{"paper_id":"24637ea1-14c2-496b-b301-e35b611efe5d","body_text":"Abstract\nPrecise evaluation of microvascularity with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) facilitates diagnosis of the diseases of the myometrium, endometrium, and adnexa. The value of CEUS in endometrial hyperplasia, invasive carcinoma, endometrial polyps, uterine fibroids, focal and diffuse adenomyosis, leiomyosarcoma, cyst, borderline tumors, and ovarian cancers are discussed in this chapter. Quantitative analysis of CEUS data increases its diagnostic capacity. Patients after uterine artery embolization or ablation with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) are reported to be effectively followed up with CEUS. Sonohysterosalpingography with contrast agents is analyzed in depth. Much attention is paid to CEUS for studies of ovarian and varicose pelvic veins in patients with pelvic congestion syndrome, evaluation of vein grafts after surgery, and detection of blood clots in pelvic venous plexus.\nAccess this chapter\nTax calculation will be finalised at checkout\nPurchases are for personal use only\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nBulanov MN. Ul'trazvukovaya ginekologiya: kurs lekcij v trekh tomah [Ultrasound gynecology: a course of lectures in three volumes], vol. 2. Moscow: Vidar-M; 2010.\nPrives MG, Lysenkov NK, Bushkovich VI. Anatomiya cheloveka [Human anatomy]. 12th ed. Saint Petersburg: Hyppokrat; 2017.\nProskuryakova OV, Zykin BI. Dopplerekhografiya matki [Dopplerography of the uterus]. In: Zykin BI, Medvedev MV, editors. Dopplerografiya v ginekologii: Enciklopediya ul'trazvukovoj diagnostiki v akusherstve i ginekologii [Doppler ultrasound in gynecology: an encyclopedia of ultrasonic diagnostics in obstetrics and gynecology]. Moscow: Real'noe vremya; 2000. p. 35–45.\nOzerskaya IA. Ekhografiya v ginekologii [Echography in gynecology]. Moscow: Vidar-M; 2013.\nLiu Y, Xu Y, Cheng W, Liu X. Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for the differential diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial neoplasms. Oncol Lett. 2016;12(5):3763–70. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5206.\nPop CM, Mihu D, Badea R. Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of endometrial pathology. Clujul Med. 2015;88(4):433–7. https://doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-499.\nWei JJ, Zhang XM, Chiriboga L, Yee H, Perle MA, Mittal K. Spatial differences in biologic activity of large uterine leiomyomas. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:179–87.\nMartini C, Lacelli F, Grillo G, Gandolfo N, Orlandi D, Serafini G. Evaluation of pseudocapsule of uterine myomas with contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). ECR. 2014;2014:376. https://doi.org/10.1594/ecr2014/C-0376.\nSconfienza LM, Lacelli F, Gandolfo N, Gazzo P, Perrone N, Serafini G. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) assessment of superselective uterine fibroid embolization (SUFE): preliminary experience. J Ultrasound. 2008;11(4):158–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jus.2008.09.005.\nLyshchik A, editor. Specialty imaging: fundamentals of CEUS. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 214–40.\nZhang XL, Zheng RQ, Yang YB, Huang DM, Song Q, Mao YJ, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in uterine leiomyomas. Chin Med J. 2010;123(21):3095–9.\nStoelinga B, Dooper AMC, Juffermans LJM, et al. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the assessment of uterine fibroids: a feasibility study. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2018;44(8):1901–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.030.\nTjalma W, Van Marck E, Weyler J, Dirix L, Van Daele A, Goovaerts G, et al. Quantification and prognostic relevance of angiogenic parameters in invasive cervical cancer. Br J Cancer. 1998;78(2):170–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1998.460.\nCooper RA, West CM, Wilks DP, Logue JP, Davidson SE, Roberts SA, Hunter RD. Tumour vascularity is a significant prognostic factor for cervix carcinoma treated with radiotherapy: independence from tumour radiosensitivity. Br J Cancer. 