{"paper_id":"23aecd8e-1439-40ba-a775-b4398e579d19","body_text":"Healthcare Providers' adherence on Neonatal infection prevention and control measures and its associated factors in Tanzania: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Healthcare Providers' adherence on Neonatal infection prevention and control measures and its associated factors in Tanzania: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study Nicodem Komba, Angelina Joho, Saada Ali Seif This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813570/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Adherence to prevention and control of neonatal infection is crucial in reduction and prevention of preventable neonatal deaths due to infection. However, newborn dying due to healthcare acquired infection is still high to 20% in Tanzania. This study investigated the adherence to IPC standards guidelines and associated factors among healthcare workers working within primary and secondary healthcare facilities. The results showed that, the HCWs adherence to standard guideline was 58%. Factors associated with the adherence to IPC standard guideline were, having adequate knowledgeable on IPC standard guideline, being under midwifery or nursing professional and aged between 36 to 50 years old. Adherence to IPC standard guideline Healthcare acquired infection Infection prevention and control Tanzania Background Globally, 2.6 million neonates die every year (WHO, 2022). More than 90% of these deaths occur in low and middle-income countries (MOH, 2018). Tanzania is among the top ten countries with the highest number of neonatal deaths (WHO, 2020). Neonatal infection is the third most common and preventable cause of global neonatal deaths after complications of prematurity and intrapartum–related conditions (birth asphyxia), which makes up to 23% of all neonatal deaths (WHO, 2022). Approximately 11.3% of total deaths in Tanzania are contributed by neonates, whereby, infections are responsible for up to 20% of all deaths among neonates (Chacha D. Mangua, Susan F. Rumishab, Emanuel P. Lyimob, Irene R. Mremib, c, Isolide S. Massawed, Veneranda M. Bwanae, 2021). The adverse effects HAI don’t limit itself to death, rather extends to ending up with long-term complications such as neurodevelopmental impairment among the survivors (Gysin et al., 2022). Neonates can acquire an infection in the course of care, like during labor and delivery, resuscitation, or while receiving routine care in the ward (WHO, 2022). Failure of HCWs abiding to IPC standard guidelines while caring laboring women or newborn baby in the ward, can pave contamination with pathogenic microorganism such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, acinetobacter species and S. aureus to newborn babies (Buchanan-smith, Cocking, & Moallin, 2023; Dramowski et al., 2022; MSD, 2023; Sass & Karlowicz, 2018). The acquisition becomes more prominent among at-risk neonates such as premature, low birth weight, babies with low APGAR score, and asphyxiated babies (MSD, 2023). In low and middle-income countries, studies found that neonatal infections are the result of contamination from either HCWs or the surrounding environment (Tafere & Belachew, 2023). In that sense, it can be concluded that some of babies born at hospitals suffering from infections likely acquired the infection within the hospitals, as the majority were born to mothers who had no intrauterine infection. Infection prevention and control (IPC) is recognised as one of the critical preparedness and readiness actions to be taken by all levels of health care facilities to prevent and control of healthcare acquired infection among neonates (Okomo, 2018). In order to achieve this, the Tanzanian government through Ministry of Health (MoH) in 2017, joined a coalition with 10 countries with WHO on network for improving quality of care for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (Manu, 2022), of which, IPC depicted as one of the critical pillar of this coalition. As part of the implementation milestone, MOH in 2018 revised the national IPC guidelines, followed by Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and various other job aids. HCW’s adherence to IPC practices and HCFs availability of equipment, supplies and guidelines in Tanzanian Healthcare facilities is low to about 31% and 54% respectively (Hokororo et al., 2021). In order for HCWs to adhere to IPC, they must be prepared to provide care in accordance to standard precaution. Based on my best level of knowledge, there has been no publication on adherence to IPC standard guideline among HCWs in Tanzania, though, anecdotally, level of preparedness is unsatisfactory. Above all, it is high time no than ever, to understand this matter. As recently, reduction of neonatal death for 7 years has been stagnant compared to their counterpart of maternal mortality which has significantly reduced (TDHS-MIS, 2022). Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the providers’ adherence to IPC standard guideline in prevention and control of neonatal infection in Dodoma, Tanzania. Methods Study design and settings This was an analytical Crossectional study conducted in the Dodoma region of Tanzania in June to July 2024. Dodoma is a capital city Tanzania with a rapid population growth. The prevalence of neonatal infection is high in this region marking to 64%, which is comparative than national average of 20%. The study was conducted within primary and secondary healthcare facilities including one regional referral hospital, two district hospital and four health centres. The facilities were selected due their high volume of clients receiving midwifery care. Study population, sample size and sampling This study involved healthcare workers working in labour and neonatal related wards with of not less than one of working experience. The Yamane formula was used to determine sample size of which it was 203 participants who was selected purposively. Data collection methods and tools A self-administered questionnaire with closed ended questions and observation checklists adopted from Standard based management and recognition tool of 2017 and IPC assessment tool of 2020 were used. Background information and knowledge of the study participants were collected using self-administered questionnaires, while HCWs adherence to IPC standards guideline was assessed using observation checklists. Variables The dependent variable is HCWs adherence to IPC standard guideline which was measured in binary scale (yes/no) on whether HCW complied to set IPC standard on prevention and control of neonatal infection during management of women during labour and newborn baby. The independent variables were the participants social demographic background and knowledge on prevention and control of neonatal infection. Data analysis Descriptive statistics, a chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to establish the association between study