricultural practice of seedbed preparation for irrigated crops and the lack of attractiveness of small vegetable seeds significantly minimize the potential exposure and impact on granivorous birds. This finding has important implications for understanding the ecological dynamics and interactions between cultivated fields and wildlife for effectively managing seed resources within agricultural landscapes.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthical Approval\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that Syngenta supported this work.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of data and materials\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe additional data can be found in the Supplemental Information section and have been deposited in DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/ETKZF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflict of interest:\\u003c/strong\\u003e GSS, FC, APC, MCA, JPF, MGP, EF, SK, and JDM declare that the Syngenta companies employ them as indicated in their affiliations. FVB, MV, and JDL declare no conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBencke AG, Mauricio GN, Develey PF, Goerk JM (2006) \\u0026Aacute;reas importantes para a conserva\\u0026ccedil;\\u0026atilde;o das aves no Brasil: parte I \\u0026ndash; Estados do Dom\\u0026iacute;nio da Mata Atl\\u0026acirc;ntica. S\\u0026atilde;o Paulo, S\\u0026atilde;o Paulo.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCarvalho ADF De, Silva GO Da, Ragassi CF, Pereira GE, Louren\\u0026ccedil;o Junior V, Lopes CA, Pinheiro JB, Reis A, Pilon L (2021) Sistemas de Produ\\u0026ccedil;\\u0026atilde;o 2. Cenoura. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu\\u0026aacute;ria (Embrapa). Embrapa Hortali\\u0026ccedil;as. https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/227451/1/sistema-producao-cenoura-8out20211.pdf\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eClemente FMVT (2015) Produ\\u0026ccedil;\\u0026atilde;o de hortali\\u0026ccedil;as para agricultura familiar.\\u0026rdquo; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu\\u0026aacute;ria (Embrapa). Embrapa Hortali\\u0026ccedil;as. https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/212767/1/Producao-de-Hortalicas-para-a-Agricultura-Familiar.pdf\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCortez JW, Anghinoni M, Arcoverde SNS (2020) Seed metering mechanisms and tractor-seeder forward speed on corn agronomic components. Eng Agr\\u0026iacute;c 40(1):61-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v40n1p61-68/2020\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDe Luca AC, Develey PF, Bencke GA, Goerk JM (2009) \\u0026Aacute;reas importantes para a conserva\\u0026ccedil;\\u0026atilde;o das aves no Brasil: parte II \\u0026ndash; Amaz\\u0026ocirc;nia, Cerrado e Pantanal. S\\u0026atilde;o Paulo, S\\u0026atilde;o Paulo.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDe Snoo GR, Luttik R (2004) Availability of pesticide-treated seed on arable fields. Pest Manag Sci 60(5):501-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.824\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDiaz M (1990) Interspecific patterns of seed selection among granivorous passerines: Effects of seed size, seed nutritional value, and bird morphology. Ibis 132:467\\u0026ndash;476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb01064.x\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDirecci\\u0026oacute;n de Gesti\\u0026oacute;n de Calidad Ambiental \\u0026ndash; DIGECA (2020) Procedimiento general y lineamientos a seguir por parte del MINAE para la evaluaci\\u0026oacute;n de riesgo ambiental de agroinsumos. Versi\\u0026oacute;n 2.3. http://www.digeca.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/procedimiento_para_era_v2.3_0.pdf\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDurant D, Fritz H, Duncan P (2004) Feeding patch selection by herbivorous Anatidae: The influence of body size, and plant quantity and quality. J Avian Biol 35: 144\\u0026ndash;152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03166.x\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eEuropean Food Safety Authority \\u0026ndash; EFSA (2009) Guidance Document on Risk Assessment for Birds \\u0026amp; Mammals on request from EFSA. EFSA J 7(12):1438. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.143\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eEuropean Food Safety Authority \\u0026ndash; EFSA; Aagaard A, Berny P, Chaton PF, Antia AL, McVey E, Arena M, Fait G, Ippolito A, Linguadoca A, Sharp R, Theobald A, Brock T (2023) Guidance on the risk assessment for birds and mammals. EFSA J 21(2):7790300. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7790\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFern\\u0026aacute;ndez-Vizca\\u0026iacute;no E, Mougeot F, Cabodevilla X, et al (2023) Diet and spatial ecology influence red-legged partridge exposure to pesticides used as seed treatment. Environ Sci Technol 57(40):14861-14870. