{"paper_id":"25119b58-97dc-43bf-ba2c-6eaed2821898","body_text":"Numerical Simulation of Oil Spills in the Peruvian Sea: Analysis and Proposal for Containment Strategies | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Numerical Simulation of Oil Spills in the Peruvian Sea: Analysis and Proposal for Containment Strategies Diana Román, Juan Grande, Alberto Orellana, Jerver Mañuico, Victor Acosta, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8124683/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Oil spills along the Peruvian coast pose a severe threat to marine ecosystems, coastal economic activities, and public health. In January 2022, a major spill near the La Pampilla refinery released more than 11,000 barrels of crude oil into the ocean, causing significant environmental and social impacts while exposing critical weaknesses in national response systems. Using this incident as a reference case, this study applies the OpenOil module of the OpenDrift framework to simulate oil spill dispersion under local oceanographic and atmospheric conditions. The simulations reproduced the northward drift of the oil, consistent with satellite observations and official reports, with stranding hotspots identified along Santa Rosa beach and Punta Tomacalla, where up to 60% of the particles accumulated. The model also captured the relative contributions of evaporation (~4%), emulsification, and biodegradation, showing that the latter became more dominant after 65 hours, reducing the mass of oil at sea. These results highlight the limited reaction time available in the first 15 hours, when the slick expanded rapidly to nearly 10 km, and demonstrate the model’s predictive capacity to identify areas at risk. Based on the findings, we propose the use of containment and deflection booms strategically positioned according to modeled particle trajectories, as well as the integration of real-time data to improve emergency preparedness. Overall, this research shows that numerical modeling can effectively support oil spill response in Peru, providing actionable insights for contingency planning, ecological protection, and the development of maritime environmental policies aligned with international best practices. Oil spill modeling OpenDrift OpenOil Numerical simulation Marine pollution Biodegradation Evaporation Containment strategies Peruvian coast Environmental management Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8124683\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":556509056,\"identity\":\"fe3caa01-d169-46f3-974d-27ccd8bc2962\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Diana 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Strategies\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research 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In January 2022, a major spill near the La Pampilla refinery released more than 11,000 barrels of crude oil into the ocean, causing significant environmental and social impacts while exposing critical weaknesses in national response systems. Using this incident as a reference case, this study applies the OpenOil module of the OpenDrift framework to simulate oil spill dispersion under local oceanographic and atmospheric conditions. The simulations reproduced the northward drift of the oil, consistent with satellite observations and official reports, with stranding hotspots identified along Santa Rosa beach and Punta Tomacalla, where up to 60% of the particles accumulated. The model also captured the relative contributions of evaporation (~4%), emulsification, and biodegradation, showing that the latter became more dominant after 65 hours, reducing the mass of oil at sea. These results highlight the limited reaction time available in the first 15 hours, when the slick expanded rapidly to nearly 10 km, and demonstrate the model’s predictive capacity to identify areas at risk. Based on the findings, we propose the use of containment and deflection booms strategically positioned according to modeled particle trajectories, as well as the integration of real-time data to improve emergency preparedness. Overall, this research shows that numerical modeling can effectively support oil spill response in Peru, providing actionable insights for contingency planning, ecological protection, and the development of maritime environmental policies aligned with international best practices.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Numerical Simulation of Oil Spills in the Peruvian Sea: Analysis and Proposal for Containment Strategies\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-09 11:19:37\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8124683/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"cf28a469-a9dc-4b15-a697-387cd9af7b50\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 9th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-03-10T02:39:59+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-09 11:19:37\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8124683\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8124683\",\"identity\":\"rs-8124683\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}