variables. Odds ratio and a 95% confidence interval were reported and the p-value of ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of participants was 33 years (SD = 8.5). Among 203 healthcare workers (HCWs) involved in this study, the response rate was 100%. About 70 HCWs were from Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital representing 34.48% of participants, 81 HCWs were from other Dodoma city facilities representing 39.9% of participants and 52 HCWs from Chamwino District representing 25.61% of the participants. The majority 71% (n = 144) of HCWs were between 20 to 35 years old with a substantial majority being female, 62.1% (n = 126). Moving to participants’ level of education and professional type, almost half had bachelor degrees, 41.9% (n = 85) while two-thirds belonged to the nursing/ midwifery profession 74% (n = 151). Furthermore, 77% (n = 156) of participants’ years of working experience were between 1 to 10 years. Regarding healthcare workers' place of working, nearly half of them belonged to health centres 4.5% (n = 93), with almost half of them working in labour wards 55% (n = 112). Looking into whether health care workers received training on infection prevention and control, 64% (n = 130) received it with almost all of them 92.3 (n = 120) receiving it more than 6 months ago (Table 1 ). HCW’s adherence to IPC standard guideline on prevention and control of neonatal infection The minimum domain score under the objective was 48%, on abiding to IPC standard guideline when offering postnatal care, while maximum score was 72% on HCW’s provision of immediate newborn care. According to Ministry of 2017 standard based management and recognition tool (MOH, 2017). HCW is recognized complied to standard guideline, when scores ≥ 80%, moderate adherence when scores between 60–79% and regarded as poor adherence when scores < 60%. Therefore, participants under this study, demonstrated poor adherence to standard guideline on prevention and control of neonatal infection at 58%. Factors associated with adherence to IPC standard guideline The sole effect of each variable on HCWs adherence to IPC standard guideline on prevention of neonatal infection was determined by using a multivariate logistic regression model (Table 2 ). Results showed that, adhering to standard guidelines on prevention and control of neonatal infection were significantly higher among HCWs aged between 36 to 50 years old (AOR = 2.563;95%CI:4.897,11.093), among midwives or nurses (AOR = 3.456;95%CI:7.902,24.280), furthermore, having adequate knowledge on IPC (AOR = 4.017;95%CI:1.420,11.359) were also more likely to comply with adherence to IPC standard guideline compared to those with in adequate knowledge (Table 2 ). Table 1 A social demographic characteristics of study participants (N = 203) Variable Frequency (n) Percent (%) Sex Male 77 37.9 Female 126 62.1 Age (years) 20–35 144 70.9 36–50 52 25.6 51+ 7 3.4 Level of education Certificate 32 15.8 Diploma 69 34 Bachelor 85 41.9 Masters 17 8.4 Profession Nurses/ Midwives 151 74 Doctors 52 26 Working experience (Years) 1–10 156 76.8 11–20 35 17.2 21+ 12 5.9 Level/type of healthcare facility Regional Referral Hospital 70 34.5 District Hospital/ DDH 40 20 Health Centre 93 45.5 Working unit Labor ward 112 55 Postnatal ward 44 22 Neonatal care unit 17 8 Antenatal ward 27 13 Trained in IPC at a minimum 3 days Yes 130 64 No 73 36 When was last Training on IPC Less than 6 months 10 7.7 More than 6 months 120 92.3 Table 2 Logistic regression table showing association between HCW’s social demographic characteristics, knowledge and adherence to standard guideline on prevention and control of neonatal infection during labour VARIABLE 95% CI 95% CI COR Lower Upper P -Value AOR Lower Upper P -value Age (in years) 20–35 1.122 1.4322 1.988 0.676 1.565 1.524 5.7363 0.235 36–50 2.321 3.988 10.223 0.023 2.563 4.897 11.093 0.020 50+ Ref Professionals Medical Doctors Ref Nursing/ Midwifery 2.988 6.933 22.983 0.003 3.450 7.902 24.280 < 0.001 Training on IPC Yes 1.172 0.982 2.093 0.083 1.573 2.901 3.090 0.0702 No Ref Level of education Certificate 1.703 1.089 5.860 0.182 1.097 1.202 6.266 0.288 Diploma 1.028 1.562 4.983 0.981 1.300 1.782 4.990 0.991 Bachelor Ref Type of facility Regional Referral hospital 1.274 3.844 8.773 0.874 1.322 3.670 8.883 0.614 District hospital 1.002 2.673 5.983 0.840 1.080 2.980 6.906 0.820 Health centre Ref Knowledgeable 4.403 1.777 10.913 0.001 4.017 1.420 11.359 0.009 Not knowledgeable Ref. DISCUSSION This study investigated the adherence to IPC standard guideline and its associated factors among HCWs working within primary and secondary healthcare facilities. Half of the healthcare providers (58%) had adherence. This time finding has much more improvement compared to findings of 31% found in the star rating assessment in year 2020. This improvement might be due to effort made by government through ministry by comprehensive dissemination of IPC guidelines and capacity building between year 2018 and 2023. Nevertheless, COVID 19 pandemic helped in modification of HCWs on adherence of IPC standards. This narration does not conclude that, the practice was of required, not at all. Based on the MOH standard based management and recognition (SBMR), The facility is termed to have good compliance when scores not less than 80%. Therefore, HCWs had moderate compliance. These findings are comparable with what found in West Africa Nigeria in 2023 (67%) (Orji et al., 2023). However, the findings are drastically different compared to a study done in Switzerland whereby adherence to IPC standard guidelines was 88% among healthcare workers (Gysin et al., 2022). The reasons for the differences might be due to the differences in the healthcare system related factors or background characteristics of the HCWs and facilities. Our finding indicated that, knowledge depicted as factor associated with the HCWs adherence to IPC standard guidelines. HCWs with adequate knowledge demonstrated being more likely complying to IPC standard guideline than those with in adequate knowledge. But also, HCWs under midwifery or nursing professional had more likelihood on complying to IPC standard guidelines compared to their counterpart under medical professional. Similar findings have been reported in previous studies conducted in Northern Ethiopia (Tafere & Belachew, 2023). All of these implies that, capacity building to HCWs abiding to IPC standard guidelines could be a game changer towards enhancement of abiding to prescribed quality of care. To the other side, marked differences in compliance across profession might have been attributed due to nature of training between them, as it has been well noticed that, issues related to quality improvement noticed to gain slightly higher emphasis to midwifery and nursing medical school compared to their counterpart. Hence, harmonization of the curriculum could be of utmost importance on uplifting the quality of care. Failure to show