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03905\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eFinch-Savage WE, Pill WG (1990) Improvement of carrot crop establishment by combining seed treatments with increased seed-bed moisture availability. J Agric Sci 115(1):75\\u0026ndash;81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600073949\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGutierrez‐Arellano C, Mulligan M (2018) A review of regulation ecosystem services and disservices from faunal populations and potential impacts of agriculturalisation on their provision, globally. Nat Conserv 30:1\\u0026ndash;39. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.30\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHahne J, Foudoulakis M, Kragten S, Sprenger D, Ristau K, Dietrich C, Wang M (2024a) Availability of pesticide-treated seeds on the soil surface in different crops and countries: A comprehensive data set reflecting modern agronomic practice. Integr Environ Assess Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4933\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHahne J, Foudoulakis M, Kragten S, Patterson D, Sprenger D, Ristau K, Guckland A, Wang M (2024b) Decline of pesticide residue on treated crop seeds: An analysis of comprehensive industry data and implications of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products. Integr Environ Assess Manag 20:239-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4793\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\\u0026iacute;stica \\u0026ndash; IBGE (2017) Censo Agropecu\\u0026aacute;rio \\u0026ndash; Produ\\u0026ccedil;\\u0026atilde;o de Cenoura. https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/producao-agropecuaria/cenoura/br\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\\u0026iacute;stica \\u0026ndash; IBGE (2022) Censo Agropecu\\u0026aacute;rio - Produ\\u0026ccedil;\\u0026atilde;o de Cebola.https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/producao-agropecuaria/cebola/br\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKlink CA, Machado RB (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conserv Biol 19(3):707\\u0026ndash;713. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00702.x\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLamichhane JR, Soltani E (2020) Sowing and seedbed management methods to improve establishment and yield of maize, rice, and wheat across drought-prone regions: a review. J Agric Food Res 2:100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100089\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLepage D (2024) Checklist of the birds of Brazil. Avibase, the world bird database. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN\\u0026amp;region=br\\u0026amp;list=ebird\\u0026amp;ref=l_sam_br Accessed 27 June 2024.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLopez-Antia A, Feliu J, Camarero PR, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Mateo R (2016) Risk assessment of pesticide seed treatment for farmland birds using refined field data. J Appl Ecol 53:1373-1381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12668\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLudwig JA, Reynolds JF (1988) Statistical ecology: A primer on methods and computing. New York: John Wiley.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMagurran AE (2013) Medindo a diversidade biol\\u0026oacute;gica. Traducao de D.M. Vianna. Editora UFPR, Curitiba, PR.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMinistry of Agriculture of the People\\u0026rsquo;s Republic of China (2016) Guidance on environmental risk assessment for pesticide registration \\u0026ndash; Part 3: Birds. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China. https://www.codeofchina.com/standard/NYT2882.3-2016.html\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eOosterveld EB, Klop E, van der Zee E (2022) Key Habitat Factors of Breeding Birds in Agricultural Hedgerow Landscapes in East-Frysl\\u0026acirc;n, the Netherlands, in European Perspective \\u0026ndash; Ecological Evaluation and Relation to Agri-Environmental Schemes. Ardea 110(2):111-124. https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.2022.a9\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePenteado M, Yamashita C, Marques TS, Verdade LM (2016) Bird diversity in relation to land use in agricultural landscapes of southeastern Brazil. In: Gheler-Costa C, Lyra-Jorge, MC, Verdade LM (Eds.) Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil. De Gruyer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110480849-017\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePias OHC, Welter CA, Tiecher T, Cherubin MR, Flores JPM, Alves LA, Bayer C (2022) Common bean yield responses to nitrogen fertilization in Brazilian no-till soils: A meta-analysis. Rev Bras Ci\\u0026ecirc;n Solo 46:e0220022. https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20220022\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePiratelli A, Andrade VA, Lima Filho M (2005) Aves de fragmentos florestais em \\u0026aacute;rea de cultivo de cana-de-a\\u0026ccedil;\\u0026uacute;car no sudeste do Brasil. Iheringia S\\u0026eacute;r Zool 95(2):217-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212005000200013\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eProsser P, Hart ADM (2005) Assessing potential exposure of birds to pesticide-treated seeds. Ecotoxicol 14:679-691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-005-0018-4\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSalama DS, Pibars SK, Abdelhay YB, Tayel M, Nasr GEM (2018) Development a combined machine for seedbed preparation. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR J 20(1):90-94.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSantos GS, Artal MC, Paniago MDG, Cione APP, Casallanovo F, Farrelly E, Kragten S, Maul JD (2023) Use of dry bean fields by birds and mammals in Brazil: Insights from a field study and its use in pesticide risk assessment. Integrat Environ Assess Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4839\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSmart SL, Stillman RA, Norris KJ (2008) Measuring the functional responses of farmland birds: an example for a declining seed-feeding bunting. J Anim Ecol 77:687-695. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01375.x\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eStillman RA, Simmons VL (2006) Predicting the functional response of a farmland bird. Funct Ecol 20:723-730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01155.x\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eToor GS, Yang YY, Das S, Dorsey S, Felton G (2021) Soil health in agricultural ecosystems: current status and future perspectives. Adv Agron 168:157\\u0026ndash;201. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.02.004\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eUnited States Environmental Protection Agency \\u0026ndash; US EPA (2023) T-REX Version 1.5 user\\u0026apos;s guide for calculating pesticide residues on avian and mammalian food items. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/t-rex-version-15-users-guide-calculating-pesticide Assessed 27 June 2024\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1973) Endangered Species Act of 1973. Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, DC.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Seed incorporation, Farmland birds, Granivore, Pesticide exposure, Functional Response, Wildlife Risk Assessment\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4668305/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4668305/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAgricultural landscapes in Brazil provide habitat to various bird species, some of which may be exposed to pesticide-treated seeds that have not been fully incorporated into the soil during drilling. Understanding the dynamics and interactions between birds and freshly drilled fields is crucial for developing sustainable farming practices that balance agricultural food production with wildlife conservation. This study investigated the presence and abundance of birds and the availability of pesticide-treated seeds in four onion fields and seven carrot fields in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. Bird surveys were conducted using scan sampling and point count methods to observe diversity and behavior before and after crop drilling. For carrot and onion fields, the study found that seed incorporation rates varied according to the distance from the field edges, with close to the edge having lower rates. In carrot fields, bird monitoring showed a decrease in observed species and individuals on the day of drilling, with an increase in bird sightings after drilling. In onion fields, similar trends were observed, with the species composition changing after drilling and a significant decrease in species abundance on the day of drilling. None of the species found foraging in the field after drilling were granivorous or omnivorous. These findings indicated that carrot and onion fields offer limited food sources for granivore bird species due to high seed incorporation rates and intensive seedbed preparation. The research suggests that freshly drilled carrot and onion fields are generally unattractive to foraging birds, with low seed exposure and a reduced likelihood of contact with pesticides applied as a seed treatment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Seed Availability and Bird Occurrence in Freshly Drilled Onion and Carrot Fields in Brazil\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-07-26 17:04:21\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4668305/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"bf86b95a-b694-4fdb-bac2-279ac62c7e62\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"July 26th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-09-10T12:40:50+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-07-26 17:04:21\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4668305\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4668305\",\"identity\":\"rs-4668305\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}