1999;81(2):354–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690700.\nZheng W, Xiong YH, Han J, Guo ZX, Li YH, Li AH, Pei XQ. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of cervical carcinoma: perfusion pattern and relationship with tumour angiogenesis. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1065):20150887. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150887.\nPomortsev AV, Grushevskaya YV, Makukhina TB. Controversial issues of radiologic diagnosis of adenomyosis in reproductive losses. Kuban Sci Med Bull. 2019;26(2):173–90. https://doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2019-26-2-173-190.\nWang Y, Wang W, Ye H. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography assessment of therapeutic efficacy for ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroids: comparison with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. J Med Ultrasound. 2014;22(1):22–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmu.2013.10.007.\nZhang X, Mao Y, Zheng R, Zheng Z, Huang Z, Huang D, et al. The contribution of qualitative CEUS to the determination of malignancy in adnexal masses, indeterminate on conventional US - a multicenter study. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093843.\nQiao JJ, Yu J, Yu Z, Li N, Song C, Li M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118872.\nFleischer AC, Lyshchik A, Jones HW Jr, Crispens M, Loveless M, Andreotti RF, et al. Contrast-enhanced transvaginal sonography of benign versus malignant ovarian masses: preliminary findings. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(7):1011–8. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2008.27.7.1011.\nWang X, Yang S, Lv G, Liao J, Wu S, Zhang W. Combination of GI-RADS and 3D-CEUS for differential diagnosis of ovarian masses. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(7):959–64. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.7.959.\nSidhu PS, Cantisani V, Dietrich CF, Gilja OH, Saftoiu A, Bartels E, et al. The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations for the clinical practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in non-Hepatic applications: update 2017. Ultraschall Med. 2018;39(2):e2–e44. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0586-1107.\nGraziano A, Lo Monte G, Soave I, Caserta D, Moscarini M, Marci R. Sonohysterosalpingography: a suitable choice in infertility workup. J Med Ultrason. 2013;40:225–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10396-012-0417-0.\nSerov VA, Suhih GT. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. Klinicheskie rekomendacii [Obstetrics and gynecology. Clinical recommendations]. GEOTAR-Media: Moscow; 2014.\nSavel'eva GM, Suhih GT, Manuhin IB. Ginekologiya. Nacional'noe rukovodstvo [Gynecology. National guidelines]. GEOTAR-Media: Moscow; 2013.\nNorton M, Scoutt L, Feldstein VA. Callen’s ultrasonography in obstetrics and gynecology. 6th ed. London: Elsevier; 2017.\nSencha AN, Bychenko VG, Fedotkina EP, et al. Ekhogisterosal'pingografiya s primeneniem kontrastnogo preparata “SonoVue” – effektivnaya tekhnologiya ocenki prohodimosti matochnyh trub [Echohysterosalpingography with the use of SonoVue contrast agent – an effective technology for assessing the patency of the fallopian tubes]. Akush Ginekol. 2018;6:63–9.\nFedotkina EP, Sencha AN. Ekhogisterosal'pingografiya s primeneniem kontrastnogo preparata “SonoVue” [Echohysterosalpingography with the use of contrast agent SonoVue]. SonoAce Ultrasound. 2018;31:17–27.\nBychenko VG, Sencha AN. Gisterosal'pingografiya. Atlas ot A do Ya [Hysterosalpingography. Atlas from A to Z]. Moscow: MEDpress-inform; 2020.\nSencha AN, Fedotkina EP, Sheshko PL, Pavlovich SV. Metodika provedeniya ekhogisterosal'pingografii s primeneniem ekhokontrastnogo preparata SonoVue [Method of conducting echohisterosalpingography using SonoVue echocontrast preparation]. Russian Patent 2,697,370; 2019.\nChernov VI, Nosov VV, Vesnina ZV, Lishmanov YB. Gisterosal'pingoscintigrafiya v diagnostike neprohodimosti matochnyh trub [Hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of obstruction of the fallopian tubes]. Radiologiya-praktika. 