association among other factors as suggested by Donabedian model could be due to potential mediating effects between the factors. More studies in this area are needed to role of associated factors on adherence. On the other hand, the overall knowledge score among HCWs were adequate to 87%. And this is to say, in order for the knowledge to offer results there must be necessary other supportive factors like supplies, equipment and guidelines. Therefore, it a call for action to facility, council and regional management team to ensure making of enabling environment to ensure the provision of quality of care. Conclusion By Concluding, the observed poor adherence of HCWs on prevention and control of neonatal infection is alarming and underscore the need for immediate comprehensive interventions. Increasing HCWs adherence to IPC is must to do strategy for ensuring safety and wellbeing of this vulnerable group of neonates. In addressing this issue, integrated approach is essential. The approach should include, enhancement of capacity building to HCWs, strengthening infection prevention and control policies, ensuring availability of necessary resources, supplies and guidelines, and effective leadership support on the matter. But also, as it is vivid in the national Human resources for health gap, the relevant authority must employ strategy to address workload and staffing challenges. By smart stratification of these measures, healthcare facilities can significantly improve adherence to IPC. Abbreviations AMR Antimicrobial resistance IPC Infection prevention and control NCU Neonatal care unit MOH Ministry of Health TDHS Tanzania Demographic Health Survey HAI Healthcare Acquired Infection SOP Standard Operating Procedure SBMR Standard Based Management and Recognition HLD High Level Disinfection PPE Personal Protective Equipment Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the University of Dodoma research committee on 30t h January 2024 with Ref. No. MA. B4/261/69/1 and permission to conduct was sought from the District Executive Director (DED) for the Dodoma City Council on 13 th March 2024 with Ref. No. HJD/A.20/Vol IV/73 and Chamwino District Council on 26 th March 2024 with Ref. No. CDC/E.10/8/71. All participants were informed about the study objectives, risks and benefits, confidentiality of their information was assured with observation of voluntary participation. Consent for Publication All parties consented for publication of this work Availability of data and materials All the necessary data analysed and supporting findings of this study are included in this manuscript. In addition, the SPSS dataset used for the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests Funding No funding received for this work Author contributions N.K conceptualized the research idea, collected data, carried out analysis, interpreted the findings and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. A.J and S.A.S contributed to the ideation stage, supervision, reviewed and edited the manuscript. Acknowledgements Special appreciation goes to all HCWs and Dodoma city and Chamwino District hospiatals, Dodoma Regional Hospital, Mpwayungu, Mkonze, Chamwino and Makole Health cantres for their collaboration and welcoming environment for data collection. References Buchanan-smith, M., Cocking, J., & Moallin, Z. (2023). Independent Review of the IPC in Somalia . (October). Chacha D. Mangua, Susan F. Rumishab, Emanuel P. Lyimob, Irene R. Mremib, c, Isolide S. Massawed, Veneranda M. Bwanae, M. G. C. and L. E. G. M. (2021). Trends , patterns and cause-specific neonatal mortality in Tanzania : a hospital-based retrospective survey . (September 2020), 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa070 Dramowski, A., Aucamp, M., Beales, E., Bekker, A., Cotton, M. F., Fitzgerald, F. C., … Coffin, S. (2022). Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Interventions for Neonates in Resource-Limited Settings . 10 (July), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.919403 Gysin, D. V., Sommerstein, R., Kronenberg, A., Buetti, N., Eder, M., Piezzi, V., … Widmer, A. (2022). High adherence to national IPC guidelines as key to sustainable VRE control in Swiss hospitals : a cross ‑ sectional survey. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control , 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01051-9 Hokororo, J., Eliakimu, E., Ngowi, R., German, C., Bahegwa, R., Msigwa, Y., … Komba, A. (2021). Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Report of Trend for Compliance of Infection Prevention and Control Standards in Tanzania from 2010 to 2017 in Tanzania Mainland . 5 (3), 1–10. Manu, A. (2022). Institutionalising maternal and newborn quality-of-care standards in Bangladesh, Ghana and Tanzania: a quasi-experimental study. BMJ Global Health , 7 (9), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009471 MOH. (2018). National IPC Guideline . MSD. (2023). Hospital-Acquired Infections in Newborns . Okomo, U. A. (2018). Neonatal Infections; a hospital-based study in The Gambia examining aetiology and associated maternal colonisation. BMC Medicine , 34 (12), 426–443. Retrieved from https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646824/1/2017_EPH_PhD_Okomo_U.pdf Sass, L., & Karlowicz, M. G. (2018). Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Neonate. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , (January), 560-566.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00094-3 Tafere, T. Z., & Belachew, T. B. (2023). Assessment of knowledge and practice of nurses regarding infection prevention and associated factors at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital , Northwest Ethiopia . TDHS-MIS. (2022). Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) 2022. In Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) 2022 . WHO. (2020). GLOBAL REPORT ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BURDEN OF SEPSIS Current evidence , identifying gaps and future directions . WHO. (2022). Global report on infection prevention and control Global report on infection prevention and control Executive summary . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementaryabstract.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-5813570\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":403054817,\"identity\":\"82762ca7-201b-4609-97d9-e36672d4eab0\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Nicodem Komba\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZiDmAWI+KF8ORBx4QIwWNijfGKwlgZBNyFoSG0AkPi3m7MwPH7yp2CbPxt6d+LigxiZ9ftjhh0Bb7OR0G7BrsWxmMzacc+a2YRvP2c3GM46l5W68nWYA1JJsbHYAuxaDwzxs0rxttxPYJHK3SfM2HM7dODsBpOVA4ja8Wv4Btci/3f6bt+F/uuHs9A9EaGkA2cK7jZm34UCCvHQOIVtAfjkG8kvuZmmeY8mGG6RzCg4kGODxy/nDwBCruS3Pz35242eeGjt5+dnpmz98qLCTw6UFiyFglQbEKgcB+QZSVI+CUTAKRsFIAAAJ+l2DIJ/MngAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Dodoma\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Nicodem\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Komba\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":403054818,\"identity\":\"d491b6cb-1142-4bc2-a44f-e0a6a95691a9\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Angelina Joho\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Dodoma\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Angelina\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Joho\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":403054819,\"identity\":\"bd90b365-7b75-43b2-82b3-9ab706b99aa3\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Saada Ali Seif\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"University of Dodoma\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Saada\",\"middleName\":\"Ali\",\"lastName\":\"Seif\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-01-12 12:23:10\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813570/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813570/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":76017599,\"identity\":\"e6ff5a1a-f2f8-495b-b5a4-e93305aeb486\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-02-11 13:09:04\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":837043,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813570/v1/370be35b-33b4-457d-a6c4-ec13a141e57d.pdf\"},{\"id\":74379958,\"identity\":\"02f57a0b-5ccf-45fb-94d1-67fd35b53f24\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-01-21 18:18:42\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":27520,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Supplementaryabstract.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5813570/v1/87957523b7053f7c765c381d.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Healthcare Providers' adherence on Neonatal infection prevention and control measures and its associated factors in Tanzania: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Background\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eGlobally, 2.6\\u0026nbsp;million neonates die every year (WHO, 2022). More than 90% of these deaths occur in low and middle-income countries (MOH, 2018). Tanzania is among the top ten countries with the highest number of neonatal deaths (WHO, 2020). Neonatal infection is the third most common and preventable cause of global neonatal deaths after complications of prematurity and intrapartum\\u0026ndash;related conditions (birth asphyxia), which makes up to 23% of all neonatal deaths (WHO, 2022). Approximately 11.3% of total deaths in Tanzania are contributed by neonates, whereby, infections are responsible for up to 20% of all deaths among neonates (Chacha D. Mangua, Susan F. Rumishab, Emanuel P. Lyimob, Irene R. Mremib, c, Isolide S. Massawed, Veneranda M. Bwanae, 2021). The adverse effects HAI don\\u0026rsquo;t limit itself to death, rather extends to ending up with long-term complications such as neurodevelopmental impairment among the survivors (Gysin et al., 2022).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNeonates can acquire an infection in the course of care, like during labor and delivery, resuscitation, or while receiving routine care in the ward (WHO, 2022). Failure of HCWs abiding to IPC standard guidelines while caring laboring women or newborn baby in the ward, can pave contamination with pathogenic microorganism such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, acinetobacter species and S. aureus to newborn babies (Buchanan-smith, Cocking, \\u0026amp; Moallin, 2023; Dramowski et al., 2022; MSD, 2023; Sass \\u0026amp; Karlowicz, 2018). The acquisition becomes more prominent among at-risk neonates such as premature, low birth weight, babies with low APGAR score, and asphyxiated babies (MSD, 2023). In low and middle-income countries, studies found that neonatal infections are the result of contamination from either HCWs or the surrounding environment (Tafere \\u0026amp; Belachew, 2023). In that sense, it can be concluded that some of babies born at hospitals suffering from infections likely acquired the infection within the hospitals, as the majority were born to mothers who had no intrauterine infection.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInfection prevention and control (IPC) is recognised as one of the critical preparedness and readiness actions to be taken by all levels of health care facilities to prevent and control of healthcare acquired infection among neonates (Okomo, 2018). In order to achieve this, the Tanzanian government through Ministry of Health (MoH) in 2017, joined a coalition with 10 countries with WHO on network for improving quality of care for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (Manu, 2022), of which, IPC depicted as one of the critical pillar of this coalition. As part of the implementation milestone, MOH in 2018 revised the national IPC guidelines, followed by Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and various other job aids. HCW\\u0026rsquo;s adherence to IPC practices and HCFs availability of equipment, supplies and guidelines in Tanzanian Healthcare facilities is low to about 31% and 54% respectively (Hokororo et al., 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn order for HCWs to adhere to IPC, they must be prepared to provide care in accordance to standard precaution. Based on my best level of knowledge, there has been no publication on adherence to IPC standard guideline among HCWs in Tanzania, though, anecdotally, level of preparedness is unsatisfactory. Above all, it is high time no than ever, to understand this matter. As recently, reduction of neonatal death for 7 years has been stagnant compared to their counterpart of maternal mortality which has significantly reduced (TDHS-MIS, 2022). Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the providers\\u0026rsquo; adherence to IPC standard guideline in prevention and control of neonatal infection in Dodoma, Tanzania.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStudy design and settings\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis was an analytical Crossectional study conducted in the Dodoma region of Tanzania in June to July 2024. Dodoma is a capital city Tanzania with a rapid population growth. The prevalence of neonatal infection is high in this region marking to 64%, which is comparative than national average of 20%. The study was conducted within primary and secondary healthcare facilities including one regional referral hospital, two district hospital and four health centres. The facilities were selected due their high volume of clients receiving midwifery care.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eStudy population, sample size and sampling\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study involved healthcare workers working in labour and neonatal related wards with of not less than one of working experience. The Yamane formula was used to determine sample size of which it was 203 participants who was selected purposively.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eData collection methods and tools\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA self-administered questionnaire with closed ended questions and observation checklists adopted from Standard based management and recognition tool of 2017 and IPC assessment tool of 2020 were used. Background information and knowledge of the study participants were collected using self-administered questionnaires, while HCWs adherence to IPC standards guideline was assessed using observation checklists.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eVariables\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e The dependent variable is HCWs adherence to IPC standard guideline which was measured in binary scale (yes/no) on whether HCW complied to set IPC standard on prevention and control of neonatal infection during management of women during labour and newborn baby. The independent variables were the participants social demographic background and knowledge on prevention and control of neonatal infection.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eData analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDescriptive statistics, a chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to establish the association between study variables. Odds ratio and a 95% confidence interval were reported and the p-value of ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean age of participants was 33 years (SD\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;8.5). Among 203 healthcare workers (HCWs) involved in this study, the response rate was 100%. About 70 HCWs were from Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital representing 34.48% of participants, 81 HCWs were from other Dodoma city facilities representing 39.9% of participants and 52 HCWs from Chamwino District representing 25.61% of the participants. The majority 71% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;144) of HCWs were between 20 to 35 years old with a substantial majority being female, 62.1% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;126). Moving to participants\\u0026rsquo; level of education and professional type, almost half had bachelor degrees, 41.9% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;85) while two-thirds belonged to the nursing/ midwifery profession 74% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;151). Furthermore, 77% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;156) of participants\\u0026rsquo; years of working experience were between 1 to 10 years.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegarding healthcare workers' place of working, nearly half of them belonged to health centres 4.5% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;93), with almost half of them working in labour wards 55% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;112). Looking into whether health care workers received training on infection prevention and control, 64% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;130) received it with almost all of them 92.3 (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;120) receiving it more than 6 months ago (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eHCW’s adherence to IPC standard guideline on prevention and control of neonatal infection\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e The minimum domain score under the objective was 48%, on abiding to IPC standard guideline when offering postnatal care, while maximum score was 72% on HCW\\u0026rsquo;s provision of immediate newborn care. According to Ministry of 2017 standard based management and recognition tool (MOH, 2017). HCW is recognized complied to standard guideline, when scores\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;80%, moderate adherence when scores between 60\\u0026ndash;79% and regarded as poor adherence when scores\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;60%. Therefore, participants under this study, demonstrated poor adherence to standard guideline on prevention and control of neonatal infection at 58%.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eFactors associated with adherence to IPC standard guideline\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe sole effect of each variable on HCWs adherence to IPC standard guideline on prevention of neonatal infection was determined by using a multivariate logistic regression model (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Results showed that, adhering to standard guidelines on prevention and control of neonatal infection were significantly higher among HCWs aged between 36 to 50 years old (AOR\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2.563;95%CI:4.897,11.093), among midwives or nurses (AOR\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;3.456;95%CI:7.902,24.280), furthermore, having adequate knowledge on IPC (AOR\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4.017;95%CI:1.420,11.359) were also more likely to comply with adherence to IPC standard guideline compared to those with in adequate knowledge (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA social demographic characteristics of study participants (N\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;203)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVariable\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFrequency (n)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePercent (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e126\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eAge (years)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u0026ndash;35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e144\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u0026ndash;50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51+\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eLevel of education\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCertificate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiploma\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e69\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBachelor\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasters\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eProfession\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNurses/ Midwives\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e151\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDoctors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eWorking experience (Years)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e156\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u0026ndash;20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21+\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eLevel/type of healthcare facility\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegional Referral Hospital\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDistrict Hospital/ DDH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHealth Centre\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e45.