2005;2:19–23.\nAyida G, Kennedy S, Barlow D, Chamberlain P. A comparison of patient tolerance of hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) with Echovist-200 and X-ray hysterosalpingography for outpatient investigation of infertile women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1996;7(3):201–4. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.07030201.x.\nWang W, Zhou Q, Gong Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Chen Z. Assessment of fallopian tube fimbria patency with 4-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography in infertile women. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(10):2061–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14244.\nDemidov VN. Primenenie ekhografii v ginekologii [Application of echography in gynecology]. Moscow: Binom; 2017.\nMedvedev MV, Ozerskaya IA. Ul'trazvukovoe issledovanie matochnyh trub. Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po ul'trazvukovoj diagnostike [Ultrasound examination of the fallopian tubes. Clinical guide to ultrasound diagnostics], vol. 3. Moscow: Vidar; 1997. p. 175–200.\nHegazy AA. Hysterosalpingography might disturb the functional anatomy of Fallopian tube. Acad Anat Int. 2018;4(1):1–3.\nSavelli L, Pollastri P, Guerrini M, Villa G, Manuzzi L, Mabrouk M, et al. Tolerability, side effects, and complications of hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (HyCoSy). Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1481–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1777.\nWeskott HP. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound. 2nd ed. London: Uni-Med Science; 2013.\nSmith A, Parker P, Byass O, Chiu K. Contrast sonovenography - Is this the answer to complex deep vein thrombosis imaging? Ultrasound. 2016;24(1):17–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742271X15625432.\nKalinin R, et al. Diagnostics and treatment of chronic venous disease: guidelines of Russian phlebological association. Phlebologiya. 2018;12(3):146–240. https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo20187031146.\nGulleroglu K, Gulleroglu B, Baskin E. Nutcracker syndrome. World J Nephrol. 2014;3(4):277–81. https://doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v3.i4.277.\nFomina EE, Ahmetzyanov RV, Tuhbatullin MG. Metodologiya ul'trazvukovogo issledovaniya pri varikoznoj bolezni ven taza [Methodology of ultrasound examination in pelvic varicose veins]. Prakt Med. 2016;9(101):53–8.\nFomina EE, Tuhbatullin MG, Ahmetzyanov RV. Sposob ul'trazvukovogo issledovaniya s kontrastnym usileniem venoznogo anastomoza malogo taza [Method of ultrasound examination with contrast enhancement of venous anastomosis in small pelvis]. Russian patent RU 2712104 C1, 24 Jan 2020.\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\n12.1 Electronic Supplementary Materials\nEndometrial cancer. CEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 40401 kb)\nUterine fibroid. CEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 36545 kb)\nCervical cancer. CEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 39391 kb)\nDiffuse adenomyosis. CEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 38842 kb)\nNormal ovary. CEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 36565 kb)\nOvarian serous cystadenoma. CEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 38766 kb)\nEndometriotic cysts of the ovary. CEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 39114 kb)\nCEUS cine loop at ×1.5 speed (MP4 37144 kb)\nHyCoSy images. Normal fallopian tubes. Patient A. CEUS sine loop (MP4 8185 kb)\nHyCoSy images. Normal fallopian tubes. Patient B. CEUS sine loop (MP4 5857 kb)\nVaricose pelvic veins. CEUS cine loop (MP4 30251 kb)\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nFedotkina, E.P. et al. (2022). CEUS in Gynecology. In: Sencha, A.N., Patrunov, Y.N. (eds) Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91764-7_12\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91764-7_12\nPublished:\nPublisher Name: Springer, Cham\nPrint ISBN: 978-3-030-91763-0\nOnline ISBN: 978-3-030-91764-7\neBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}