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eWorking unit\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLabor ward\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e112\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePostnatal ward\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNeonatal care unit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAntenatal ward\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eTrained in IPC at a minimum 3 days\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e130\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eWhen was last Training on IPC\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLess than 6 months\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMore than 6 months\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLogistic regression table showing association between HCW\\u0026rsquo;s social demographic characteristics, knowledge and adherence to standard guideline on prevention and control of neonatal infection during labour\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVARIABLE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95% CI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95% CI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCOR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLower\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUpper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e-Value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAOR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLower\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUpper\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e-value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eAge (in years)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u0026ndash;35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.122\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.4322\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.988\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.676\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.565\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.524\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.7363\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.235\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u0026ndash;50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.321\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.988\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.223\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.023\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.563\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.897\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.093\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.020\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50+\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eProfessionals\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedical Doctors\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNursing/ Midwifery\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.988\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.933\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.983\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.003\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.450\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.902\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.280\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eTraining on IPC\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.172\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.982\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.093\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.083\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.573\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.901\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.090\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.0702\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eLevel of education\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCertificate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.703\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.089\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.860\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.182\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.097\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.202\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.266\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.288\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiploma\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.028\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.562\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.983\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.981\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.300\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.782\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.990\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.991\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBachelor\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eType of facility\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRegional Referral hospital\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.274\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.844\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.773\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.874\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.322\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.670\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.883\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.614\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDistrict hospital\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.002\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.673\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.983\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.840\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.080\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.980\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.906\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.820\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHealth centre\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRef\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKnowledgeable\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.403\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.777\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.913\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.017\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.420\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.359\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.009\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNot knowledgeable\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRef.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e This study investigated the adherence to IPC standard guideline and its associated factors among HCWs working within primary and secondary healthcare facilities. Half of the healthcare providers (58%) had adherence. This time finding has much more improvement compared to findings of 31% found in the star rating assessment in year 2020. This improvement might be due to effort made by government through ministry by comprehensive dissemination of IPC guidelines and capacity building between year 2018 and 2023. Nevertheless, COVID 19 pandemic helped in modification of HCWs on adherence of IPC standards. This narration does not conclude that, the practice was of required, not at all. Based on the MOH standard based management and recognition (SBMR), The facility is termed to have good compliance when scores not less than 80%. Therefore, HCWs had moderate compliance. These findings are comparable with what found in West Africa Nigeria in 2023 (67%) (Orji et al., 2023). However, the findings are drastically different compared to a study done in Switzerland whereby adherence to IPC standard guidelines was 88% among healthcare workers (Gysin et al., 2022). The reasons for the differences might be due to the differences in the healthcare system related factors or background characteristics of the HCWs and facilities.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e Our finding indicated that, knowledge depicted as factor associated with the HCWs adherence to IPC standard guidelines. HCWs with adequate knowledge demonstrated being more likely complying to IPC standard guideline than those with in adequate knowledge. But also, HCWs under midwifery or nursing professional had more likelihood on complying to IPC standard guidelines compared to their counterpart under medical professional. Similar findings have been reported in previous studies conducted in Northern Ethiopia (Tafere \\u0026amp; Belachew, 2023). All of these implies that, capacity building to HCWs abiding to IPC standard guidelines could be a game changer towards enhancement of abiding to prescribed quality of care. To the other side, marked differences in compliance across profession might have been attributed due to nature of training between them, as it has been well noticed that, issues related to quality improvement noticed to gain slightly higher emphasis to midwifery and nursing medical school compared to their counterpart. Hence, harmonization of the curriculum could be of utmost importance on uplifting the quality of care. Failure to show association among other factors as suggested by Donabedian model could be due to potential mediating effects between the factors. More studies in this area are needed to role of associated factors on adherence.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOn the other hand, the overall knowledge score among HCWs were adequate to 87%. And this is to say, in order for the knowledge to offer results there must be necessary other supportive factors like supplies, equipment and guidelines. Therefore, it a call for action to facility, council and regional management team to ensure making of enabling environment to ensure the provision of quality of care.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eBy Concluding, the observed poor adherence of HCWs on prevention and control of neonatal infection is alarming and underscore the need for immediate comprehensive interventions. Increasing HCWs adherence to IPC is must to do strategy for ensuring safety and wellbeing of this vulnerable group of neonates. In addressing this issue, integrated approach is essential. The approach should include, enhancement of capacity building to HCWs, strengthening infection prevention and control policies, ensuring availability of necessary resources, supplies and guidelines, and effective leadership support on the matter. But also, as it is vivid in the national Human resources for health gap, the relevant authority must employ strategy to address workload and staffing challenges. By smart stratification of these measures, healthcare facilities can significantly improve adherence to IPC.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Abbreviations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAMR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAntimicrobial resistance\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIPC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eInfection prevention and control\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNCU \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNeonatal care unit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMOH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMinistry of Health\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTDHS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTanzania Demographic Health Survey\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHAI\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHealthcare Acquired Infection\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSOP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStandard Operating Procedure\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSBMR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStandard Based Management and Recognition\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHLD\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHigh Level Disinfection\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePPE\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 489px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePersonal Protective Equipment\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe study was approved by the University of Dodoma research committee on 30t\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e January 2024 with Ref. No. MA. B4/261/69/1 and permission to conduct was sought from the District Executive Director (DED) for the Dodoma City Council on 13\\u003csup\\u003eth\\u003c/sup\\u003e March 2024 with Ref. No. HJD/A.20/Vol IV/73 and Chamwino District Council on 26\\u003csup\\u003eth\\u003c/sup\\u003e March 2024 with Ref. No. CDC/E.10/8/71. All participants were informed about the study objectives, risks and benefits, confidentiality of their information was assured with observation of voluntary participation. \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for Publication\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll parties consented for publication of this work\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of data and materials\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll the necessary data analysed and supporting findings of this study are included in this manuscript. In addition, the SPSS dataset used for the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo funding received for this work\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor contributions\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eN.K conceptualized the research idea, collected data, carried out analysis, interpreted the findings and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. A.J and S.A.S contributed to the ideation stage, supervision, reviewed and edited the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSpecial appreciation goes to all HCWs and Dodoma city and Chamwino District hospiatals, Dodoma Regional Hospital, Mpwayungu, Mkonze, Chamwino and Makole Health cantres for their collaboration and welcoming environment for data collection.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBuchanan-smith, M., Cocking, J., \\u0026amp; Moallin, Z. (2023). \\u003cem\\u003eIndependent Review of the IPC in Somalia\\u003c/em\\u003e. (October).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eChacha D. Mangua, Susan F. Rumishab, Emanuel P. Lyimob, Irene R. Mremib, c, Isolide S. Massawed, Veneranda M. Bwanae, M. G. C. and L. E. G. M. (2021). \\u003cem\\u003eTrends , patterns and cause-specific neonatal mortality in Tanzania : a hospital-based retrospective survey\\u003c/em\\u003e. (September 2020), 334\\u0026ndash;343. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa070\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDramowski, A., Aucamp, M., Beales, E., Bekker, A., Cotton, M. F., Fitzgerald, F. C., \\u0026hellip; Coffin, S. (2022). \\u003cem\\u003eHealthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Interventions for Neonates in Resource-Limited Settings\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003e10\\u003c/em\\u003e(July), 1\\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.919403\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGysin, D. V., Sommerstein, R., Kronenberg, A., Buetti, N., Eder, M., Piezzi, V., \\u0026hellip; Widmer, A. (2022). High adherence to national IPC guidelines as key to sustainable VRE control in Swiss hospitals : a cross ‑ sectional survey. \\u003cem\\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance \\u0026amp; Infection Control\\u003c/em\\u003e, 1\\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01051-9\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHokororo, J., Eliakimu, E., Ngowi, R., German, C., Bahegwa, R., Msigwa, Y., \\u0026hellip; Komba, A. (2021). \\u003cem\\u003eMicrobiology \\u0026amp; Infectious Diseases Report of Trend for Compliance of Infection Prevention and Control Standards in Tanzania from 2010 to 2017 in Tanzania Mainland\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003e5\\u003c/em\\u003e(3), 1\\u0026ndash;10.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eManu, A. (2022). Institutionalising maternal and newborn quality-of-care standards in Bangladesh, Ghana and Tanzania: a quasi-experimental study. \\u003cem\\u003eBMJ Global Health\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e7\\u003c/em\\u003e(9), 1\\u0026ndash;15. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009471\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMOH. (2018). \\u003cem\\u003eNational IPC Guideline\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMSD. (2023). \\u003cem\\u003eHospital-Acquired Infections in Newborns\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eOkomo, U. A. (2018). Neonatal Infections; a hospital-based study in The Gambia examining aetiology and associated maternal colonisation. \\u003cem\\u003eBMC Medicine\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e34\\u003c/em\\u003e(12), 426\\u0026ndash;443. Retrieved from https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4646824/1/2017_EPH_PhD_Okomo_U.pdf\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSass, L., \\u0026amp; Karlowicz, M. G. (2018). Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Neonate. \\u003cem\\u003ePrinciples and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases\\u003c/em\\u003e, (January), 560-566.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00094-3\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eTafere, T. Z., \\u0026amp; Belachew, T. B. (2023). \\u003cem\\u003eAssessment of knowledge and practice of nurses regarding infection prevention and associated factors at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital , Northwest Ethiopia\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eTDHS-MIS. (2022). Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) 2022. In \\u003cem\\u003eDemographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) 2022\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWHO. (2020). \\u003cem\\u003eGLOBAL REPORT ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BURDEN OF SEPSIS Current evidence , identifying gaps and future directions\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWHO. (2022). \\u003cem\\u003eGlobal report on infection prevention and control Global report on infection prevention and control Executive summary\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Adherence to IPC standard guideline, Healthcare acquired infection, Infection prevention and control, Tanzania\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813570/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813570/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAdherence to prevention and control of neonatal infection is crucial in reduction and prevention of preventable neonatal deaths due to infection. However, newborn dying due to healthcare acquired infection is still high to 20% in Tanzania. This study investigated the adherence to IPC standards guidelines and associated factors among healthcare workers working within primary and secondary healthcare facilities. The results showed that, the HCWs adherence to standard guideline was 58%. Factors associated with the adherence to IPC standard guideline were, having adequate knowledgeable on IPC standard guideline, being under midwifery or nursing professional and aged between 36 to 50 years old.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Healthcare Providers' adherence on Neonatal infection prevention and control measures and its associated factors in Tanzania: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-01-21 18:10:37\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5813570/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"5655c51f-053c-47c5-bbda-07e6f60d4b83\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 21st, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-02-11T13:08:52+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-01-21 18:10:37\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-5813570\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-5813570\",\"identity\":\"rs-5813570\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}